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The dataset generation failed because of a cast error

Error code:   DatasetGenerationCastError
Exception:    DatasetGenerationCastError
Message:      An error occurred while generating the dataset

All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'relevance', 'query_id'}) and 1 missing columns ({'text'}).

This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using

hf://datasets/wwbrannon/ml-interview-examples-ms-marco-passage/qrels.csv (at revision 5027e1c7240a27d5070c6e498514d37d4febb664)

Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)
Traceback:    Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1831, in _prepare_split_single
                  writer.write_table(table)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 714, in write_table
                  pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2272, in table_cast
                  return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
                         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2218, in cast_table_to_schema
                  raise CastError(
              datasets.table.CastError: Couldn't cast
              query_id: int64
              doc_id: string
              relevance: int64
              -- schema metadata --
              pandas: '{"index_columns": [{"kind": "range", "name": null, "start": 0, "' + 603
              to
              {'doc_id': Value('string'), 'text': Value('string')}
              because column names don't match
              
              During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
              
              Traceback (most recent call last):
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1339, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
                  parquet_operations = convert_to_parquet(builder)
                                       ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 972, in convert_to_parquet
                  builder.download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 894, in download_and_prepare
                  self._download_and_prepare(
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 970, in _download_and_prepare
                  self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1702, in _prepare_split
                  for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
                                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
                File "/usr/local/lib/python3.12/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1833, in _prepare_split_single
                  raise DatasetGenerationCastError.from_cast_error(
              datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationCastError: An error occurred while generating the dataset
              
              All the data files must have the same columns, but at some point there are 2 new columns ({'relevance', 'query_id'}) and 1 missing columns ({'text'}).
              
              This happened while the csv dataset builder was generating data using
              
              hf://datasets/wwbrannon/ml-interview-examples-ms-marco-passage/qrels.csv (at revision 5027e1c7240a27d5070c6e498514d37d4febb664)
              
              Please either edit the data files to have matching columns, or separate them into different configurations (see docs at https://hf.co/docs/hub/datasets-manual-configuration#multiple-configurations)

Need help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.

doc_id string	text string
706568_p0	Mugwort is a common name for several species of aromatic plants in the genus Artemisia. In Europe, mugwort most often refers to the species Artemisia vulgaris, or common mugwort. While other species are sometimes referred to by more specific common names, they may be called simply mugwart in many contexts.ugwort oil contains thujone, which is toxic in large amounts or under prolonged intake. Thujone is also present in Thuja plicata (western red cedar), from which the name is derived.
706568_p1	PUBLISHERS WEEKLY. Best known for his adult crime novels, Baldacci makes a detour into middle-grade with this wildly fanciful and darkly intriguing tale of a girl forced to fight for her life as she investigates the secrets of her tiny community.hen Vega discovers a map leading through the Quag, she suspects there’s more to Wormwood than believed. Consistently using smarts, cunning, and improvisation, Vega proves herself a strong, admirable heroine as she’s thrown through time, uncovers lies and mysteries, and takes possession of magical artifacts.
706568_p2	A mugwort leaf with the pointed leaves characteristic of a mature plant. The mugwort plant contains essential oils (such as cineole, or wormwood oil, and thujone), flavonoids, triterpenes, and coumarin derivatives. It was also used as an anthelminthic, so it is sometimes confused with wormwood (Artemisia absinthium).ugwort oil contains thujone, which is toxic in large amounts or under prolonged intake. Thujone is also present in Thuja plicata (western red cedar), from which the name is derived.
706568_p3	David Baldacci, best-selling author of legal thrillers, is taking a page from Suzanne Collins and Veronica Roth. His new book for kids ages 9-13 stars a strong teen heroine.The Finisher centers on 14-year-old Vega, who lives in the bleak village of Wormwood.ormwood was a village full of Wugmorts — Wugs for short. The term village suggested a communal spirit that just wasn't present here. I tried to lend a helping hand from time to time, but I picked my causes carefully. Some Wugs had neither trust nor compassion.
