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In order to assist manufacturers in developing wireless chargers, Arrow ESC introduced the ST's 15W low-cost wireless charger reference design... Since wireless charging technology was first applied in the iPhone 8/iPhone X, the demand for wireless chargers has started to thrive, causing wireless charging standards to gradually be set and encouraging more factories to join in this field. In this article, we will introduce a type of wireless charger reference design to facilitate factories which intend to make an investment into the wireless charger market to accelerate its development speed. Wireless Charging Criterion Gradually Set Market Grows up Rapidly Wireless charging, also called as induction charging or non-contact inductive charging, transmits energy to a power device via a power supply device (charger) by making use of near-field induction, that is, inductive coupling. This device charges a battery by making use of the energy received and meanwhile uses the energy for itself. Basically, the energy is transmitted in the form of inductive coupling between the charger and the power device, so there is no need to use an electric cable for connection, therefore, both the charger and the power device can realize no exposure of conductive contact, and it is more convenient than wired charging. Actually, wireless charging technology had already been launched for a long time, during which it experienced a variety of competitions in terms of technologies and standards. Due to the lack of a unified standard, the speed of promoting wireless charging technology has been affected. With the iPhone 8/iPhone X selecting Qi wireless charging technology, Qi wireless charging technology has already got the upper hand by relying on the huge sales volume of iPhone cellphones, although we cannot regard the argument regarding wireless charging technology criterion as having been ended. Qi (pronounced and named after the Chinese character of qi, "energy flow"), is an interconnection standard for short-distance (40mm, 1.6 inches) wireless inductive power transmission formulated by the Wireless Power Consortium (WPC), with the aim of providing wireless charging for mobile phones and other portable electronic devices. According to the Qi standard, a power of 5W or less can be transmitted by making use of inductive transmission under a low power standard, and both receiving and transmitting make use of flat inductance and energy transmitted via an inductive coupling method. The distance between two inductors (coils) can be 5mm, or up to 40mm as needed After issuing the specifications of the 1.2.1 version for Qi wireless charging technology, specifications of medium-power products were also added. At present, there are more than 700 (mobile phones and mobile power packs are included) types of products which have passed the certification of Qi wireless charging technology, and restaurants such as Starbucks and McDonald are also starting to provide Qi wireless charging pads to their clients, accelerating the promotion and popularization of wireless charging technology even more. In order to assist manufacturers in developing wireless chargers as soon as possible, Arrow ESC introduced the ST wireless charger reference design. The reference design of this type of ST 15W fixed frequency wireless charger is based on the STWBC-EPTR transmitter chips for ST medium-power wireless chargers, so it is a low-cost reference solution. The reference design of this type of fixed frequency wireless charger ST 15W conforms to the Qi 1.2.2 specification, and it supports half-bridge topology, and can support Foreign Object Detection (FOD) based on the quality factor (Q factor) , and it also supports Foreign body Detection technology based on calibration power loss calculation, supports a 15W Qi MP receiver, and is available with an LP receiver of 5W of output power, with a quality factor measurement, as well as LED which can be used for indicating charging status. It also supports quick chargers as well as power supplies ranging between 5-12V. The core chips used in this wireless charging reference design include STWBC-EPTR, TSV521ICT, STL8DN6LF3, STL10N3LLH5 from STMicroelectronics, and MCP14700 from Microchip, C1812C104J1GACTU of Kemet, and SRF1260-4R7Y from Bourns. It is mainly used in mobile phone charging, tablet charging, handheld devices, mobile phone accessories, and other fields With Apple choosing the Qi standard as its wireless charging standard, more manufacturers have been led to produce devices which support the Qi wireless charging standard, and the production cost and sales price of wireless chargers has also been decreased, and the sales volume of wireless charging devices has also improved. There will be more and more mobile devices which support wireless charging technology in the future, truly freeing mobile devices from the bondage of "wires", so there would be an extremely spectacular market development future, and it is worthy for manufacturers to be engaged in the development of related products.	<urn:uuid:60a8ec98-3185-4e70-a135-cf2c7e780df1>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	https://www.ednasia.com/news/article/20190107NT41-Wireless-Charging-Conveniently-for-Mobile-Devices	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578532929.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20190421215917-20190422001917-00505.warc.gz	en	0.952697	1,009	2.640625	3	2.651847	3	Strong reasoning	Hardware
More serious than you might know Depression affects millions of Americans and is the second leading cause of disability. - 6.7%of all adults - 4Mpatients who can't Moving beyond the First-line There are more than just antidepressants for treating your depression.LEARN MORE Symptoms of Clinical Depression If you are experiencing four or more of these and feeling a depressed mood for more than a 2-week period, you may want to seek medical help. - Significant weight loss (when not dieting) or weight gain (a change of more than five percent of body weight in a month) - Significant increase or decrease in appetite - Excessive sleepiness or insomnia - Agitation and restlessness - Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day - Feelings of worthlessness or excessive and inappropriate guilt nearly every day - Diminished ability to think, concentrate, or make decisions - Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Frequently Asked Questions Major depressive disorder is a condition which lasts two or more weeks and interferes with a person’s ability to carry out daily tasks and enjoyed activities that previously brought pleasure. This condition affects approximately 16 million American adults, or about 6.7 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older.1 The exact cause of depression is not known, but leading research in Neuroscience points to an imbalance in the brain’s neurotransmitters as the manifestation of depression. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that send signals between brain cells. A person’s genetic make-up and life history may also determine a person’s tendency to become depressed. In 2016 a study conducted by the Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality reported that major depressive disorder will affect approximately 16 million American adults (about 6.7% of the US population) in a given year. 1 Yes. The National Institute of Mental Health maintains that, “Depressive illness can often interfere with normal functioning and cause pain and suffering not only to those who have the disorder, but to those who care about them. Serious depression can destroy family life as well as the life of the ill person.” A national study of depression found that nearly all the respondents who reported a major depressive disorder also reported that their social and/or work lives were negatively affected by their illness.1 In 2010, the economic burden of depression was estimated at $210 billion in the US2 and depression was the second leading cause of disability, accounting for almost 20% of all years of life lost to disability and premature death.3 Depression can also be a lethal disease. Each year in the US, over 30,000 people die by suicide, 60% of whom suffer from depression.4, 5 There is no known cure for depression but with effective treatment, many patients can remain symptom free.	<urn:uuid:d07d580b-afcb-4e13-812c-388d8f43a945>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://www.tmsoftampa.com/depression-and-tms/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989012.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210509183309-20210509213309-00221.warc.gz	en	0.946984	587	3.015625	3	2.444312	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
Improving skills among the workforce is seen as fundamental to achieving a more competitive economy and maintaining productivity. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey this report investigates how projected improvements in skills levels in the UK economy between now and 2020 will affect rates of poverty and income inequality. CAN IMPROVING UK SKILLS LEVELS REDUCE POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY BY 2020? Improving skills in the workforce is seen as fundamental to achieving a more competitive economy and maintaining productivity. Current and previous government policy implies that an increase in skills will reduce poverty and income inequality. This research investigates how improving UK skills levels will affect rates of poverty and income inequality. The research suggests the distribution of skills projected for 2020 will: To conclude, policies to improve UK skills levels particularly those that meet or exceed the projected improvement in skills levels by 2020 could improve the absolute quality of life of large groups of people currently in poverty. However, to reduce relative poverty and income inequality more substantially, the skill levels of those at the bottom of the income distribution must be raised much further relative to those towards the middle and top. This project explores the relationship between skills, poverty and income inequality. Each of these concepts is highly complex and there are three main challenges: defining and projecting skills scenarios; defining poverty; and reconciling individual level skills against household level poverty. Developing skills scenarios Improving skills among the working age population is seen as fundamental to achieving a more competitive economy, raising employment and maintaining productivity. Furthermore, world class skills are key for competitive advantage and improving social mobility – both Government aims. This project explores the potential impact on poverty and income inequality in 2020 based on three scenarios: To define 'world class skills', this research has used an ambition for 2020 set by the previous Labour administration (as a result of the 2006 Leitch Review) for the UK to be one of the top eight OECD countries for jobs, productivity and skills. This required that by 2020 more than 90 per cent of adults be qualified to at least Level 2 (five or more GCSEs at grades A–C) and more than 40 per cent be qualified to at least Level 4 (first or other degree). While the Government’s 2010 skills strategy, Skills for Sustainable Growth, retained this commitment to ‘world class skills’, it abolished its specific targets. However, the UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS), and others such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) still measure the UK’s progress internationally against these measures. Accordingly, they have been used in this project to analyse the potential impact of reaching world class skills levels on poverty and income inequality. Prior to the removal of the 2020 goals, the UK Commission monitored UK performance against the ambition for world class skills. The most recently available projections indicated the Level 4 measure will be met but that attainment at intermediate and lower skills levels will not. This research uses these projections of skills levels for 2020 to explore the impact of the current trajectory of UK skills policy on poverty and income inequality. Poverty is defined in two ways in this research: Reconciling individual skill with household poverty Although skills and wages relate to individuals, poverty and income inequality are concerned with household income and people tend to partner with similar people. Low skilled (and high skilled) individuals cluster within households which strengthens the link between low skill, low pay and unemployment across individuals and poverty and income inequality across households. Therefore the changes in skill profiles at the individual level are also likely to be reflected at the household level Impact of predicted skills distribution on poverty in 2020 The research suggests that all other things being equal, compared to the pattern of skills in 2008, achieving the UK Commission projected skills distribution for 2020 would (see Figure 1): For example it will: – Reduce fixed poverty rates among families with children by 4 percentage points, lifting 500,000 children out of poverty. – Reduce relative poverty by 1.8 percentage points among families with children, lifting 250,000 children out of poverty. Figure 1 – Impact of predicted skills distribution on poverty in 2020 (see PDF document) What explains these different impacts of changes in the skills distribution on poverty when using a fixed as opposed to a relative measure? Achieving world class skills or achieving the UK Commission projected distribution of skills implies that skills will increase across the whole distribution – the changes in skills affects both those at the bottom, the middle and at the top of the skills distribution. This raises incomes across the entire income distribution (and so reduces poverty measured using a fixed threshold), rather than raising the incomes of those at the bottom of the income distribution relative to those higher up the distribution (and so reducing relative poverty). Changes to the skills distribution are predicted to have only a small impact on income inequality as a consequence of raising incomes across the whole income distribution. If skills levels remain the same as in 2008, households at the 90th percentile of the income distribution in 2020 are predicted to have incomes that are 4.0 times larger than incomes of households at the 10th percentile of the distribution. This ratio is predicted to fall to 3.9 if world class skills or the UK Commission projected distribution of skills for 2020 are achieved. The changing distribution of skills by 2020 is likely to reduce poverty using a fixed measure which will considerably improve the absolute quality of life of large groups of people where there is clear income deprivation presently. Child poverty is strongly associated with a range of adverse life-course outcomes relating to employment, health and family stability. Therefore, there is the possibility of very long benefits to society as well as economic competitiveness from achieving the ambition of world class skills. However, the picture is less clear when thinking of income inequality and poverty in relative terms. The main reason for the smaller impact on relative poverty and inequality is that the changing distribution of skills results in an increase in incomes across the entire income distribution. This raises the relative poverty line without significantly changing the differences in incomes between those higher and lower in the distribution. Consequently, there may be some people whose incomes increase, but who nevertheless slip into or remain in relative poverty as a result of the skills changes. The current trajectory of changes to the skills distribution is predicted to have relatively modest impacts on relative poverty. While it is true that improving skills will reduce UK poverty and income inequality, it is clear much larger improvements in skills are necessary to have substantial effects. This is particularly the case considering the data used in this research pre-dated the recent economic recession, and the methodology used did not incorporate public expenditure cuts or planned changes in the benefit system. In order to reduce relative poverty and income inequality more substantially it is necessary to focus efforts on raising skill levels at the bottom of the skills distribution relative to those at the middle and top. The need to improve basic literacy and numeracy skills, and to support people who lack the basic skills to access employment has been identified by the current coalition government in its skills policy. A general increase in skills across the distribution has to be part of a wider strategy to reduce income inequality and poverty as it will not reduce relative poverty or income inequality substantially by itself.	<urn:uuid:0ac12dcf-e7f6-485b-a9f3-e19d3faf979f>	CC-MAIN-2015-22	http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/can-improving-uk-skills-reduce-poverty	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928869.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00162-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.938342	1,465	3.140625	3	3.064896	3	Strong reasoning	Education & Jobs
Going Native: Rooting Campus Landscape Planning in Low-Energy Native Plants from Wildlife PromiseStroll through the University of Florida’s native tree walk, and you’ll get a firsthand education on what grows naturally in that state (access the virtual version by clicking on “sustainable campus” then “tree walk”). Part of a campus-wide effort to nurture native plants throughout the grounds, the shaded path is just one way the university is helping students and visitors learn about the value of imperiled native plant populations. Native plants bestow tremendous benefits on communities and natural habitats, and are the superior choice when it comes to reducing a school’s impact on the climate. However, they are in danger nationwide. According to one report out of UC Berkeley, two-thirds of California’s native plants could suffer more than an 80% reduction in geographic range in the next 90 years, which could lead to their demise if they can’t keep pace with the rapidly changing climate. The University of Florida is one of many institutions making changes in its landscaping plans to prevent such an outcome. Low mowing and less maintenance Planting with indigenous species often lightens the load on landscaping staff. Many native grasses, for instance, grow more slowly and to shorter heights than non-native varieties. When used for turf on university and college campuses, these grasses require less mowing, and therefore have lower fuel requirements. Likewise, trees and shrubs of native varieties need less human intervention to maintain their appearance, which usually means less work for powered landscaping tools. Purdue University (West Lafayette, IN) is using native plants to restore natural habitats on their campus and cut fuel consumption. In one project in particular, an upland site of fragmented forested woodlots is being reconnected through large native plantings, including an extensive wildflower area. This open area, that would otherwise be a patch of lawn, is now reverting to its prairie roots and will help to reduce Purdue’s landscaping fuel costs as a no-mow area. Although Purdue doesn’t currently have a formal plan for promoting native plants, the University of Florida (UFL) has a relatively mature native plant program. For the past 20 years, most plants added to the institution’s landscape have been native or low-impact. This is due in large part to UFL’s Master Plan which includes a concerted effort to remove invasive non-native plant species and replace them with Florida’s native plants. “We don’t quite use 100% native plants in our landscape design,” comments Martin Werts, Landscaping/Grounds Superintendent at UFL, “but we come pretty close. If it’s not a native plant, more than likely it’s a xeriscape plant [those that survive without supplemental irrigation], but for a few exceptions when a donor or professor requests a particular non-native plant.” Plant species, from trees to turf, are all part of the native plant program. St. Augustine, one of the most common grass species used throughout Florida and one that currently accounts for half of the lawn on campus, is a water-loving, pest-prone turf that’s slowly being phased out. It’s being replaced with one of three slow-growing, low-water, low-chemical lawns (though these aren’t strictly native species): Zoysia, Bahia Grass, or Centipede. “It’s amazing to compare Zoysia side-by-side St. Augustine, ” says Werts. “The St. Augustine will grow twice as fast!”At the beginning of every new project–whether it’s for an urban park, a new building, a conservation area, or a public area–as many stakeholders as possible are brought to the table to discuss landscaping dreams and requirements. “This is an improvement over the old process,” explains Werts. “We were brought in at the end of a project rather than at the start. Today, we’ve got a well thought-out process that allows everyone to express their opinions in a timely fashion.” And any time a new building project is in the works, existing native plants are taken into consideration. All trees three inches or taller must be carefully relocated and fines are often levied against the contractors to provide mitigation for the loss. These fines feed the school’s Heritage Tree Fund that’s used to advance native plant restoration projects on campus. Additionally, there are now many designated conservation areas at UFL where non-natives are being systematically removed and replaced by native plantings. Interpretive kiosks are installed in these areas to educate passersby about the plants used in the landscape and local wildlife. Light on water and chemical consumption In addition to fuel savings, water and chemical requirements for native species are significantly reduced, given their ability to thrive in the wild with no human support. Like all domestic and commercial water consumption, the use of water for irrigation requires relatively large amounts of energy. In America, our 60,000 water systems and 15,000 wastewater systems use about 75 billion kWh every year (3% of annual electricity consumption nationwide) for source and conveyance, treatment, and distribution. Additionally, native trees, shrubs, and turf require little to no fertilization and very modest pest control measures, if any. The energy benefits? Given that producing commercial fertilizers and pesticides uses about one-third of the energy consumed in the U.S. agriculture industry, this is another potential boon for institutions looking for ways to reduce indirect contributions to climate change. Synthetic chemicals have one other climate impact: when the nitrogen in synthetic and organic fertilizers is added to landscapes across the country, it breaks down through microbial processes to produce nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas that’s 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide in its heat-trapping ability. Nitrogen fertilization of soils accounted for nearly 60% of U.S. nitrous oxide emissions in 2007. The native plants used in North Carolina State University’s (NCSU) landscaping are installed without irrigation and have low fertilization requirements, as well as fewer disease and insect infestations. Used throughout campus, the grounds management team has realized water and chemicals savings by hand-watering the native plants for the first summer until they are established, and then leaving them to their own devices. A native prairie planting at Purdue was installed by family members of a deceased Purdue student. (Don Staley/Purdue University) In addition to choosing natives for their low maintenance requirements, NCSU also uses native species to educate students and the public. Chris Moorman, Coordinator of the Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences Program at NCSU and former Extension Wildlife Specialist, worked extensively on a 0.10-acre demonstration garden as well as a Going Native educational website for the community. With over 50 native plant species incorporated into the project, it has become a very inviting habitat for native wildlife and butterflies. Growing more efficiently with native plants Using native plant species isn’t without problems, however. NCSU staff have found that restricting plant choice to native species can be a bit limiting, especially when there are so many aesthetic and design goals for the landscape. Tracking their effect on climate change is also a challenge. Despite all that native plants have to offer, none of the institutions featured here have yet to track reductions in climate emissions from native plant choices. True, many see the inherent benefits of incorporating native plants in their landscaping design guidelines–in fact, according to the recently released NWF Campus Environment 2008 Report Card, a full 72% of the 1,000 schools surveyed have a native or low-maintenance vegetation program in place, which is up 21% from 2001. Yet like many fringe climate issues, most have yet to thoroughly explore how these leafy environmental heroes fit into their overall sustainability plans.	<urn:uuid:3bb32893-6e5d-45a7-94d5-499ff8914eaa>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://blog.nwf.org/2009/07/going-native-rooting-campus-landscape-planning-in-low-energy-native-plants/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203841.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00286-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.952166	1,670	2.890625	3	2.89864	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Understanding Services in Cloud Computing 1 of 17 in Series: The Essentials of Services in Cloud Computing When you have some of the background on what it means to take a service-oriented approach to architecting technology systems, you can begin to see the relationship between SOA and cloud computing. Services are important for cloud computing from both an infrastructure and an application perspective. Service orientation permeates the cloud itself and the cloud serves as an environment that can host other services (either at technical or business levels). What does this mean? On the one hand, cloud providers have built the cloud infrastructure on well-designed services with clearly defined black-box interfaces. These black-box services (think capacity, for example) allow the cloud to scale. The cloud infrastructure itself is service oriented. On the other hand, companies building applications designed for the cloud tend to build them out as services; this makes it easier for customers and partners to use them. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) The Infrastructure as a Service layer offers storage and compute resources that developers and IT organizations can use to deliver custom business solutions. A cloud provider wants the provisioning capability associated with the IaaS to be designed as a modular service with published interfaces so it can be used for many different situations. As a user of this capacity provisioning service, you don’t need to know how the provider is making the service happen; it is a black box to you. If the cloud weren’t service oriented, you’d have to figure out how to provision your application to the environment. With the cloud, you can use a single provisioning service. Platform as a Service (PaaS) The Platform as a Service layer offers development environments that IT organizations can use to create cloud-ready business applications. This is offered as a set of black-box services that lets developers build applications on top of the compute infrastructure. This might include developer tools that are offered as a service to build services, or even data access and database services, or even billing services. In these situations, the principles of SOA (such as loose coupling and reusability) have been applied to IT infrastructure components that are delivered as cloud services to PaaS users. Developers in your organization may locate the platform services they need by referencing a service catalog. Software as a Service (SaaS) With Software as a Service, the provider hosts the software for you so you don’t need to install it, manage it, or buy hardware for it. All you have to do is connect to it and use it. Don’t confuse SOA with SaaS. SOA is software designed as a service; SaaS is software managed and distributed as a service. In all these models, companies will use a set of well-defined services that they can access through interfaces. Companies can leverage these services in many different ways depending on what problems they are trying to solve.	<urn:uuid:978f4950-6884-46eb-a030-149d57b8ea26>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/understanding-services-in-cloud-computing.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609526311.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005206-00366-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95229	611	2.796875	3	2.56927	3	Strong reasoning	Software Dev.
\|Publication number\|\|US3845374 A\| \|Publication date\|\|Oct 29, 1974\| \|Filing date\|\|Aug 18, 1972\| \|Priority date\|\|Aug 18, 1972\| \|Publication number\|\|US 3845374 A, US 3845374A, US-A-3845374, US3845374 A, US3845374A\| \|Inventors\|\|Clarady L, Smith J\| \|Original Assignee\|\|B & C Ind Inc\| \|Export Citation\|\|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan\| \|Patent Citations (12), Referenced by (6), Classifications (10), Legal Events (1)\| \|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet\| [ Oct. 29, 1974 CIRCUITRY FOR CONVERTING AC POWER TO REGULATED DC POWER ABSTRACT Control circuits for gating silicon controlled rectifiers SCRs) to provide a direct current (DC) output which may be used to energize and control DC motors and to supply DC energy for other uses such as electric welding. Feedback regulating means are provided for maintaining a preselected current and/or voltage output at the load irrespective of changing load conditions. In the preferred form of the invention, three SCRs and three control circuits are used to provide separately controlled, rectification of each phase of a three phase alternating current source. A selected percentage of the positive portion of each input cycle in each phase is gated to the load through the SCRs as required to provide a predetermined current and/0r voltage output. Feed-back regulation changes the firing angle of the SCRs in each phase as required to maintain the selected current and/or voltage output. The control circuits are isolated from the load and synchronized with the source by transformer coupling. When the three phase control is employed to power a DC motor, a fourth single phase circuit is used to provide full wave rectified voltage and current to the field winding of the motor. Means are provided for simultaneously adjusting the current and voltage output of the three phase and single phase circuits as required to change the speed and torque output of the DC motor. SCR switching means are provided for reversing the polarity of the applied voltage on the field winding to reverse the direction of motor rotation. 17 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures Inventors: Leroy E. Clarady; .1. Jay McSweeney; Joe H. Smith, all of Houston, Tex. Assignee: B & C Industries, Inc., Houston, Filed: Aug. 18, 1972 Appl. No.: 281,978 U.S. Cl 318/445, 321/5, 321/18, 321/19 Int. Cl. H02p 1/00 Field of Search 321/5, 16, 18, 19, 23, 321/26, 40, 47; 322/25; 318/342, 344, 345 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,305,763 2/1967 Kupferberg et al 321/18 X 3,329,883 7/1967 Frierdich 321/5 3,360,709 12/1967 Etter....v 321/18 3,377,542 4/1968 Glorioso 321/18 3,386,024 5/1968 Koltuniak et al. 321/5 3,394,298 7/1968 Logan 321/18 X 3,404,328 10/1968 Plow 321/18 3,434,031 3/1969 Wickliff 321/18 X 3,519,913 7/1970 .lanecek 321/18 X 3,566,245 2/1971 Blokker et al. 321/19 X 3,707,669 12/1972 Kanngiesser 321/5 X 3,746,969 7/1973 Gessaroli et al. 323/22 SC Primary Examiner-William M. Shoop Attorney, Agent, or FirmTorres & Berryhill lie 87L m ON! PHASE OF M M! eta-41:0 Davie-r cueamr FEEDIA new Sc: GMT-cw. PAIENIEDocI 29 m4 SHEET 2 BF 2 JONFQQU MG (.50 CIRCUITRY FOR CONVERTING AC POWER TO REGULATED DC POWER BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION l. Field of the lnvention The present invention relates to means for changing energy in the form of alternating electrical current into energy in the form of direct current electrical energy. The invention also relates to means for permitting selection ofa desired value of direct current voltage and- /or current output to be delivered to an electrical load and means for automatically maintaining the selected value as the load or source fluctuate. A specific application of the invention described herein relates to means for converting three phase. alternating current to direct current for supplying a selected voltage and current to the armature of a direct current motor and means for converting a single phase alternating current source to direct current for supplying a selected current and voltage to the field winding of the motor. 2. Description of Prior Art SCRs. which have been widely accepted for use in power control circuits. are triggered" by a variety of control circuits. some of which in single phase systems provide feedback regulation for maintaining a selected output. The three phase SCR control circuits known to applicants for producing direct current outputs gate selected portions of the positive and negative half cycle of each input a a rectifying circuit which provides the direct current output. Full control of the conducted half cycles is difficult to obtain in these systems. Conventional control circuits employed to trigger the SCRs are often directly coupled with the load and source so that the trigger pulse amplitude and phase angle vary with changes in the source and load. This latter characteristic in prior art systems may cause the value of current and voltage supplied to the load to undesireably fluctuate. Moreover. ground currents caused during each reversal in the polarity of the alternating current appearing in the SCR switching and rectifying circuitry and alternating current in control circuits which may employ oscillators or other pulse sources generate electrical noise which can interfere with the operation of radios and other electronic equipment. This problem may be acute where conventional circuitry is used to convert three phase AC to supply direct current to a load. as for example electric welding equipment on an offshore oil drilling platform. where the resulting AC noise prevents radio communications between land based installations and the platform. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION ln the preferred form of the present invention. as applied to a three phase system. current in each phase of a three phase alternating current source is supplied to a separate SCR which is triggered by its own independent control circuit to conduct a desired portion of the source current to the load. The non-conducted por tions are blocked from the load so that the load is directly supplied with a controlled amount of direct current. The separate control circuits for each phase are transformer coupled to the source and blocked from the load to isolate the control circuits from fluctuations in the load and source. Each of the three control circuits is independent of the other two and may be operated to provide an output at the load terminals even if one or both of the other two circuits are inoperative. The induced transformer signal in each control circuit is rectified and shaped to produce a hard firing. constant amplitude trigger pulse from energy supplied by the source phase which the SCR controls. The control circuit also keeps the gate of the SCR at a negative potential relative to the cathode except when the trigger pulse is formed to prevent undesired conduction through the SCR. With this design. needs for both an oscillator or other pulse source and a synchronizing circuit are eliminated and AC noise in the control circuit is avoided. Delay means are provided so that if desired. the trigger pulse may be applied to the gate of the SC R subsequent to the termination of the source voltage excursion which supplied energy for forming the pulse. By this means the SCR may be triggered into conduction at the onset of a subsequent voltage excursion in the same source phase. A voltage drop across an inductance coil in series between each of the SCRs and the load is employed to form a regulating signal which is fed back to the control circuit in the SCR in that phase for changing the time of occurrence of the trigger pulse. This in turn changes the percentage of the source current conducted to the load as required to maintain a preselected current and- /or voltage output at the load irrespective of changes in the source or load. The inductance coil also smooths the wave form of the conducted direct current to reduce the ripple in the output and to suppress noise. The feedback regulation also prevents initial surge current and provides for a soft start when the circuit is employed to supply power to electric motors. Ganged potentiometers in each of the three control circuits are provided for steplessly changing the current and voltage delivered to the load. Separately adjustable potentiometers in each of the three control circuits permit the three phases to be matched to compensate for phzise-to-phase variations in component characteristics. Protection elements in the input to the coupling transformers clip transient voltage excursions in the supply to prevent such excursions from forming a trigger pulse. Protective elements in the control circuits prevent load induced transients and negative voltages at the load from interfering with proper operation of the control circuit and also prevent damage to the components of the control circuit. When control for a DC motor is desired, the foregoing three phase circuit is employed to supply controlled regulated direct current and voltage to the motor armature and a similar single phase field circuit is employed to provide controlled power to the field winding of the motor. The field circuit includes a full wave bridge which provides full wave rectification of a single phase AC input. The rectified voltage is reduced across dropping resistors to form a control circuit voltage which is supplied to control circuitry to form a trigger pulse for each one half cycle ofthe AC input. The trigger pulses bias one of two controlled SCRs in the rectifier bridge into conduction to conduct selected portions of each half cycle of the full wave rectified input to the field winding. The polarity of the applied field winding voltage is selected by a switch which applies the control voltage to the gate of one or the other of two sets of SCRs which then supply the voltage to the desired side of the field winding. By this means, the direction of motor rotation may be reversed under full load conditions by simply reversing the polarity of the field voltage. The field control circuit provides a regulating feedback signal to change the time of occurrence ofthe trigger pulse as required to maintain a desired output at the field winding. Potentiometers in the field control circuit are ganged with those in the three phase control circuits for the armature power to simultaneously change the voltage and current at the armature and field as required to change the speed of motor rotation and the torque output of the motor respectively. Where several motors are to be powered by the same DC source, a separate field control circuit may be employed to command load sharing. Protective components in the field control circuit prevent false triggering from induced transient voltage, and also protect the SCR gates from exposure to damaging voltage transients. The three phase circuit of the present invention may be connected to any three wire source by any conventional wiring technique such as delta. wye or other without need for a fourth wire. True ground potential may be employed as the negative load terminal. Elimination of the fourth wire and'the attendant alternating current flowing in the wire eliminates much of the radio interfering noise found in many conventional systems. Sufficient delay circuitry is included in the control circuit so that the trigger pulse may be formed at any desired time during the occurrence of a foreward bias on the SCR anode-cathode terminals. Each of the control circuits is independently adjustable and operable to provide conduction of any desired percentage of the input to the load. The percentage of the input conducted to the load may be the same for each phase or. within limits, may be different in each phase as required to provide and maintain a selected output. The foregoing features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily appreciated from the fol lowing specification. drawings and the related claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. I is a schematic representation illustrating one phase of a polyphase circuit constructed in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating a three phase circuit for supplying armature current and voltage to a DC motor. and FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating a single phase circuit for supplying field current and voltage to a DC motor. DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. I, one phase of a three phase con trol system employing the present invention is indicated generally by the circuit I0. The input to the circuit appearing on input terminals Ila and lie is one phase of a conventional. three phase alternating cur rent source (not illustrated). The source may be a three phase generator or other source of polyphase alternating current. A diode 12a is connected from the input Ila to ground and the alternating current input to the terminals Ila and llc appears at the anode of an SCR 13a and across the primary winding I40 of a coupling transformer indicated generally at 150. The cathode of the SCR B0 is connected through a feedback element represented by a feedback choking coil 16a and through a blocking diode 17a to a positive load terminal IS. A second load terminal 19 connected