706568_p4	Species in the genus Artemisia called mugwort include: 1 Artemisia argyi-Chinese mugwort, used in traditional Chinese medicine. 2 Artemisia douglasiana – Douglas mugwort, native to western North America. 3 Artemisia glacialis – alpine mugwort. 4 Artemisia indica-Japanese mugwort.ugwort oil contains thujone, which is toxic in large amounts or under prolonged intake. Thujone is also present in Thuja plicata (western red cedar), from which the name is derived.
706568_p5	#1 NEW YORK TIMES bestselling author David Baldacci as you've never seen him before. Fourteen-year-old Vega Jane lives in the village of Wormwood, where life is nasty, brutish, and short.Villagers have been told that there is nothing outside of Wormwood except for the Quag, a foul forest filled with terrifying beasts. No one comes, no one goes, and Wormwood has stayed this way for generations.uentin leaves Vega a secret message hinting that there's a way out of Wormwood and something extraordinary on the other side. As Vega begins to investigate, she realizes that Wormwood is a village built on dangerous lies.
706568_p6	Mugwort oil contains thujone, which is toxic in large amounts or under prolonged intake. Thujone is also present in Thuja plicata (western red cedar), from which the name is derived.Mugwort herb contains a very small percentage of oil, so is generally considered safe to use. Pregnant women, though, should avoid consuming large amounts of mugwort.ugwort oil contains thujone, which is toxic in large amounts or under prolonged intake. Thujone is also present in Thuja plicata (western red cedar), from which the name is derived.
706568_p7	That means the instant gratification of a great read is just one click away – so go get it now! I’d love to get your comments on The Finisher, David Baldacci or his other work, and/or this review.Click on the Authors Reviewed tab at the top of this page to read our reviews of other David Baldacci novels.If you like this review, please contribute to our Reviewers’ Caffeine Fund in the left column.ne lucky reader will win a finished hardcover copy of The Finisher by David Baldacci! Giveaway Rules: 1) The deadline for entries is Saturday night, 12/20/2014, at 11:59pm EDST.
706568_p8	Wugmorts did not, as a routine matter, scream at first light or at any other time of the light or night. I scampered down my tree. My booted feet hit the dirt, and I looked first right and then left.ormwood was a village full of Wugmorts — Wugs for short. The term village suggested a communal spirit that just wasn't present here. I tried to lend a helping hand from time to time, but I picked my causes carefully. Some Wugs had neither trust nor compassion.
706568_p9	Wormwood was a village full of Wugmorts — Wugs for short. The term village suggested a communal spirit that just wasn't present here. I tried to lend a helping hand from time to time, but I picked my causes carefully. Some Wugs had neither trust nor compassion.ormwood was a village full of Wugmorts — Wugs for short. The term village suggested a communal spirit that just wasn't present here. I tried to lend a helping hand from time to time, but I picked my causes carefully. Some Wugs had neither trust nor compassion.
890890_p0	During the Middle Ages, Rome was divided into a number of administrative regions (Latin, regiones), usually numbering between twelve and fourteen, which changed over time.
890890_p1	Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, creating masterpieces throughout the city. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city. Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy.
890890_p2	REGION OF ROME MAP - LAZIO - LATIUM. We invite you to visit the following reputable sites and companies, renowned to offer a quality, attentive service. Rome apartment rentals: Fine selection of apartment rentals in Rome. By Andrea Giurato.
890890_p3	Although by 1143 this region also contained the Forum Romanum and the Colosseum, during the tenth century this part of Rome was still part of the old 8th Augustan region of Rome, although at that time it was referred to as the Sub Capitolio.
890890_p4	Rome is in the Lazio region of central Italy on the Tiber river (Italian: Tevere). The original settlement developed on hills that faced onto a ford beside the Tiber Island, the only natural ford of the river in this area.
890890_p5	Every year more than 6 million tourists visit Rome, which also has 700,000 non Italian residents, while there are only 3 million local inhabitants. Rome is the capital of the region, and of course of Italy. With its 3,000 years of historical legacy in any field, especially in architecture, works of art, it is Italy's capital also of the travel, tourist and lodging industry.
890890_p6	Rome (/ˈroʊm/ ROHM; Italian: Roma [ˈroːma] ( listen), Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune (named Roma Capitale) in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2.9 million residents in 1,285 km2 (496.1 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits.
890890_p7	This is the map of the Rome's region, called Lazio in Italian, and Latium in Latin. It borders with several other Italian regions: Tuscany and Umbria (North), Abruzzi (East), Molise and Campania (South). We invite you to visit the following reputable sites and companies, renowned to offer a quality, attentive service.
890890_p8	In Augustan Rome, the medieval region straddled both the Campus Martius and the IX region called Circus Flaminius. Here there was the Trigarium, the stadium where the riders of the triga (a cart with three horses) used to train. During the early Middle Ages, it belonged to the 4th of the seven ecclesiastic regions.
890890_p9	Evolution of the Regions[edit] Originally the city of Rome had been divided by Augustus into 14 regions in 7 BC. Then sometime during the 4th century, Christian authorities instituted seven ecclesiastical regions, which ran parallel to the civil regions.
998619_p0	Legless In Dublin is a guide to navigating Dublin (and other places), whether you use a wheelchair or not. The reviews are for everyone but the access details are there for those who need them. Where most websites simply say yes or no to wheelchair access, Legless In Dublin goes into detail. Bars, clubs, restaurants, music festivals, cafes and whatever else are all reviewed in terms of access, atmosphere and craic. Hello. I’m Louise Bruton, the creator of Legless In Dublin. I’ve decided to fill you in a bit more about my disability so you can compare my reviews to your own personal experience and decide if the venue suits you.
998619_p1	Legless In Dublin - Louise Bruton. 1.2K likes. Legless In Dublin will review wheelchair friendliness pretty much everywhere we go Twitter: @LeglessInDublin Jump to
998619_p2	Legless In Dublin - Louise Bruton shared Solidarity Times - Free the Media, Be the Media's video. · September 26, 2016 ·. Speaking at the March for Choice on Saturday. My body is my body and I don’t want that to change just because I’ve moved down the corridor from the orthopaedic ward to the maternity ward..
998619_p3	And we're always faced with the decision of whether we should give up the space on the bus for a pram. The wheelchair space on a bus often doubles up as a spot for prams, so if we're waiting at a bus stop and a baby comes along, things can get pretty ugly. Jk; Most parents fold up the pram and give us the space.
998619_p4	Research genealogy for Louise Bruton of Bainbridge, Decatur, Georgia, USA, as well as other members of the Bruton family, on Ancestry.
998619_p5	Louise Bruton on . . . a fear of fairies There’s a nasty breed of fairy out there and they’re even scarier than Tom Cruise
998619_p6	Research genealogy for Louise Bruton of Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA, as well as other members of the Bruton family, on Ancestry.
998619_p7	Louise is definitely an access rights pioneer and her work to date should be duly acknowledged and commended. Her championing and trailblazing of access issues in such creative ways like her blog or through her twitter feed, puts this vitally important issue at the forefront – where it should be.
998619_p8	Two Boys Brew - Legless in Dublin. 1 Two Boys Brew 375 North Circular Road, Dublin 7 twoboysbrew.ie Two Boys Brew is the latest brunch spot in Phibsboro and at weekends, its popularity will have people queuing out the door within half an hour of opening.
998619_p9	Louise Bruton 37 people named Louise Bruton found in Missouri, Texas and 24 other states. Click a state below to find Louise more easily.
160076_p0	I love NPs and think they are necessary, but they are not doctors! They didn't go to medical school and they do not have carte blanche to practice medicine by themselves. Some Nurse Practitioners have a PhD in Nursing and in that case you can call them Dr. because they have a PhD. Also, that is incorrect, they do have the ability to practice on their own. Nurse practitioners can work without physicians. It is physicians assistants that are trained to work for/with a physician.
160076_p1	This is different from being required to identify yourself as not a “medical doctor.”. In a letter to the Tampa Bay Times, the president of the Florida Nurses Association called the bill an “oppression of educated nurses.” In addition, an online petition to stop SB 612 has gathered more than 2,500 signatures to date.
160076_p2	New Degree Creates Doctor Nurses — And Confusion. Ray Scarpa is an advanced practice nurse with an advanced doctorate degree. He's been practicing nursing at University Hospital in Newark, N.J., for 28 years. Ray Scarpa is an advanced practice nurse with an advanced doctorate degree. He's been practicing nursing at University Hospital in Newark, N.J., for 28 years. No one wants to badmouth Florence Nightingale, but a new degree for nurses is causing bad blood between doctors and their longtime colleagues. The program confers the title of doctor on nurses, but some in the medical profession say only physicians should call themselves doctor..