to true ground provides the negative reference for the DC output A free wheeling diode 20 and a filter capacitor 21 connected between the two load terminals provide circuit protection from induced load transients and negative load voltages. The capacitor II also assists in reducing the AC ripple in the DC output. Conduction of the SCR is controlled by a trigger pulse supplied over a gate 22a. The trigger pulse is formed in a feedback regulated. SCR gate control cir cuit indicated generally at 230. The circuit 23a is designed to produce a trigger pulse having an adjustable phase angle and amplitude. Power for the circuit 230 is preferably obtained through a secondary winding 24a in the transformer 150, however any source of constant level DC may be employed. A feedback signal is conducted from the feedback element to the circuit 230 by a feedback line 25. The signal on the feedback line 25a connects to a potentiometer resistance element 260 having an adjustable contact 270 which is po sitioned to obtain a desired load or output. The value of the output voltage is selected by the positioning of a movable contact 280 on a potentiometer resistance element 290. Aline 300 connected between the anode of diode 17a and the secondary winding 240 provides a common or control circuit ground potential for the control circuit 230. In operation, the contacts 270 and 280 are adjusted to establish the time of occurrence or phase angle of a trigger pulse produced by the circuit 230 and applied to the gate 22a. The SCR 130 conducts current when its anode voltage is positive with respect to its cathode voltage and when the gate voltage is also positive with respect to the cathode voltage. These conditions exist simultaneously when the trigger pulse is formed and when any part of the relatively positive portion of the source voltage is present between the input terminals 11a and llc. The time of generation of the trigger pulse may be changed by adjustments in the circuitry 230 to select any desired portion of the positive part of the input current to flow through the SC R to the load for establishing a desired direct current output. As the current delivered to the load terminal 18 varies either because of variations in the amount of current supplied to the input or because of variations in the load characteristics. the voltage drop across the coil 16a produces a feedback signal which automatically alters the time of generation of the trigger pulse to gate more or less current through the SCR 130 as required to re-establish the originally selected current and voltage output. The choke also acts to suppress radio frequency noise which may be present in the source. In a three phase system. the controlled current gated through the SCR's in each phase is conducted to the terminal 18 so that the combined effect of all phases appears at the terminal I8. FIG 2 illustrates a detailed circuit diagram indicated generally at 110 for a three phase system, each phase of which operates in a manner similar to the circuit 10 in FIG. I. For purposes of the description to follow the circuits have been designated as Phases A, B and C. In FIG. 2. the same reference number is employed for the same component in each phase and the components in the various phases are differentiated by addition of the reference letter a. b or c depending upon which phase is being described. The reference characters identifying components in each phase of the circuit 110 are higher by 100 than the reference characters identifying the same or corresponding components in the circuit of FIG. I. Components in the circuit ll operate in the manner described previously for the corresponding component in the circuit l0 and will not be again describedv The SCR's ll3a, [13b and ll3c function as switching means for phases A. B and C, respectively, for electrically connecting or disconnecting the load terminals 118 and ll of the circuit 2l0 with the energy in the associated phase of the source. The diodes. corresponding to the diode 1120, in the circuits for each phase act as polarity responsive means for continuously preventing current wave forms of a first polarity relative to the wave forms in associated source phases A, B and C from connecting with the output terminals 118 and 119. With specific-reference to phase A, the circuit 110 includes an adjustable dropping resistor 131a employed to establish the input voltage to the primary winding HM and to balance the input to phase A with the inputs to phases B and C. The induced voltage appearing on the secondary winding 1240 is half-wave rectified by a diode 132a and supplied to a DC filtering circuit formed by capacitors 133a and 1340 and a resistance la. The pulsating. rectified DC voltage is supplied to the output voltage control potentiometer resistance element [2% which is connected between the diode I320 and control circuit ground I300. The rectified and filtered voltage appearing across the capacitor 1340 is conducted by a supply line 1360 to the collector circuits of two NPN timing transistors 137a and l38a. An adjustable dropping resistor 1390 is employed to set the collector-to-base voltage for the transistor 1380 as required to obtain the desired circuit performance and to match the operation of phase A with that of phases B and C. The dropping resistor 1390 also provides an adjustment for overcoming differences in the characteristics of the same components employed in each of the three different control circuits. Two amplifying field effect transistors l40a and [41a are also supplied with DC power through the dropping resistor 13%. The field effect transistor (FET) 140a is a P-channel junction transistor and FET M10 is an N- channel junction transistor with a grounded metallic shield. A load resistor l42a is connected between the source terminal of the transistor and the dropping resistor 13911. A load resistor 144a and timing capacitor 145a are in parallel between the source terminal of FET 140a and control circuit ground. Resistors M60 and l47u provide the desired operating bias for the transistor 138a and a resistor 148a acts as a load resis tor for the transistor. A resistor 149a and a capacitor 1500 connected in parallel in the emitter circuit of the transistor 1371: provide the desired gate signal to the gate terminal [220 of the SCR ll3u. In operation. a sinusoidal alternating current wave form is applied between the line lllu and lllb at the input to the phase A circuitry. A varistor 151a connected between the lines lllu and lllh prevents tran sient voltage spikes in the input wave form from entering the control circuitv The alternating current input (all wave form appears in the primary winding 114a and produces a similar, opposite polarity voltage wave form in the secondary winding 1240. The positive portions of the induced voltage in the winding 1240 are conducted through the diode 132a to the potentiometer 1290 to provide a trigger pulse. The negative one-half cycle of the induced voltage wave is blocked. The pulsating voltage appearing at the cathode of diode 1320 is dropped across the potentiometer resistance element 1290. The portion of this voltage drop which is applied to connected; circuit components in the control circuit 123a is determined by the position of contact 1280 which in turn establishes the charge rate of the timing capacitor a and thus controls the voltage occurring at the power output load terminal 118. The output voltage with no load current is thus also established by the setting of the contact 128a. The current supplied to the positive DC terminal 118 from phase A is regulated by the position of the contact 127a on the potentiometer resistance element 126a and the feedback voltage supplied to the element 126a. Voltage changes across the element ll6a caused by changes in the source or load produce a voltage change which is communicated by the line l25a to the feedback potentiometer resistance element [260. The feedback signal is amplified and combined with a preselected bias to change the phase angle of the control circuit trigger pulse which is then used to regulate conduction of the SCR ll3a. In operation, with the FET l4la in its nonconducting condition, the voltage between the potentiometer contact 12821 and control circuit ground 130a is applied across the capacitor l45a which provides a DC bias on the base of the transistor 1380. When the preselected bias is established, the transistor l38a conducts and the resulting voltage produced across the emitter resistor 148a raises the voltage on the base of the transistor 137a causing the transistor to conduct which permits current flow through a resistor 149a in the circuit. The voltage developed across resistor l49a charges the capacitor 150a to the polarity marked in the drawing. The positive plate of the capacitor 150a is connected to the gate 122a of SCR 3a and the negative plate is connected to the cathode of the SCR through the feedback coil 60. When the indicated polarity charge is established on the capacitor 150a a "trigger pulse" is produced and the gate of the SCR 3130 is positive with reference to the cathode. Under these conditions, the SCR will conduct when it is forward biased by the phase A input. When the transistor 1380 is nonconducting. the base of transistor 137a has a low voltage applied to it and that transistor is also nonconducting. Resistance 1490 in the emitter circuit of transistor B70 is of a relatively low value so that when transistor [37a is not conducting, the voltage across the emitter circuit resistance is approximately equal to that of the control circuit ground 1300. This low voltage maintains a fixed negative bias on the gate circuit 1220 which prevents conduction of the SCR 113a even when the SC R is forward biased. From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that the control circuit 123a for the SCR ll3a is independent of the control circuits l23b and 123C so that neither of the latter two control circuits affect conduction of the SCR 113av The-SCR 113a is fired or triggered into conduction by the control circuit 1230 as required to maintain a pre-determined voltage and current output between the terminals [l8 and 119. To this end, changes in the current flowing through the feedback choke coil 1160 are communicated over the line 125a to the feedback resistance element 1260 in the feedback potentiometer. A positive voltage on the contact 127a of sufficient magnitude acting on the gate of the FET l4la biases the FET into conduction in a well known manner so that increasing current flows between the source and drain terminals of the FET. Conduction of the FET 141a lowers the potential of the voltage acting on the gate of the FET 140a which in turn causes the latter transistor to begin conducting increased amounts of current between its source and drain. The FET 141a and [a thus act to amplify the feedback signals appearing on the line 125a. When the FET 140a is conducting between its source and drain terminals. the charge on the capacitor [a is reduced and the base potential of the transistor 1380 is lowered toward the potential of the control circuit ground l30u. The feedback and control voltages required to establish the cut off point for the transistor l38a may be altered by changing the setting of the contact [27a on the resistance 1260. This latter adjustment establishes the current output for the system. Each positive half cycle of the input wave form produces a trigger pulse when the transistor I370 conducts so that the trigger pulse when produced has a frequency equal to half that of the input wave form. The FET 140a cooperates with the load resistor 144a and the capacitor 1450 to provide a delay circuit which regulates the phase angle of the trigger pulse. Thus. the RC time constant of the circuit is variable from a resistance value equal to the value of resistor 1440 when FET 1400 is nonconducting to a value slightly less than the source to drain resistance of the FET when it is fully conducting. This variation in the time constant permits the trigger pulse to be formed over a relatively long time interval so that it can gate all or any portion of a positive half cycle of input current through the SCR. Delays of as much as one second or more are possible by proper selection of component values. An adjustment which keeps the transistor.l38a in a continuously conducting condition provides the maximum current output for that phase. The potentiometer wiper contacts I280. 12811 and 128v are mechanically linked or ganged so that a single movement will simultaneously effect similar resistance changes in each of the three phases. The desired voltage setting may thus be established by positioning the three contacts with the voltage control linkage. A small. reversible DC motor (not illustrated) may be employed to drive the ganged potentiometer contacts in a direction to increase or decrease the output voltage. ln a similar manner. the contacts 1270. T271) and 127(- in the feedback potentiometer are physically linked to each other so that a single mechanical movement effects simultaneous change of the position of each of the three contacts as required to establish a desired current output. Before being mechanically linked. the contacts I26 in each phase are separately adjusted to provide phase balance. While the circuit 110 illustrated in FIG. 2 has been described with reference to a three phase circuit, it will be appreciated that the teachings of the present invention may be applied to a circuit having any number of phases. In this regard, FIG. 3 illustrates a single phase circuit indicated generally at 210 which incorporates the teachings of the present invention. Components of the circuit 210 which are similar to those described in the circuit 110 carry a reference number which is higher than the reference character for the corresponding component in circuit "0. The circuit 210 is specifically designed to provide direct current power to the field windings 260 of a DC motor indicated schematically at 26L Means are included in the circuit 210 for reversing the polarity of the applied voltage on the windings 260. The control circuit 223 is similar to the control circuits [23 described with reference to FIG. 2. in DC motors, the direction of rotor rotation depends on the polarity of the field winding voltage. rotor speed depends on the armature winding voltages and output torque depends on the current in the armature. Single phase alternating current is supplied through a primary winding 262 in an input transformer indicated generally at 263. A secondary winding 264 provides a desired alternating current voltage to energize the field windings 260 and to power the control circuit 223. The voltage induced in the secondary winding 264 is supplied through a switch 265 and fuse 267 to a full wave bridge rectifier formed by diodes 268, 269. 270 and 271 and two SCRs 272 and 273 connected in the manner illustrated. The gates for the two SCRs 272 and 273 are connected together and are supplied with the trigger pulse formed by the control circuit 223. The four diodes in the bridge function in a conventional manner to provide full wave rectified DC voltage at the cathodes of the two diodes 270 and 271. Adjustable dropping resistors 274 and 275 provide means for separately controlling the amplitude of the DC voltage supplied to the anodes of the two diodes 270 and 271. A capacitor 234 smoothes the rectified voltage appearing at the diode portion of the bridge output and an adjustable dropping resistor 279 lowers the voltage to that required to supply the transistors 237 and 238. A line 276 supplies the trigger pulse formed by the control circuit 223 to the joined gate terminals of the two SCRs 272 and 273 to control conduction of the two SCRs. The conducted portion of each positive half cycle of the full wave rectified voltage is supplied by a connecting line 277 to the field windings and to the feedback line 225. A blocking capacitor 278 prevents the DC voltage on the cathodes of the SCRs from communicating with the SCR gates. in the circuit 2l0, a trigger pulse may be produced for each half cycle of the input wave form. The trigger pulse is used to control conduction of the SCRs 272 and 273 for a selected portion of the half wave during which one or the other of the SCRs is forward biased. The phase angle or time of occurrence of the trigger pulse relative to the input wave form is determined in the manner described previously with reference to the circuit 110. The primary difference between the control circuit 223 and the control circuit 123 is that the former produces a trigger pulse for each half wave of the input whereas the latter produces only a single trigger pulse per cycle. As with the circuits l0 and 110, the voltage drop across the choke coil 216 is fed back over the line 225 to change the phase angle of the trigger pulse as required to resist changes in current flow through the coil. The rectified, controlled and regulated DC voltage produced by the full wave bridge is applied to the anodes of two SCR's 280 and 281 which are included as part of a field winding polarity reversing circuit. A switch indicated generally at 282 is positioned on terminal 283 or terminal 284 to apply a DC voltage level developed across a capacitor 285 to the gate terminal of either SCR 280 or SCR 281. When the switch 282 is moved into contact with the switching terminal 283, a DC voltage is developed across a resistor 285 and a capacitor 286 connected in parallel between the cathode and gate terminals of the SC R 280. The charge developed on the capacitor 286 forces the gate of SC R 280 positive with respect to its cathode so that the SCR may conduct. The trigger signal supplied to the gate of SCR 280 is also communicated to a second gate 287 which supplies a return path for the current entering the top positive end of the winding 260. When the switch 282 is moved into contact with the switching terminal 284. the DC trigger voltage is developed across a resistor 288 and capacitor 289 connected in parallel between the gate and cathode of the SCR 281. This biases the SCR 28l into conduction and the same signal is also provided to the gate of an SCR 290 which provides a return path for the current when the lower end of the coil 260 is positive. From the foregoing. it will be appreciated that the SCR's 280, 281, 287 and 290 provide a reversing circuit which controls the polarity of the field winding voltage. The adjustable contacts on the voltage control and current control potentiometers in the circuit 210 may be ganged with those in the circuit 110 and the circuit H may be employed to supply power to the armature of the motor 26l over leads 291 and 292. The control circuit 0 is connected to the armature of motor 261 by connecting armature leads 29! and 292 to the control circuit load terminals 118 and 119. When thus connected. a single control may be employed to simultaneously set the voltage and current output in each of the three phases in the armature circuit and in the single phase of the field circuit. Normally open relays R-l provided in the circuit 110 are suitably linked to each other to open as required to de-energize the armature and field windings when the voltage in the field winding is lost for any reason. With the relays open a negative bias is held on the gates [22 since the transistor I37 cannot conduct. This prevents the SCR 113 from conducting so that no voltage is applied to the load to prevent damage to the armature winding of the motor 26]. Relays R-2 close to ground the feedback signal when the motor direction is to be suddenly reversed at full reverse current. Depending upon the desired direction of rotation R-3 or R4 is opened when motor direction is reversed at full output. The latter controls are particularly suited for use where the present invention is employed to power an electric power swivel used for drilling wells. in this application. the direction and speed of motor rotor rotation must be controlled from a panel and the circuits 110 and 210 are particularly adapted for panel control. If desired. the functions of relays R-l. R-Z, R-3 and R-4 may be performed by conventional solid state controls. When the output ofcircuit H0 is used as an armature supply circuit means for the motor 26], and the circuit 210 is used as the field circuit means for the motor. the SCRs 113a. [1311 and ll3c in circuit H0 provide first SCR switching means for controllably connecting electrical energy from a source to the armature of the motor 261 and the SCR's 272 and 273, operating alone or with the SCR's 280, 281, 287 and 290, provide second SCR switching means for controllably connecting electrical energy from a source to the field windings 260 of the motor 261. lt will be appreciated that the circuits 10, or may be modified. if desired, to conduct only selected portions of the negative half cycles of the input waveform. Additionally. the feedback coils 16. 116 and 216 may be replaced with other voltage dropping means such as a shunt or precise resistance element. Use of a coil is considered preferable, however. since it assists in filtering rf noise out of the DC output. If desired. the control circuits 23, 123 and 223 may be provided with plural amplification stages in the form of integrated circuits. While stepped-down rectified line voltage has been described as providing the DC supply for the control circuits, a separate source of DC could be employed. When the circuit 110 is employed to supply power to welders or other DC devices the polarity reversing switch circuitry shown in FIG. 3 may be used with the circuit. This permits reversal of the polarity of the output by a control switch which does not carry the full load current. The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory thereof. and various changes in the size, shape and materials as well as in the details of the illustrated constructions may be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention. I. A circuit for supplying controlled power to a direct current motor having armature and field windings comprising: a. armature supply circuit means having first SCR switching means for controllably connecting electrical energy from a source to the armature windings of said motor; b. first control circuit means connected with the gate means of said first SCR means for controlling the percentage of source energy conducted through said first SC R means to said armature windings; c. first regulating means connected with said first control means for changing the amount of time said first SCR means conduct as required to maintain a preselected output at said armature windings irrespective of changes in the energy taken by the armature windings or changes in the energy appearing in the source; d. field circuit means having second SCR switching means for controllably connecting electrical energy from a source to the field windings of said motor; e. second control circuit means connected with the gate of said second SCR means for controlling the percentage of source energy conducted through said second SC R means to said field windings; and f. second regulating means connected with said second control means for changing the amount of time said second SCR means conducts as required to maintain a preselected output at said field windings irrespective of changes in the energy taken by the field windings or in the energy appearing in the source energy supplied to said field circuit means. 2. A circuit as defined in claim I wherein said armature supply circuit means includes means for blocking alternating current wave forms of a single polarity appearing in a three phase AC source and conducting selected percentages of the opposite polarity wave form from each of the phases to provide a controlled amount of DC energy to said armature windings. 3. A circuit as defined in claim 2 wherein said field circuit means includes means for full wave rectifying an AC waveform from a single phase power source and for conducting a selected percentage of each half wave to the field windings to provide a controlled amount of DC energy to said field windings. 4. A circuit as defined in claim 3 further including solid state switching means for changing the polarity of the voltage appearing across the field windings to reverse the direction of motor rotor rotation. 5. A circuit as defined in claim 4 further including separately operable control circuit means for each phase of said armature circuit means and for the single phase of said field circuit means whereby the amount of energy conducted through SCR means in each separately operable control circuit means may be separately adjusted and feedback regulated. 6. A circuit as defined in claim 5 further including ganged linkages between said separately operable control circuit means for simultaneously effecting changes in the output of each of said three phases in the armature circuit and the single phase of the field circuit to change the speed of motor rotor rotation or the torque output of the motor. 7. A circuit as defined in claim 6 further including circuit interrupting means for terminating feedback regulation when the direction of motor rotation is to be suddenly stopped and reversed. 8. A circuit as defined in claim 6 further including circuit interrupting means for terminating the supply of energy to said armature windings when voltage across said field windings falls below a predetermined minimum value or is lost. 9. A control system for regulating the energy transferred to electrical load terminals from a polyphase, alternating current electrical source comprising: a. switching means for each phase of said system for electrically connecting said terminals to or disconnecting said terminals from the energy in the associated phase of said source; b. polarity responsive means in each of said switching means for continuously preventing current wave forms of a first polarity relative to the wave forms in associated source phases from connecting with said terminals; . control means for each phase connected with each of said switching means for controlling the percentage of current wave forms of a second. opposite polarity conducted to the load terminals; and d. adjustable setting means included in said control means for establishing a desired current and/or voltage value at said output terminals. 10. A control system for regulating the energy transferred to electrical load terminals from a three phase. alternating current electrical source comprising: a. switching means for each phase of said system including a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) having its anode and cathode connected in series between said source and said load terminals for electrically connecting said terminals to or disconnecting said terminals from the energy in the associated phase of said source; b. polarity responsive means in each of said switching means for continuously preventing current wave forms of a first polarity relative to the wave forms in associated phase sources from connecting with said terminals; c. control means for each phase connected with each 5 of said switching means for controlling the percentage of current wave fonns of a second, opposite polarity connected to the load terminals; d. trigger pulse forming circuit means in each phase of said control means connected with the gate of the associated SCR for controlling conduction of said SC R during the occurrence in said phase of relatively positive wave forms of said source current; e. feedback means included in said control means for generating a feedback voltage representative of electrical changes in the source or electrical changes in a load connected to the load terminals, said feedback voltage in each phase being supplied to an amplifying, timing circuit to change the time of occurrence of grigger pulses produced by said pulse forming circuit means in each phase; and f. adjustable setting means included in said control means for establishing a desired current and/or voltage value at said output terminals. ll. A control system for regulating the energy transfer to electrical load terminals from a three phase. alternating current electrical source comprising: a. switching means for each phase of said system including a silicon control rectifier (SCR) having its anode and cathode connected in series between said source and said load terminals for electrically connecting said terminals to or disconnecting said terminals from the energy in the associated phase of said source; b. polarity responsive means in each of said switching means for continuously preventing current wave forms of a first polarity relative to the wave forms in associated source phases from connecting with said terminals; cv control means for each phase connected with each of said switching means for controlling the percentage of current wave forms of a second, opposite polarity conducted to the load terminals; d. trigger pulse forming circuit means included in each phase and connected with the gate of the associated SCR for controlling conduction of said SCR during the occurrence in said phase of relatively positive wave forms of said source current; and e. electronic switching means for reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to said load terminals. 12. A control system for regulating the energy transferred to electrical load terminals from a polyphase, alternating current electrical source comprising: a. switching means for each phase of said system for electrically connecting said terminals to or disconnecting said terminals from the energy in the associated phase of said source; b. polarity responsive means in each of said switching means for continuously preventing current wave forms of a first polarity relative to the wave forms in associated source phases from connecting with said terminal; (L c. control means for each phase connected with each of said switching means for controlling the percentage of current wave forms of a second. opposite polarity conducted to the load terminals; and d. automatic output control means for supplying a predetermined. substantially constant current and voltage to said load terminals for loads which vary substantially from short circuit to open circuit values. 13. A control system as defined in claim 12 further including inductive feedback control means for automatically changing the energy supplied to said load terminals as required to maintain a predetermined voltage level across aaid inductive means. 14. A control system as defined in claim 12 further including automatic feedback control means employing an earth ground reference for maintaining a substantially constant energy supply to said load terminals. 15. A control system as defined in claim 12 further fill including input regulating means for suppressing noise spikes in said source to isolate said control means from signals which may cause undesired switching of said switching means. 16. A control system as defined in claim 12 further including adjustment means between each phase of said source and said system for separately adjusting the amplitude of each source phase supplied to said system. 17. A control system as defined in claim 12 further including automatic feedback control in each of said control means for independently changing the amount of energy supplied by each phase to said load terminals as required to maintain a predetermined energy supply to said load terminals. \|Cited Patent\|\|Filing date\|\|Publication date\|\|Applicant\|\|Title\| \|US3305763 \|\|Jan 29, 1963\|\|Feb 21, 1967\|\|Forbro Design Corp\|\|Voltage/current regulated power supplies\| \|US3329883 \|\|Oct 16, 1963\|\|Jul 4, 1967\|\|Basler Electric Co\|\|Power control system with wide range phase control\| \|US3360709 \|\|Aug 9, 1963\|\|Dec 26, 1967\|\|Marcel Etter\|\|Arrangements for controlling generators showing an adjustable conductivity\| \|US3377542 \|\|Apr 16, 1965\|\|Apr 9, 1968\|\|Gregory Ind Inc\|\|Voltage regulation circuit utilizing gradual slope control\| \|US3386024 \|\|Jan 15, 1965\|\|May 28, 1968\|\|Udylite Corp\|\|Apparatus for providing a direct potential output from a multiphase alternating potential input\| \|US3394298 \|\|Oct 21, 1965\|\|Jul 23, 1968\|\|Navy Usa\|\|Dc power supply with load potential and polarity determined by potential and polarityof a dc input signal\| \|US3404328 \|\|Aug 2, 1965\|\|Oct 1, 1968\|\|Lorain Prod Corp\|\|Apparatus for gradual loading of ac line power by an ac to dc converter\| \|US3434031 \|\|Sep 19, 1966\|\|Mar 18, 1969\|\|Bell Telephone Labor Inc\|\|Regulated polyphase rectifying circuits\| \|US3519913 \|\|Dec 2, 1966\|\|Jul 7, 1970\|\|Motorola Inc\|\|Ac to dc converter circuit\| \|US3566245 \|\|Jan 21, 1969\|\|Feb 23, 1971\|\|Hewlett Packard Co\|\|Three phase regulated d.c. power supply with control for balancing input phase current\| \|US3707669 \|\|Jan 27, 1971\|\|Dec 26, 1972\|\|Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie\|\|Method of regulating high voltage direct current transmission system operating with several converter stations connected in a multipoint network\| \|US3746969 \|\|Feb 3, 1972\|\|Jul 17, 1973\|\|Us Navy\|\|Three-phase power control and phase shifter therefor\| \|Citing Patent\|\|Filing date\|\|Publication date\|\|Applicant\|\|Title\| \|US4143414 \|\|Apr 10, 1978\|\|Mar 6, 1979\|\|General Motors Corporation\|\|Three phase ac to dc voltage converter with power line harmonic current reduction\| \|US5502630 \|\|Jul 19, 1994\|\|Mar 26, 1996\|\|Transistor Devices, Inc.\|\|Power factor corrected rectification\| \|US6178101\|\|Aug 15, 1997\|\|Jan 23, 2001\|\|Unitron, Inc.\|\|Power supply regulation\| \|US8076886 \|\|Jul 25, 2006\|\|Dec 13, 2011\|\|Siemens Aktiengesellschaft\|\|Device and a method for providing electrical energy to an actuator, and an actuator system\| \|CN100403040C\|\|Oct 8, 2005\|\|Jul 16, 2008\|\|中国电力科学研究院\|\|Lightning stroke test source with composite fiber overhead earth wire\| \|CN103457487A \|\|Sep 13, 2013\|\|Dec 18, 2013\|\|江门市保值久机电有限公司\|\|Three-phase power supply circuit of electric welding machine\| \|U.S. Classification\|\|318/445, 363/87\| \|International Classification\|\|H02P7/18, H02P7/282, H02M7/12, H02M7/155\| \|Cooperative Classification\|\|H02P7/282, H02M7/1557\| \|European Classification\|\|H02M7/155C1, H02P7/282\| \|Apr 5, 1982\|\|AS\|\|Assignment\| Owner name: HUGHES TOOL COMPANY A CORP. OF DE Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:BROWN OIL TOOLS, INC. A TX CORP.;REEL/FRAME:003967/0348 Effective date: 19811214	<urn:uuid:e5cd8ed4-a225-4501-b920-690052a25473>	CC-MAIN-2017-30	http://www.google.com/patents/US3845374?dq=5,915,131	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424239.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723022719-20170723042719-00603.warc.gz	en	0.912678	9,943	2.515625	3	2.828074	3	Strong reasoning	Hardware
The web site for this article can be found hereYou'll want to scroll down and read these.........amazing isn't it? Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) is a critical strategy proposed for combating climate change. It involves the injection of CO2, a greenhouse gas, generated by coal-fired power plants and industrial facilities deep beneath the earth's surface for long term storage. There are potential significant issues with CCS, including: - 1. Pollutants from the plant mixing with the CO2 that is injected leading to contamination of water supplies; - 2. Potential mobility of CO2 once it is injected; and - 3. Corrositivity of CO2 may result in release of subsurface contaminants into drinking water supplies The Department of Energy and Coal State's are betting heavily on the success of carbon sequestration. Federal funds are supporting some 25 projects around the country that will investigate the feasibility of CCS. To address the concerns with CCS, U.S. EPA and the States are beginning to develop regulations for CCS projects. This Summer major developments include release of U.S. EPA's rules and the issuance of an Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit by Ohio EPA for an Ohio test site. Beginning this month, the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Project (MRCSP) is utilizing FirstEnergy's R.E. Burger Plant as a test site for injection of up to 3,000 tons of CO2. As reported on the MRCSP web page, the period of injection could vary from three to eight weeks, depending on the properties of the injection zones and the time needed for experimental set-up, regulatory oversight and monitoring. The injection follows Ohio EPA's issuance on September 2, 2008 of a permit to allow the installation and pilot testing of the underground injection well for purposes of carbon sequestration. This is the first permit issued in Ohio that would allow injection of CO2 subsurface for purposes of carbon sequestration. Some interesting aspects of the permit include: - Injection will occur at three different geologic locations- the intervals range from 5,923 feet to 8,274 feet below surface. The intervals are selected to prevent mobility of the injected CO2. - Closure financial responsibility- Total project closeout including closure of the well in accordance with regulatory requirements were estimated at $75,000 to $100,000. This amount only covers sealing of the well. No money is set aside in the event any other issues arise. Some may question whether this is sufficient financial assurance if it was anything other than a test site. - Monitoring of Injected Fluids- On a quarterly basis, the injected material will be analyzed for various contaminants including SO2, NOx, particulate matter, and mercury. The monitoring is an attempt to verify contaminants from the plant are not mixed with the injected CO2. Issuance of the permit precedes finalization of U.S. EPA proposed rules governing regulation of carbon sequestration projects. U.S. EPA's proposed rules and Ohio EPA's permit rely on similar legal authority on the Safe Drinking Water Act (SWDA). The permit together with the proposed rules give insight into how CCS projects could be regulated in the future. Areas covered by both the permit and U.S. EPA's proposed rule include: - Geologic site characterization to ensure that wells are appropriately sited - Requirements to construct wells in a manner that prevents fluid movement into unintended zones; - Periodic re-evaluation of the area around the injection well to verify that the CO2 is moving as predicted within the subsurface; - Testing of the mechanical integrity of the injection well, ground water monitoring, and tracking of the location of the injected CO2 to ensure protection of underground sources of drinking water; - Extended post-injection monitoring and site care to track the location of the injected CO2 and monitor subsurface pressures; and - Financial responsibility requirements to assure that funds will be available for well plugging, site care, closure, and emergency and remedial response. While the regulations and permitting of CCS are moving forward, not everyone is embracing CCS. In recent testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Environment and Hazardous Materials, serious concerns were raised by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) about the potential effect CCS technology may have on the nation's underground sources of drinking water. Strong regulations and successful pilot tests will go a long way to addressing these concerns.	<urn:uuid:46b9b92d-6000-4672-85bb-fea17177d3ff>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://citizensagainstco2sequestration.blogspot.com/2009/05/ohio-carbon-sequestration-interesting.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105108.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818194744-20170818214744-00171.warc.gz	en	0.935513	932	3.328125	3	2.946429	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
March 12, 1854\| \|Died\|\|January 22, 1938 San Francisco, California \|Occupation\|\|Merchant seaman and labor reformer\| \|Parent(s)\|\|Andreas and Marthe Nielsen\| Andrew Furuseth (March 12, 1854 - January 22, 1938) of Romedal, Norway was a merchant seaman and an American labor leader. Furuseth was active in the formation of two influential maritime unions: the Sailors' Union of the Pacific and the International Seamen's Union, and served as the executive of both for decades. Furuseth was largely responsible for the passage of four reforms that changed the lives of American mariners. Two of them, the Maguire Act of 1895 and the White Act of 1898, ended corporal punishment and abolished imprisonment for deserting a vessel. Furuseth was credited as the key figure behind drafting and enacting the Seamen's Act of 1915, hailed by many as "The Magna Carta of the Sea" and the Jones Act of 1920 which governs the workers' compensation rights of sailors and the use of foreign vessels in domestic trade. In his later years, he was known as "the Old Viking." Family and early years Furuseth was born Anders Andreassen Nilsen, the fifth child of Andreas and Marthe Nielsen. The family had recently moved to a cottage in Furuseth, which lies in what is now the municipality of Stange. In accordance with local custom, the boy was named after his residence. In 1855, the family moved to Damstuen where the elder Nilsen took a low-paying job working at a dam. Five more children were born, causing the family financial distress. At age eight, Furuseth was sent to work for a farmer, Jonas S. Schjotz in nearby Ostby, Romedal. Schjotz, noticing the young Furuseth's keen mind, sent him to a private Lutheran school. On June 2, 1870 Furuseth moved to Oslo (then Christiania). He worked as a clerk and attempted to enter a military academy. Although he was ultimately unsuccessful in this bid, he did develop skills with the English, German, Dutch and French languages, which not only brought him employment at the time but would become very useful later in his life. Career at sea Furuseth went to sea in 1873 and sailed aboard ships under the Norwegian, Swedish, British, and American flags until coming ashore in San Francisco, California in August 1880. He briefly pursued a career in the fishing industry near Portland, Oregon. Work in the Coast Seamen's Union The Coast Seamen's Union was formed while Furuseth was at sea, but he joined within three months of its formation, on June 3, 1885. Less than two years later, in January 1887, he was elected to the union's highest office: the secretary-treasurer. In 1889 he returned to sea but was reelected to the position of union secretary in 1891. It was during this term on July 29, 1891 that Furuseth merged the Coast Seamen's Union with the Steamship Sailor's Union to create the Sailors' Union of the Pacific, a union which is still active today. With the exception of a two-month period when he shipped out as a fisherman, he was the head of the SUP until 1935. Furuseth was an important backer of the successful legislation known as the White Act of 1898, which among other things abolished corporal punishment on American-flag ships and abolished imprisonment for desertion in American ports. Together with Walter MacArthur, secretary of the Coast Seamen's Union, Furuseth compiled and published the so-called "Red Record", an inventory of the various brutalities and oppressions practiced upon seamen by officers and shoreside thugs. One of many examples was in 1897, when the British four-masted ship Gifford was lying at Port Townsend, Washington, about to depart to round Cape Horn. Her master contracted with the keeper of a Tacoma boarding house to recruit sailors for the voyage. The boarding house keeper tricked the sailors into boarding the Gifford with promises of shore leave afterwards. The ship's mates locked them on board, paid the boarding house keeper $40 per man, which they then deducted from the men's salaries (on the false claim that they owed the money to the keeper). When the men refused to work, the ship's officers cut off food and water until they gave in. Beatings and other inhumane treatment were also common in other cases, and continued well after the supposed abolition of such brutality. Less than a year after the birth of the ISU, Furuseth was involved in a meeting in Chicago, Illinois in which a federation of maritime unions called the "National Union of Seamen of America" was created. In 1895, this federation affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and was renamed the "International Seamen's Union of America" or (ISU). Furuseth was chosen as the ISU's president in 1897 and served in this position until 1899. He took part to the founding meeting of the Asiatic Exclusion League in May 1905, which was almost immediately successful in pressuring the San Francisco Board of Education to segregate Asian school children. In 1908, he was again elected to the ISU's presidency and served in that office until 1938. The Seamen's Act of 1915 It was during this period, that Furuseth successfully pushed for legislative reforms that eventually became the Seamen's Act of 1915. The act was hailed by many as the "Magna Carta of the Sea," and was sponsored in the United States Senate by Senator "Fightin' Bob" La Follette. The measure also received had significant support from then Secretary of Labor William B. Wilson. The Act promoted the living and working conditions of seamen serving in the United States Merchant Marine, specifically applying to vessels in excess of 100 gross tons. It fundamentally changed the life of the American sailor. Among other things, it: - abolished the practice of imprisonment for seamen who deserted their ship - reduced the penalties for disobedience - regulated a seaman's working hours both at sea and in port - established a minimum quality for ship's food - regulated the payment of seamen's wages - required specific levels of safety, particularly the provision of lifeboats - required a minimum percentage of the seamen aboard a vessel to be qualified Able Seamen - required a minimum of 75% of the seamen aboard a vessel to understand the language spoken by the officers Furuseth's presidency of the ISU was at a turbulent time in the American shipping industry. The unions within the ISU faced "continual changeover in the makeup and leadership," and weathered the historical periods of the Great Depression and World War I. Select periods were beneficial, including during World War I when a shipping boom and ISU's membership included more than 115,000 dues-paying members. The strike of 1919 was a great success for Furuseth, resulting in the highest peacetime wages ever for deep sea sailors. However failures followed close behind. When the World War I shipping boom ended, the ISU shrunk to only 50,000 dues-paying members. After a round of failed contract negotiations, ISU issued an all-ports strike on May 1, 1921. The strike lasted only two months, failed, and resulted in wage cuts of 25%. ISU also suffered a tremendous blow with the loss of the Sailors' Union of the Pacific in 1934. Furuseth charged that "radicals" from the Industrial Workers of the World were infiltrating the SUP and demanded they cease activities with the Maritime Federation. The SUP refused and Furuseth revoked their charter. In 1934, Furuseth was involved San Francisco's longshoremen's strike. Furuseth had lived in San Francisco's Embarcadero for 40 years, and was concerned the strike could lead to the kind of violence experienced in the recent Auto-Lite and the Minneapolis Teamsters strikes. He unsuccessfully attempted to mediate, pleading "With confidence and justice we can settle this strike within 24 hours and without bloodshed. Men, let's get together while there is still time. The only thing in the way of peace now is distrust, one group of the other." The strike led to the unionization of all West Coast ports of the United States. Furuseth died on January 22, 1938. His body was placed in state at the Department of Labor. He was the first labor leader honored in this way. A ceremony was held, including seventy-one honorary pall bearers, including the "Secretary of Labor, nine members of the House of Representatives, seven United States Senators, two Supreme Court Justices, and a representative of Norway." Longtime friend Senator Robert La Follette gave the eulogy. He had attended every meeting of the American Federation of Labor since Grover Cleveland's administration. He never took a salary higher than the men he represented. Furuseth's body was cremated and his ashes scattered on March 21, 1938 aboard the SS Schoharoe in the mid-Atlantic, "as far from land as possible," according to his own request. The ship's master, before the assembled crew, said, "Fellow shipmates, we are assembled here to execute the wish to (sic.) Andrew Furuseth, venerable man, an unselfish worker for the betterment of seamen, who through legal means has done more to secure improved conditions under which you can work than any other man." - The Sailors' Union of the Pacific established Andrew Furuseth School of Seamanship. - There is a monument to Furuseth in Romedal, Norway - There is a monument to Furuseth outside the entrance to the Sailors' Union of the Pacific Hall in San Francisco, California. Inscribed on it is the "Furuseth Credo": "You can put me in jail. But you cannot give me narrower quarters than as a seaman I have always had. You cannot give me coarser food than I have always eaten. You cannot make me lonelier than I have always been." The monument was originally placed at the Ferry building during the mayoralty of Angelo Rossi, it was later moved. - The Andrew Furseth Memorial Bust is at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C. - The liberty ship SS Andrew Furuseth was named after Furuseth. A crewman aboard this ship told the story that would eventually become the Philadelphia Experiment. - The Police Administration Building at the United States Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point New York is Furuseth Hall. - "About Andrew Furuseth". .ljsvendsen.com. Retrieved March 18, 2007. - "SIU & Maritime History". SIU History. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2007. - "American Merchant Marine Timeline, 1789 - 2005". columbia.edu. Retrieved March 29, 2007. - Newell, Gordon R., ed. H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest, at page 39, Superior Publishing, Seattle, WA 1966 - "Andrew Furuseth". jrank.org. Retrieved March 18, 2007. - "Andrew Furuseth Special Edition" (PDF). West Coast Sailors, March 12, 2004. Retrieved March 21, 2007. - "Andrew Furuseth". Norwegian American Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007. - McCurdy, at 39 - McCurdy, at 23 and 93 - "Harry Bridges: Rank-and-File Leader". The Nation. Retrieved March 24, 2007. - "Boards for Clubs". Time Magazine. July 9, 1934. Retrieved March 28, 2007. - "Progressives at Madison". Time. 1938-05-09. Retrieved 2007-05-27. - McCurdy, at 467 - "Welfare Notes - September 2002". SUP website. Retrieved March 16, 2007. - "Labor Landmarks "F"". laborheritage.org. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007. - William Martin Camp, San Francisco: Port of Gold Doubleday 1947 - Symposium on Andrew Furuseth. New Bedford, Massachusetts, 1948. 233 p. - Bergmann, Leola M. (1950). "Americans from Norway". Philadelphia. pp. 226–228.. - Gjerset, Knut (1933). "Norwegian Sailors in American Waters: A Study in the History of Maritime Activity on the Eastern Seaboard". Northfield, Minnesota.. - Kyne, Peter B. (December 1939). "Saint Andrew the Sailor; the Most Unforgettable Character I Ever Met". Reader's Digest 35 (9): 14.. - Ljone, Oddim (February 1954). "Sjøens Abraham Lincoln (Abraham Lincoln of the Sea)". Nordmanns-forbundet 47 (25): 27.. - Rygg, Andreas Nilsen (June 1938). "Andrew Furuseth". American-Scandinavian Review 26 (125): 153.. - Rygg, Andreas Nilsen (June 24, 1948). "Andrew Furuseth". Nordisk tidende.. - Weintraub, Hyman (1959). "Andrew Furuseth: Emancipator of the Seamen".. - Gibson, E. Kay (2006). Brutality on Trial: Hellfire Pedersen, Fighting Hansen, And the Seaman's Act of 1915. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 225. ISBN 0-8130-2991-0.. - Cook, Peter (1999). "Furuseth, Andrew". In Garraty, John A. and Carnes, Mark C. American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8:591–592. ISBN 0-19-520635-5.. - Furuseth testifies before the Senate on Prohibition - Furuseth Article at the Norwegian National Library - West Coast Sailors Andrew Furuseth Special Edition - "Trouble to Be Shot". Time Magazine. 1936-11-23. Retrieved 2008-08-10. - Gold, Salt Air, and Callouses by Thomas I. Benson (Volume 24: Page 193) - S.F. Labor’s First Fight For 10-Hour Day - Bloody Thursday, 1934 San Francisco News from July 3, 1934. - Shipping, The Foundation of San Francisco's Prosperity, San Francisco Examiner Monday, October 14, 1935.	<urn:uuid:335b0992-bbaf-4685-ac0f-71c74a156a6c>	CC-MAIN-2015-27	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Furuseth	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094931.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00030-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.953615	3,080	2.96875	3	2.711669	3	Strong reasoning	History
Fast Facts About Dogwood Flowers The flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), a popular landscaping tree, is prized for its showy spring flowers as well as its red fall foliage. Dogwood trees grow and bloom over most of the eastern half of the United States and along the Pacific Coast in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 through 9. Under ideal conditions, the trees can reach a height of around 30 feet, with multilayered branches that can spread out to about 20 feet. Not Really Petals The four showy dogwood flower petals aren’t actually petals as botanists define them. The dogwood petals instead are modified leaves called bracts that surround a cluster of about 20 tiny yellow flowers. As the flowers bloom, the showy bracts expand to attract pollinating insects. Each bract has a dark red-brown indentation at its tip. Depending on location, dogwood trees may bloom in March, April or May for about two weeks. When pollinated, the flowers produce red berries relished by wildlife. The dogwood is the state flower of North Carolina and Virginia. The dogwood, daisy and flame azalea were all considered for North Carolina’s official flower in the late 1930s, but the state legislature ultimately chose the dogwood, passing a bill designating it as the official state flower in March 1941. Virginia designated the dogwood as its state flower in 1918. Thomas Jefferson planted dogwoods on his Monticello estate in the 1770s, and the state legislature hoped naming the dogwood as the official state flower would stimulate interest in the state’s history and traditions. Wild dogwood flowers are mostly white, but wild pink varieties grow as well. The first wild pink dogwoods were recorded in Virginia in 1731. Plant breeders have developed cultivated varieties with bright pink and red flower colors. Regardless of color, all flowering dogwoods can be identified in winter by the large flattened flower buds at the tips of the twigs that arise from the end of each branchlet. A Christian legend associated with dogwood flowers is that they are shaped like the cross on which Jesus was crucified as a reminder of Christ’s suffering and resurrection. According to the University of Tennessee, the legend holds that the red-brown indentations on the flowers’ petal tips symbolize the nail marks of the crucifixion. The legend says dogwoods once grew tall and straight, but after a dogwood was used to make Jesus’ cross, the trees forever after grew short and crooked. Herb Kirchhoff has more than three decades of hands-on experience as an avid garden hobbyist and home handyman. Since retiring from the news business in 2008, Kirchhoff takes care of a 12-acre rural Michigan lakefront property and applies his experience to his vegetable and flower gardens and home repair and renovation projects.	<urn:uuid:74735b76-3ca1-4a32-8d16-6d9add353f5b>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://homeguides.sfgate.com/fast-dogwood-flowers-69805.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381989.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308052217-20210308082217-00147.warc.gz	en	0.952903	604	3.4375	3	1.624351	2	Moderate reasoning	Home & Hobbies
As U.S. oil production surges, the rail industry is boosting its capacity to transport crude oil beyond that of pipelines in some areas, and this increase raises the risk of lethal accidents, according to two new federal reports. The number of rail cars carrying oil began rising in 2012, and their capacity is nearly double that of pipelines in the Bakken Shale area of Montana and North Dakota, the Energy Information Administration reports Tuesday. Citing data from the North Dakota Pipeline Authority, it says this capacity totaled 965,000 barrels per day by the end of 2013 while that of pipelines was 515,000 barrels per day. The increased use of rail transport is a contentious element in the lingering fight over the proposed 1,179-mile northern leg of the Keystone XL pipeline, which would carry heavy oil or tar sands from Hardisty, Alberta, through Montana and South Dakota to Steele City, Neb. President Obama has said he’ll make the final decision on whether to approve the project, which has spent years undergoing environmental review by the U.S. State Department. Friday, in an addendum to its final review, the State Department said hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries could occur over a decade if Keystone XL is not built. The reason? It said Canada’s tar sands would be developed anyway and moved instead by rail cars, which have a higher accident rate than pipelines. The addendum increased its initial estimate more than fourfold, saying 2,947 injuries — up from 700 — and 434 deaths — up from 92 — could result if the oil is moved by rail rather than pipeline over 10 years. It said the earlier numbers were based on only a partial reporting of accident data. Several high-profile accidents have occurred in the past year, including the derailment of a train in April in Lynchburg, Va., that caused a massive fire and spill into the James River and another in July in Lac-Megantic, Quebec, that triggered an explosion and killed 47 people. TransCanada, the Calgary-based company that has built the southern leg of Keystone XL from the Midwest to Texas, said in a statement that the revised analysis shows pipelines are the safest way to move oil. Keystone opponents say the the findings, which also looked at the project’s impact on wildlife, show why tar sands should not be developed and the pipeline should not be expanded. The EIA says it expects domestic rail transport will continue to increase. “While some refineries are being built or planned for the area, most Bakken crude oil will continue to be moved out of the region to be processed at refineries in other parts of the country,” it says. It notes new rail loading terminals have been built to transport crude oil production from the Niobrara Shale formation in Colorado and Wyoming and the Permian Basin in West Texas and southeastern New Mexico. It says several are operating in the Niobrara, which has access to a vast rail network. In the Permian Basin, which relies more on pipelines, it says Rangeland Energy began construction last month on a terminal in Loving, N.M., that is slated to begin operating this year with eventual capacity of 100,000 barrels per day.	<urn:uuid:c889aa55-cafd-4e0c-8904-b334f3b95599>	CC-MAIN-2016-22	http://americasmarkets.usatoday.com/2014/06/10/rail-oil-shipments-rise-as-keystone-pipeline-remains-in-limbo/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049288709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002128-00127-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.96657	665	2.59375	3	2.989466	3	Strong reasoning	Transportation
What is RNase? RNases (or ribonucleases) are a class of hydrolytic enzymes that catalyzes both the in vivo and in vitro degradation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules into smaller components. The nuclease operates at the level of transcription and translation and breaks down the RNA by cleaving the phosphorus-oxygen bonds. RNase enzymes are categorized into two groups: - Exoribonucleases: The exoribonuclease is an exonuclease ribonuclease that degrades RNA by removing terminal nucleotides from either the 5′ end or the 3′ end of the RNA molecule. It has six families of nucleases, including members such as RNase R, RNase T, and RNase D. - Endoribonucleases: The endonuclease ribonuclease cleaves RNA molecules internally. It can cleave either single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, depending on the enzyme. It has several forms that structurally consist of either single proteins and or a complex of proteins with RNA. Examples of single proteins are RNase III, RNase A, RNase T1, RNase T2, and RNase H. There are also complexes of the ribonuclease protein and RNA, including RNase P and the RNA-induced silencing complex. Among all of these RNases, RNase A (or ribonuclease A) is the most commonly studied. It was first isolated from the pancreata of cattle and is also the first enzyme in which a complete amino acid sequence was determined. The bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (or Ribonuclease A) is also known as a digestive enzyme. It specifically “digests” or hydrolyzes RNA polymers by endonuclease cleavage of the phosphodiester bonds. It leads to the formation of covalent links between adjacent ribonucleotide residues in RNA molecules. Excedr can help your lab get the technology and equipment it deserves. When you lease through Excedr, you can accelerate your R&D and achieve your milestones faster. Get your customized leasing solution now. The Importance of RNase in the Body RNase is involved in the regulation of many catalytic functions of the body. Its normal function is in vivo enzymatic RNA degradation into smaller oligonucleotides. Why and where do we produce RNase? RNase is ubiquitous. It’s found almost everywhere in every organism. But, for most studies, they are isolated from different mammalian tissues, such as the brain, liver, pancreas, skin cells, eosinophil, and several other somatic cells. All three types of RNA—mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA—play a major role in gene expression and protein synthesis. Some other RNAs like siRNA and miRNA also have roles in regulating gene expression. Sometimes, some RNAs are left unused. In these cases, the RNase enzyme causes the catalysis and degradation of the unused RNAs and clears the cell. Why do we need it? What happens when we don’t have enough RNase in the body? Different RNases are involved in various functions in organisms. Functions range from clearing unused and unprocessed cellular RNA, to affecting biological processes such as self-incompatibility, plant flowering, and angiogenesis. Some of the RNase functions based on their types are given below: - RNase III is actively involved in the regulation of transcription and mRNA lifetime. - RNase L is an interferon-induced RNase that destroys all RNA within a cell. - RNase T is the major contributor to the 3′-to-5′ maturation of many stable RNAs. - RNase R can degrade RNA with secondary structures without any help from accessory factors. - RNase H cleaves 3’-O-P RNA bonds in an RNA/DNA hybrid duplex to form 3’- hydroxyl and 5’- phosphate terminated products. The lack of RNases or any mutations in the protein subunits of the enzyme prevents our bodies from responding to the above-mentioned metabolic functions and causes several syndromes and genetic disorders. For example, mutations in any subunit of human RNase H2 cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. What are the sources of RNase? RNase has been isolated and biochemically characterized from many organisms, including parasites, bacteria, fungi, plants, and a variety of tissues from mammals. In E.coli, nine ribonucleases have been found, including RNase G, RNase E, RNase III, RNase I, and RNase P. How Does RNase Work? Typically, all RNase works by breaking the bonds between nucleotides, making nucleic acids shorter and more accessible to other enzymes. However, all of them are structurally different, facilitating metabolic function using different metabolic pathways. Below, we’ve covered the working mechanism of the most commonly studied RNase among the rest-ribonuclease A. - RNase A is a small protein having 124 amino acid residues with no attached carbohydrate. Its structure involves 19 out of 20 amino acids, leaving tryptophan. It cleaves the phosphodiester linkage between the 5′-ribose of a nucleotide and the phosphate group attached to the 3′-ribose of an adjacent pyrimidine nucleotide. The resulting 2′- 3′-cyclic phosphate is hydrolyzed to the corresponding 3′-nucleoside phosphate. - The His12 of ribonuclease acts as a base after accepting the 2′-OH proton of the sessile ribonucleic sugar ring. - The reaction promotes a nucleophilic attack by the 2′-O on the more positively charged phosphorus (P) atom, thus creating a 2′-3′-cyclic ribonucleotide phosphate intermediate. - The intermediate formation is also facilitated by the imidazole of His119. It acts as a general acid by donating its proton to the oxygen atom in the susceptible P-O-R’ bond. - Then, the acid-base activities of the side-chains of both histidines are reversed. - His12 acts as a general acid and donates its newly acquired proton to the 2′-3′-cyclic ribonucleotide phosphate intermediate. Conversely, His119 acts as a general base and accepts a proton from water to promote hydroxyl attacks on the same 2′-3′-cyclic intermediate. Don’t have the budget to purchase lab equipment outright? Consider leasing through Excedr to save your lab time and money. Browse your leasing options today! Application of RNase In Labs RNA is the most common contamination in labs during DNA extraction and is very difficult to remove. But, the use of commercially available ribonuclease A makes it easier to cleave RNA contaminants and purify the DNA samples. It disrupts the phosphodiester bond between the adjacent nucleotides of RNA and facilitates the cleavage process. RNase is an essential substrate in reaction mixtures including other reagents like polymerases, SDS, and tris buffers. The DNase and protease-free RNase solutions are used in several in vitro assays of molecular biology and biochem labs, including in vitro transcription and RT-PCR. Some of the other main applications of RNases in labs are given below: - DNA extraction processes - Plasmid purification procedure - Plasmid and genomic DNA preparation - Mapping single-base mutations in DNA or RNA - Removal of RNA from recombinant protein preparations - cDNA synthesis However, RNase may not be useful in every lab application. In RNA extraction procedures, for example, RNases are a huge problem. In this process, DNases are used to remove DNA, but complete elimination of RNase is difficult. For this purpose, RNA inhibitors are used to stop the catalytic activity of the ribonuclease. RNase inhibitors are larger, acidic, and leucine amino acid-rich recombinant enzymes that form a tight complex with RNases for their inhibition in the given samples. Procure Your R&D Lab Needs with Excedr RNase or ribonucleases are a group of enzymes that are involved in the degradation of RNA molecules. They are ubiquitous and are isolated and studied from different cells of different organisms. The variant types of RNases perform several metabolic functions in the body, including cleaning up unused RNA and angiogenesis. These enzymes are used in labs for DNA extraction, plasmid purification, and many other workflows. It is precisely why high-quality and lab-grade RNases are necessary to get excellent end products. Besides these reagents, high-tech equipment is necessary to ensure the accuracy, precision, and reliability of obtained results. To solve this major concern and facilitate your workflows, Excedr helps labs obtain cutting-edge equipment through a flexible lease program. At Excedr, we strive to help scientists and researchers procure equipment that fits their unique lab needs without the enormous upfront costs typical of purchasing. Interested in learning more about how Excedr can help your lab obtain its high-quality R&D needs while saving money for more business-critical operations? Talk to us to discover more!	<urn:uuid:7b52fff1-22dd-4a64-850f-f8d76f25098e>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://www.excedr.com/resources/what-is-rnase-the-basics-of-ribonuclease/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710503.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128102824-20221128132824-00679.warc.gz	en	0.929565	1,996	3.859375	4	2.456394	2	Moderate reasoning	Science & Tech.
India, with a large resource base, is a major participant in the global mining industry. The country is endowed with abundant mineral resources that play an important role in the development of industries. However, in recent years, the mining industry has faced various problems such as volatility in commodity prices, reducing surface minerals and increase in the time taken to develop mines. Despite the underperformance of the domestic mining industry, the long-term potential of the sector is huge. At present, the country’s deep-seated mineral deposits remain unexplored. Better mining techniques that deploy advanced technologies and equipment can play a significant role in driving the country’s mineral production. Primarily, there are two types of mining methods – surface mining and underground mining. Over the years, these techniques have witnessed major technological advancements in a bid to achieve higher efficiency and productivity. Surface mining is used when deposits of the mineral or ore are found near the surface. It includes various different types of methods such as strip mining, opencast mining and mountaintop removal mining. Opencast mining has been the predominant method for excavation of minerals in the country. Opencast mining involves removal of overlying rock and soil material also known as overburden to extract the underlying mineral strata. This technique has widely been adopted due to low cost of operations as compared to underground mining. In 2018-19, Coal India Limited (CIL) produced around 95 per cent of its total output from opencast mining. One of the major reasons that opencast mining has been widely adopted in the country is that it allows the use of large, efficient and modern equipment that has low labour needs and helps in saving time. Mining companies have increasingly deployed equipment such as draglines, power shovels, bucket wheel excavators and conveyors, and this has led to an increase in productivity. Large capacity bucket wheel excavators are increasingly being used by mining companies at sites where overburden is loose and has less resistance. Surface miners that help in selective mining and improved separation of mineral ores from waste materials are also preferred. Dragline excavators are used for digging softer material in areas with loose soil and in marshy areas. The technology is far cheaper than the shovel-dumper combination. Transportation of ore and waste rock forms a crucial element of opencast mining and involves significant costs. The use of telematics and global positioning system allows haul trucks to be tracked and scheduled for maintenance. Further, the use of in-pit crushing and conveying technology has picked up pace. The technology allows the ore to be crushed in the pit and transported out using a conveyor system. A fully mobile pit crushing and conveying system loads the material directly on the hopper of a mobile crushing plant, thereby eliminating the need for dump trucks. CIL, which has set a production target of 1 billion tonnes, has fast-tracked the process of acquiring high capacity equipment such as rear dumpers, electric rope shovels, hydraulic face shovels and wheel crawler dozers to bolster production. Other trends that are picking up pace in the industry include the use of various digital solutions including unmanned aerial vehicles or drones, trackless equipment (to help in collision avoidance) and use of advanced software for mine planning. Underground mining methods Underground mining is used to extract ores from below the earth’s surface. There are two main underground mining methods – bord and pillar mining and longwall mining. Even though the technique has higher mineral extraction ability, it has a witnessed a declining trend in production due to high costs and advanced technology requirements. Bord and pillar method In this method, a series of pillars are set up to support the roof while minerals are extracted from between these pillars. In India, most of the underground production comes from this method. Modern bord and pillar methods that involve the use of continuous miners are being increasingly deployed today. The continuous miners cut and load the mineral deposit on to a shuttle car. The shuttle car then hauls the mineral to the feeder breaker which feeds the sized mineral to the conveyor at a consistent rate. A continuous conveying system helps in reducing the time lag between loading and crushing, thus resulting in higher productivity. Moreover, no drilling and blasting is required in this method, which makes it an eco-friendly option. Longwall mining involves full extraction of minerals from a section of seam or face using mechanical shearers. For coal, the seam can vary in length from 100 metres to 350 metres. Self-advancing, hydraulically powered roof supporters, coal shearing machines and conveyors parallel to the face are used for coal extraction. Longwall mining has an advantage over the bord and pillar method as it allows greater extraction of coal leading to an increase in productivity. Though the longwall mining method has been present in the country for several years, it has not achieved the desired success due to low levels of mechanisation. The technique has, however, garnered interest again due to technological advancements. Mecahnised longwall technology has helped countries such as China and Australia reach new heights in production. Singareni Collieries Company Limited has successfully implemented longwall mining at the Adriyala mines. Various new technologies such as punch entry which allow direct access to coal from the opencast highwall, pretensioned cable bolting for effective roof support, automation systems for reducing manual intervention and a variable frequency drive-controlled unmanned belt conveyor system were introduced in the project. CIL has started longwall mining at Bharat Coking Coal Limited’s Moonidih underground mine and Eastern Coalfields’ Jhanjra mine has also deployed various innovative solutions. Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL), the country’s largest integrated zinc producer, is planning to introduce high speed Wi-Fi networks in its underground mines to help in tracking underground equipment, executing remote operation of loaders, automating auxiliaries such as pumping stations and ventilation shafts, and undertaking VoIP-based communication with workers, thereby ensuring their safety. Other technologies and equipment that are gaining traction in the country include innovative dust suppression systems, process ventilation systems and improved shearers and ploughs. There will also be wider applications of other underground mining equipment such as advanced strata control equipment, mechanised drifting, gas chromatographs, lightweight cap lamps, etc. Need to increase production from underground mining There has been a significant decline in output from underground mining as it is an expensive technique. As a result, opencast mining has been preferred due to short-term benefits such as lower costs, low levels of mechanisation and shorter gestation periods. Several underground mines have been closed to lower the cost of mining operations. In 2018-19, CIL, the largest coal producer in the country, produced only 5 per cent of its raw coal from underground mining. The share of underground mining in the company’s total coal production has witnessed a continuous decline from 11.5 per cent in 2008-09 to 7.8 per cent in 2014-15. Currently, underground mining accounts for less than 10 per cent of the country’s total coal production. This is in stark contrast with other coal producing countries such as China and the US where around 90 per cent and 36 per cent of coal, respectively, is extracted through the underground method. However, as surface resources are depleting faster, it has become imperative to shift to underground mining. Not only does the technique help in extracting the deep-seated reserves but is also a relatively environment-friendly option. The use of the opencast method has severe environmental implications including land degradation, loss of vegetation, and noise and air pollution. To reverse the trend of declining output and increase the productivity of underground mines, there is a need to adopt high levels of mechanisation by introducing the use of advanced technologies and state-of-the-art equipment. Various initiatives are being taken, especially by private players, to switch to underground mining techniques. HZL is working towards becoming a fully underground mining company and is planning to convert its Rampur Agucha block, which contributes 75 per cent of its output, to an underground mine by shutting all opencast operations. The way forward The adoption of better mining techniques will be a key success factor for the industry as resources become geotechnically complex and companies pursue opportunities in new mining territories. While it is important to introduce innovative and energy efficient equipment for opencast mining, the issue of declining underground mining output needs to be urgently addressed. Though advanced and sustainable mining methods are being adopted by major mining companies, their mass-scale adoption still has a long way to go. The government can play an important role in the industry-wide adoption of these methods by formulating policies that encourage their deployment.	<urn:uuid:31b52b18-9c5e-41f4-b068-0aca53a73c11>	CC-MAIN-2019-47	https://indianinfrastructure.com/2019/10/06/mining-processes/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669454.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118053441-20191118081441-00175.warc.gz	en	0.948265	1,797	3.171875	3	2.885468	3	Strong reasoning	Industrial
In 2012, the Mexican government granted Monsanto permits to plant GM soybeans in seven Mexican states, including Campeche and the Yucatán, without consultation by local communities. It was soon apparent that the GM crops were contaminating local honey in Campeche, threatening the food supply, environment, and livelihoods of the Mayan communities. A Mayan Lady of Honey Leydy Pech, 55, is a proud Mayan woman who makes her living as a beekeeper in a collective of Mayan women. She was born and raised in Hopelchén, where the practice of beekeeping goes back centuries for the Mayan community. Pech has focused her beekeeping practice on a rare native bee species, Melipona beecheii. She is also a promoter of sustainable development for rural Mayan communities as a member of Koolel-Kab/Muuchkambal, an organic farming and agroforestry cooperative composed solely of Mayan women. Beekeepers Fight Back In June 2012, in response to the planting of GM soybeans in the region, Pech brought beekeepers, NGOs, and environmentalists together in a coalition known as Sin Transgenicos (Without GMOs). That same month, Pech led the group in filing a lawsuit against the Mexican government to stop the planting of GM soybeans. Their case rested on the fact that neither the government nor Monsanto consulted indigenous communities before approving the permits—in violation of the Mexican Constitution and International Labor Organization’s Convention 169. Pech reached out to academic institutions for assistance documenting the impacts of GM soy cultivation on honey, the environment, and people. As a result, the Universidad Autonoma carried out a study of GM soybean production in Campeche—where Monsanto had conducted a pilot project—confirming that GM soy pollen was present in the local honey supply. The Universidad Autonoma and the UN Development Programme also charted the impacts of glyphosate, finding traces of the herbicide in the water supply of Hopelchén, and in the urine of the town’s residents. With this data in hand, Pech and her Mayan collective began an outreach and education campaign to local communities and government officials about the negative impacts of GM soybean production. They organized a series of workshops for activists and organizations to exchange information and research, launched petitions, and arranged simultaneous protests in seven Mayan ceremonial centers across the Yucatán Peninsula, with approximately 2,000 participants. In November 2015, in response to the coalition’s lawsuit, Mexico’s Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the government must consult indigenous communities before planting GM soybeans. The ruling effectively canceled Monsanto’s permits and prohibited the planting of GM soybeans in Campeche and Yucatán. And, in September 2017, thanks to Pech’s organizing, Mexico’s Food and Agricultural Service revoked Monsanto’s permit to grow genetically modified soybeans in seven states, including Campeche and Yucatán. This decision marks the first time that the Mexican government has taken official action to protect communities and the environment from GM crops. Pech and the coalition’s historic fight is precedent-setting for Mexico, and already a model for other indigenous movements struggling to preserve indigenous rights and land management. Carrying out a “lucha de la vida” (a struggle for life), she brought together a diverse group of activists and stakeholders and organized thousands of people through outreach, assemblies, and petitions. An unassuming but powerful guardian of Mayan land and traditions, Pech experienced frequent discrimination and was widely underestimated: upon seeing her in person following her court victory, a lawyer for Monsanto remarked that he couldn’t believe that this little woman beat them.	<urn:uuid:3df76ff6-2458-4306-8376-f0f7b1f0b230>	CC-MAIN-2022-05	https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/leydy-pech/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303917.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122224904-20220123014904-00317.warc.gz	en	0.939719	778	2.875	3	3.094706	3	Strong reasoning	Politics
The protein you need in your daily diet can come from a wide variety of sources, including poultry, eggs, meats, fish, milk products and some plant-based foods. Protein supplements can also supply this essential nutrient to your diet, and, while they might not offer all the benefits of whole foods and may even be detrimental to your health, they can be beneficial for augmenting your protein intake under certain circumstances. As an athlete, you need more protein in your diet than someone who doesn’t engage in regular physical activity. The amount you need each day depends to some degree on the type of exercise you participate in. Endurance athletes need between 1.0 and 1.6 grams per kilogram of body weight and strength-training athletes require up to 2.0 grams per kilogram. You can get all you need from high-quality, protein-rich foods, but protein supplements offer a convenient way to increase your protein intake while making it easy to track how much of this nutrient you consume. Protein supplements that are derived from milk provide an additional benefit to your muscles due to their branched-chain amino acid content. These amino acids are particularly helpful for muscle repair and recovery following a workout session. Illness and Injury Functions of your dietary protein include supporting your immune system for the creation of antibodies and other immune molecules as well as repairing and rebuilding damaged tissues. Illness or injury, however, can impact your appetite, making it difficult to consume enough protein to help heal your body. During cancer and its treatment, for example, people may experience side effects such as nausea or an aversion to food during a time when the body requires extra nutrients. Protein supplements, especially in liquid form, can be easier to ingest than whole foods and can assist your recovery by helping you meet your nutritional needs. Injuries, including severe burns, can also ramp up your protein needs beyond what you can comfortably take in through foods, so protein-rich supplements can be useful in this situation as well. Malnutrition can result from several causes, including limited access to food or disorders that impact nutrient absorption. In some cases involving children, finicky eating habits can lead to malnutrition. While children might outgrow this behavior in time, severely picky eaters can exhibit delayed growth or a weakened immune system. Including protein-rich supplements in the diets of these children can help maintain their health and might also allow them to catch up on any lagging growth. However, protein supplements might not contain all the nutrients a finicky eater needs for normal development, and, if the condition continues, lost growth might not be regained. Although protein supplements can be helpful, they are not a healthy, long-term substitute for protein-based foods. Whole foods offer the full range of nutrients you need to support your body, which is in contrast to a supplement that only contains one or a few nutrients. In addition, protein supplements may harm your health. As a product unregulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, they might not contain all that is promised on the label, and they may also be contaminated with toxins or other harmful ingredients. - Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service: Protein and the Body - Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition: International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Protein and Exercise - National Cancer Institute: Effects of Cancer Treatment on Nutrition - Kansas University Medical Center: Burn Case: Estimated Calorie and Protein Needs - Bastyr Center for Natural Health: Nutritional Supplementation for Catch-up Grown in Picky Eaters - Consumer Reports: What Our Tests Found - milkshake image by Alison Grippo from Fotolia.com	<urn:uuid:0c99b436-af83-4d53-b1c4-1efd51f324b2>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/usage-protein-supplements-7257.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170404.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00301-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.949055	744	2.84375	3	2.264699	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