160076_p3	Are Nurses With a Doctor of Nursing Practice Degree Called Doctor? The Clinical Doctorate. Practitioners, employers, credentialers, and the public may soon notice that the title Doctor applies to many health practitioners who are not physicians or dentists. The clinical doctorate (doctor of nursing practice [DNP]) signifies completion of a clinically focused, rather than research-focused, advanced degree program.
160076_p4	It does not ask if nurse practitioners should be called medical doctors. (In that case, there’s a simple answer and that would be no, not unless they attended medical school and obtained the Doctor of Medicine Degree.)
160076_p5	Even physicians who did not see nurses as the enemy did not think that they should use the title doctor. There is nothing wrong with nurses, wrote a general practitioner. Nurses are comforting, nurses are helpful, nurses often save the day. But [they] should never be called doctor..
160076_p6	Those who violate these terms could be punished by fines, jail time and loss of professional license for a minimum of five years, as stipulated in the bills. For example, this would change the way I great patients from “Hello, I am Dr. Waldrop, your nurse practitioner,” to “Hello, I am Dr. Waldrop. I am not a medical doctor.” Unfortunately, this bill has already been sent to the Health Policy Committee.
160076_p7	In clinical parlance, a nurse is not a doctor unless they have spent the time and money and work to obtain the MD, DO, or dentist DMD or DDS degree.. An otolaryngologist agreed and added, For the present, doctor in general denotes college, then medical school, then residency, etc.
160076_p8	A surgeon suggested the use of clothing to distinguish doctors from nurses: Have the med exec committee make rules about coats. Seems a lot of the trouble is there. Do like baseball uniforms -- big letters on the back -- doctor of pharmacy, or nurse doctor (non-MD) or whatever..
160076_p9	It does not ask if nurse practitioners should be called medical doctors. “This is a fairly straightforward answer. A nurse practitioner should not be called doctor unless they have gone through a well-defined course of study showing mastering of a prescribed content like any other doctorate program.
953248_p0	2016 Niagara County Fair. Join us for 5 days of entertainment, rides, music, food, 4-H animal exhibits, carnival games and MORE! Free admission for children 6 and UNDER! Free Parking! With over 20 food vendors on site! Net proceeds support CCE programming that benefits local children, families, farmers and communities.
953248_p1	Spring Career Fair Wednesday. Niagara Falls—Niagara County’s annual Spring Career Fair—where local job-seekers are paired with local employers looking for quality workers—will be held Wednesday, Director of Employment and Training Department Donald Jablonski said.
953248_p2	The first Erie County Fair was held in 1820, and was hosted by the Niagara County Agricultural Society. The fair is third largest county fair in the USA with the 2014 fair setting an attendance record of 1,220,101.
953248_p3	Erie County Fair. The Erie County Fair is a fair held in Hamburg in Erie County, New York every August. Based on 2014 attendance statistics, The Erie County Fair is the largest fair in New York and the third largest county fair in the United States, often drawing over one million in attendance.
953248_p4	The Niagara County Fair in pictures. A photo gallery of staff photographer Joed Viera's coverage of this years Niagara County Fair. Joanne Goodenough along with Robert and Sandy Kelley work the Annual Farmers Breakfast at the Niagara County Fair. Joanne and Sandy are sisters that have been volunteering at the breakfast for over 50 years.
953248_p5	The Niagara County Department of Health and the Niagara County Sheriff’s Office under contract with the Department have been conducting tobacco compliance checks throughout Niagara County since July ...
953248_p6	HOLD ON: Last year’s Niagara County Fair was in full swing with rides, games, food and animals. Ryan Vertino and Miranda Forti hang on tight on the Round Up ride. Kids, cows and candy apples. If it’s August, it must be time for the Niagara County Fair. The annual event kicks off at 8 a.m. Wednesday with the Farm City Breakfast, featuring guest speaker Dean Norton, president of the state farm bureau.
953248_p7	Niagara County Fairgrounds\|Lockport, NY. Find an Airbnb. Niagara County Fair is a civic festival that takes place at Niagara County Fairgrounds.