As part of the 2018 Nuit Blanche which will be held on October 6, the artist ZEVS will take over the Eiffel Tower, the symbol of Paris “City of Light”, in order to make it a public and monumental art piece: Eiffel Phœnix The show is accessible to everyone from midnight to 7am. When night falls on the evening of the 6th of October, the lights of the Eiffel Tower follow suit at midnight. This night, the tower is lit in order to be unlit. Following the dictates of the artist ZEVS, the tower’s lights scintillating on Paris skyline will all fall to the ground, step by step, in reverse order of how the tower was built, step by step, from the ground into the sky. The construction of the monumental structure designed by the company of the engineer Gustave Eiffel was completed for the Universal Exhibition in 1889. The tower was not just a product wrought in iron of the Second Industrial Revolution. It was also meant to commemorate the French Revolution for its centennial. Despite initial controversy, the tower, which was conceived as a temporary structure, went on to become a permanent fixture of the Parisian cityscape. The lights, which temporarily adorned Tour Eiffel for the opening in 1889, also became permanent later on. Today, the tower is in more than one way a symbol of The City of Light. The illuminated tower recalls Plato’s description of how one is blinded by the light when one first sees it. The Eiffel Tower not only lights up Paris. It is also a cause of so-called light pollution. While Paris’ lights illuminate the city, they also block the view of the sky. When ZEVS lets all the blinding lights on the tower fall to the ground, he not only invokes the obscurity which preceded the Enlightenment. He also invokes the obscurity which might succeed it for all to see. It is the construction of the tower in reverse, it is the undoing of progress, it is tabula rasa. ZEVS’ work Eiffel Phœnix is a tower, which is no longer lit by man, but rather – like a lightning rod – dependent on something even bigger beyond his reach. Eiffel Phœnix offers a view of the French capital, which for once is not given in ad- vance. How that looks can as a consequence not be put into words. “I wrote the text thinking about the state of the world (the end of the Enlightenment, the end of the progress at the time of the rise of the anti-democratic populists (Trump, Putin, Orban, islamism etc), at the time of the crisis of the climate etc) without giving details. I like that it remains to the the viewer to make a symbol.” — Toke Lykkeberg Eiffel Phœnix and Orient-Occident by Xenakis ZEVS, in his in situ creation celebrating the Eiffel Tower, also pays tribute to the composer Iannis Xenakis. To accompany the lighting … in the abyss of the Eiffel Tower, ZEVS rhythm his deconstruction/reconstruction by the lights to the sounds of an extract of the composition Orient-Occident (1960). The synchronisation of Xenakis’ composition on the Eiffel Phœnix project manifest an extra dimension to ZEVS’ work. The two creations interfere with each other, it fertilises and reu- nites before ramifying, generating continuously an uprise to reveal the essentials by the simple organising of the space and the time. An engineer who became a musician and an architect alongside Le Corbusier, Iannis Xenakis was able to impose his innovative ideas on the sidelines of the domination of serialism. He builds his musical conception on two elements that are the reference to mathematics and physics, and his new perspective of considering the sound like another building material. Inventor of the concepts of musical masses, he presented the calculation of probabilities and the theory of sets in the art of composition before using the computer for the calculation of musical forms. By Toke Lykkeberg	<urn:uuid:94cbd3cc-01bd-43a7-ab8f-13f26f0f7a26>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	https://www.debuckgallery.com/zevs-eiffel-phoenix-public-monumental-art-piece/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400188841.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200918190514-20200918220514-00330.warc.gz	en	0.951512	883	2.8125	3	2.824133	3	Strong reasoning	Art & Design
Matthew 19:13-15 – Then children were brought to him that he might lay his hands on them and pray. The disciples rebuked the people, but Jesus said, “Let the little children come to me and do not hinder them, for to such belongs the kingdom of heaven.” And he laid his hands on them and went away. It was a common custom among the Jews to lay their hands on the heads of the people they prayed for or blessed. This was an act of dedicating or consecrating that person to God. In their eyes, the person was now considered the sacred property of God and whatever is solemnly consecrated to God abides under his protection and blessing. That being the case, it makes perfect sense that parents who recognized Jesus as either a great prophet or as the Messiah, would want him to bless their children (infants according to Luke 18:15). This practice was affirmed by Jesus – we have many, many instances where he laid his hands on the sick and healed them (Mark 6:5). The practice was affirmed once again by the apostles and early church fathers who laid hands on people when healing the sick (Acts 28:8, Mark 16:18), ordaining people into religious office (1 Timothy 5:22, Acts 6:6) and imparting the Holy Spirit (Acts 8:17, Acts 19:6). In many Christian churches today (including Kipton), it is still customary to lay hands on people when praying for them. Because of the culture they grew up in, it seems kind of strange that the disciples rebuked the people who brought their children to Jesus for him to lay hands on them and bless them. Why would they have reacted that way? They may have believed that as infants, they were too young to receive any blessing from God. They may have felt that this was a trivial matter and since Jesus was important, he should not be bothered with it. It is even possible that they were annoyed at being interrupted during their discussions of marriage and divorce. But clearly, Jesus considers the children important. He not only lays his hands on them, but he once again uses them as a sign for the disciples, reiterating his teaching that true members of the kingdom of heaven possess some of the same traits as children – meekness, humility and the ability to accept teaching (see our study of Matthew chapter 18 for full details). Matthew 19:16 – And behold, a man came up to him, saying, “Teacher, what good deed must I do to have eternal life?” The following account, sometimes referred to as ‘the rich young ruler’, is also found in Mark 10:17-31 and Luke 18:18-30. We will use details from all three accounts in our study. Luke tells us that this young man was a ruler – probably of a synagogue or council. Thus, he was a person of some importance who was probably chosen for his office based on his character and exemplary record. Many scholars feel that he was a Pharisee. Mark tells us that this young man came running to Jesus, and knelt before him. This shows that the young man was earnest and very anxious about his situation. Because he was genuinely seeking truth, we can be assured that he will find an answer (Matthew 7:7). Based on his question to Jesus, we can make the following observations: - He believes there is an eternity/afterlife. - He believes that in eternity there will be happiness and life, or misery and death. - He is interested in securing eternal life, and he is ready to perform some good work to earn it. His first two assumptions are correct – there is an eternal state and a person will either wind up in heaven (eternal life) or hell (eternal death). However, his last assumption is very troubling to anyone living in the gospel dispensation, because we understand that we could never keep the law or earn our salvation through works. We know that the shed blood of Jesus is the only atonement for sin. But remember, Jesus has not yet opened the way of salvation through grace. Therefore, the young man is technically still under the law, which says that a man can be right with God by keeping (never breaking) the Old Testament law. Matthew 19:17 – And he said to him, “Why do you ask me about what is good? There is only one who is good. If you would enter life, keep the commandments.” We have seen verses 16-17 in the English Standard Version of the bible. Now let’s look at them in the King James Version, which is a bit clearer: Matthew 19:16-17 – And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. The young man addresses Jesus as “good Master” but Jesus challenges his use of that title. Take note of his response in verse 17: “Why callest thou me good? There is none good but one, that is, God”. Why does Jesus call attention to the man’s use of the word ‘good’? It’s because the title “good” means perfection or divinity. Thus, it IS a proper title for God. However, the young man is not acknowledging Jesus as the Messiah when he calls him good/perfect/divine. He considers Jesus a teacher or prophet, and uses the title as a form of flattery. Jesus is not going to accept this false flattery. Indeed, he is God and the title ‘good’ is appropriate for him, but only if the rich young man acknowledges him as Messiah, not as just a prophet. Now remember, the man (who is seeking to be justified by keeping the law) originally asked Jesus what “good work” he must do to be saved. Since the man wants to be justified through the Law, he must do what the Law requires. Thus, Jesus answers that the rich young ruler must keep the commandments. Jesus is not misleading or tricking this young man. He is connecting with him at the level the man is currently on. Soon, Jesus will challenge his belief that he can keep the Law and thus gain eternal life. Galatians 2:15-16 – We ourselves are Jews by birth and not Gentile sinners; yet we know that a person is not justified by works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ, so we also have believed in Christ Jesus, in order to be justified by faith in Christ and not by works of the law because by works of the law no one will be justified. Once the man recognizes that he has not kept the entire law, he will understand his need for a savior or Messiah to grant him eternal life through the forgiveness of sin. As we look at their interaction, we can see that Jesus is preparing him to accept this truth. Matthew 19:18-19 – He said to him, “Which ones?” And Jesus said, “You shall not murder, you shall not commit adultery, you shall not steal, you shall not bear false witness. Honor your father and mother, and, you shall love your neighbor as yourself.” In reply to the rich young man’s further inquiry, Jesus directs him to the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 5th commands, found in Exodus 20. He also includes the summary of them all – love your neighbor as yourself. All of the commands that Jesus mentioned deal with mans relationship to other men. Thus, he compels the rich young ruler to examine his conduct in light of how he treats his fellow man. Why is this so important? Because if the rich ruler does not demonstrate perfect love towards his fellow man, then he is not the man he thinks he is. If he is not the man he thinks he is, then he has not perfectly kept the law. If he has not kept the law, then he cannot expect to receive eternal life through the law. He must obtain it another way. Thus, if he thoughtfully considers the words of Jesus and is honest with himself, he will see his own shortcomings. His failure will direct him away from the law and towards the Messiah. As Paul clearly indicates in Galatians, justification by faith in Jesus Christ is the only path to eternal life. Matthew 19:20 – The young man said to him, “All these I have kept. What do I still lack?” We can tell from the context of the scripture that the young man is uneasy. We might say he has a troubled conscience. He is dissatisfied with himself. There is a sense of incompleteness; something is missing in his life that will make him content/happy and give him assurance of eternal life. Interestingly, the ruler honestly believes that he has kept the whole law! How can he think that? Well, the young man (who may have been a Pharisee himself) understood the commands as they were taught by the Pharisees. This means that he was taught to obey the commands in an outward, physical way, rather than inwardly in the mind and heart. It also means that many of the laws of God had been twisted or cast aside in favor of tradition. For example, in his eyes, he had never murdered anyone because he had not physically taken a life. But if he hates another person and desires to kill them, then according to Jesus, he has broken the law. So up until this point, the young man still does not understand that he has not kept the entire law. He remains ignorant of his own sin. He thinks Jesus will give him some new command that will assure him eternal life; he is completely unaware that what he really lacks is a proper understanding of the law. If he had that, he would know he was a sinner. Jesus is about to show him his failure. He does not do this to humiliate or belittle the man. He does it in love, as an act of mercy, to point him to eternal life. Matthew 19:21 – Jesus said to him, “If you would be perfect, go, sell what you possess and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me.” Finally – here is the answer the young man was seeking! You’d think he would be delighted, but he isn’t. He is devastated. Why? Because the command to sell his worldly goods swiftly and clearly revealed what was truly in the ruler’s heart – covetousness. He loved his money more than his Creator or his fellow man. He was in violation of the 10th commandment. He could not be saved through the Law! As shocking as this revelation was, it was necessary that he come face-to-face with the truth about himself, so that he could embrace salvation through grace, not the law. He was presented with a choice – the same choice we are all given. He could continue to trust in himself and his good works, or he could follow Jesus to eternal life. Matthew 19:22 – When the young man heard this he went away sorrowful, for he had great possessions. Incredibly, he turned away from Jesus. In his eyes, the price of salvation was just too high! I cannot think of a single situation that could be sadder than this. I hope that eventually, he was able to accept the truth. Perhaps he was present on the day of Pentecost when Peter preached; perhaps he was one of the 3000 people who were saved! Maybe we will find out how his story ended when we get to heaven one day. In the meantime, I want to examine another aspect of this story. Based on this scripture, some people have the mistaken notion that Christians must relinquish all of their worldly wealth in order to obtain salvation. They assume it is proper for all Christians to be poor. This is not true. Jesus’ instruction was specific to this one individual. Its purpose was two-fold: to reveal what was in the man’s heart and to provide him with an opportunity to renounce it or give it up for God. We see the same principal at work in the Old Testament when God asked Abraham to sacrifice Isaac as a burnt offering. Does God call all Christians to sacrifice their sons? Of course not! That request was specific to Abraham. It revealed what was in his heart (inordinate affection for his son) and gave him the chance to give it up for God. Matthew 19:23 – And Jesus said to his disciples, “Truly, I say to you, only with difficulty will a rich person enter the kingdom of heaven.” Jesus uses the ruler’s decision as a teaching moment for the disciples. He declares that riches make it exceedingly difficult for a person to enter into the kingdom of heaven. Why is that? Money itself is actually a neutral thing; it is neither bad nor good. The problem is that money tends to have a negative effect on the fallen nature of man. It tends to drive us further away from God, rather than leading us towards him. For example: Excessive riches encourage people to love the world, and neglect God. If a person is busy focusing/concentrating on all the enjoyments and possessions money can buy, there will not be any time left for spiritual things. This was evident in the parable of the wheat and tares (Matthew 13:22) where Jesus says that riches choke out the word of God in a person’s life. The bible teaches us to pray ‘give us this day our daily bread’. Each day we are to look to God for protection, provision and guidance. He is to be our source for all good things (James 1:17). However, rich men tend to look to their money as the source of all their daily needs. Thus, money actually takes the place that rightfully belongs to God, and it becomes an idol. The love of money produces pride, selfishness, fraud and oppression in an individual. Thus, loving money opens up the door to further sin. Despite this, Jesus does not say that Christians cannot be wealthy. Indeed, there are many wealthy Christians who love God and are excellent stewards of the riches that God has placed into their hands. So let’s be clear – Jesus does not say that it is impossible for rich people to be saved. He does not say that good Christians are poor. Rather, he cautions that the wealthy must be on guard against the sinful effects that money tends produces in an individual. The love of money (not money itself) is the root of all evil. Matthew 19:24 – “Again I tell you, it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich person to enter the kingdom of God.” The ‘eye of a needle’ was a very small gate or door used by people on foot. It was accessed at night, after the main city gate was closed. This door was next to the larger city gate, which was wide enough to allow wagons, animals and everything else to enter the metropolis. The term ‘camel’ (or elephant, which is also sometimes used in this Jewish proverb) is simply used to denote something very large. So, “a camel going through the eye of a needle” was a common proverb used by the Jews. It denoted anything that was impossible or exceedingly difficult. Spiritually speaking, it is exceedingly difficult for the person with great riches to enter the kingdom of heaven. Matthew 19:25 – When the disciples heard this, they were greatly astonished, saying, “Who then can be saved?” In my opinion, the disciples are astonished at the wrong thing. Consider this – poor people also have unique temptations based on being poor. Their lack of money can cause the same sins that the rich face – greed, selfishness, fraud and oppression. They too can be totally consumed by the love and pursuit of money. They too can be guilty of focusing all their attention on the world to the exclusion of God. They too can be poor stewards of the wealth they possess. The state of being poor and the state of being rich can both open up unique doors for sin. Matthew 19:26 – But Jesus looked at them and said, “With man this is impossible, but with God all things are possible.” So, the astonishing thing in this situation is actually the grace, mercy and provision of Almighty God which allows all sinful human beings (whether rich or poor), to enter into heaven. Apart from him, we would all be lost! Matthew 19:27 – Then Peter said in reply, “See, we have left everything and followed you. What then will we have?” In essence, Peter is saying that he and the other disciples had done what the rich man could not. They had left their jobs, their homes, their families and their personal pursuits to follow Jesus. Their devotion to God superseded everything else in their lives. Since Jesus had assured the rich young ruler that he would receive “treasures in heaven” if he forsook all to follow him, Peter now wonders what he and the other disciples could expect as a reward. Matthew 19:28 – Jesus said to them, “Truly, I say to you, in the new world, when the Son of Man will sit on his glorious throne, you who have followed me will also sit on twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” How are we to interpret this promise of reward? Some scholars believe this has a literal interpretation, while some think it should be interpreted spiritually. They also differ in their understanding of the ‘new world’. In fact, the interpretations are so diverse, it hardly seems possible that the scholars are all reading the same passage of scripture! For example, some believe that the ‘new world’ refers to the time when Jesus ascended up into heaven to sit at the right hand of God. In this scenario, the disciples are ‘sitting on thrones’ in the sense that they have authority in the new church. They are ‘judging the twelve tribes of Israel’ in the sense that they are deciding what shall be permissible in the church and what shall not. People who hold this view claim that it ties in with Jesus granting them the keys to the kingdom of heaven, back in Matthew 16. Some believe that Jesus is referring to his millennial reign on the earth. They believe that the thrones are literal thrones and that the disciples are given authority to mediate disputes and settle matters of state in that kingdom. Still others see this as being fulfilled in the eternal kingdom of Christ. The one fact that everyone agrees on, is that Jesus does promise a reward to his faithful followers who put him first, giving up their earthly possessions. As for the rest, time will tell! Matthew 19:29 – “And everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or lands for my name’s sake, will receive a hundredfold and will inherit eternal life.” The disciples are not the only people promised a reward from Jesus. Any follower of Christ who puts his devotion to God above all else can expect to be rewarded. Those who willingly give all for the sake of Jesus will not only receive eternal life, but they will also be recompensed in this life as well. Matthew 19:30 – “But many who are first will be last and the last first.” Again, there are different interpretations for the meaning of this verse. One is that the ‘first’ are the Jews and the ‘last’ are the Gentiles. The Jews were chosen as God’s special people. The words of salvation were first preached to them, but they rejected the Messiah. Therefore the Gentiles, who were looked upon as dogs, entered into the kingdom of heaven ‘first’ – before the Jews. Another interpretation is that there will be reversals in the future – those that were poor on the earth (for the sake of the gospel) will be rich in heaven, those who occupied exalted positions on earth will be common in heaven, etc. Yet another explanation is that verse 30 of chapter 19 is actually the first verse of the parable that begins in chapter 20. We will examine this idea in our next post. Let me offer you some encouragement and relief: It looked like the ruler had it all – he was young, he had wealth, he had the respect of his peers and he had importance in his community. Yet, he clearly felt that his life was missing something. Down deep in his heart, he knew he had a need to connect with God. Is it possible that you are feeling the same way right now? Perhaps you have been attending church regularly and fellowshipping with other Christians, but deep down you know that something is missing in your life, and you need to connect with God. Like the ruler, you need an assurance of your salvation. If that is the case, I encourage you to pray the following prayer right now! Wherever you are, God can hear you and he will respond when you invite him into your heart and life. And once you get rid of your burden of sin, your relief will be immense! Dear Jesus, I confess to you that I am a sinner. I am sorry for all the wrong things I have done and I ask you to forgive me. I believe that you are the Son of God, that you died on the cross and rose again, and that your blood paid the price for my sin. I invite you to come into my heart and life and to be my Lord and Savior. I commit myself to you right now. Thank you for saving me from death and giving me the gift of eternal life. Amen. If you prayed this prayer and sincerely meant it, then you have received the gift of salvation from Jesus Christ! Your sin has been atoned for, and you are now ‘connected’ to God. Let me offer you some strength: Jesus assured his disciples that when they put him first, and sacrificed the things of this world for him, he took notice. He not only takes notice, but he generously rewards his servants for their sacrifice. Perhaps you, like the disciples, have made some sacrifices for Christ. It’s possible that the task is a bit more difficult than you thought it would be. You may be feeling weary right now. Maybe you have come to the end of your strength, but your journey is not yet complete. If so, I have good news for you! God has all the strength you need in order to finish the race you have embarked on. Isaiah 40:31 – But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint. So keep your eyes on Jesus, and don’t give up! Your labor will soon be rewarded!	<urn:uuid:a2d96f87-fd8b-49d4-9d62-65779409bfb8>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://kiptoncommunitychurch.org/2020/07/08/matthew-chapter-19-part-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585696.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023130922-20211023160922-00289.warc.gz	en	0.981816	4,893	2.578125	3	2.988633	3	Strong reasoning	Religion
DO A DOUBLE TAKE ON THIS QUIZ ON CONTRONYMS Origin of pleb Words nearby pleb ABOUT THIS WORD What else does pleb mean? Where does pleb come from? In Ancient Rome, the Plebians, or plebs, were the free “common citizens” of Rome, compared to the higher-positioned patricians, who generally enjoyed more social privileges, influence, and wealth. English borrowed plebeian (“a commoner”) from Latin by the 1530s, adopting the more informal plebs shortly thereafter, by the 1590s. Plebs and plebeian were originally neutral terms, used historically of Ancient Rome and its populace. Given its socio-historical origins, it’s easy to imagine the class-conscious English making an insult of the term. By the 17th century, plebeian was being used as a less-than-polite descriptor propagating negative English views of “commoners” and the “lower class.” By the late 18th century, we can find the shortened pleb for “an unsophisticated person.” Pleb, as a modifier (e.g., pleb tastes), is more recent, recorded in the 1970s, and is generally used pejoratively to describe people, activities, or interests considered uncultured, gauchely mainstream, or otherwise inferior. These days, pleb is a fairly common insult. In 2012, for instance, a British conservative politician (who, for all intents and purposes, we can consider something of a modern-day patrician) called a group of police officers plebs, leading to what was dubbed Plebgate—and his resignation. Others have more of a sense of humor about pleb, such as the British TV historic comedy Plebs. Starting in 2013, the show follows the misadventures of some very pleb Ancient Roman Plebians. How is pleb used in real life? As the “Ancient Rome” part of its history implies, the word Pleb is an old one. Snooty 19th century aristocrats liked to sling the insult just as much as the crass Reddit gamers of today do. For the English Victorians, pleb would have definitely implied “low class.” For the modern trash-talker, pleb means “inferior” more generally, with the implication something is lacking in sophistication, quality, or knowledge in some way. Even in contemporary use, pleb is still tinged with some classism. So, for pleb, think basic, unsophisticated, or trashy in modern slang. It’s not above self-deprecation, of course. More examples of pleb: “What is a pleb? And how do you know you’re a pleb? / The issue of what is a pleb reared its common head after well-groomed Perthite Terence Borgioli said he was planning to open up a swanky, upmarket bar in Subiaco that banned them.” —Sarah Tyler, Miss Nance, 1899 This content is not meant to be a formal definition of this term. Rather, it is an informal summary that seeks to provide supplemental information and context important to know or keep in mind about the term’s history, meaning, and usage. Example sentences from the Web for pleb There is no disguising the fact that Schubert, prince of musicians, was personally a hopeless little pleb.The Love Affairs of Great Musicians, Volume 2\|Rupert Hughes Max recalled the day of his début at West Point, a humble, modest "Pleb."A Soldier of the Legion\|C. N. Williamson Little did the pleb dream that he was up against a man of brains.Lord Stranleigh Abroad\|Robert Barr And I, unhappy, love with pure desire Sicinius, a soldier and a pleb! Methinks He fears this pleb as he once feared Sicinius.Appius (haughtily).	<urn:uuid:389549e4-9160-4f4c-8dfb-2d2c3df0d028>	CC-MAIN-2021-25	https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pleb	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487586465.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210612222407-20210613012407-00415.warc.gz	en	0.935594	880	3.703125	4	2.659724	3	Strong reasoning	Literature
The Duchess Anna Amalia Library located in Weimar, Thuringia, Germany, is world famous for its oval Rococo architecture. The library one of the most breathtaking examples of Rococo design. The Rococo library houses a major collection of German literature and historical documents. The Duchess Anna Amalia Library is named for Anna Amalia, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, who arranged in 1766 for the courtly book collection to be moved into the library. In the picture above, a photographer takes a picture of the in the middle of the room with a view of the front door. Three weeks after Candida Höfer had made their shots, a fire caught in the library, and burned about one million volumes. 50,000 volumes were saved, but many were irreplaceable, and of the 62,000 volumes that were damaged by fire or water, at least 36,000 were restored. Even though, a substantial amount of books were lost in the fire, there has been no loss of interest in the library. The sad part of the account was the library was scheduled for the overdue renovation when an electrical fire struck the library in September, 2004, JUST weeks before the collection was to be moved for the renovation. Thousands of precious books which had been preserved for two centuries, were destroyed by fire by a damaged electrical cable. The interest in preserving the library drew in almost 14 million dollars for the restoration and repurchasing of the books. Check out this bm-online.de, link for some of the pictures of the restoration. The library was reopened in December 2007. The Rococo hall continues to be one of the most beautiful libraries in the world. The hall has a narrow floor plan and an astounding ceiling height which leads the eye upward. The reading room is a lofty gilded gallery with busts of poets, paintings and bookcases set against white and blue walls. A light parquet floor and minimal furnishings create a dramatic contrast to the Rococo Hall which can be seen through the oval opening in the ceiling. In The Most Beautiful Libraries in the World, writer Jacques Bosser provides a vivid description of the library's interior: “The heart of the building was open, thus creating a vast central room for reading and preservation. It was surmounted by a sizable gallery replete with bookshelves. Encircling the hall, between it and the castle, is a wide corridor with bookshelves on both sides. Its late-Rococo décor is sober, simple, charming, and functional. The floor is a parquet decorated in dark slats shaped like a carpet. Everywhere are paintings, framed drawings, and white marble busts of the celebrated visitors to this site, which had long been renowned through-out Europe” (Laubier and Bosser, 2003, p. 54). Categories: Rococo Style	<urn:uuid:9fd7905f-70a0-403b-b1d5-d928617b46a9>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://theswedishfurniture.com/archives/the-most-beautiful-rococo-library-in-the-worldthe-anna-amalia-library	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00355-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.967449	593	3.1875	3	2.194569	2	Moderate reasoning	Art & Design
Malta Diary ~ Not exactly the Henley Royal Regatta – but much older and much fiercer! The first Henley Royal Regatta in England was held in 1839 and boasts to be one of the oldest in the world. However, compared to Malta’s 8th September Regatta it is still a baby. Additionally, it is far removed from the tea-and-crumpets docility of Henley because it is very much rough-and-ready and fiercely and furiously contested because pique and pride always top the agenda in Malta. It is a sea rather than a river event. When the Knights of St John and the Maltese survived the siege and vanquished Ottoman Empire designs in early September 1565, Knight Grandmaster Jean Parisot de la Valette cleverly adapted the feast of “The Madonna as Child” on 8th September (known in Malta as “Il-Bambina”) and declared the day to be a National Holiday of celebration and dubbed it as “La Vittoria” (Victory Day). To commemorate the occasion he decreed that annually on the day the Maltese were to hold a Regatta in the Grand Harbour – and that was that. As luck would have it, there were other events later on in history that seemed to conform to the notion of “victory” in early September. Napoleon Bonaparte’s invading French troops were expelled with British help early in the 9th month and in 1943, the Italian Mediterranean Fleet surrendered in Maltese waters, bringing an end to the Italian bombardment of Malta. Besides being one of Malta’s five National Holidays, the festa is celebrated on the day in four localities in the Maltese Islands. One is at Senglea, one of the Three Cities that bore the brunt of the Ottoman invasion and today enjoys a Basilica Status and – like Rome – is enabled to sport red and yellow regalia. The other areas are Naxxar, Mellieha and Xaghra in Gozo (in Maltese “X” is pronounced as “sh” and the “gh” is silent). Naturally enough the Three Cities, together with Marsa have always been the main Regatta protagonists in view of their prominent role in the Great Siege. The three are Cospicua (in recognition of its conspicuous role in the Siege and in Maltese known as “Bormla”), Vittoriosa (in Maltese “Birgu”, a corruption of the Italian “Borgo”) and Senglea (“L-Isla” in Maltese and named after its founder the Knight Grandmaster L’Isle Adam). They compete between them for an enormous shield and against fierce rivals Marsa and representations from Birzebbugia and Marsamxett (Valletta). The winning locality is based on an accumulation of points in various heats that include the fours, doubles and singles. Boats used are the traditional Maltese “dghajsa” based on the Venetian gondola and the rowers normally push forward and backwards rather than just row backwards. Each stage winner is awarded a “Paglio” based on the Florentine horse race paglios. Competition is fierce and tough, based on brawn, stamina, tactics and brain. The Mediterranean temperament is always bubbling just below the surface and fisticuffs between competitors and rival spectators are not infrequent. Some years ago, the Regatta was unexpectedly won by Marsamxett (Valletta) and their supporters ran rife in the neighbouring suburb of Floriana which does NOT even compete in the Regatta but is Valletta’s fierce rival on the football field! The event attracts thousands of spectators mainly from the Cottonera region but is a natural curiosity for tourists watching the bitter rivalry with amusement. All the oarsmen are amateurs and train for the event throughout the year to build up the stamina and staying power needed. The Harbour bastions are festooned in an array of colours representing the three main competing cities. The “dghajsa” multi-coloured wooden craft is a work of art but nowadays is largely ornamental in contrast to the hundreds of dghajsas that criss-crossed the Grand Harbour in between the two World Wars and shortly after with Maltese boatmen earning their living ferrying British sailors to and from their ships and often having to contend with drunken sailors. Needless to say the boatmen were all tough guys with brawn taking precedence over brain.	<urn:uuid:0d523224-80e6-410a-a632-c3dda4ddfdb1>	CC-MAIN-2020-24	https://b-c-ing-u.com/countries/malta-diary-not-exactly-the-henley-royal-regatta-but-much-older-and-much-fiercer/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347423915.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200602064854-20200602094854-00030.warc.gz	en	0.964195	969	2.609375	3	2.504831	3	Strong reasoning	Sports & Fitness
Plant, Andrew. Could a Tyrannosaurus Play Table Tennis? Kane/Miller Book Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1929132973 32 pp. $ Every child goes through the fascinated-by-dinosaurs stage, and this clever book will both delight and educate. Plant’s ABC book lists familiar species and new discoveries, with a pronunciation guide and definition for each name. A table incorporated into the border of each page lists facts such as period, habitat, size, and eating preference (herbivore, carnivore). The book is prefaced with a timeline of 4600 million years, depicted as a spiral that shows the duration and species of each era. Opening with two children admiring a museum’s elegantly towering display of Tyrannosaurus bones, it is easy to imagine the book as a competitive silly dialogue between two children, each trying to top the other as each entry asks, “Could [dinosaur name:] [perform an activity:]?” In each case, the answer is a clear “no”–humorous illustrations show soccer balls impaled on horns, fishing line tangled around large limbs, canvases splattered and torn, crushed musical instruments, and mangled sports equipment. Creatures are infused with personality – a Deinonychus in a top hat brandishing a cane, a Xuanhanosaurus roaring into an X-ray, an Anchiceratops timidly balancing, elephantine, on a beach ball while holding an umbrella. The dynamic illustrations are beautifully painted and carefully composed, varying in perspective and giving a snapshot feel to each image. Plant has fun with color, imagining these prehistoric beasts in earthy brown and green tones with brighter red, yellow, and blue accent markings in patterns of stripes and spots. An author’s note at the beginning explains that we can only imagine what dinosaur’s skins must have looked like. The concept book also deals innovatively with size. Each dinosaur is drawn to scale and pictured with a familiar object. A Brachiosaurus is clearly much too large for a basketball courts regulation 10-foot hoops; a tiny Wannansaurus struggles to lift a barbell. And just in case the size scales aren’t clear, a final 2 page spread shows all the dinos, from smallest to largest, grinning fearsome toothy grins, in line to shake hands with the two humans, recognizable from the beginning of the book. Concluding with a very short glossary of a few sports that the Australian author must have felt children around the world might not understand, a further reading list for other dinosaur fanatics is the only thing missing from this thoroughly entertaining title.	<urn:uuid:18140f72-3f14-4cf0-a725-656f0fd0d050>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://hiplibrariansbookblog.com/2006/06/06/could-a-tyrannosaurus-play-table-tennis-by-andrew-plant/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499946.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201144459-20230201174459-00205.warc.gz	en	0.908416	550	3.140625	3	2.064051	2	Moderate reasoning	Literature
The Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of the Dark Ages by Ben Johnson The six and a half centuries between the end of Roman rule around 410 and the Norman Conquest of 1066, represent the most important period in English history. For it was during these years that a new ‘English’ identity was born, with the country united under one king, with people sharing a common language and all governed by the laws of the land. This period has traditionally been labelled the ‘Dark Ages’, however it is between the fifth and early sixth centuries that can perhaps be called the ‘Darkest of the Dark Ages’, as few written records exist from these times and the ones that do are either difficult to interpret, or were documented long after the events they describe. The Roman legions and civilian governments began to withdraw from Britain in 383 to secure the Empire’s borders elsewhere in mainland Europe and this was all but complete by 410. After 350 years of Roman rule the people left behind were not just Britons, they were in fact Romano-Britons and they no longer had an imperial power to call upon to protect themselves. The Romans had been troubled by serious barbarian raids since around 360, with Picts (northern Celts) from Scotland, Scots from Ireland (until 1400 the word ‘Scot’ meant an Irishman) and Anglo-Saxons from northern Germany and Scandinavia. With the legions gone, all now came to plunder the accumulated wealth of Roman Britain. The Romans had employed the mercenary services of the pagan Saxons for hundreds of years, preferring to fight alongside them rather than against these fierce tribal groups led by warrior-aristocrats under a chieftain or king. Such an arrangement probably worked well with the Roman military in place to control their numbers, using their mercenary services on an ‘as required’ basis. Without the Romans in place at the ports of entry to issue visas and stamp passports however, immigration numbers appear to have got a little out of hand. Following earlier Saxon raids, from around 430 a host of Germanic migrants arrived in east and southeast England. The main groups being Jutes from the Jutland peninsula (modern Denmark), Angles from Angeln in southwest Jutland and the Saxons from northwest Germany. Vortigern and his wife Rowena The chief ruler, or high king in southern Britain at the time was Vortigern. Accounts written sometime after the event, state that it was Vortigern who hired the Germanic mercenaries, led by brothers Hengist and Horsa, in the 440s. They were offered land in Kent in exchange for their services fighting the Picts and Scots from the north. Not content with what was on offer, the brothers revolted, killing Vortigern’s son and indulging themselves with a grand land grab. The British cleric and monk Gildas, writing sometime in the 540s, also records that Britons under the command of ‘the last of the Romans’, Ambrosius Aurelianus, organised a resistance to the Anglo-Saxon onslaught which culminated at the Battle of Badon, aka the Battle of Mons Badonicus, around the year 517. This was recorded as being a major victory for the Britons, halting the encroachment of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms for decades in southern England. It is during this period that legendary figure of King Arthur first emerges, although not mentioned by Gildas, the ninth-century text Historia Brittonum ‘The History of the Britons’, identifies Arthur as the leader of the victorious British force at Badon. Arthur leading the charge at the Battle of Badon By the 650s however, the Saxon advance could be contained no more and almost all the English lowlands were under their control. Many Britons fled across the channel to the appropriately named Brittany: the folk who remained would later be called the ‘English’. The English historian, the Venerable Bede (Baeda 673-735), describes that the Angles settled in the east, the Saxons in the south and the Jutes in Kent. More recent archaeology suggests that this is broadly correct. At first England was divided into many little kingdoms, from which the main kingdoms emerged; Bernicia, Deira, East Anglia (East Angles), Essex (East Saxon), Kent, Lindsey, Mercia, Sussex (South Saxons), and Wessex (West Saxons). These in turn were soon reduced to seven, the ‘Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy’. Centred around Lincoln, Lindsey was absorbed by other kingdoms and effectively disappeared, whilst Bernicia and Deira combined to form Northumbria (the land north of the Humber). Over the centuries that followed the borders between the major kingdoms changed as one gained ascendancy over the others, principally through success and failure in war. Christianity also returned to the shores of southern England with the arrival of Saint Augustine in Kent in 597. Within a century the English Church had spread throughout the kingdoms bringing with it dramatic advances in art and learning, a light to end the ‘Darkest of Dark Ages’. Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms (in red) c800 AD By the end of the seventh century, there are seven main Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms in what is today modern England, excluding Kernow (Cornwall). Follow the links below to our guides to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and monarchs. It would of course be the crisis of Viking invasion, however, that would bring a single unified English kingdom into existence.	<urn:uuid:48e28419-9827-48fc-878a-3ffca7589e60>	CC-MAIN-2023-06	https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Anglo-Saxon-Kingdoms-Dark-Ages/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500041.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230202200542-20230202230542-00760.warc.gz	en	0.9662	1,168	3.6875	4	3.00444	3	Strong reasoning	History
When a mine leaks heavy metals into drinking water supply in China, or when school children fall sick due to contaminated soil, or when a factory exceeds its pollution permits for the 79th day in a row, whose job is it to respond? The ”Green Neighbors” program, which sheds light on the operations of industrial parks in the Nanjing metropolitan area, grew out of Green Stone’s volunteer monitoring network investigating industrial pollution throughout Jiangsu Province. Technically, these kinds of problems are the responsibility of China’s environmental enforcement arm: local Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs). Working from the provincial level down to towns, environmental officials have a robust toolkit of environmental laws and regulations to assist them in controlling pollution. But practically speaking, they don’t have sufficient organizational strength or reach to deal with every issue that arises. Often local environmental groups are the first responders to a pollution crisis in China, and increasingly, these groups also play a role in ensuring problems don’t occur in the first place. Take for example the issue of industrial parks. These mega-complexes have cropped up all over China in the past decade, in an attempt to keep industries out of residential zones. Two years ago, the local environmental group Green Stone (based in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) realized that these industrial parks, far from better managing pollution problems, were merely concentrating pollutants and creating shields behind which industries could ignore pollution treatment regulations.Green Stone launched its “Green Neighbors” program to shed light on the operations of industrial parks in the Nanjing metropolitan area, a region that produces many highly-polluting goods, such as furniture polishes, dyes and paints, electronics, and industrial chemicals. Green Stone started meeting with industrial park representatives together with EPB officials, using these forums to discuss the legal requirements around pollution information disclosure and public participation. This year, Green Stone brought local citizens to the round-table discussions as well, resulting in one industrial park—well-known locally for the noxious odors it emits when producing the carcinogenic petrochemical alkyl benzene—agreeing to regularly disclose pollution data and allow a community committee to regularly monitor its operations. Green Stone sees public supervision as a cornerstone of a cleaner future for China. As one staff member recently put it, “Even when the government adequately supervises environmental problems, and corporations have environmental governance systems in place, environmental problems will still not be effectively resolved; they require everyone living in the environment to engage in common efforts.” Green Stone is now planning to expand its Green Neighbors program to other communities it serves, and it plans to share lessons learned from these efforts with other grassroots groups in China. Green Stone’s Green Neighbors program is a great example of how public engagement allow industries and community members to work together to resolve pollution problems. Not only do communities need venues through which they can raise health and safety concerns, industries and government actors are often better served by hearing those concerns than turning a blind eye to community needs. Recognizing these benefits, the public’s right to participate in environmental decision-making is now firmly enshrined in China’s environmental laws and regulations. Last month, Pacific Environment headed to China’s northeast to host its annual training and networking meeting for grassroots environmental groups from across the country. We met in a karaoke hall in a place called Mountain River Village, a cluster of brick homes and guesthouses interspersed between rows of corn and vegetables and surrounded by boreal forest. This year’s trainings, role plays, and planning discussions all revolved around the topic of public participation in environmental decision making and how to take advantage of the new policy space opening up for grassroots environmental groups. For example, new environmental regulations in China emphasize environmental hearings as an important public participation method, but so far, few of the hearings that have been organized have had real public participation. To prepare groups to take better advantage of the opportunity presented by environmental hearings, we organized a mock hearing focusing on whether a local EPB should issue a new pollution permit to a factory that had repeatedly violated its pollution permits in the past. As the hearing reached its climax, the team portraying the local EPB criticized a pollution monitoring report introduced by the team portraying a local environmental group. “Where does your data come from?!” they shouted, “And why is this the first time we are seeing your report?!” Meanwhile, the team portraying representatives from a local village started arguing amongst themselves, when one representative revealed she had accepted a color TV from the factory boss as a gift. As a real hearing might, our mock hearing ended without an actual decision on the permit, but we counted it as a successful learning exercise for these local environmental leaders who want to participate more meaningfully in pollution permitting and other decision processes. Local environmental groups must prepare themselves well by forging strong ties with communities impacted by pollution, and also EPBs, often the primary audience they are trying to influence. Formal hearings are one promising avenue to exert such influence, but there is growing space to experiment with other methods as well. So while some local groups like Green Stone are organizing multi-party discussion forums focused on specific pollution issues, other local groups using their influence to shape better environmental policies—a sphere that has traditionally been left to Beijing-based organizations and academics. For example, Green Hunan (from Changsha, Hunan Province) recently collected feedback from local community members and other local environmental groups from across China on a recent draft of a national water pollution regulation. They compiled the feedback into a set of recommendations, such as ensuring that the new law upholds the same public participation and information disclosure language as the progressive Environmental Protection Law that came into force January 1, 2015. The group hopes to engage in similar policy efforts in the future. “Green Hunan has had many on-the-ground successes on individual pollution cases,” a staff member explained, “and we want to do more to share our grassroots perspective in environmental policy discussions.” Pacific Environment is proud to support the work of pioneering local environmental groups such as Green Hunan and Green Stone through our ongoing support program and our recently launched public participation initiative. We look forward to sharing further updates about how these groups and others are innovating in ways that help local communities contribute to positive environmental change. This article was originally published on Pacific Environment.	<urn:uuid:c499f73f-5e31-4da9-856d-cc5e71c912e9>	CC-MAIN-2019-22	https://www.chinausfocus.com/energy-environment/frontline-environmental-groups-are-changing-the-pollution-rules-in-china	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232256163.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20190520222102-20190521004102-00544.warc.gz	en	0.943548	1,326	2.78125	3	3.061482	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
It will be a day of outdoor fun, barbecues and fireworks displays. A day when proud Americans stand even taller and hold their heads even higher. We are bold, determined individuals at all times, and on the 4th of July we celebrate our freedoms and way of life. On Independence Day, people from across this great nation will come together to hang out, share funny stories and create new memories. And we’ll take a moment to remember the patriots who made this day possible. History Of Independence Day On July 4th, 1776 the men who would later be known as our Founding Fathers approved the most important document in American history. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed that the United States was a free nation. It said the 13 colonies that made up the country at the time were no longer subjected to the tyranny of England’s King George III. The Declaration of Independence affirmed that all men are created equal and endowed with unalienable rights including life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. From the moment these inspiring words were read in public, they were met with jubilant approval. They encapsulated everything Americans stand for, then and now. Freedom, equality and justice. The Declaration was signed by 56 members of the Congressional Congress, most notably by John Hancock who made sure his name stood out. Scholars believe he did this to ensure King George III would notice his name immediately. That simple gesture embodies the American spirit. We do not meekly request our freedoms, we courageously demand them. Celebrate Your Independence Ever since that unforgettable day in 1776, July 4th has been a time to commemorate our freedoms and all the sacrifices made to take those freedoms. This Monday, July 4, 2011, as we enjoy a day filled with family and friends, we can all take a moment to remember. We will reflect on the American heroes who founded this country, and defended its borders. Honor the brave men and women who fought and died so we could enjoy a better life. And relish the American spirit we inherited from them. We stand tall, we stand strong and we stand up for each other. At PeopleFinders, we are proud to be an American company. We’ve helped thousands of Americans find and reconnect with long-lost loved ones. Because we are a united people, and we never forget those who made an impact on our lives. Thank you for letting us help you build and maintain your personal connections. Have a safe and happy Independence Day. Celebrate your freedoms, stay close to your loved ones and thank you for reading the PeopleFinders people search blog. Tags: 4th of July, America, American Independence, Americans, Declaration of Independence, Fourth of July, Happy Independence Day, Independence, Independence Day, July 4th, Patriotism, PeopleFinders, U.S.A.	<urn:uuid:ba91ff5c-ce7f-4457-a148-898b9173154b>	CC-MAIN-2015-27	http://blog.peoplefinders.com/2011/06/30/celebrating-independence-day/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096156.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00152-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.959953	586	3.0625	3	1.974754	2	Moderate reasoning	History
Poetry writing will always be a minor art, which the public holds in minor esteem. The rise and decline of the creative writer nowadays is usually something like this: He begins with verse—writes poetry, juvenile versicles, and humorous, preferably dialect, entering into the realms of rhyme. Next the writer promotes himself to the article. The indefinite article is a broad term, standing for a huge assortment of subjects and various modes of treatment. Next he elevates himself to the dignified title of “creative” writer—the sublime height of the short story. Last, if he is good, he achieves the seventh heaven of novel writing. After having reached this climax, he is privileged to write non-fiction articles, interviews and ethical pieces for well-known magazines, newspapers and websites. Again he writes articles and how-to pieces to sell to publications, and may even relapse into the second childishness and mere oblivion of poetry writing. “If the art of poetry,” says Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “had been a less earnest object with me, it must have fallen from exhausted hands before this day.” Edgar Allen Poe once declared: “Poetry has been with me not a purpose, but a passion.” With every true poet it must have been either an “earnest object” or an absorbing delight—a purpose or a passion; never a mere pastime. Not being appreciated Some who write promising verse, but do not meet with prompt recognition, conclude they are not born poets, and quit too early. The genuine poet is convinced of the greatness of poetry, just as the successful bridge builder is convinced that he does not need to study science but civil engineering. The real poet takes up poetry as a lifelong art, not as a pretty plaything to pass the leisure hours. Poet and author Franz Wright said about writing poetry: “It’s a craft. It’s an art. It’s a skill. It is not therapy, and it is not compensation for terrible things in one’s life. It is a thing in itself. You devote yourself to being an instrument of it, or you wander forever in the belief that it is a form of ‘self-expression.’” Aspiring poets will continue to write deathless rhymes until they realize that poetry is not simply another—perhaps inferior—way of saying things that they could say in prose. When Thomas Carlyle said that poets shouldn’t attempt to write poetry which they could do in prose, he uttered a truism. Many writers can express the same ideas in verse or prose, but most writers favor prose because it is easier to execute and the pay is a lot better. Today’s poet faces many sacrifices to pursue poetry as an end, and not as his retired work after he has finished writing news, editorial and how-to articles for high-prized magazines and websites. These sacrifices are no greater now than they always were. The reward of fame and respect that poets desire is immeasurably greater than poets in the last century.	<urn:uuid:ed730e2e-1ca3-4fb8-b8f7-86e5324e3797>	CC-MAIN-2021-49	https://www.freelancewriting.com/creative-writing/poetry-writing-a-minor-art/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359093.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201052655-20211201082655-00208.warc.gz	en	0.964844	659	2.546875	3	2.700525	3	Strong reasoning	Literature
FRIDAY, FEB. 10: Next week retailers will be buzzing with business as loved ones look for the perfect gift or floral arrangement to express their love to someone they admire. Restaurants will play soft music and light candles to entice romantic couples. Love will be in the air. When we think of the word ‘love’, for many of us, thoughts are conjured up of romance and those things we sometimes categorize as ‘mushy stuff’. Rarely is Valentine’s Day, in my experience, a time that we reflect upon the love we have for our children and our youth in general. In fact, when do we take the time to show our young people that we love them anyway? What examples of love do they have to follow? Depending on the age of the young person, the very sound of the word ‘love’ will spark a reaction. The very young squint their eyes and scowl and think it’s ‘yucky’. They just don’t want to talk about it. Adolescents confuse it with sex and some image of romance that they’ve learned from their peers and on television. Teens are reminded of their fuzzy emotions as they meander their way through relationships with those of the opposite sex. What exactly is love? One of many sources I searched defined love as “a feeling of warm personal attachment or deep affection, as for a parent, child, or friend”. If this is true, is it possible to detach the meaning of love as the youth know it from its romantic and sexual connotations? Is it possible to teach our children how to love by simply teaching them how to care for others first and foremost? I believe that if we can help our young people to respect and appreciate others just for who they are, to value other humans, then the level or intensity of their love for those to whom they become closest as they get older will develop accordingly – and in a healthy way. Thus, they will grasp the full meaning of the words, “I love you.” They will also discern the difference between the ‘mushy’ emotions, the uncomfortable feelings and those that are genuine. Young people can feel or sense when adults love them. They may not always show their appreciation for it but they learn through behaviours shown toward them who ‘has their back’ when they need support the most. Contrary to popular belief, showering young people with material things gives them a false sense of love and a firm sense of selfishness. They must not confuse an adult’s love for them with gifts that are meant to make them feel happy in return. As adults, sometimes tough love has to be exercised — the concept whereby consequences are administered in a harsher than normal fashion to reinforce the point to the young person that says, “I love you enough to make a hard decision for your own benefit — which you may not necessarily appreciate now, but you will later in life.” Young people also need to hear the words, “I love you” on a regular basis. With adults as their models, young people will learn to love. If we want our young people to behave with love we must first teach them how to love. Let’s remember to show our love to our children on Valentine’s Day and every day. Shawnette Somner is the host of Generations, which airs on DeFontes’ Broadcasting Company’s 1450AM Gold, 7.30-9pm every Monday. E-mail [email protected]. Call in live during the show on 295-1450. The topic on Monday, February 13: Love for parents. Love for our children.	<urn:uuid:3db86a30-e783-4202-a303-88d01b7af24f>	CC-MAIN-2016-07	http://bermudasun.bm/Content/OPINION/Opinion/Article/Don-t-wait-for-Valentine-s-Day-to-show-the-true-meaning-of-love/4/135/56744	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701162903.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193922-00143-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963806	791	2.546875	3	2.666366	3	Strong reasoning	Social Life
- Activity Level: high - Grooming Level: low - Trainability: high - Adaptability: high - Kid/Pet Friendly: often - Average Size: Medium - Average Lifespan: 10-14 years - Prey Drive: low - Watchdog: aware - Registered?: aca, akc Yellow Labrador Retriever Breed Profile Did You Know? There is a reason that year after year, the Labrador Retriever is the most popular dog breed in the United States. The history of the Labrador Retriever dates back to the early 1800s in Newfoundland, just off the Atlantic coast of Canada. Today’s Lab is a product of the breed being imported to England by the First and Second Dukes of Malmesbury and the 5th and 6th Dukes of Buccleuch as Water Fowl Retrievers. Had these families not played a vital part in the continuation of the breed, the loving and affectionate Labs we have all grown to love may not exist today. The first recognized Yellow Labrador Retriever was born in 1899. One of the friendliest breeds out there, Yellow Labs are great companions and love to be a part of the family. While the color yellow is part of their namesake, their coats range from fawn or cream to butterscotch or a deep golden hue. Coming into popularity during the mid-20th century, the Yellow Labrador Retriever has been a staple for hunters and family homes alike ever since. As one of the world’s favorite pets, they’re also known for being popular guide dogs, service dogs, search and rescue dogs, hunting dogs, and, of course, a loving companion breed. These dogs are patient and kind when faced with energetic young ones. That’s not to say that they’re couch potatoes – on the contrary, Yellow Labs are immensely energetic. They don’t usually let their need for activity affect their good nature, and remain boisterous in their reactions but never aggressive. Yellow Labs delight in big spaces, opting to run and play wildly. However, they will happily lounge on the couch after having a long, hard run outside. So, if they’re living in a smaller apartment, they are perfectly content as long as they get time outside. When given a little training, they can easily learn to control barking habits and restrain themselves from digging. Their double coat also makes them a good fit for just about any climate. As with most dogs, they are sensitive to extreme heat or cold. Generally speaking, Labradors are healthy. They can develop certain inherent conditions, along with cataracts and kneecap displacement, but will remain healthy overall. As long as they are taken to their vet appointments with regularity, Labs will usually feel just fine. Yellow Labs are loyal companions with few drawbacks. They respond well to training, aren’t overly stubborn despite their intelligence, and like to stay mentally stimulated. Treats never hurt, of course. This, paired with their eagerness to please, makes them a highly trainable dog breed that is a good fit for owners of any experience level. With minimal training, these dogs can control their barking and digging without much trouble. They’re even adept at rescue techniques – if you’re up for a little extra training. Labs have very short, double-layered, and water-resistant fur. Its density protects them from the cold, so they will often try to swim any time of year. They experience heavier seasonal shedding twice a year and slight shedding throughout the year. You should give your dog a bath every so often, especially if they’re avid swimmers. Giving them a good brush once a week or a few times a week should keep their coats shiny and healthy. Other grooming tasks include nail trimming, ear care, and dental care. Trimming your dog’s nails monthly is usually sufficient to keep them from getting too long or snagging on things. It’s also important to regularly check your dog’s ears and carefully clean them as needed to help prevent ear infections. Proper dental care for dogs includes brushing their teeth or using an enzyme toothpaste every day. This helps prevent the tartar buildup that causes dental diseases like gum disease and tooth decay. You can also supplement your dental care efforts with dental hygiene chews, a special dental care diet, and more. This breed tends to be very active. They were bred to be working dogs and need exercise. A few daily walks and some time to run should help assuage their energy levels. Yellow Labs also need a fair amount of mental activity as well; they like to stay sharp. Challenging toys and puzzles, plus fun games, will keep your dog’s mind engaged. Yellow Labs are classified as medium to large dogs. They reach an average height of 23 inches and an average healthy weight of 75 pounds. A Yellow Labrador Retriever generally lives 10-14 years. It was traditional in Newfoundland for every fishing boat to have a Labrador Retriever that would help retrieve the fish as they came in off the trawl.	<urn:uuid:96bd58b5-97d4-4a56-95d5-91769168e533>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.greenfieldpuppies.com/yellow-labrador-retriever-puppies-for-sale/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00337.warc.gz	en	0.959867	1,069	2.546875	3	1.153565	1	Basic reasoning	Home & Hobbies
This is the second blog of a series of three blog posts addressing technological solutions to combat human trafficking. This post discusses the importance of the increased use of technology in the fight against human trafficking and provides an overview of the scope of current research on technology and trafficking. The first blog in this series discussed the scope of human trafficking worldwide, and domestic international instruments designed to address it. The final blog in this series will analyze the efforts private partnerships to apply technology to create anti-trafficking solutions. “Our understanding of technology’s role in human trafficking, while improving, is still in its infancy. Technology, while clearly facilitating trafficking, also can be used as an effective tool to combat it. Evidence-based research that examines the two sides of this issue is imperative for leveraging technology and policy approaches to benefit the vulnerable populations being exploited through trafficking.” – Mark Latonero, The Rise of Mobile and the Diffusion of Technology-Facilitated Trafficking[i] Part II: Technology’s Conflicting Roles in Human Trafficking Human trafficking has increased in intensity in the past few decades, likely facilitated by globalization and the availability of modern communication techniques. Just as modern technology enabled legal businesses to span oceans and cross borders, it also assisted criminal endeavors such as trafficking in persons. In a speech at the 2008 Vienna Forum to Fight Human Trafficking, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Executive Director Antonio Maria Costa said: In the past quarter century, the opening up of world markets has facilitated the movement of people, goods, capital and services–commerce has benefited, and so has illicit activity, including the trade of human beings. The ease of travel, the speed of the internet, and global competition have rendered the exploitation of humans by humans easier, broader and more efficient.[ii] Mr. Costa references “the speed of the internet,” which global citizens appreciate and utilize on a daily basis to connect in seconds with like-minded people, regardless of geographic location. His statement is a reminder that this instant connectivity has bred exploitation and abuse even as it has produced camaraderie and business success. Speedy and discrete, the worldwide web has played perhaps the most significant role in hiding exploitation from the average person, while simultaneously making it ubiquitous everywhere. This is precisely why activists are beginning to focus on understanding the power the internet and other evolving technologies have to eradicate the very problems they have allowed to prosper. As the role of technology in facilitating human trafficking continues to expand, anti-trafficking advocates across all sectors—government, nonprofits, private enterprise—are attempting to keep up with traffickers by learning how to analyze data and track electronic activity in a way that makes it easier to locate and punish traffickers, and to rescue their victims. The first step toward finding a comprehensive solution to human trafficking, as Mr. Costa stated, is figuring out a way to quantify the problem at hand with statistical data: In order to fight this monster [of human trafficking], we must know more about it. Lack of information, statistical and otherwise, have left us looking at footprints of a creature whose shape, size and ferocity we can only guess. It lurks in the shadows. The profiles of its cronies and their networks are sketchy. Its victims are too afraid to run away and speak up, their number unknown.[iii] Mr. Costa’s pleas from 2008 have not gone unheeded, but neither have leaps and bounds been made in this area. A July 2013 report from the Congressional Research Service reiterates the necessity for data on the global scope and severity of human trafficking in order to begin forming effective solutions. According to the report, the State Department’s Trafficking in Persons Report is “among the most cost-intensive in terms of personnel resources both at U.S. diplomatic posts abroad and at headquarters in Washington, DC.”[iv] A single embassy reported that approximately 200 hours of work were required to resolve questions and differences in information for a TIP Report.[v] Increasing the utilization of technology, especially data mining services, may eventually be able to alleviate the cost-intensive nature of data collection by making the necessary information easier to spot. Meaningful data, the report states, are essential both to measuring and reporting the scope of the problem in reports such as the TIP Report, and for assessing how anti-trafficking aid programs have improved the situation.[vi] A group of academics has been called upon to lead the way in understanding and utilizing technology to develop trafficking solutions. Researchers at the University of Southern California’s (USC) Annenberg’s Center on Communication Leadership & Policy have completed some of the most comprehensive, relevant reporting on the intersection of technology and human trafficking. This video provides an overview of their project’s inception and some of the most relevant findings to date: The USC Center compiled a report in November 2012, discussing how human traffickers are “taking advantage of technology to reach larger audiences and to do illicit business more quickly and efficiently across greater distances.”[vii] Asserting that technology must respond to this phenomenon by becoming a “central tool within a comprehensive strategy”[viii] against trafficking, the report mentions the following research efforts already underway:[ix] - The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) released one report, Identifying Challenges to Improve the Investigation and Prosecution of State and Local Human Trafficking Cases, which identifies the internet both as a tool for facilitating trafficking and for locating and prosecuting it – law enforcement located 27 percent of the trafficking cases in the study through the internet.[x] - In a second report, A National Overview of Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Demand Reduction Efforts, the NIJ again highlights the fact that, while technology does facilitate trafficking, law enforcement is using that to its advantage, as approximately one third of all police departments that conduct street-level reverse stings have implemented web-based reverse stings.[xi] - The Department of Justice’s Project Safe Childhood released The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction, which identifies cyber crime as an increasing threat and outlines the Department’s approach to protecting children from trafficking. The approach is multifaceted and involves many organizations within the Department of Justice. One especially relevant aspect of the strategy involves the FBI’s Innocent Images National Initiative, which is aimed specifically at ending technology-facilitated child exploitation.[xii] - Microsoft Research released a report, Human Trafficking and Technology: A Framework for Understanding the Role of Technology in the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S., which explores how technology has impacted the human trafficking ecosystem. The report primarily focuses on establishing a framework for considering these issues further. Its authors state: Fears and anxieties emerge out of concern that things will get worse as a result of technology. Yet, new opportunities also present themselves. Before we wholeheartedly dismiss—or embrace—technology, it’s important to understand how the challenges and opportunities are entangled.[xiii] - Researchers at the University of New Hampshire’s Crimes Against Children Research Center have mined data to find victim information such as age ranges, gender disparities, treatment by police, and independent or group structures. They have also used data to identify perpetrator characteristics for different groups, and the effects of reporting suspected human trafficking, among other issues.[xiv] Finally, the report discusses a 2010 article by Erin I. Kunze, who conducted an assessment of laws, international agreements, and other policies relating to Internet-facilitated sex trafficking. Kunze suggests that international laws are not sufficiently keeping pace with advancing technology. The article argues that, “[I]t is vital that the international community adopt both domestic legislation and international treaty provisions to target sexual predators and human traffickers who use technology and the Internet to enslave minors and adults alike.”[xv] Kunze’s article highlights a debate within the international legal community over whether the language of current instruments sufficiently encompasses and criminalizes the technological facilitation of trafficking. For example, while the members of the Council of Europe argue that the term “recruitment” as it is used to define trafficking in the 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (“2000 Protocol”) is sufficiently broad enough to include recruitment via online technology, Kunze retorts that even a broad interpretation of the word does not go far enough to cover specific acts of exploitation occurring online.[xvi] At this stage, Kunze’s pronouncements appear premature. As the United Nations suggested in a 2005 statement, attempts to create and refine technology-specific laws will remain premature as long as governments have not perfected their ability to enforce laws already in existence. This is especially true given the fact that, as the first blog in this series noted, international instruments criminalizing trafficking have existed since at least 1926. That first convention, the Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery, prohibits all acts of slavery and every act of trade or transport of people, seemingly encompassing the acts that take place in virtual spaces today. The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women likewise encompasses all forms of traffic in women. Finally, the 2000 Protocol uses words of direction including “prevent,” “combat,” “protect,” “assist,” and “promote cooperation,” all of which can be done in virtual spaces as well as physical ones. Slavery does not persist because of a dearth of legal instruments with the capacity to combat it – it persists because it is difficult to track and understand. The international community should refrain from drafting premature legal instruments until it has gained a more thorough, comprehensive understanding of how human traffickers operate. Technology-specific language at the international level may eventually prove necessary to adequately address the increased use of the internet in perpetrating trafficking. However, it is more likely that as more information becomes available through the increased use of data mining and analysis, the existing language will prove adequate. Arguably, this debate will not be resolved conclusively until more signatories to the Protocol actually begin to carry out its mandate by locating and prosecuting more cases of human trafficking within their borders. To do this, advocates must focus on compiling enough information on the problem to take decisive action against perpetrators. Only when trafficking cases reach the courtroom will we be able to test the functionality of the 2000 Protocol, and the domestic legal instruments based on the 2000 Protocol, as they are written. Existing instruments may be sufficient to encompass violations that take place across digital spaces. What advocates lack is sufficient information to make this possible. As the third blog in this series discusses, several private partnerships are conspiring to change that. Whitney Denning is a 3L and a staff editor for the Denver Journal of International Law & Policy. [i] Mark Latonero et al., The Rise of Mobile and the Diffusion of Technology-Facilitated Trafficking 8 (2012), available at https://technologyandtrafficking.usc.edu/files/2011/08/HumanTrafficking2012.pdf. [ii] Antonio Maria Costa, Exec. Dir. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Human Trafficking: A Crime that Shames Us All (Feb. 13, 2008), available at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2008-02-13.html. [iv] Liana Sun Wyler, Cong. Research Serv., R42497, Trafficking in Persons: International Dimensions and Foreign Policy Issues for Congress 10 (2013). [v] Id. at 11. [vi] Id. at 14. [vii] Latonero et al., supra note 1, at iv. [viii] Latonero et al.,, supra note 1, at vi. [ix] Latonero et al.,, supra note 1, at 11. [x] Amy Farrell et al., Identifying Challenges to Improve the Investigation and Prosecution of State and Local Human Trafficking Cases 41 (2012). [xi] Michael Shively et al., A National Overview of Prostitution and Sex Trafficking Demand Reduction Efforts, Final Report 47 (2012). [xii] U.S. Dep’t of Justice, The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction 4 (2010). [xiii] Danah Boyd et al., Human Trafficking and Technology: A Framework for Understanding the Role of Technology in the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the U.S. 3 (2011). [xiv] Latonero et al., supra note 1, at 13. [xv] Erin I. Kunze, Sex Trafficking Via The Internet: How International Agreements Address The Problem And Fail To Go Far Enough, 10 J. High Tech. L. 241, 253 (2010). [xvi] Id. at 272.	<urn:uuid:65b0c0d4-5e65-4d7f-94ab-1a807c15a165>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://djilp.org/4483/technology-takes-on-trafficking-how-data-collection-is-changing-the-international-fight-against-modern-slavery-part-2-of-3/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448399455473.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124211055-00079-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.921917	2,705	2.6875	3	3.051733	3	Strong reasoning	Crime & Law