953248_p8	Join us for 5 days of entertainment, rides, music, food, 4-H animal exhibits, carnival games and MORE! Fair Hours: Wed-Sat.: 10am-11pm, Sunday 10am-6pm. Admission: Daily Passes: Wed-Sat $5/person, Sunday $3/person or $10/carload. Weekly passes: $18/person, or $16 when preordered.
953248_p9	New York County Fairs. In addition to the State Fair, New York will be home to dozens of county fairs in 2017. Click on any of the individual county fair links below, or visit the New York State Association of Agricultural Fairs website for more information and details for each one. Afton Fair. July 6 – 9 • Afton, NY. (607) 639-1525.
1073725_p0	Phototherapy is the most common treatment for reducing high bilirubin levels that cause jaundice in a newborn. In the standard form of phototherapy, your baby lies in a bassinet or enclosed plastic crib (incubator) and is exposed to a type of fluorescent light that is absorbed by your baby's skin.uring this type of phototherapy: 1 The baby is undressed so that as much of the skin as possible is exposed to the light. 2 The baby's eyes are covered to protect the nerve layer at the back of the eye (retina) from the bright light. 3 Feeding should continue on a regular schedule. 4 The bilirubin level is measured at least once a day.
1073725_p1	Phototherapy (light treatment) is the process of using light to eliminate bilirubin in the blood. Your baby's skin and blood absorb these light waves. These light waves are absorbed by your baby's skin and blood and change bilirubin into products, which can pass through their system.igh levels of bilirubin can occur in the blood called hyperbilirubinemia. These high levels can be dangerous to a baby. It is important to obtain periodic blood samples to check the bilirubin levels and, if necessary, to treat jaundice to ensure the healthy development of your child.
1073725_p2	Phototherapy. Phototherapy is treatment with light. It is used in some cases of newborn jaundice to lower the bilirubin levels in your baby’s blood through a process called photo-oxidation.Oxidation is the process of adding oxygen to change a substance (in this case, the bilirubin).f your baby's jaundice does not improve after conventional or fibre optic phototherapy, continuous multiple phototherapy may be offered. This involves using more than one light and often a fibre optic blanket at the same time. Treatment will not be stopped during continuous multiple phototherapy.
1073725_p3	Jaundice refers to the yellow appearance of the skin that occurs with the deposition of bilirubin in the dermal and subcutaneous tissue. Normally in the body, bilirubin is processed through the liver, where it is conjugated to glucuronic acid by the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase (UGT) 1A1.hus, in a 1-kg infant, phototherapy is started at a bilirubin level of 5 mg/dL; in a 2-kg infant, phototherapy is started at a bilirubin level of 10mg/dL and so on. This article discusses the clinical procedure for providing phototherapy for neonatal jaundice.
1073725_p4	During this process, the bilirubin in the baby's body is changed into another form that can be more easily excreted in the stool and urine. A baby with jaundice may need to stay under a phototherapy light for several days. Phototherapy doesn't damage a baby's skin.During this type of phototherapy: 1 The baby is undressed so that as much of the skin as possible is exposed to the light.2 The baby's eyes are covered to protect the nerve layer at the back of the eye (retina) from the bright light. 3 Feeding should continue on a regular schedule.4 The bilirubin level is measured at least once a day.uring this type of phototherapy: 1 The baby is undressed so that as much of the skin as possible is exposed to the light. 2 The baby's eyes are covered to protect the nerve layer at the back of the eye (retina) from the bright light. 3 Feeding should continue on a regular schedule. 4 The bilirubin level is measured at least once a day.
1073725_p5	1 Physiological jaundice: This is the most common cause of newborn jaundice and occurs in more than 50% of babies. 2 Because the baby has an immature liver, bilirubin is processed slower. 3 The jaundice first appears at 2 to 3 days of age.igh levels of bilirubin can occur in the blood called hyperbilirubinemia. These high levels can be dangerous to a baby. It is important to obtain periodic blood samples to check the bilirubin levels and, if necessary, to treat jaundice to ensure the healthy development of your child.
1073725_p6	Effective treatments to decrease bilirubin levels in infants with severe jaundice include phototherapy and exchange transfusion. The effect of light on jaundice in neonates, and the ability of light to decrease serum bilirubin levels, was first described by Cremer et al in 1958.This observation led to the development of light sources for use in the treatment of infants with hyperbilirubinemia, a treatment now referred to as phototherapy.hus, in a 1-kg infant, phototherapy is started at a bilirubin level of 5 mg/dL; in a 2-kg infant, phototherapy is started at a bilirubin level of 10mg/dL and so on. This article discusses the clinical procedure for providing phototherapy for neonatal jaundice.
1073725_p7	1 Breast-feeding jaundice: Breast-feeding jaundice may occur when your baby does not drink enough breast milk. 2 It occurs in 5% to 10% of newborns. 3 The jaundice symptoms are similar to those of physiological jaundice, just more pronounced. 4 The jaundice indicates a need for help with breast-feeding.igh levels of bilirubin can occur in the blood called hyperbilirubinemia. These high levels can be dangerous to a baby. It is important to obtain periodic blood samples to check the bilirubin levels and, if necessary, to treat jaundice to ensure the healthy development of your child.
1073725_p8	1 The jaundice indicates a need for help with breast-feeding. 2 Breast-milk jaundice: Breast-milk jaundice occurs in 1% to 2% of breast-fed babies. 3 It is caused by a special substance that some mothers produce in their milk. 4 This substance causes your baby's intestine to absorb more bilirubin back into his body than normal.igh levels of bilirubin can occur in the blood called hyperbilirubinemia. These high levels can be dangerous to a baby. It is important to obtain periodic blood samples to check the bilirubin levels and, if necessary, to treat jaundice to ensure the healthy development of your child.
1073725_p9	Phototherapy will be stopped when the bilirubin level falls to a safe level, which usually takes a day or two. Phototherapy is generally very effective for newborn jaundice and it has very few side effects, although your baby may develop a temporary rash or tan as a result of the treatment.f your baby's jaundice does not improve after conventional or fibre optic phototherapy, continuous multiple phototherapy may be offered. This involves using more than one light and often a fibre optic blanket at the same time. Treatment will not be stopped during continuous multiple phototherapy.
39449_p0	Lightning is a major cause of storm related deaths in the U.S. A lightning strike can result in a cardiac arrest (heart stopping) at the time of the injury, although some victims may appear to have a delayed death a few days later if they are resuscitated but have suffered irreversible brain damage.
39449_p1	Quick Answer. Lightning strikes reach the ground on Earth as much as 8 million times per day or 100 times per second, according to the National Severe Storms Laboratory. Out of all the lightning strikes in the world, the United States accounts for about 20 million of the total number of lightning strikes each year. Keep Learning.
39449_p2	An average lightning strike discharges about 30,000 amperes (20,000 amperes in the UK). The current in a lightning strike typically ranges from 5,000 to 50,000 amperes depending on the strength of storm. NASA has recorded strikes of 100,000 amperes and there are other reports of strikes over 200,000 amperes.
39449_p3	Lightning fatalities in the U.S.: A map of total lightning fatalities in the United States between 1959 and 2013. With 471 deaths, Florida has more than double the number of fatalities of any other state.
39449_p4	Lightning is a sudden high-voltage discharge of electricity that occurs within a cloud, between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. Globally, there are about 40 to 50 flashes of lightning every second, or nearly 1.4 billion flashes per year.
39449_p5	Although many lightning flashes are simply cloud-to-cloud, there are as many as 9,000,000 reported lightning strikes that damage buildings, trees, and other objects every year. Worldwide, it is estimated that of an annual 1.4 billion lightning bolts, 25% (more than 350 million) will strike the Earth's surface or objects on the surface. The vast majority of these strikes, however, occur in the tropics, and in unpopulated areas. 100 times per second; Lightning can strike over a thousand times in one storm. So, lightning strikes the earth over a million times a day. Globally, 8,640,000 lightning strikes per day.
39449_p6	According to the NWS Storm Data, over the last 30 years (1986-2015) the U.S. has averaged 48 reported lightning fatalities per year. Only about 10% of people who are struck by lightning are killed, leaving 90% with various degrees of disability. More recently, in the last 10 years (2006-2015), the U.S. has averaged 31 lightning fatalities.