The realm of freedom actually begins only where labor which is determined by necessity and mundane considerations ceases; thus in the very nature of things it lies beyond the sphere of actual material production. Just as the savage must wrestle with Nature to satisfy his wants, to maintain and reproduce life, so must civilized man, and he must do so in all social formations and under all possible modes of production. With his development this realm of physical necessity expands as a result of his wants; but, at the same time, the forces of production which satisfy these wants also increase. Freedom in this field can only consist in socialized man, the associated producers, rationally regulating their interchange with Nature, bringing it under their common control, instead of being ruled by it as by the blind forces of Nature; and achieving this with the least expenditure of energy and under conditions most favorable to, and worthy of, their human nature. But it nonetheless still remains a realm of necessity. Beyond it begins that development of human energy which is an end in itself, the true realm of freedom, which, however, can blossom forth only with this realm of necessity as its basis. The shortening of the working-day is its basic prerequisite. 1. “Young Marx” versus “mature Marx” It is impossible to deal with the various interpretations of Marx’s theory of alienation in a systematic way within the confines of this study. All we can do is to choose a few characteristic points which help to clarify some questions of importance, and thus carry a step forward the main arguments of this inquiry. One of the most controversial issues is: what place ought to be assigned to the early works of Marx in his system as a whole? Ever since the publication of the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 many philosophers have maintained that the young Marx ought to be treated separately, because there is a break between the thinker who deals with problems of alienation and the “mature Marx” who aspires to a scientific socialism. And, strangely enough, the holders of this view belonged to politically opposite camps. Their differences amounted to this, that while the one camp idealized the young Marx and opposed his early manuscripts to his later works, the other only accepted these latter, and dismissed his earlier writings as idealistic. In his study of The Early Development of Marx’s Thought, John Macmurray characterized these approaches in this way: “Communists are rather liable to misinterpret this early stage even if they do not entirely discount it. They are naturally apt to read these writings in order to find in them the reflection of their own theory as it stands today, and, therefore, to dismiss as youthful aberrations those elements which do not square with the final outcome. This is, of course, highly undialectical. It would equally be a misunderstanding of Marx to separate the early stages of his thought from their conclusion, though not to the same extent. For they are earlier stages, and though they can only be fully understood in terms of the theory which is their final outcome, they are historically earlier and the conclusion was not explicitly in the mind of Marx when his earlier works were written.”1 These words were published as far back as 1935, but the highly undialectical separation of the young Marx from the later Marx has not disappeared in the years that separate us from the early thirties. On the contrary, the assertion of a supposed break has become an accepted commonplace in a considerable amount of current philosophical literature. Is it true, as is often affirmed, that the notion of alienation “drops out” from the later writings of Marx; indeed, that he treats it ironically, thus detaching himself from his own philosophical past? Two references are usually given in support of this thesis: one to The German Ideology and the other to the Communist Manifesto. The question is, however, are the passages in question rightly interpreted? Undoubtedly there are ironical sentences in The German Ideology which contain the words “estrangement” or “self-estrangement.” There are actually two of them. The first says that “This ‘estrangement’ (to use a term which will be comprehensible to the philosophers) can, of course, only be abolished given two practical premises.”2 And the second adds: “The whole process was thus conceived as a process of the self-estrangement of ‘man’.”3 The translator and Editor, Roy Pascal, comments in his notes on these passages: “In The German Ideology Marx makes his final reckoning with this concept of ‘self-estrangement’.” This “final reckoning” is supposed to be in sharp contrast to the earlier Manuscripts of 1844 in which Marx still “wrestles with this concept, and charges it with a new content.”4 This contraposition is highly misleading. “Final reckoning” following the previous “wresting” sounds pretty dramatic and is in keeping with the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute’s preface to the edition of The German Ideology. This preface greatly exaggerates the differences of this latter from the earlier writings and claims as radical innovations points that had, in fact, been worked out in the Manuscripts of 1844, or even earlier. Yet the simple, undramatic truth is that there is neither a “final reckoning” in The German Ideology, nor some kind of a “wrestling” in the Paris manuscripts which could be interpreted as lagging behind the presumed mature reckoning. Indeed the position criticizing the idealistic philosophers — our first quotation — and referring the matter of alienation to practice, had been reached by Marx well before the Manuscripts of 1844 (see especially his Introduction to the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right). Marx made it explicit more than once in his Manuscripts of 1844 that he sets out from the language of political economy in order to rescue its achievements, which remained hidden to the political economists themselves, as well as to criticize them in their own terms. He adopted exactly the same approach towards idealistic philosophy. This is why he could never “drop” the concept of alienation: it would have amounted to depriving himself of a real achievement (i.e. extracting the “rational kernel” of the Hegelian philosophy) notwithstanding its mystifying setting. In the disputed passage Marx simply wants to point out — as he does on numerous occasions in the Paris Manuscripts — that the language of “estrangement” is mystifying without the necessary references to social practice. As to the second quotation, a more careful reading will make it clear that it has nothing to do with the rejection of the term of “self-estrangement.” The relevant passage reads as follows: “The individuals, who are no longer subject to the division of labor, have been conceived by the philosophers as an ideal, under the name ‘man’. They have conceived the whole process which we have outlined as the evolutionary process of ‘man,’ so that at every historical stage ‘man’ was substituted for the individuals and shown as the motive force of history. The whole process was thus conceived as a process of the self-estrangement of ‘man,’ and this was essentially due to the fact that the average individual of the later stage was always foisted on to the earlier stage, and the consciousness of a later age on to the individuals of an earlier. Through this inversion, which from the first is an abstract image of the actual conditions, it was possible to transform the whole of history into an evolutionary process of consciousness.”5 As we can see, there is nothing that even vaguely resembles a final reckoning, but only an argument quite familiar to us from the Manuscripts of 1844. What Marx is ironical about is not the concept of self-estrangement, but philosophical abstractionism which substitutes for the real (historically and socially concrete) individual the idealistic image of abstract man, and thus mystifies the actual estrangement of real man (the social individual) by representing it as the estrangement of consciousness. In other words, what he objects to is the identification of the concept of man with abstract, generic consciousness. This objection, well known to us also from his earlier writings, does not make the notion of “the self-estrangement of real man” obsolete in the least. The reference to the Communist Manifesto is no more convincing. This is the passage in question: “It is well known how the monks wrote silly lives of Catholic Saints over the manuscripts on which the classical works of ancient heathendom had been written. The German literati reversed this process with the profane French literature. They wrote their philosophical nonsense beneath the French original. For instance, beneath the French criticism of the economic functions of money, they wrote ‘alienation of humanity,’ and beneath the French criticism of the bourgeois state they wrote ‘dethronement of the category of the general,’ and so forth. The introduction of these philosophical phrases at the back of French historical criticism they dubbed ‘philosophy of action,’ ‘true socialism,’ ‘German science of socialism,’ ‘philosophical foundations of socialism,’ and so on. The French socialist and communist literature was thus completely emasculated. And, since it ceased in the hands of the German to express the struggle of one class with the other, he felt conscious of having overcome ‘French one-sidedness’ and of representing, not true requirements, but the requirements of Truth; not the interests of the proletariat, but the interests of human nature, of man in general, who belongs to no class, has no reality, who exists only in the misty realm of philosophical fantasy.”6 Again, we can see, the criticism is not directed against the concept of alienation, but the idealist use of it, because such a use “completely emasculates” it, deprives it of its concrete social content and power of practical criticism. Equally, what is attacked here is not the notion of man defined by Marx in 1844 as the social individual, but the abstraction “human nature” and “man in general” as used by his opponents, because these only exist in the “misty realm of philosophical fantasy.” Quite the opposite of a break: the most remarkable continuity. Every single point made in this passage can easily be found even in Marx’s Introduction to the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right which preceded, as we all know, not only The German Ideology, but also the Manuscripts of 1844. Here are a few quotations to prove this assertion: - “But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world. Man is the world of man, the state, society.” - “If the speculative philosophy of right, that abstract extravagant thinking on the modern state, the reality of which remains a thing of the beyond, if only beyond the Rhine, was possible only in Germany, inversely the German thought-image of the modern state which makes abstraction of real man was possible only because and insofar as the modern state itself makes abstraction of real man or satisfies the whole of man only in imagination. In politics the Germans thought what other nations did.” - “No class in civil society has any need or capacity for general emancipation until it is forced by its immediate condition, by material necessity, by its very chains. Where, then, is the positive possibility of a German emancipation? Answer: In the formation of a class with radical chains, a class of civil society which is not a class of civil society, an estate which is the dissolution of all estates, … This dissolution of society as a particular estate is the proletariat.”6 In reading these passages, should not one be struck by the basic identity of the early Marx’s approach with that of his later work? Nothing could be further removed from the truth than to assert — no matter from which political point of view — that from 1845 onwards Marx is no longer interested in man and his alienation, because his critical attention is then diverted in another direction by the introduction of the concepts of “the classes” and “the proletariat.” As we have seen, these concepts had acquired a crucial importance in his thought already in 1843. We must emphasize that if by “man” one means, as Marx’s opponents did, “abstract man” or “man in general” who is “abstracted from all social determinations,” then this is completely beside the point. He was, in fact, never interested in this “man,” not even before 1843, let alone at the time of writing the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. On the other hand “real man,” the “self-mediating being of nature,” the “social individual” never disappeared from his horizon. Even towards the end of his life when he was working on the third volume of Capital, Marx advocated for human beings the “conditions most favorable to, and worthy of, their human nature.”7 Thus his concern with classes and the proletariat in particular always remained to him identical with the concern for “the general human emancipation”8 — a program clearly laid down in the same early Introduction to the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right. And this program, formulated in these words, is only another expression for what he called elsewhere the “transcendence of alienation.” But what about the concept of alienation in Marx’s works which followed the Manuscripts of 1844? Why did he “drop” this concept (or why did he drop the “word,” as others put it) if he remained faithful to his program of transcending alienation? The simple answer is that he did not drop the word at all, let alone the concept. As a matter of fact there is ample evidence to show that Marx went on using the word “alienation” up to the very end of his life. So ample is this evidence that even if we confine ourselves to the word Entfremdung, taken — as in the Paris Manuscripts — with its predicative forms (leaving out, that is, Entäußerung and Veräußerung: i.e. two further words which mean “alienation,” as well as Verdinglichung, Verselbstständigung, Fetischismus, etc.) we can only give a very modest selection of the expressions in which the disputed word occurs. For a complete reproduction of all the relevant passages containing also these closely related terms, we would need to multiply the length of this chapter several times over. Here then is our limited sample, in chronological order. (For obvious reason we have to reproduce these passages in the original German. Translation is given in Note No. 200) The Holy Family: Quite a few passages from the Manuscripts of 1844 were incorporated into this later work. Contrary to some assertions, these presumably idealistic passages which dealt with the problem of “alienation” were known to, and approvingly quoted by, Lenin. The German Ideology: „solange die Menschen sich in der naturwüchsigen Gesellschaft befinden, solange also die Spaltung zwischen dem besondern und gemeinsamen Interesse existiert, solange die Tätigkeit also nicht freiwillig, sondern naturwüchsig geteilt ist, die eigne Tat des Menschen ihm zu einer Fremden, gegenüberstehenden Macht wird, die ihn unterjocht, statt dass er sie beherrscht.“ (Just as in the good, or bad, old days, alienation is presented as the transformation of man’s — the purists should notice: man’s and not men’s or the classes’ — own activity into an alien power that confronts him; as such it is opposed to freedom, or free activity.) „Eben weil die Individuen nur ihr besondres, für sie nicht mit ihrem gemeinschaftlichen Interesse zusammenfallendes suchen, überhaupt das Allgemeine illusorische Form der Gemeinschaftlichkeit, wird dies als ein ihnen ‚fremdes’ und von ihnen ‚unabhängiges’, als ein selbst wieder besonderes und eigentümliches ‚Allgemein’-Interesse geltend gemacht, oder sie selbst müssen sich in diesem Zwiespalt bewegen, wie in der Demokratie.“ (Two points should be noticed : 1.) Marx does not say that the particular interests of the individuals are identical with their communal interests, but that they should not follow exclusively their particular interests; doing this actually defeats their purpose, superimposing on them their real communal interests in an alienated form as abstract “general interest.” 2) The illusory depiction of man’s real communal interests as an abstract “general interest” — what he calls elsewhere “the legalistic illusion” — and its representation as something quite different from the actual human individual, hides a real alienation: man’s self-alienation in the form of the „Spaltung zwischen dem besondern und gemeinsamen Interesse“. It is on this basis that real alienation can be mystified by the philosophers as the alienation of “man,” meaning by “man,” as Marx commented: „Der Mensch = dem ‚denkenden Menschengeist’.“ [“Man = the ‘thinking human spirit’.”] In reality “general-interest” is not a separate “essence” that should be contrasted with and opposed to the “individual essence” of Man; it is only an alienated expression of an actual state of alienation. Real man is the „wirklicher historischen Mensch“ to whom his communal interest actually “belongs” — i.e. it is inseparable from his nature as a social individual being — even if in a given historical situation it confronts him in an alienated form. This is why one can think of alienation as capable of supersession). ………„…mit der kommunistischen Regelung der Produktion und der darin liegenden Vernichtung der Fremdheit, mit der sich die Menschen zu ihren eigenen Produkt verhalten, die Macht des Verhältnisses von Nachfrage und Zufuhr sich in Nichts auflöst…“ ………„In der bisherigen Geschichte… die einzelnen Individuen mit der Ausdehnung der Tätigkeit zur Weltgeschichtlichen immer mehr unter einer ihnen fremden Macht geknechtet worden sind…“ ………„… Bedingungen, die bisher dem Zufall überlassen waren und sich gegen die einzelnen Individuen eben durch ihre Trennung als Individuen… zu einem ihnen fremden Bande geworden war, verselbständigt hatten. …In der Vorstellung sind daher die Individuen unter der Bourgeoisherrschaft freier als früher, weil ihnen ihre Lebensbedingungen zufällig sind; in der Wirklichkeit sind sie natürlich unfreier, weil mehr unter sachliche Gewalt subsumiert“ (MEWE, Vol. 3, pgs. 33, 34, 49, 42, 35, 37, 75-76). Communist Manifesto: „der Macht über fremde Arbeit“; “Der Kommunismus nimmt keinen die Macht, sich gesellschaftliche Produkte anzueignen, er nimmt nur die Macht, sich durch diese Aneignung fremde Arbeit zu unterjochen” (MEWE, Vol. 4, pgs. 476, 477). Wage Labor and Capital: „Je rascher die Arbeiterklasse die ihr feindliche Macht, den fremden, über sie gebietenden Reichtum vermehrt und vergrößert, unter desto günstigeren Bedingungen wird ihr erlaubt, von neuem an der Vermehrung des bürgerlichen Reichtums, an der Vergrößerung der Macht des Kapitals zu arbeiten, zufrieden, sich selbst die goldenen Ketten zu schmieden, woran die Bourgeoisie sie hinter sich herschleift“ (MEWE, Vol. 6, pg. 416). Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy [Rohentwurf]: This work contains hundreds of pages where the problems of alienation are analyzed in a comprehensive way. The words „Entfremdung“, „entfremdet“ etc. occur on these pages several hundred times. I have chosen one passage only. It will show not only how wrong they are who assert that “alienation” has dropped out from Marx’s later works, but also that his approach to the discussed problems is essentially the same as in the Manuscripts of 1844. This passage reads as follows: „Der Ton wird gelegt nicht auf das Vergegenständlichtsein, sondern das Entfremdet-, Entäußert-, Veräußertsein, das Nicht-dem-Arbeiter-, sondern den personifizierten Produktionsbedingungen-, i.e. dem-Kapital-Zugehören der ungeheuren gegenständlichen Macht, die die gesellschaftliche Arbeit selbst sich als eins ihrer Momente gegenübergestellt hat. Soweit auf dem Standpunkt des Kapitals und der Lohnarbeit die Erzeugung dieses gegenständlichen Leibes der Tätigkeit im Gegensatz zum unmittelbaren Arbeitsvermögen geschieht — dieser Prozess der Vergegenständlichung in fact als Prozess der Entäußerung vom Standpunkt der Arbeit aus oder der Aneignung fremder Arbeit vom Standpunkt des Kapitals aus erscheint —, ist diese Verdrehung und Verkehrung eine wirkliche, keine bloß gemeinte, bloß in der Vorstellung der Arbeiter und Kapitalisten existierende. Aber offenbar ist dieser Verkehrungsprozess bloß historische Notwendigkeit, bloß Notwendigkeit für die Entwicklung der Produktivkräfte von einem bestimmten historischen Ausgangspunkt aus, oder Basis aus, aber keineswegs eine absolute Notwendigkeit der Produktion; vielmehre eine verschwindende, und das Resultat und der Zweck (immanente) dieses Prozesses ist diese Basis selbst aufzuheben, wie diese Form des Prozesses. Die bürgerlichen Ökonomen sind so eingepfercht in den Vorstellungen einer bestimmten historischen Entwicklungsstufe der Gesellschaft, dass die Notwendigkeit der Vergegenständlichung der gesellschaftlichen Mächte der Arbeit ihnen unzertrennbar erscheint von der Notwendigkeit der Entfremdung derselben gegenüber der lebendigen Arbeit. Mit der Aufhebung aber des unmittelbaren Charakters der lebendigen Arbeit als bloß einzelner, oder als bloß innerlich, oder bloß äußerlich allgemeiner, mit dem Setzen der Tätigkeit der Individuen als unmittelbar allgemeiner oder gesellschaftlicher, wird den gegenständlichen Momenten der Produktion diese Form der Entfremdung abgestreift; sie werden damit gesetzt als Eigentum, als der organische gesellschaftliche Leib, worin die Individuen sich reproduzieren als Einzelne, aber als gesellschaftliche Einzelne.“ (Rohentwurf, pg. 716). (Here we have even the “anthropological” notions of the early Marx, together with the conception of the supersession of alienation as the transcendence of the abstract mediated character of human activity). Theories of Surplus-Value: As one would expect from a critical monograph on past theories of surplus-value, this monumental work, (almost 2,000 pages long) has many references to “alienation.” For instance, dealing with Linguet’s theories, Marx writes: „Die Reichen haben sich aller Produktionsbedingungen bemächtigt; (dies führte zur) Entfremdung der Produktionsbedingungen, die in ihrer einfachsten Form die Naturelemente selbst sind.” But there are places of a different kind too, where „Entfremdung“ etc. do not simply occur in the summary or quotation of someone else’s argument, but in the exposition of Marx’s own ideas. For instance: ………„Der Zins an sich drückt also grade das Dasein der Arbeitsbedingungen als Kapital in ihrem gesellschaftlichen Gegensatz und ihrer Metamorphose als persönliche Mächte gegenüber der Arbeit und über die Arbeit aus. Er resümiert den entfremdeten Charakter der Arbeitsbedingungen im Verhältnis zur Tätigkeit des Subjekts. Er stellt das Eigentum des Kapitals oder das bloße Kapitaleigentum als Mittel dar, die Produkte fremder Arbeit sich anzueignen als Herrschaft über fremde Arbeit. Aber er stellt diesen Charakter des Kapitals dar als etwas, was ihm außer dem Produktionsprozess selbst zukommt und keineswegs das Resultat der spezifischen Bestimmtheit dieses Produktionsprozesses selbst ist.“ One could fill many pages with passages of this kind which can be found in Marx’s Theories of Surplus-Value. (For the reported two passages cf. MEWE, Vol. 26. Part I., pg. 321 and Part III. pg. 485). Capital: „Die verselbständigte und entfremdete Gestalt“; „Da vor seinem Eintritt in den Prozess seine eigne Arbeit ihm selbst entfremdet, dem Kapitalisten angeeignet und dem Kapital einverleibt ist, vergegenständlicht sie sich während des Prozesses beständig. in fremden Produkt… Der Arbeiter selbst produziert daher beständig den objektiven Reichtum als Kapital, ihm fremde, ihn beherrschende und ausbeutende Macht, und der Kapitalist produziert ebenso beständig die Arbeitskraft als subjektive, von ihren eignen Vergegenständlichungs- und Verwirklichungsmitteln getrennte, abstrakte, in der bloßen Leiblichkeit des Arbeiters existierende Reichtumsquelle, kurz den Arbeiter als Lohnarbeiter.“; „alle Mittel zur Entwicklung der Produktion… verstümmeln den Arbeiter in einen Teilmenschen, entwürdigen ihn zum Anhängsel der Maschine, vernichten mit der Qual seiner Arbeit ihren Inhalt, entfremden ihm die geistigen Potenzen des Arbeitsprozesses im selben Masse, worin letzterem die Wissenschaft als selbständige Potenz einverleibt wird…”; „diese Produktionsmittel treten dem Besitzer der Arbeitskraft gegenüber als fremdes Eigentum. Andererseits steht der Verkäufer der Arbeit ihrem Kauf er gegenüber als fremde Arbeitskraft…“; „Diese Vorstellungsweise ist um so weniger befremdlich, als ihr der Schein der Tatsachen entspricht, und als das Kapitalverhältnis in der Tat den innern Zusammenhang verbirgt in der vollständigen Gleichgültigkeit, Äußerlichkeit, und Entfremdung, worin es den Arbeiter versetzt gegenüber den Bedingungen der Verwirklichung seiner eignen Arbeit.“; „Es bleibt jedoch nicht bei der Entfremdung und Gleichgültigkeit zwischen dem Arbeiter, dem Träger der lebendigen Arbeit hier, und der ökonomischen, d.h. rationellen und sparsamen Anwendung seiner Arbeitsbedingungen dort.“; „Das Kapital zeigt sich immer mehr als gesellschaftliche Macht… – aber als entfremdete, verselbständigte gesellschaftliche Macht, die als Sache, und als Macht des Kapitalisten durch diese Sache, der Gesellschaft gegenübertritt“; „Dieser Entfremdung der Produktionsbedingung vom Produzenten entspricht hier aber eine wirkliche Umwälzung in der Produktionsweise selbst.“; „die wirklichen Produktionsagenten in diesen entfremdeten und irrationellen Formen von Kapital — Zins, Boden — Rente, Arbeit — Arbeitslohn, sich völlig zu Hause fühlen, denn es sind eben die Gestaltungen des Scheins, in welchem sie sich bewegen und womit sie täglich zu tun haben” (MEWE, Vol. 23; Vol. I of Capital — pgs. 455, 596, 674; Vol. 24; Vol. II of Capital — pg. 37; Vol. 25; Vol. III of Capital — pgs. 95, 96, 274, 610, 838). Reading these quotations will, perhaps, suffice to suggest an answer to the question: just how much attention should be paid to the “drop-out” theory. It should be clear by now that none of the meanings of alienation as used by Marx in the Manuscripts of 1844 dropped out from his later writings. And no wonder. For the concept of alienation, as grasped by Marx in 1844, with all its complex ramifications, is not a concept which could be dropped, or one-sidedly “translated.” As we have seen in various parts of this study, the concept of alienation is a vitally important pillar of the Marxian system as a whole, and not merely one brick of it. To drop it, or to translate it one-sidedly, would, therefore, amount to nothing short of the complete demolition of the building itself and the re-erection, perhaps, of its chimney only. That some people have been — or are still — engaged in such operations, trying to build their “scientific” theories on chimney-tops decorated with Marxist terminology, is not in doubt here. The point is that their efforts should not be confused with the Marxian theory itself. 2. “Philosophy” versus “political economy” The numerous versions of the “young Marx” versus “mature Marx” (or the other way round) approach have something in common. This is: an effort to oppose political economy to philosophy or philosophy to political economy and use Marx as a supporting authority in favor of such pseudo-alternative. Broadly speaking those who want to evade or reject the vital — and by no means speculative — philosophical problems of freedom and the individual, side with the “mature political economist” or “scientific” Marx, whereas those who wish the practical power of Marxism (which is inseparable from its demystification of capitalist economy) never existed exalt the “young philosopher Marx.” Needless to say, there is something extremely artificial and arbitrary in this contraposition. It is, therefore, not surprising at all to find that the constructions based on this prefabricated opposition do not stand up to examination. Thus, for instance, we can read from the pen of Daniel Bell about a presumed transmutation in Marx’s Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts: “The title itself is both literal and symbolic. Beginning as an anthropology, it ends as a political economy.”10 What should we think of this statement? What is the title “symbolic” of? It cannot be of anything in Marx because he never gave these manuscripts a title himself. (As is made explicit in a footnote, the title was given by the editors of the Moscow Institute of Marxism-Leninism.) And what about the assertion that this work begins as an anthropology and ends as a political economy? For this is how it actually begins: “Wages are determined through the antagonistic struggle between capitalist and worker. Victory goes necessarily to the capitalist.” This means that the Manuscripts of 1844 begin as full-blooded “mature Marx” with the notions of political economy. True, there is a short Introduction to the volume in which there are references to Feuerbach which might, perhaps, be construed as beginning as an anthropology. But this Introduction — as the same footnote tells the reader — was written after the completion of the rest of the Manuscripts. Thus if one said that the Manuscripts begin with political economy and finish with philosophy, this would reflect a simple chronological fact. This, however, could not fit into a construction which seeks to assert the exact opposite and make something terribly significant out of it. It would be a waste of the reader’s time to analyze these constructions were they not significant ideologically. Daniel Bell borrows his grotesque ideas on young Marx from R.W. Tucker to whom, in his own words, he is “indebted for many insights.”11 Now Tucker’s efforts, expressed in his book Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx, are directed at a complete emasculation of the Marxian ideas so that the unsuspecting reader would be led into believing that “Marx’s concept of communism is more nearly applicable to present-day America, for example, than his concept of capitalism.”12 The object of such exercises is to “demonstrate” the meaninglessness of the Marxian “abstractions,” and Daniel Bell willingly contributes his share of hot air to keep Tucker’s balloon flying. Talking about the revival of interest in young Marx he writes: To the extent that this is an effort to find a new, radical critique of society, the effort is an encouraging one. But to the extent — and this seems as much to be the case — that it is a form of new mythmaking, in order to cling to the symbol of Marx, it is wrong. For while it is the early Marx, it is not the historical Marx. The historical Marx had, in effect, repudiated the idea of alienation… The irony, however, is that in moving from “philosophy” to “reality,” from phenomenology to political economy, Marx himself had moved from one kind of abstraction to another. For in his system, self-alienation becomes transformed: man as “generic man” (i.e. Man writ large) becomes divided into classes of men. The only social reality is not Man, not the individual, but economic classes. Individuals, and their motives, count for naught.13 Here the ideological motivations, despite all the efforts to keep them in the background, come out into the open. For so long as there is some hope that young Marx would be used against the economic “abstractions” of the “historical Marx,” the effort is hailed as an encouraging radical critique of society. If, however, people do not fall for this anti-Marxist separation but recognize the essential continuity of the Marxian thought, this must be condemned as “a form of myth-making, in order to cling to the symbol of Marx.” The construction opposing the “young philosopher” to the “mature political economist Marx” must be maintained at all costs, even if the evidence to the contrary is overwhelming.14 The mystifying — and crudely falsifying — interpretation according to which the “original philosophical expression” of Marx’s ideas embodied a timeless “socio-psychological condition”15 (with no reference to capitalism, classes, exploitation, social antagonisms, etc.) must be maintained so that “the historical Marx” and those who pay attention to him could be dismissed as guilty of “mythmaking.” Thus in Bell’s view the Marxian “abstractions” ought to be distributed between two classes: (1) the young Marx’s categories, allegedly related to those timeless, philosophically respectable “socio-psychological” conditions, and (2) the “economic abstractions” of the mature Marx which, horribile dictu, criticize capitalism. And of course one is welcome to toy with the philosophico-psychological categories of “the human condition”16 — thus earning the praise: “a radical critique of society” — provided that (a) capitalism is never mentioned in this “radical critique” of “society,” and that (b) the Marxian “economic abstractions” are condemned by our “radicals,” because such “abstractions” do not lend themselves to mystifying twists and falsifications. This “detached,” “non-ideological” analysis of Marxism is taken a stage further — to the point of personal vilification: Although Marx drew most of his ideas from his peers — self-consciousness from Bauer, alienation from Feuerbach, communism from Moses Hess, the stages of property from Proudhon — he was not content, simply, to synthesize these ideas, but had to attack, and usually viciously, all these individuals in the determined effort to appear wholly original.17 No further comments are required. Our quotation, reproducing Daniel Bell’s own words, set alongside the title of his book — The End of Ideology — speak loudly enough for themselves. Admittedly, in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 Marx spoke about the task of superseding political economy. But in the same breath he also spoke about the practical abolition of philosophy. These propositions stand or fall together because they are related to one and the same historical task as seen by Marx. It is, therefore, quite arbitrary to pick one of them and to use it against the other. When Marx referred to the task of superseding philosophy and political economy, he did not mean superseding the one by “vulgar economism” and the other by “anthropology,” or a “philosophico-psychological” analysis of the “human condition,” etc. As we have seen, the point he was making was that philosophy and political economy apply a “different and opposite yardstick to man,” both of them in an equally exclusivist manner, standing “in an estranged relation to the other,” since their points of reference are basically different. And he wanted to supersede them by something that is neither traditional philosophy nor traditional political economy. He realized that the different and opposite yardsticks as ordering criteria of the particular theoretical fields inevitably result in “integralistic” attempts that embrace only those aspects of the complex problems of reality which can be easily fitted into the isolated, special schemes, arbitrarily excluding all the other aspects and antagonistically opposing those disciplines which work out their generalizations on the basis of these excluded aspects. This is why Marx opposed to the arbitrary integralism of the particular theoretical fields — which he explained as a necessarily alienated reflection of practical alienation — the ideal of a “human science,” i.e. the non-alienated synthesis of all aspects. A “human science” oriented by a non-artificial and all-inclusive measure: man himself. (Marx’s own expressions were: “there will be one science,” “the science of man”). The supersession of philosophy and political economy in this conception does not mean the abolition of the problems of either traditional philosophy or those of political economy, nor indeed a running away from them. Marx is convinced that philosophical etc. problems cannot be “abolished” (or “dissolved”) in thought, only in social practice, because they are expressions of reality, however mystified and alienated they may be. Equally, he is convinced that one must not evade them, or simply declare that they are mystifications and leave everything at that, but face up to them and meet them at the level where they present themselves. Therefore the critique of traditional philosophy or political economy implies the positive elaboration of alternatives to the persistent old questions. It goes without saying that, in Marx’s view, such a task cannot be accomplished within the limits of either philosophy or political economy. To turn political economy into a “super-science” to which everything else should be subordinated would certainly amount to “economic determinism.” And, as we have seen, nothing is further removed from Marx than that. He knows very well that political economy is just as one-sidedly integralistic as philosophy, and more dangerous in the sense that its representatives often have direct access to power. Thus when he develops his criticism of political economy — no matter in how great a detail or how many highly technical problems are taken into account — he is not the “political economist mature Marx.” Nor is he indeed the “young philosopher” or “anthropologist” Marx when he criticizes Hegel. The earliest comprehensive idea of young Marx was the unification of philosophy with practical human reality, and this went far beyond the horizon of traditional philosophy. Whenever Marx analyses philosophical problems, in his youth or in his old age, he always tries to do this in the form of synthesizing — in an „aufgehoben“ sense — the most general philosophical formulations with the insights gained from actual human experience as well as from its theoretical and artistic reflections: from history to political economy, and from Shakespeare and Goethe to Balzac. And, of course, he proceeds in the same way when he discusses the problems of political economy: by mobilizing the whole range of human experience known to him — e.g. Shakespeare on money in the Paris Manuscripts as well as in Capital — and synthesizing it with the fundamental insights he gained from the critical study of the most comprehensive general formulations of philosophy. It is, therefore, simply not true that the mature Marx had no time for or interest in the problems of philosophy. His interest in philosophy was never “philosophical”: it was always practical-human. Nor was his interest in political economy “scientific-economical”: it was also practical-human. Thus for him both philosophy and political economy were from the beginning merged in a practical-human concern. In the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 Marx was not less interested in “political economy” than in his Rohentwurf or in Capital. Or, to put it the other way round, in these latter he was not less doing “philosophy” — of course his kind of philosophy, just as in the early works — than in the Paris Manuscripts. The people who deny this tend to be either those who crudely identify “human” with “economic,” or those who, in the name of mystifying psychological abstractions, treat with extreme skepticism the relevance of socioeconomic measures to the solution of human problems. To assert, however, the radical break in Marx’s development, undisturbed by the evidence of his work as a whole, is to deduce a little too much from a mere title Marx himself never gave to an unfinished manuscript. 