39449_p7	Approximately 300,000 lightning strikes hit the ground in Britain each year with 30 percent of reported lightning strikes causing severe damage. Each year 30 to 60 people are recorded as being struck by lightning, 3 of whom, on average, die (14 in 1984 compared to 2 in 2005).
39449_p8	Florida is also the state with the highest number of deaths from lightning strikes. Other states along the Gulf of Mexico coast, such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, also have frequent lightning. Along the Atlantic coast, North Carolina and South Carolina have frequent lightning.
39449_p9	There is estimated to be around 2,000 lightning storm active around the global at one time creating over 100 strikes per second. These thunderstorms generate a potential difference of 200,000 to 500,000 volts between the Earth’s surface and the ionosphere, with a fair weather current of about 2×10-12 amperes/meter2.
364252_p0	No. 3: Get Some Exercise. Exercise helps cut stress, which may contribute to acne outbreaks. Physical activity also helps your skin by increasing your blood circulation, which sends more oxygen to your skin cells and carries cell waste away. But keep in mind that sweat from exercise can also lead to breakouts by irritating your skin.
364252_p1	While hormonal acne is internal, the more you can reduce bacteria in your life, the more you’ll reduce the chance of it being on your skin. Stick to a skincare regimen that works for your skin type. Try a soothing deep cleansing mask for your skin during that two week party your hormones have before your period starts.
364252_p2	No. 2: Tweak Your Diet. Some foods cause your blood sugar to rise quickly, triggering a boost in insulin. Too much insulin in your bloodstream can trigger changes in your body that can lead to the growth of pore-clogging cells. It can also boost action in your oil glands.
364252_p3	Yes, PMS Acne is Real. Premenstrual acne is a real phenomenon. Premenstrual acne, often dubbed PMS acne, is a consistent flare up or worsening of acne every month, coinciding with the menstrual cycle. Depending on which study you look at, premenstrual acne happens in anywhere from 50% to nearly 80% of women.
364252_p4	Testosterone has been implicated as a factor in acne development because it triggers your sebaceous glands to produce more sebum (or oil). For most ladies, breakouts happen about a week to 10 days before the period begins. This is the time when your female hormone, estrogen, is at its lowest.
364252_p5	If you have acne, you should gently wash your face with a mild cleanser, once in the morning and once in the evening, as well as after heavy exercise. Wash your face from under the jaw to the hairline and be sure to thoroughly rinse your skin.
364252_p6	Your menstrual cycle can directly impact your skin -- and hormones are to blame. Just like hormones trigger acne development during puberty, hormones also play a big role in the breakouts you get right before your monthly cycle. Hormones are responsible for the acne that gets worse during pregnancy and menopause, too.
364252_p7	As common as it is, each woman’s skin reacts differently to the hormonal changes. Some women consistently get PMS acne while others rarely, if ever, do. Unfortunately, there’s no way to predict how it’s going to go for you from month to month. And as women age, their hormones can change. You can go from “normal” as a teen to PMS acne queen somewhere in your 20s or 30s.
364252_p8	Acne is a disorder resulting from the action of hormones and other substances on the skin’s oil glands (sebaceous glands) and hair follicles. These factors lead to plugged pores and outbreaks of lesions commonly called pimples or zits. Acne lesions usually occur on the face, neck, back, chest, and shoulders.
364252_p9	Factors that can cause an acne flare include: 1 changing hormone levels in adolescent girls and adult women 2 to 7 days before their menstrual period starts. 2 oil from skin products (moisturizers or cosmetics) or grease encountered in the work environment (for example, a kitchen with fry vats)
996062_p0	- water is most important b/c of its ability to dissolve rocks (ex): hydrolosis - chemical + water = reaction - Oxidation Biological: how living organisms can cause both mechanical and chemical weathering to occur (ex): tree roots can grow into crack in a rock and pry the rock apart 17
996062_p1	1 At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga.
996062_p2	Because water is an important agent in chemical weathering, the degree of weathering is related to the amount of water existing in the natural environment. The rate that a rock will weather is primarily controlled by the climate. If you have a very wet, moist climate, you have a lot more chemical weathering.
996062_p3	· Erosion is different from weathering since erosion has the moving element. · The main driving force behind all agents of erosion is gravity. · Without gravity the other major natural agents of erosion such as: wind, running water, glaciers, waves, and rain would not occur.
996062_p4	Factors in Soil Formation. 1 Climate: The greater the rainfall amount, the more rapid the rate of erosion and leaching. Laterites form in humid climates where only Al2O3 (Bauxite) and Fe(OH)3 remain. 2 Topography: The steeper the surface slope, the more likely any eroded material is to be transported out of the system.
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996062_p6	The difference between chemical and physical weathering of rock is that physical weathering creates new substances. chemical weathering results in new substances. chemical weathering results in erosion. physical weathering results in erosion. there is no difference because both result in deteriorated rock.
996062_p7	Chemical weathering includes chemical changes that may decompose, dissolve or break down various parts of the rock or other landform. These changes are a result of other minerals and chemicals that seep into rocks, usually in rain water or as gases. Acid rain is a prime cause of chemical weathering. Types of chemical weathering
996062_p8	Lower Antelope Canyon was carved out of the surrounding sandstone by both mechanical weathering and chemical weathering. Wind, sand, and water from flash flooding are the primary weathering agents. Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks composed of at least 50% silt- and clay-sized particles.
996062_p9	When overlying rocks are removed from granite that was formed deep beneath Earth's surface, pressure decreases, and the granite forms long curved cracks called. Ice Wedging.
36558_p0	However, drops up to 10 mm (equivalent in volume to a sphere of radius 4.5 mm) are theoretically stable and could be levitated in a wind tunnel. The largest recorded raindrop was 8.8 mm in diameter, located at the base of a cumulus congestus cloud in the vicinity of Kwajalein Atoll in July 1999.
36558_p1	A droplet with a diameter of 3 mm has a terminal velocity of approximately 8 m/s. Drops smaller than 1 mm in diameter will attain 95% of their terminal velocity within 2 m. But above this size the distance to get to terminal velocity increases sharply. An example is a drop with a diameter of 2 mm that may achieve this at 5.6 m.
36558_p2	A raindrop may have a maximum diameter of 0.25 centimeter.. 2.5 mm. Rain.. Encyclopedia Encarta .1st ed. CD-ROM. New York: Microsoft, 2000. Raindrops generally have a diameter greater than 0.5 mm (0.02 in.).
36558_p3	Close enough to the earth to encounter air resistance, this acceleration is 9.8 meters per second squared, or 32 feet per second squared. 3. Calculate the downward pull of gravity. The force with which the falling object is being pulled down equals the object's mass times acceleration due to gravity, or F = MA. This number, multiplied by two, goes in the top of the terminal velocity formula.
36558_p4	4. Figure out the drag force that is opposing the downward pull of gravity. If you know the velocity of the object, but not the drag force, you can use the formula to calculate the drag force. This is (CρA*(v^2))/2.
36558_p5	The mass m of the drop hanging from the end of the tube can be found by equating the force due to gravity () with the component of the surface tension in the vertical direction () giving the formula. where α is the angle of contact with the tube, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
36558_p6	Use the terminal velocity formula, v = the square root of ((2mg)/(ρAC)). Plug the following values into that formula to solve for v, terminal velocity. 1 m = mass of the falling object. 2 g = the acceleration due to gravity.
36558_p7	Raindrop sizes typically range from 0.5 mm to 4 mm, with size distributions quickly decreasing past diameters larger than 2-2.5 mm. Scientists traditionally thought that the variation in the size of raindrops was due to collisions on the way down to the ground.
36558_p8	In fact, they are actually oblate spheroids, or spheres with the nose smashed in. Different sources approximate different ranges for the measure of a diameter of a raindrop. However, on the average, a raindrop is between 0.1 to 5 millimeters. There are some exceptions; rarely, raindrops of 8 millimeters were known to occur. Sizes larger than that do not normally occur because the raindrop particles simply break up or collide with other neighboring particles.
36558_p9	By suspending drops of known size, he determined that small drops up to about 2 mm (0.08 inches) in diameter fell as spheres. Larger drops, however, deformed while falling acquiring a shape with a flat bottom and rounded top similar to that of a hamburger bun.

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