3. Marx’s intellectual development The rejection of the “young Marx” versus “mature Marx” dichotomy does not mean the denial of Marx’s intellectual development. What is turned down is the dramatized idea of a radical reversal of his position in the aftermath of the Manuscripts of 1844. This is not the place to discuss in detail the complex problems of Marx’s intellectual development. There are, however, a few aspects of it — those directly related to the problems raised in the previous section — which ought to be touched upon, if only briefly, in this context. (1) The concept of alienation played a minor role in Marx’s thought prior to 1843. Even in 1843 its importance was relatively small as compared with the Manuscripts of 1844. The point of really significant change is not between 1844 and 1845 but between 1843 and 1844. (And even this change is far more complex than the vulgarizers — who can only operate with crude schemes like “idealism” versus “materialism” etc. — imagine). To see the contrast, it is enough to read a short passage from Marx’s Introduction to the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right. It says: “Criticism of heaven turns into criticism of the earth, criticism of religion into criticism of right and criticism of theology into criticism of politics.”18 Unquestionably, Marx’s insight concerning the task of unifying philosophy with practice can be perceived here. Yet at this stage of his development it is expressed in a rather generic form. If we are able to recognize the genius of this Marxian insight it is because we are aware of its later elaborated, immensely far-reaching implications, thanks to the keys we were given by Marx himself, in the works that followed this Introduction. Had Marx remained at the abstract programmatic level of generalization which characterizes this Introduction he could hardly have exercised the sort of influence he did on later intellectual and social developments. Marx of the Manuscripts of 1844 made a great step forward, as we have seen in several contexts. By recognizing that the key to all alienation — religious, juridical, moral, artistic, political, etc. — is “alienated labor,” the alienated form of man’s practical productive activity, he was able to base his whole conception on a sure footing. Now it became possible for him to elaborate his ideas in a most concrete form, indicating the strategic points of the necessary practical activity. Since the concept of “labor’s self-alienation” pinpointed the ultimate cause of all forms of alienation, the criticism of economics — i.e. an adequate understanding of its laws and mechanisms — acquired a crucial importance : it became the vital link in the program of gaining mastery over the various causal factors involved, serving the purpose of practically superseding alienation in all spheres of life. While the earlier Introduction went only as far as emphasizing that the criticism of theology must be transformed into the criticism of politics, the Manuscripts of 1844 accomplished the structurally vital step of turning the criticism of politics into the criticism of economics. Thus the earlier, abstractly programmatic character of the Marxian ideas had been effectively superseded. Marx did not have to stop any longer at the point of postulating the unity of theory and practice, he could now concretely demonstrate how to realize in social practice this revolutionary program. And this is how the concept of alienation became the central concept of Marx’s whole theory. It is, therefore, not only not true that when Marx acquired an interest in the problems of political economy he turned his back on the concept of alienation: the exact opposite is true. For as soon as he realized that economic alienation was the common link of all forms of alienation and dehumanization, it was impossible for him not to adopt the concept of alienation — this structural common denominator — as the center of reference of his entire conception. The Manuscripts of 1844 provide massive evidence in support of this view. They also show that, enriched by the insights he gained from his critical study of political economy, his philosophical criticism became more profound and comprehensive than ever before. (2) There can be no doubt about Feuerbach’s influence on Marx: he himself acknowledged this on more than one occasion. The question is, however, what did this influence really amount to in 1844, or indeed towards the end of 1843? Greatly exaggerated claims are made in this regard which, if true, would reduce Marx — up to the time he jotted down his Theses on Feuerbach — into a mere follower of the latter. We possess two important letters addressed by Marx to Feuerbach which help to dispel this legend. Already the first of them—written on the 3rd of October 1843 — reveals a substantial difference of approach. In the spirit of Marx’s general line of thought at that time, it advocates the criticism of society in the form of the criticism of politics. Marx would like to see Feuerbach actively involved in this effort and asks for his contribution accordingly: Schelling succeeded in uniting not only philosophy and theology but also philosophy and diplomacy. He turned philosophy into the general science of diplomacy, into a diplomacy for all. An attack on Schelling would, therefore, be an indirect attack on our whole, namely Prussian, political system. Schelling’s philosophy is Prussian politics sub specie philosophiae.19 Perhaps Marx had illusions about Feuerbach’s willingness or ability to engage in such battles against the existing order, perhaps he only wanted to enlist the support of a powerful ally and at the same time, as a good editor, push his would-be collaborator forward in radicalism, bringing him into line with his own conception of the journal’s tasks. It does not matter which way we look at the issue. What matters, however, is that Feuerbach could not possibly supply what Marx expected or hoped to get from him. The other letter is even more important in this respect. Written on the 11th of August 1844 — i.e., approximately at the time of the completion of the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 — it directly raises the question of the meaning of “man,” the “unity of men with other men,” and “the human species” [Menschengattung]. This is how Marx looks on these concepts, not after his Theses on Feuerbach, not at the time of the Communist Manifesto, not in the course of the elaboration of his Capital, but right in the middle of 1844: In your writings you have given — I do not know whether consciously or not — a philosophical foundation to socialism, and we communists at once have understood your works in this sense. The unity of men with other men, which is based on the real differences between men, the concept of the human species brought down from the sky of abstraction to the real ground of earth, what else is it if not the concept of society.20 These considerations are in full agreement with Marx’s own use of the discussed terms in the Paris Manuscripts, but they could hardly be further removed from Feuerbach’s concepts. Marx puts his interpretation of these concepts to Feuerbach—on the occasion of posting to him a published copy of the Introduction to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right — in the hope of starting a fruitful exchange of ideas with him. The distance was, as Feuerbach realized reading Marx’s letter and the Introduction, far too great to be bridged, and he never followed up the offer. As a matter of fact Marx himself was well aware of the qualitative difference between his own aspirations and Feuerbach’s actual achievements. Already in the Introduction he made it clear that the Feuerbachian criticism is only a necessary preliminary to the fundamental task, the “criticism of earth” as he put it. In the Manuscripts of 1844 he was fully engaged in the theoretical realization of this task which necessarily implied a radical departure from Feuerbach’s sphere to its real socioeconomic basis. (Only in his criticism of the Hegelian philosophy could Marx use Feuerbach more extensively, as a positively superseded “moment” of his own incomparably more comprehensive general conception). Also, almost every single point Marx made in his Theses on Feuerbach, in the first months of 1845, can be found in the Manuscripts of 1844, even though without explicit critical references to Feuerbach himself. That he made efforts to take Feuerbach with him in carrying out an enterprise he considered to be the logical continuation of Feuerbach’s necessary preliminaries, was thoroughly consistent with his general outlook; these efforts, therefore, should not be considered as merely tactical steps. Equally, the next logical step for Marx was — after seeing the failure of his efforts to enlist Feuerbach’s active help in the cause of a radical practical criticism of society — to make the formerly implicit criticism explicit on Feuerbach as well, all the more because Marx’s adversaries made great use of the Feuerbachian line of reasoning. (Marx’s attitude towards some of his other contemporaries was very similar, but this did not make him share their views and illusions. He always tried to carry them with him on the road he had chosen, but did not hesitate to take the criticism to its utmost once this proved impossible when his former friends ideologically lined themselves up with his political adversaries). Thus the point of contact between Marx and Feuerbach at the time of writing the Manuscripts of 1844 is more terminological than anything else. Terminological in Marx’s sense, of course: i.e. implying that even a mystified terminology reflects a problem of reality that ought to be grasped in its proper setting. In other words, this kind of terminological contact should not be crudely simplified as “lip-service” or mere “tactics.” It follows from Marx’s historical-structural principle that one’s method of setting out from the available, to greater or lesser extent mystified, terms is not only admissible but also necessary. It is, in fact, the only way in which it is possible to grasp the dialectical movement of ideas as concrete genesis, provided they are related to their real basis in the course of their concrete demystification. In The German Ideology Marx identified the reason why his efforts at enlisting Feuerbach’s support had to fail: In reality and for the practical materialist, i.e. the communist, it is a question of revolutionizing the existing world, of practically attacking and changing existing things. When occasionally we find such views with Feuerbach, they are never more than isolated surmises and have much too little influence on his general outlook to be considered here as anything else than embryos capable of development.21 At the time of writing the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 Marx did not realize that these “embryos” were not capable of development by Feuerbach himself. But who could deduce from this fact the conclusion that in 1844 Marx himself was not a “practical materialist” engaged in realizing his program of “revolutionizing the existing world, of practically attacking and changing existing things”? He did not realize, in 1844, that the occasional remarks in Feuerbach’s philosophy concerning the “practical criticism of the existing world” were only “isolated surmises” leading to no practical consequence whatsoever. But who could deduce from this fact the conclusion that consequently for Marx too the idea of a “practical criticism of earth” was nothing but an “isolated surmise”? Feuerbach could not possibly accept Marx’s offers precisely because in his philosophy the idea of a practical attack on existing things was peripheral and partial: never embracing the totality of the sociopolitical system, for he simply did not have the concept of the social relations of production. To find out about the real limits of the Feuerbachian philosophy, to find out how far he himself was capable of developing the isolated “embryos” of his system, it was necessary to try to enlist his active support for the practical task of radically attacking the existing order of society and its supporters, like old Schelling. That Feuerbach could not meet Marx’s expectations is not surprising in the light of these limitations of which we are all now aware. But to suggest that Marx shared in the least the same limitations in 1844 — or indeed in 1843 when he first wrote to Feuerbach — means to take no notice whatsoever of the young Marx’s efforts at radicalizing this “contemplative materialist,” not to speak of ignoring the evidence of Marx’s philosophical works themselves. It may be argued that Marx had illusions about Feuerbach in 1844. It would be, however, an elementary logical error to equate Marx’s illusions about Feuerbach with Feuerbach’s own illusions. Yet it is precisely this error which we encounter when we are told that Marx’s concept of man in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 is the Feuerbachian “generic man.” (3) The concept of alienation is eminently a concept of synthesis. This means, among other things, that the word “alienation” is not necessarily required when the complex problematics covered by it is presented or developed in a detailed form. To take an example, let us consider the following passage from Wage-Labor and Capital [Lohnarbeit und Kapital]: But the exercise of labor power, labor, is the worker’s own life-activity, the manifestation of his own life. And this life-activity he sells to another person in order to secure the necessary means of subsistence. Thus this life-activity is for him only a means to enable him to exist. He works in order to live. He does not even reckon labor as part of his life, it is rather a sacrifice of his life. It is a commodity which he has made over to another. Hence, also, the product of his activity is not the object of his activity. What he produces for himself is not the silk that he weaves, not the gold that he draws from the mine, not the palace that he builds. What he produces for himself is wages, and silk, gold, palace resolve themselves for him into a definite quantity of the means of subsistence, perhaps into a cotton jacket, some copper coins and a lodging in a cellar. And the worker, who for twelve hours weaves, spins, drills, turns, builds, shovels, breaks stones, carries loads, etc. — does he consider this twelve hours’ weaving, spinning, drilling, turning, building, shoveling, stone breaking as a manifestation of his life, as life? On the contrary, life begins for him where this activity ceases, at table, in the public house, in bed. The twelve hours’ labor, on the other hand, has no meaning for him as weaving, spinning, drilling, etc., but as earnings, which bring him to the table, to the public house, into bed. If the silk worm were to spin in order to continue its existence as a caterpillar, it would be a complete wage-worker.22 Here we have some of the most fundamental aspects of alienation as seen in the Manuscripts of 1844 — from “selling one’s life-activity” to asserting that “life-activity becomes a mere means of existence” and to saying that the perceptible world, because of the external character of labor, is not appropriated by man in a direct sensuous form which would be ontologically appropriate, but is mediated by abstract “wages,” as a result of the transformation of labor power into a commodity — and yet, the word “alienation” is never mentioned. There may have been a number of particular reasons for this, such as (a) Marx’s deliberate policy of avoiding any resemblance to “true socialism” which abused the word; (b) the fact that the public to which Wage-Labor and Capital was presented — first as a series of lectures in the Workers’ Club in Brussels and later in the form of newspaper articles in the Neue Rheinische Zeitung — was not at all familiar with the extremely complex philosophical problematics of „Entfremdung“ and „Entäußerung“. Nevertheless what keeps the various phenomena conceptually together in this analysis is the underlying concept of alienation as their focal point or common denominator. One must distinguish between conception and presentation. It is simply unthinkable to conceive the Marxian vision without this fundamental concept of alienation. But once it is conceived in its broadest outlines — in the Manuscripts of 1844 — it becomes possible to let the general term “recede” in the presentation. Moreover, in order to work out in the most concrete form the manifold specific aspects of this comprehensive vision, it becomes also imperative to find those particular terms which adequately express the specific features of the particular spheres, levels, mediations, etc. of the overall problematics. The concrete articulation of the comprehensive vision cannot possibly be carried out by using always the same general term: doing this would not only result in endless repetitions but, ultimately, in a colossal tautology as well. Thus the receding of the general term in the course of the concrete elaboration of the complex problematics of alienation should not be mistaken for abandoning the concept itself. The notion of alienation has something about it that could be described as a “shorthand” character. It can, legitimately, comprehend a great deal and, therefore, it is eminently suitable to serve the purposes of quickly surveying and summarizing for one’s own use a broad synthesis. But formulating the broad outlines of a synthesis is not the end of the task, only its real beginning. This outline or preliminary synthesis must be rendered specific enough in every respect, otherwise the practical realization of the philosophical program inherent in this synthesis cannot be seriously contemplated for a moment. It is in the course of this articulation or “rendering concrete” of the broad preliminary synthesis that the term “alienation” must be replaced in numerous contexts. This is why it is not at all surprising to find that the works which followed the Manuscripts of 1844, up to about 1856 — and written for publication — are far less densely populated with the word “alienation” than the first broad synthesis. If, however, the reader has doubts about this interpretation, he should consult Marx’s Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie: Rohentwurf [Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy: Rough Draft] — a work written between 1857 and 1858 — and he should compare this work with its incomplete articulation in the three volumes of Capital. The Rohentwurf is Marx’s second broad synthesis whose conception was made necessary by the enormous wealth of material he had accumulated between 1844 and 1856. When he was trying to integrate this material into a coherent whole, the notion of alienation again pushed itself into the foreground and maintained its massive presence throughout the whole manuscript. (The length of this Rohentwurf is many times that of the Manuscripts of 1844). While in the Rohentwurf the term “alienation” occurs in innumerable contexts, in Capital it occupies a relatively modest place. This second broad synthesis — it must be made explicit, in order to avoid misunderstandings — is in no way opposed to the Manuscripts of 1844: it is only incomparably richer and more concretely comprehensive. In fact the Rohentwurf is the fully articulated equivalent of the early system in statu nascendi. It is probably the greatest single theoretical monument of Marx’s life. (4) One of the striking features of Marx’s work is that, despite the immense labor that went into them, all his major works remained unfinished. Not only the Manuscripts of 1844 but also the Theories of Surplus-Value; not only the Rohentwurf but also — as is sometimes forgotten — his Capital. This cannot be explained simply by the circumstances of his life, however hard these might have been. The cause lies deeper, in the innermost nature of his work, inseparable from his conception of superseding philosophy, political economy, etc. by a comprehensively integrated, empirically founded and practically tested and realized “science of man.” There is something subjectively self-defeating about this ideal of comprehensiveness. In its origins it goes back to Hegel who not only formulated it as a program but also carried it out in his monumental — though of course speculative — philosophical synthesis. However, to achieve such a synthesis in an idealistic form is a task radically different from Marx’s aim of elaborating the general framework of a unified human science which integrates all the real accomplishments of human knowledge with the practical requirements of human life. If, in the idealistic system, there are gaps, the Weltgeist is always at hand to fill them in: the more congenially so the bigger these gaps and cleavages are. In Marx’s vision, however, according to which the whole enterprise must be carried out “on earth,” with means that can be put to practical tests, the realization of the program requires, among other things, the highest degree of development in all fields of science. If, therefore, some of the necessary conditions of the non-speculative generalizations are absent, the thinker cannot legitimately resort to a new speculative device but has to sit down and work out the problems for himself, no matter how much time-wasting research is involved in this effort. Besides, the more comprehensive his grasp becomes the more he must realize the inevitable gaps due to the always larger and more comprehensive interconnections. Also, every new fundamental achievement in the particular fields requires the thorough revision of the picture as a whole which in its turn again enlarges the previous limits of particular research. And this mutual interaction and reciprocal enrichment goes on indefinitely, for only ideally can the two poles merge into each other. The task, in this Marxian vision, is clearly beyond the power of any particular individual, no matter how great he might be. The unfinished character of the work of synthesis thus inevitably follows from this new vision of synthesis itself, and in this sense it may be called subjectively self-defeating. In another sense, however, this vision provides a challenging task for generations to follow. A task of coming nearer, in the course of the reciprocal integration of theory and practice, to the Marxian ideal: through constant reformulations and supersessions of previous efforts, even though — by the very nature of the whole enterprise which implies a constantly renewed practical interchange with a constantly changing practice — never definitively realizing it. 4. Theory of alienation and philosophy of history Marx’s theory of alienation is his “philosophy of history.” Not in the sense of a specialized branch of philosophy that operates with concepts which are of no relevance to any other sphere, but as the reflection of a dynamic movement which is at the basis of all of them. The concepts of “alienation” and “transcendence” are closely interrelated and thus if someone speaks of history in terms of alienation, he cannot justifiably forget about the problem of its transcendence. As soon as one realizes this, a vital issue arises: what does one mean by the supersession or transcendence of alienation? Nowhere is the danger of misunderstanding and misinterpretation greater than precisely in this context. Especially if there are — and where are there not? — social contingencies that could tempt people to adopt a self-complacently distorted view. The dream of the “golden age” did not originate yesterday and is most unlikely to disappear tomorrow. It would go against the spirit of Marx’s general conception to settle the problem of „Aufhebung“, once and forever, in the fairytale form of a Utopian golden age. In Marx’s vision — which cannot recognize anything as absolutely final — there can be no place for a utopian golden age, neither “round the corner” nor astronomical distances away. Such a golden age would be an end of history, and thus the end of man himself. Yet the fact remains that not only Marx’s enemies but also many of his followers and vulgarizers identified him with the prophet of a promised land, and some even have claimed to have realized — or of being very near to the realization of — his alleged idea of a promised land. There are, of course, sentences in Marx which, if taken in isolation, can be construed as supporting such claims. Moreover there is the additional, and more serious, difficulty that Marx — despising the occupation of daydreaming about the future — did not anticipate in explicit form the rejection of these approaches. Because of this lack of explicitness the answer to the question of a transcendence of alienation must be “worked out” from some of Marx’s fundamental concepts. To mention just two of them: - „Aufhebung“ necessarily implies not only the supersession of any given form of alienation but also the “preservation” of some of its “moments”; - „historische Notwendigkeit“ means not only that social phenomena are established historically and cannot be fictitiously dreamed away from the historical stage but also that all particular stages of human history necessarily disappear, because to be a historical necessity is to be a necessarily disappearing necessity [eine verschwindende Notwendigkeit]. It is not difficult to see, therefore, that to posit a utopian “golden age” as a „verschwindende Notwendigkeit“ is a contradiction in terms. Nevertheless this does not mean that, with a summary reference to these and similar concepts, one could consider settled the complicated problems that arise in connection with the „Aufhebung“ of alienation. What is important is to separate the genuine difficulties from their mystifications in bourgeois philosophy. As we have seen Hegel, representing “the standpoint of political economy,” identified alienation with objectification, thus precluding the possibility of an actual, practical transcendence of alienation. Understandably, therefore, this is the one and only Hegelian idea which has met with the wholehearted approval of all trends of bourgeois philosophy in the twentieth century. Since this was the crucial point of difference between Marx and Hegel, the modern irrationalistic reedition of the Hegelian idea could be eminently used against Marx, or indeed sometimes in support of an existentialistically mystified interpretation of Marx. In the twentieth century Marx could not be ignored any longer. The best way to neutralize his intellectual impact was, therefore, an existentialists interpretation of his thought which consisted basically in the mystification of the historically specific — anticapitalist — conception of alienation. Accordingly, the concept of alienation gained an incomparably greater significance in the writings of twentieth century existentialists than in those of their forefather, Kierkegaard himself.23 Heidegger, for instance, defines Marx’s importance like this: “Because Marx, through his experience of the alienation of modern man, is aware of a fundamental dimension of history, the Marxist view of history is superior to all other views.”24 Needless to say, Marx did not experience alienation as “the alienation of modern man,” but as the alienation of man in capitalist society. Nor did he look upon alienation as a “fundamental dimension of history,” but as the central issue of a given phase of history. Heidegger’s interpretation of Marx’s conception of alienation is thus revealing not about Marx, but about his own very different approach to the same issue. The same attempt is expressed, in a less subtle form, in Jean Hyppolite’s discussion of the relationship between alienation and history. He writes, with direct reference to Marx’s criticism of the Hegelian identification of alienation and objectification : «L’auteur de la Phénoménologie, de l’Encyclopédie, de la Philosophie de l’histoire, n’a pas confondu l’aliénation de l’esprit humain dans l’histoire avec l’objectivation sans quelques raisons valables, autres que celles qu’on peut découvrir dans la structure économique de l’époque et dans l’état du système capitaliste. Que l’homme, en s’objectivant dans la culture, dans l’Etat, dans l’œuvre humaine en général, en même temps s’aliène, se fasse autre et découvre dans cette objectivation une altérité insurmontable et qu’il faut pourtant tenter de surmonter, c’est là une tension inséparable de l’existence, et le mérite de Hegel est d’avoir insisté sur cette tension, de l’avoir conservée au centre même de la conscience de soi humaine. Une des grandes difficultés du marxisme est par contre de prétendre supprimer cette tension dans un avenir plus ou moins proche, de l’expliquer trop rapidement par une phase particulière de l’histoire… Tel quel, ce concept ne nous paraît pas réductible au seul concept d’aliénation de l’homme dans le capital comme l’interprète Marx. Ce n’est là qu’un cas particulier d’un problème plus universel qui est celui de la conscience de soi humaine, qui, incapable de se penser comme un cogito séparé, ne se trouve que dans le monde qu’elle édifie, dans les autres moi qu’elle reconnaît et où parfois elle se méconnaît. Mais cette façon de se trouver dans l’autre, cette objectivation est toujours plus ou moins une aliénation, une perte de soi en même temps qu’une découverte de soi. Ainsi objectivation et aliénation sont inséparables et leur unité ne peut être que l’expression d’une tension dialectique qu’on aperçoit dans le mouvement même de l’histoire».25 Thus Hyppolite interprets alienation as a tension inséparable de l’existence and as necessarily inherent in the very nature of “human self-consciousness” [la conscience de soi humaine]. This is an idealistic mystification which condemns all attempts directed at a practical transcendence of alienation to the fate of a Quixotic enterprise. Hyppolite’s ultimate premise is the arbitrarily assumed anti-dialectical concept of a so-called «altérité insurmontable» (insurmountable otherness) which he couples with an equally arbitrary, irrational „Sollen“: «qu’il faut pourtant tenter de surmonter» (“one ought, nevertheless, to try and surmount it”). Such an enterprise is no more meaningful than “trying” to rewrite — in the very last second of one’s life — Tolstoy’s War and Peace. Attempts make no sense whatsoever if they are a priori condemned to failure. As we have seen, “ought” played a major role also in Rousseau’s concept of alienation. The difference, however, could not be more radical. Rousseau’s “ought,” expressing an objective contradiction of which the philosopher himself was not aware, was meant to have an actual impact on reality, in order to remove the existing alienations. Here, by contrast, the basic premise is a willing acceptance and glorification of an alleged «altérité insurmontable» as a «tension inséparable de l’existence». Consequently the “ought” which is brought into this picture cannot be other than an absurd, irrationalistic, empty “ought” whose only function is to give a “moral respectability” to a crude apology for the capitalistically alienated social relations of production. What is at fault here is not the use of a moral category but its mystifying abuse in support of the existing, dehumanized order of society. It goes without saying, there is a grain of truth in these interpretations, otherwise they could hardly succeed in their mystificatory function. Their methodology is characterized by the exaggeration of this element of truth out of all proportion, so that — by suppressing the complex dialectical interconnections as well as by removing the concrete sociohistorical references — it is turned into a grave distortion. The main effort is directed at obscuring even the visible lines of demarcation, instead of aiming at the elaboration of those specific concepts which could highlight the objective differences that are veiled by the reification of the existing social relations of production. There is some truth in asserting that alienation and objectification are «plus ou moins inséparables». But the validity of statements of this kind depends entirely on the philosopher’s ability to specify, both conceptually and sociohistorically, his terms of reference. Here, however, we are not given any concretization whatsoever. On the contrary, the vague generality of «plus ou moins» serves the purpose of both exempting the philosopher from the task of concretization and at the same time of creating the semblance of a proper assessment. Moreover, inseparability of alienation and objectification only applies if one treats “objectification” as a homogeneous category which it is not. One must distinguish, at least, between objectification manifesting itself in the form of objects such as tables, chairs, etc., and objectification taking the form of human institutions. There is no reason why tables etc. should be considered as inseparable from alienation. Objects of this kind can certainly assume institutional functions — when, e.g. the solemn managerial desk also helps to carry out the function of keeping the distance from the man who is ceremoniously shown in to sit down behind it. But the “alienation” involved is not due to the existence of desks as human objectifications but to their institutional functions which can be changed. It is different with objectification as institutionalization. Totally and definitively to abolish alienation in this respect would imply the total abolition of human institutions, while we do not need to abolish desks to remove their alienated institutional functions. But what the total abolition of human institutions would amount to is, paradoxically, not the abolition of alienation but its maximization in the form of total anarchy, and thus the abolition of humanness. “Humanness” implies the opposite of anarchy: order which, in human society, is inseparable from some organization. Even “conscious association” — no matter how conscious it might be — is inconceivable without having some specific form, and this form, for human beings, cannot be other than some kind of institution set up on the basis of some guiding principles. And even if we take the ideal case — when the underlying guiding principle is conscious guarding against any possible petrification or “reification” — the fact still remains that the specific form of association has to deal with specific tasks which will also determine the character of the institution in question. But this last — inescapable — fact means that the given new form of institution which has just superseded a reified structure contains — from the first moment of its existence and not merely in its dying-out stages — an element of reification, insofar as it is necessarily biased against the tasks it is incapable of fulfilling. To do away completely with this difficulty one would have to postulate either the absolute finality of certain tasks (i.e. “ideal tasks” — that is, the end of history or a utopian “golden age”) or the absolute finality of an institution (i.e. the “ideal institution” which could ideally solve all possible tasks — such an ideal institution would not and could not have any specific form and, of course, it could not solve any specific task whatsoever). For such postulates, however, one would also have to invent a being to fit in them: a being whose needs, tasks, functions, etc., never change, or a being who has no needs, tasks, functions, etc. at all. Another important aspect of this problem is that, no matter how conscious human efforts to eliminate all possible contradictions between the individual and the given form of society may be, an element of potential alienation is always involved. In this connection we can only briefly refer to two aspects of this complex problematics: - A necessary precondition for any individual to acquire his personality is to be in a multiplicity of relations with other people, using, for self-development, the means and tools he is given (at least up to a certain point of independence and maturity), and trying out his own forces insofar as he is capable of identifying them in a reciprocal interchange with others, provided that they are noticeably present in some form in his fellow men. To abolish, absolutely and definitively, all elements of alienation and reification in this respect would, again, be only possible by idealizing these relations to such an extent that they would sharply contradict all possible relations between the real individual and society. - One of the striking features of this problem is that for the individual — whether he is conscious of it or not — his own self-realization is, in the first place, necessarily a task of fitting into the existing and available (but of course not created specifically for him) roles and functions. Later he may be able to enlarge their limits or to break out of them if they are incapable of adaptation and if his strength to break out encounters no defeating resistance. Nevertheless the problem remains that the individual can realize his own powers only if he has outlets for them, if, that is, his fellow-men are able and willing to take what he has to offer. Also, the relationship between society and technology is not free from problems with serious implications. In a letter to Annenkov (28 Dec. 1846) Marx made the important distinction between technology and its socially determined application. This distinction, however, cannot mean that technology itself is totally neutral in this respect, for all determinants are also themselves determined.26 Technology is neutral in principle, but a given form of established technology is not. Every form of technology has its limits not only in the quantity of its products but also — and this is the relevant point here — in the quality of human needs it is best suited to satisfy. This implies the danger of distorting the whole range of human needs in the direction of the “minimum resistance,” or the “optimal allocation of human resources,” etc., which in its turn — since consumption reaches back to production — can again enhance those potentials of the given technology which in the first place tended to produce seriously distorting effects. Evidently against this danger one has to appeal to social priorities, involving a most thorough examination of the whole complexity of human needs. In this sort of examination and assessment the tasks facing any form of society must be formulated also in terms of a constant struggle against the alienating potentials of technology. All these problems, nevertheless, are capable of a solution, though of course only of a dialectical one. In our assessment of the transcendence of alienation it is vitally important to keep the “timeless” aspects of this problematics in their proper perspectives. Otherwise they can easily become ammunition for those who want to glorify capitalist alienation as a «tension inséparable de l’existence». What the problems described above really amount to can be summed up as follows: - that no a priori safeguards and assurances can be given for a practical supersession of alienation, since the issues involved are themselves inherently sociohistorical; - that there are some dangers of alienation which are inherent in the reifying potential of certain instruments and institutions of human interchange; - and that no achievement in this respect (however radical and important) can be considered an absolutely definitive (permanent) „Aufhebung“ of all possible forms of alienation. Dangers, nevertheless, can be controlled, at least in principle. And this is precisely what is denied by the mystifiers who first make history stop arbitrarily at its capitalist phase, characterized by an actual lack of control, and then conclude that human “objectifications” are uncontrollable in principle. They misrepresent dangers and alienating potentials as metaphysical necessities (by calling alienation a «tension inséparable de l’existence», a “fundamental dimension of history,” etc.) in order to justify the existing, sociohistorically specific and transcendable actuality of capitalist alienation as an inescapable, absolute necessity. Thus in opposition to the dynamic, sociohistorically concrete, dialectical ontology of Marx they offer a frozen, metaphysical, antihistorical, “phenomenological” pseudo-ontology. To say that “alienation is a fundamental dimension of history” is to negate history altogether. An “ontology” based on the foundations of such a negation is nothing but a mystifying projection of capitalist alienation and reification on a “timeless” scale. The alienating potentials inherent in the instruments and institutions of human intercourse can be controlled provided that they are recognized as instruments and consciously brought into relation with human ends. And this is where we can identify what is really at stake and in what way and form is the sociohistorically specific, capitalist, alienation involved in the matter. For it is not in the “ontological” nature of the instruments themselves that they get “out of control” and turn from means into self-sustaining ends. It is not the ontologically fundamental first order mediation between man and nature that is at stake here (i.e. not the fact that human beings have to produce in order to survive, and that no production is conceivable without instruments of some kind) but the capitalist form of second order mediations. Human instruments are not uncontrollable under capitalism because they are instruments (it is a sheer mystification to say that they represent an «altérité insurmontable» because they are distinct from “human self-consciousness” [«la conscience de soi humaine»]) but because they are the instruments — specific, reified second order mediations — of capitalism. As such they cannot possibly function, except in a “reified” form; if, that is, they control man instead of being controlled by him. It is, therefore, not their universal characteristic of being instruments that is directly involved in alienation but their specificity of being instruments of a certain type. It is indeed one of the differentia specifica of capitalistic instruments that they represent an «altérité insurmontable» to the «conscience de soi humaine» which is incapable of controlling them. Precisely because they are capitalistic second order mediations — the fetish character of commodity, exchange and money; wage-labor; antagonistic competition; internal contradictions mediated by the bourgeois state; the market; the reification of culture; etc. — it is necessarily inherent in their “essence” of being “mechanisms of control” that they must elude human control. This is why they must be radically superseded: the “expropriators must be expropriated”; “the bourgeois state must be overthrown”; antagonistic competition, commodity-production, wage-labor, the market, money-fetishism must be eliminated; the bourgeois hegemony of culture must be broken, etc. Consequently the program of superseding capitalist alienation can be concretized as the replacement of the uncontrollable, reified instruments of capitalism by controllable instruments of human interchange. For in the very moment in which man succeeds in consciously subordinating his instruments to the realization of his own ends their «altérité insurmontable» is surmounted. It goes without saying, a radical transformation of this magnitude cannot happen overnight. The “expropriation of the expropriators” is no more than the first act of a long and immensely complex process of change, characterized by the dialectic of “continuity in discontinuity” and “discontinuity in continuity.” Granting that it is unthinkable to supersede alienation in a form that could be considered as absolutely and definitely superseding all possible dangers and potentials of reification, is fully compatible with conceiving „Aufhebung“ as a succession of social enterprises of which the later is less (indeed qualitatively less) alienation-ridden than the preceding one. What matters is not only the given amount and extent of something you fight against — as criminologists know all too well — but also the general trend of development of the phenomenon in question. Capitalism is not characterized simply by alienation and reification but, at the same time, also by the maximization of the trend of alienation, to the point where the very existence of mankind is now at stake. What gives sense to human enterprise in socialism is not the fictitious promise of a fictitious absolute (a world from which all possible contradiction is eliminated for ever) but the real possibility of turning a menacingly increasing trend of alienation into a reassuringly decreasing one. This itself would already be a qualitative achievement on the road to an effective, practical supersession of alienation and reification. But further qualitative achievements are possible which can be pinpointed not only in terms of the reversal of the general trend itself but also as regards the substantially different — self-fulfilling — character of specific forms of human activity which are freed from their subjection to alienated means serving the purpose of the perpetuation of the reified social relations of production. The substitution of consciously controlled instruments and means of human interchange for the existing, capitalistically alienated and reified “second order mediations” is the sociohistorically concrete program of this transcendence. As to the “timeless” aspects of the dangers inherent in the instruments themselves, as we have seen they are not timeless at all because mere potentialities cannot become realities without the practical intervention of sociohistorically always specific forms of human agency. Whether or not such potentialities remain mere potentialities or become dehumanizing realities depends entirely on the specific nature of the intervening human agency. If, therefore, the capitalistically alienated second order mediations — which are a priori, by their “essence,” incompatible with human control — are abolished and replaced by instruments devised for the realization of consciously adopted human aims, then whatever dangers and potentials of alienation may present themselves at any stage of history, they must, in principle, be capable of human mastery and control. History, therefore, in the Marxian conception remains history, which means simply that the instruments and forms of human interchange are conceived by Marx as inherently historical, changing, sociohistorically specific — at any stage whatsoever of human development.27 And this is the point where we can clearly see the practical implications of the difference between an “open” and a “closed” system discussed elsewhere in general terms. Marx opposes to the actual, practical mystification of capitalism — which is only reflected in an alienated form in the various philosophical rationalizations of the practical negation of history by capitalism — the openness of his conception : the assertion of a «historicité insurmontable» of human existence. By contrast the Hegelian categories were mere concepts, logical abstractions; — therefore their “historicity,” too, was a “speculative” one, i.e. terminable at the point which represented the sociohistorical limits of the philosopher’s standpoint. (“The standpoint of political economy”). Indeed, since Hegel was operating with logical abstractions as his categories, his category of historicity too had to be introduced into his conception in the form of a logical abstraction, a mere concept. And just as easily — and arbitrarily — as one speculatively introduces the category of historicity into such a system, just as easily one can bring to an end the whole “abstract, speculative, logical” process. This is why in the end the Hegelian conception of teleology must turn out to be a peculiar version of theological teleology. And a “historical ontology” which is based on a theological theology is not only a closed, speculative, pseudohistorical system but also a metaphysical ontology. By contrast the Marxian ontology is dynamically historical and objectively dynamic. Marx does not “deduce” human society from the “categories” but, on the contrary, sees the latter as specific modes of existence of the social being. He does not “add” historicity to an originally static vision; for if historicity is merely added at a certain point it can be also taken away at another. Instead he defines the ontological substance of his conception as “the self-mediating being of nature,” i.e. as an objective being who cannot help being inherently historical. Man, in the Marxian conception, is not a “dimension of history” but, on the contrary, human history is a dimension of man as a self-mediating objective being of nature. Only an objective being can be historical, and an objective being can only be historical. History is a meaningless abstraction unless it is related to an objective being. In this dual sense history is, therefore, a dimension of man as an objective, self-mediating being of nature. If, however, history is a dimension of man, alienation cannot be “a fundamental dimension of history.” Being a dimension of an objective being, history cannot have any dimension of its own — let alone one which is the direct negation of all historicity. By turning alienation into “a fundamental dimension of history,” Heidegger liquidates the historicity of an inherently historical, objective being. Insofar as alienation is a negation of humanness, it is characteristic of a certain phase of history, of a certain stage of development of the social ontology of the objective “self-mediating being of nature.” A phase which perpetuates itself through the reification of the social relations of production and, insofar as it succeeds in this self-perpetuation, it practically negates history, by opposing the power of the reified institutions of human interchange to all human efforts which aim at the replacement of the uncontrollable instruments of capitalism. This actual, practical negation of history by the capitalistically reified social relations of production is mystified by Heidegger and others, in their effort to transfer the sociohistorically specific phenomena of capitalist alienation and reification to the eternal, “fundamental,” metaphysical plane of an anti-historical, frozen ontology. This is why time and history must be “substantialized” and given some fictitious “fundamental dimensions”: so that man should be deprived of his historical dimension and confronted, instead, with the uncontrollable power of a mythical “history” equated with an alleged metaphysical “eternality” and “fundamentality” of alienation in the pseudo-historical “thrownness” [„Geworfenheit“] of human existence. In the Marxian conception — against which all these mystifications are directed — both alienation and its transcendence must be defined in terms of the objective necessities that characterize the objective social ontology of the “self-mediating being of nature.” The necessity of alienation is defined as a necessity inherent in the objective teleology of human “self-development and self-mediation” at a certain stage of development of human productive activity which requires such alienation and reification for the — however alienated — self-realization of human potentialities. Since this necessity of alienation is a historical necessity, it is bound to be superseded [aufgehoben] through the concrete historical development of the same productive activity, provided that: - the development of the productive forces allows the radical negation of capitalistic alienation; - that the ripening of the social contradictions of capitalism (in the closest interchange with the development of the productive forces) compels man to move in the direction of an „Aufhebung“; - that the insights of human beings into the objective characteristics of their instruments enable them to elaborate those forms of control and interchange which prevent the reproduction of the old contradictions in some new form; - and that the radical transformation of education from being a mere instrument of bourgeois hegemony into an organ of self-development and conscious self-mediation inspires the individuals to produce “according to their real human capabilities” — unifying knowledge and ideals, design and execution, theory and practice, as well as integrating the particular aspirations of the social individuals into the consciously adopted general aims of society as a whole. The transcendence of alienation thus cannot be measured merely in terms of production per capita, or anything like that. Since the whole process directly involves the individual, the “measure” of success can hardly be other than the real human individual himself. In terms of such a measure, the transcendence of alienation — its decreasing hold over men — is in an inverse ratio to the increasingly fuller self-realization of the social individual. Since, however, the individual’s self-realization cannot be abstracted from the society in which he lives, this question is inseparable from that of the concrete interrelations between individual and society or the types and forms of social institutions in which the individual may be able to integrate himself. 1 Marx-Engels, The German Ideology (International Publishers Co., New York, 1947), p. 22. 2 John Macmurray, “The Early Development of Karl Marx’s Thought,” in Christianity and the Social Revolution, edited by John Lewis, Karl Polanyi, Donald K. Kitchin (Victor Gollancz Ltd., London, 1935), pp. 209-10. 3 Marx-Engels, The German Ideology. Edited with an Introduction by Roy Pascal (International Publishers Co., New York, 1947), pg. 24. 4 Ibid., pg. 68. 5 Ibid., pg. 202. 6 Ibid., pg. 68. 7 Marx-Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party. In Selected Works, ed. cit., Vol. I, pg. 58. 8 Marx, Introduction to a Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right. In Marx-Engels On Religion (Moscow, 1957), pgs. 41, 49, 56-57. 9 Marx, Capital, ed. cit., Vol. Ill, p. 800. 10 Marx-Engels On Religion, ed. cit., p. 53. 11 The German Ideology: “As long as man remains in natural society, that is, as long as a cleavage exists between the particular and the common interest, as long, therefore, as activity is not voluntarily, but naturally, divided, man’s own deed becomes an alien power opposed to him, which enslaves him instead of being controlled by him” (pgs. 44-45). “Just because individuals seek only their particular interest, which for them does not coincide with their communal interest (in fact the general is the illusory form of communal life), the latter will be imposed on them as an interest (‘alien’ to them, and ‘independent’ of them, as in its turn a particular, peculiar ‘general’ interest; or they themselves must remain within this discord, as in democracy” (pg. 46). “With the communist regulation of production (and, implicit in this, the destruction of the alien relation between men and what they themselves produce), the power of the relation of supply and demand is dissolved into nothing” (pg. 47). “In history up to the present it is certainly an empirical fact that separate individuals have, with the broadening of their activity into world-historical activity, become more and more enslaved under a power alien to them” (pg. 49). “Conditions which were previously abandoned to chance and had won an independent existence over against the separate individuals just because of their separation as individuals, and because of the necessity of their combination which had been determined by the division of labor, and through their separation had become a bond alien to them… Thus, in imagination, individuals seem freer under the dominance of the bourgeoisie than before, because their conditions of life seem accidental; in reality, of course, they are less free, because they arc more subjected to the violence of things” (pgs. 95-96). ……Manifesto of the Communist Party: “to command the labor of others” (i.e. to rule over alienated labor, ed. cit., p. 48). “Communism deprives no man of the power to appropriate the products of society; all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriation” (pg. 49). ……Wage-Labor and Capital: “To say that the most favorable condition for wage labor is the most rapid possible growth of productive capital is only to say that the more rapidly the working class increases and enlarges the power that is hostile to it, the wealth that does not belong to it and that rules over it, the more favorable will be the conditions under which it is allowed to labor anew at increasing bourgeois wealth, at enlarging the power of capital, content with forging for itself the golden chains by which the bourgeoisie drags it in its train.” (Selected Works, Vol. I, pg. 98). ……Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy [Grundrisse, Rohentwurf]: “The stress is not on being objectified, but on being alienated, externalized, estranged: on the fact that the immense objective power set up by social labor, as one of its moments, over against itself, does not belong to the worker but to the personified conditions of production, i.e. to capital. Inasmuch as at the standpoint of capital and wage-labor the production of this objective body of activity unfolds in opposition to direct labor-power — this process of objectification appears in fact as a process of alienation from the standpoint of labor and as appropriation of alien labor from the standpoint of capital — this perversion and overturning is real, not imagined: it does not merely exist in the mind of workers and capitalists. But obviously this process of overturning is only an historical necessity; it is a necessity for the development of the productive forces from a certain point of departure, or basis, but by no means an absolute necessity of production as such; rather it is a disappearing necessity, and the result and end which is immanent in this process is the supersession of this basis and of this particular form of objectification. Bourgeois economists are so tied to the representations of a determinate historical stage of social development that in their eyes the necessary objectification of labor’s social powers is inseparable from the latter’s necessary alienation from living labor. However, with the supersession of the direct character of living labor as merely individual — or as merely internally, or only externally universal — labor, with the constitution of the individuals’ activity as directly universal, i.e. social activity, the objective moments of production will be freed of this form of alienation; they will be constituted as property, as the organic body of society in which the individuals reproduce themselves as individuals, but as social individuals.” ……Theories of Surplus-Value: “The rich have taken possession of all the conditions of production; [hence] the alienation of the conditions of production, which in their simplest form are the natural elements themselves” (Part I, translated by Emile Burns, Moscow, without date, pg. 335). ……“Interest in itself expresses precisely the being of the conditions of labor as capital in its social opposition to labor, and its metamorphoses as personal powers over against labor. It sums up the alienated character of the conditions of labor in relation to the activity of the subject. It represents the property of capital — i.e. mere capital-ownership — as a means to appropriate the products of alien labor, as rule over alien labor. But it represents this character of capital as something that comes from outside the process of production, and not as the result of the specific determination of this process of production itself.” ……Capital: “the character of independence and estrangement which the capitalist mode of production as a whole gives to the instruments of labor and to the product, as against the workman” (Vol. I, p. 432). “Since, before entering on the process, his own labor has already been alienated from himself by the sale of his labor-power, has been appropriated by the capitalist and incorporated with capital, it must, during the process, be realized in a product that does not belong to him… The laborer therefore constantly produces material, objective wealth, but in the form of capital, of an alien power that dominates him; and the capitalist as constantly produces labor-power, but in the form of a subjective source of wealth, separated from the objects in and by which it can alone be realized; in short he produces the laborer, but as a wage-laborer” (Vol. I, pgs. 570-571). “Within the capitalist system all methods for raising the social productiveness of labor are brought about at the cost of the individual laborer; all means for the development of production transform themselves into means of domination over, and exploitation of, the producers; they mutilate the laborer into a fragment of a man, degrade him to the level of an appendage of a machine, destroy every remnant of charm in his work and turn it into a hated toil; they estrange from him the intellectual potentialities of the labor-process in the same proportion as science is incorporated in it as an independent power.” (Vol. I, pg. 645.) “These means of production are in opposition to the owner of the labor-power, being property of another [fremdes Eigentum]. On the other hand the seller of labor faces its buyer as labor-power of another [fremde Arbeitskraft]” (Vol. II, pg. 29). “This conception is so much the less surprising since it appears to accord with fact, and since the relationship of capital actually conceals the inner connection behind the utter indifference, isolation, and alienation in which they place the laborer. vis-à-vis the means incorporating his labor.” (Vol. III, p. 84.) ……“However, it is not only the alienation and indifference that arise between the laborer, the bearer of living labor, and the economical, i.e., rational and thrifty, use of the material conditions of his labor.” (Vol. III, p. 86.) “Capital comes more and more to the fore as a social power… It becomes an alienated, independent social power, which stands opposed to society as an object [Sache], and as an object that is the capitalist’s source of power.” (Vol. III, p. 259.) “But under this system separation of the producer from the means of production [Entfremdung der Produktionsbedingung vom Produzenten] reflects an actual revolution in the mode of production itself” (Vol. III, p. 583). ……“On the other hand, it is just as natural for the actual agents of production to feel completely at home in these estranged and irrational forms of capital — interest, land — rent, labor — wages, since these are precisely the forms of illusion in which they move about and find their daily occupation” (Vol. III, pgs. 809-810). 12 In Revisionism: Essays on the History of Marxist Ideas, Edited by L. Labedz (Allen & Unwin Ltd., London, 1962), p. 201. 13 See Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology, Revised Edition (The Free Press, New York, 1965), pg. 433. 14 R.C. Tucker, Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx (Cambridge University Press, 1961), pg. 235, Tucker’s book is worth a closer look as a characteristic ideological effort. His line of argument runs as follows. It is quite wrong to pay attention to Marx as an economist, sociologist or political thinker. His philosophy must be understood as a “moralism of the religious kind” (pg. 21). As such it ought to be traced back to German philosophy — notably Kant, Hegel, and Feuerbach — which displays a compulsive drive for “self-aggrandizement” and “self-infinitizing,” i.e. a psychopathological aspiration of man to become God. We are told by Tucker that “What made Hegelianism irresistibly compelling to young Marx was the theme of man’s soaring into the unlimited. His own darkly proud and ambitious nature, in which his worried father Heinrich discerned what he called a ‘Faust-like spirit,’ was the key to his response” (pg. 74). All this is said quite seriously. If Heinrich Marx discovers in his son a “Faust-like spirit,” there must be something deeply wrong with the Faust-like spirit. “The Faust-theme is pride in the sense of self-glorification and the resulting search for self-aggrandizement” (pg. 31.) “Marx’s main work is an inner drama projected as a social drama” (pg. 221) — but Marx deceives himself about its real nature. Just like Feuerbach — as Hegel before him — who did not realize that when he analyzed religion he was in fact talking about “the neurotic phenomenon of human self-glorification or pride, and the estrangement of the self that results from it” (pg. 93), Marx had no idea that in his presumed analysis of capitalism he unconsciously painted something resembling Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: a purely psychological problem, related to an entirely “individual matter” (pg. 240). “Being a suffering individual himself,, who had projected upon the outer world an inner drama of oppression, he saw suffering everywhere” (pg. 237); “the inner conflict of alienated man with himself became, in Marx’s mind, a. social conflict between ‘labor’ and ‘capital,’ and the alienated species-self became the class-divided society. Self-alienation was projected as a social phenomenon, and Marx’s psychological original system turned into his apparently sociological mature one” (pg. 175). ……All this can be summed up in one sentence: Marx was a neurotic who — after experiencing the inner drama of his own darkly proud and ambitious personality and after expressing it in his original psychological system — succumbed to total self-deception and mythically projected his inner drama on the outside world, misleading people into believing that alienation was not an entirely individual matter but primarily a social problem with possible social solutions to it. ……Tucker’s book is full of inconsistencies and self-contradictions. One of them concerns the question: “Two Marxisms or One.” We get contradictory answers to this question : (1) there are two Marxisms: “original Marxism” and “mature Marxism”; (2) there is one Marxism only; the differences are merely terminological; e.g. “‘division of labor’ becomes the comprehensive category of mature Marxism corresponding to the category ‘self-alienation’ in original Marxism” (pg. 185). ……The so-called “original Marxism” is supposed to be an “openly subjectivistic, psychological original system.” The most conspicuous difference between the “original” and the “mature system” is, we are told, that “self-alienated man, who was the central subject of original Marxism, disappears from view in the later version” (pg. 165). As regards the time of this alleged transformation we are given, again, contradictory answers. First we learn that it began “approximately with the statement of the Materialist Conception of History by Marx in The German Ideology (1845-1846)” (pg. 165) and that “Marx put forward this thoroughly ‘socialized’ version of Marxism in the immediate aftermath of his work on the manuscripts of 1844” (pg. 166). A few pages later, however, we are surprised with this statement: “The transition to the seemingly ‘dehumanized’ mature Marxism actually occurred at that point in the manuscripts of 1844 where Marx decided, uncertainly but irrevocably, that man’s self-alienation could and should be grasped as a social relation ‘of man to man’” (pg. 175). This statement contradicts not only the previous assertions but also an earlier reference to Marx’s essay On the Jewish Question (1843). There, after quoting Marx, Tucker added: “Marx concludes that the liberation of man from alienation in the state, unlike his liberation from religion, will require a real social revolution” (pg. 105). Now he wants us to believe that one year later, in his “psychological system” of 1844, Marx’s concern with alienation was not at all social but merely psychological, having in mind “the conflict of an alienated generic man with himself” (pg. 173). ……The only place where Tucker makes an attempt at substantiating with quotations from Marx his own assertion that “man” means non-social “generic man” in the Manuscripts of 1844 is this: “Marx says that man is a natural being and must, like any other natural being, undergo a developmental process or act of becoming. This self-development process of man is the ‘act of world history.’ By ‘man,’ moreover, Marx means mankind or the human species, following Feuerbach. The act of world history is the self-realization of man in this collective or generic sense. Marx, of course, does not overlook (any more than Hegel did) the existence of individuals as parts of and participants in the collective life of the species. But the self-developing being of whom he speaks in his system is man writ large in the species. ‘The individual life and species-life of man are not distinct,’ he says, for ‘the determinate individual is only a determinate species being.’ The life of the individual is a microcosm of the life of man on the generic scale. Accordingly, the ‘man’ of whom Marx speaks in his manuscripts is understood as man in general” (pgs. 129-130). ……Understood by whom? Certainly not by Marx, for he maintains, on every single point of this quotation, the exact opposite of Tucker’s assertions. He does not think that man must “undergo” a developmental process “like any other natural being.” ……On the contrary, he says that unlike all the other natural beings man develops himself — creates himself — through his labor in society, and thus he is the only being who has a history of his own. Also, as we have already seen, Marx does not follow Feuerbach in understanding by man “generic man” but, on the contrary, he radically departs from this abstraction and the dualism implicit in it. Nor does he believe that there is such a thing as the separate “collective life of the species” or “the life of man on the generic scale” (whatever that may mean). On the contrary, he insists that the difference amounts only to that of a “mode of existence” as reflected in human consciousness, and that the center of reference of the essential unity between the individual and the species is the “real individual social being.” ……The passage from which Tucker quotes is full of expressions like “real community,” “social fabric,” “social being,” “social life” and “social existence,” but they are all carefully avoided by our learned author, in order to give a semblance of authenticity to the assertion according to which man means “generic man” in Marx’s “psychological” and “openly subjectivistic original system.” What Marx was actually concerned with in this passage (see MSS of 1844, pgs. 104-105, and T.B. Bottomore’s translation, pgs. 158-159) was to point, in a direct criticism of abstract philosophizing, to the unity of thinking and being, the species and the individual, finding this unity, as we have seen, in the “real individual social being” who is at the same time “a determinate species being.” He did not say that they are not “distinct” — otherwise how could they possibly form a dialectical unity: the lack of distinctness would amount to a simple identity. He only insisted that, since they are not “different things” (Bottomore’s translation, pg. 158), they should not be opposed to each other. In other words, this is a rejection of the Hegelian solution which declares that the individual has to accept alienation in his actual life, for the supersession of alienation (i.e. the realization of species-life) is to be achieved merely in thought, not in being: in a fictitious “transcendence” of alienation which leaves the real existence of the particular individual as alienated as before. This is what Marx was talking about, fully engaged in formulating the question of superseding alienation as a social program centered around man as a “real individual social being,” in opposition to the generic character of abstract philosophizing on the one hand and to “the reestablishing of ‘society’ as an abstraction vis-à-vis the individual” on the other. ……There is no space to go on much longer with the discussion of the numerous inconsistencies and misinterpretations we find in Tucker’s book. To the examples discussed so far we can only add his treatment of the problems of (1) the division of labor; and (2) “egoistic need” and “competition.” …………(1) We are told that Marx’s concept of the division of labor is nothing but a “translation of the original psychological term: “self-alienation” into the mystified “apparently sociological” terms of “mature Marxism.” This interpretation is untenable not only because “self-alienation” for Marx has never been a merely psychological term but also because “division of labor” played an extremely important part, as we have seen, in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. …………(2) The concepts of “money worship” and “egoistic need” are treated as unconscious projections of the psychological urge for “self-aggrandizement,” and it is stated that in Capital — as a reversal of Marx’s earlier position — competition is introduced as the source of the “acquisitive mania.” But, we are told, this is a big mistake because “The whole system instantly collapses without the werewolf hunger for surplus value as a primary underlying postulate” (pp. 216-217). ……One might ask: whose system? Marx’s system or Tucker’s psychiatric caricature of it? To get the answer we should read the footnote on pg. 217: “As mentioned earlier (pg. 138), Marx stated in the manuscripts of 1844, that the only wheels that set political economy in motion are greed and the war among the greedy — competition. Now he suggests that the latter sets the former in motion, or that the war is the cause of the greed. He must have been uneasily aware that the whole structure rested on the postulate of infinite greed as the driving force of capitalist production. To suggest that this could be derived from the competitive mechanism itself was a way of minimizing the total dependence of the system upon a highly questionable postulate, and at the same time of reinforcing the postulate.” As a matter of fact at the place referred to by Tucker, Marx is talking about the inability of bourgeois political economy to go beyond external appearances and get to the causes. (See MSS of 1844, pg. 68. In Bottomore’s even clearer version: “The only moving forces which political economy recognizes are avarice and the war between the avaricious, competition.” pg. 121.) And there are many places in the Manuscripts of 1844 where Marx makes it amply clear that the accumulation of capital (and thus “greed” coupled with it) is the necessary result of competition, not its cause. ……The alleged contradiction, therefore, simply does not exist in Marx. He is not concerned in the disputed passage with the “competitive mechanism” of capitalism but with its distorted reflection in the writings of bourgeois political economy. There is no trace of a psychologistic treatment of greed and competition in the Manuscripts of 1844 but, on the contrary, the clearest possible statement of Marx’s rejection of the bourgeois notion of “egoistic man” (who is supposed to be selfish “by nature”). Thus the whole structure of Tucker’s argument rests on a complete misunderstanding of the passage which is supposed to establish his whole case. Without his postulate of “infinite greed” (of which even in his own mistranslated version of Marx’s words there is no trace) this whole amateurish psychiatry-centered construction collapses. ……To sum up: reading the evidence presented by Tucker in support of his psychiatric hypothesis, we find that the whole construction is based on distortions, mistranslations, and sometimes even on a complete misunderstanding of the passages referred to. Moreover, this book is full of inconsistencies and self-contradictions. Thus the conclusion is inescapable: Marx’s nonsocial, openly subjectivistic, psychological system is a myth which exists only in Tucker’s imagination. Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx is constructed around the dogmatic assertion according to which the fundamental human relationship is the individual’s “infra-personal” relation to himself, and the relations of men to men are secondary, derivative, etc. No attempt is made to prove this assertion, or even to put forward a single argument in its favor. It is simply assumed by Tucker as self-evident and as the absolute standard of all evaluation. Accordingly, alienation is a merely individual matter: “No matter how many individual men may belong to this category, it is always an individual matter” (p. 240.) Thus the “supersession” of alienation must also be confined to the individual’s imagination: “Only so long as an alienated man can find in himself the courage to recognize that the ‘alien power’ against which he rebels is a power within him, that the inhuman force which makes his life a forced labor is a force of the self, that the ‘alien, hostile, powerful man’ is an inner man, the absolute being of his imagination, has he hope of transcending his alienation” (pgs. 241-242). Here we can also see why this book is, despite its almost unbelievable intellectual standard, a favorite of men like Daniel Bell: for in this kind of a “radical critique of society” no mention is ever made of capitalism in a negative sense. The “radical critique of society” turns out to be a critique of the “inner man” of the isolated individual who finds in himself alone the (merely psychological) causes of his own “self-alienation,” insisting that even the “forced labor” to which he is subjected under the capitalistically reified social relations of production is only “a force of the self, a feature of his own imagination.” 15 Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology, ed. cit., pgs. 365-366. 16 Overwhelming in all works of Marx, including the tendentiously misrepresented Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. 17 Bell, The End of Ideology, ed. cit., pg. 362. 18 Characteristically enough, we read in Bell’s book: “The most interesting discussion of the thought of young Marx can be found in the recent study by Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition” (ed. cit., pg. 433). 19 Ibid., pg. 364. 20 In Marx-Engels On Religion, ed. cit., pg. 42. 21 MEWE, Vol. 27, pg. 420. 22 MEWE, Vol. 27, pg. 425. 23 Marx-Engels, The German Ideology (Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1965), pg. 57. 24 Marx, Wage-Labor and Capital, In Marx-Engels, Selected Works, ed. cit., Vol. I, pgs. 82-83. 25 This is why we have to read with caution Heinemann’s assertion that “existentialism is in all its forms a philosophy of crisis. It expresses the crisis of man openly and directly, whereas other schools, like that of the logical positivists, express it indirectly and unconsciously. For this reason, the fact of estrangement in its enormous complexity and many-sidedness became central with them.” (F.H. Heinemann, Existentialism and the Modern Predicament, Adam & Charles Black, London, 1953, pg. 167.) That existentialism is a philosophy of crisis may be true, abstractly speaking. However, the “crisis of man” is always historically specific. In existentialism itself, it was the changing nature of this crisis that gave rise to the very different forms of the movement. It is highly inaccurate to say that the category of alienation is central in existentialism as a whole. Emmanuel Mounier is much more accurate when he writes : “One cannot discuss fundamental estrangement from a Christian standpoint… This concept of estrangement, which, from the Christian standpoint so categorically denies the Incarnation of the transcendent being in human being, is, by contrast, a prominent feature of the atheist branch of existentialism.” (Existentialist Philosophies. An Introduction). Translated by Eric Blow, Rockliff, London, 1948, pgs. 35-36. Mounier distinguishes between “fundamental estrangement” and “accidental estrangement.” This latter is present, in various degrees, in the different forms of Christian existentialism as well). The general conceptual framework of a philosophical trend is modified according to the particular sociohistorical situations in which the philosophers conceive their works. There are very great differences in this respect among the various trends of existentialism. In Kierkegaard’s writings “alienation” is rather peripheral, as compared to those of Sartre; and there are existentialists — like Jaspers and Gabriel Marcel, for instance — who are situated somewhere between the two extremes. Besides, even when the notion of alienation plays an important part in the philosopher’s system, one should not ignore the differences in the social significance of its various interpretations. In the thirties and after the war the concept of alienation started to play a greater role in the various existentialist approaches to contemporary problems, reflecting a more dynamic sociohistorical situation. Mounier himself — the principal figure of existential “personalism” — reformulated in this sense the program of his movement shortly after the war, insisting that “Le personnalisme est un effort continu pour chercher les zones où une victoire décisive sur toutes les formes d’oppression et d’aliénation, économique, sociale ou idéologique, peut déboucher sur une véritable libération de l’homme.” (In L’Esprit, January 1946, pg. 13.) 26 See Iring Fetscher, Marxismusstudien. In “Soviet Survey,” No. 33 (July-September, 1960), p. 88. 27 Jean Hyppolite, Études sur Marx et Hegel (Librairie Marcel Rivière & Cie., Paris, 1955), pgs. 101-102. 28 “It is superfluous to add that men are not free to choose their productive forces — which are the basis of all their history — for every productive force is an acquired force, the product of former activity. The productive forces are therefore the result of practical human energy; but this energy is itself conditioned by the circumstances in which men find themselves, by the productive forces already won, by the social form which exists before they do, which they do not create, which is the product of the former generation. Because of this simple fact that every succeeding generation finds itself in possession of the productive forces won by the previous generation, which serve it as the raw material for new production, an interconnection arises in human history, there is a history of humanity which has become all the more a history of humanity since the productive forces of man and therefore his social relations have been extended. Hence it necessarily follows: the social history of men is never anything but the history of their individual development, whether they are conscious of it or not. Their material relations are the basis of all their relations. These material relations are only the necessary forms in which their material and individual activity is realized.” Letter to Annenkov (28 Dec. 1846), in Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (Martin Lawrence Ltd., without date), Appendix, pgs. 152-153. 29 See the Marxian expressions: “the beginning of real history” — i.e., a form of society in which human beings are in control of their life — in contrast to “prehistory” characterized by the subjection of men to the alienated social relations of production.	<urn:uuid:a8c70804-6ed9-428d-beba-4a6e9d004720>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	https://thecharnelhouse.org/young-marx/istvan-meszaros-the-controversy-about-marx-1970/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827281.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216051636-20181216073636-00504.warc.gz	en	0.908565	28,659	2.703125	3	2.955101	3	Strong reasoning	Literature
"Houdini and the ghost of Abraham Lincoln," ca. 1920, Library of Congress Published: October 26, 2011 Halloween â despite its solemn Celtic roots â has become a safe way for Americans to transgress social norms and toy with the idea of ghosts in a family-friendly fashion. But for some, spirits from another plane have always been a very real part of life on this plane. On this Halloween special, the History Guys explore Americansâ relationship with ghosts, spirits, and witches throughout our nationâs history. Why were colonists so fearful of New England âwitchesâ? How is it that progressive social reformers found a home in the Spiritualist movement of the 19th century? Why do new media technologies always conjure talk of the undead? Can social upheaval help explain our history with the ineffable? Nate DiMeo tells the story of the Fox sisters in upstate New York and how they were responsible for the birth of a new religion, known as spiritualism, in 1848. Seek and You Shall Find Spirit medium Cara Seekings talks with Ed about people â herself included â who can communicate with other planes of existence. The History Guys riff briefly on how, in the past, Americans have tried to communicate with the dead. Peter talks with Ann Braude of Harvard Divinity School about the intersection of spiritualism and radical politics. Listener Call 1 and Website Question The History Guys take a call from a curious fan, and then answer a question from a listener who posted to the BackStory website. Peter Onuf:Â This is âBackStory,â with us, the American History Guys.Â Iâm Peter Onuf, 18thcentury guy. Ed Ayers:Â Iâm Ed Ayers, 19thÂ century guy. Brian Balogh:Â And Iâm Brian Balogh, 20thÂ century history guy.Â [music] P. Onuf:Â Hundreds of years before any of our centuries, peasants and laborers in the British Isles spent the last night of October wandering from house to house with lanterns made from hollowed-out turnips.Â The flames represented souls trapped in purgatory and at each house, the exchange would follow something like this:Â âyou give me one of these bread loaves youâve baked special for this occasion and in exchange, Iâll pray for your dead relatives to be released into Heaven.âÂ [music] B. Balogh:Â Sound familiar?Â Well, this proto-trick or treat ritual was known as Souling.Â The occasion was known as Hallowtide and it coincided with the Catholic Holy Days of All Souls and All Saints.Â The Protestant Reformation of the 16thÂ century officially put an end to All Souls Day but at least in the more Catholic corners of the kingdom, Souling persisted. E. Ayers:Â And so did other Hallowtide traditions like cross-dressing and practical joke playing and all-round mischief making.Â Now, itâs true that the more carnivalesque elements of Hallowtide have always been difficult to eradicate, even when they came to America where they ran up against Victorian impulses that tamed other kinds of once wild celebrations, but the holiday also has much more solemn roots in a time when spirits from another plane were taken very seriously indeed. P. Onuf:Â And so on todayâs episode of âBackStory,â weâre going to put aside the mischief and candy and devote the hour instead to Halloweenâs more shadowy figures because not only do ghosts, spirits and witches have a history, they have an American history and itâs not just limited to Halloween.Â For believers, the supernatural is a year-long phenomenon. E. Ayers:Â That was certainly the case in my century, the 19thÂ century, when belief in an active spirit plane blossomed into a full-fledged American religion.Â It was known as spiritualism and while thereâs been plenty of debate about what to make of it, most people agree on when and where it startedâ1848 in a tiny town in upstate New York.Â Weâre going to hand things over now to Nate DiMeo here to tell the story of the Fox sisters. Tape (Nate DiMeo):Â People said the house was haunted and that was even before the two girls started talking to the dead.Â Kate Fox was 11, her sister Margaret was 14 when they moved into a little house in a nothing village 40 miles east of Rochester, New York, the little house that all their neighbors knew as the one where the traveling salesman had been invited in years before and was never heard from again.Â Never heard from, that is, until one night in March of 1848, when their parents first heard the sounds.Â Some nights it would sound like knocking.Â Other nights like furniture moving and it always seemed to come from the girlsâ bedroom but theyâd open the door and their daughters would be fast asleep.Â They never suspected that their daughters could be tricking them.Â They were just young girls, but they were tricking them.Â What started with a little tap tapping on the wall and tip-toeing back into bed with giggles muffled by pillows got more sophisticated as the nights went on and on the night of March 31st, the Fox sisters revealed the latest in their growing repertoire of ghost-simulating techniques, the one that would place the two girls at the center of a cultural and religious revolution.Â [music] They called their mother into the room.Â Margaret snapped her fingers onceâsnapâand they heard a tap in response.Â She snapped twiceâsnap snapâand then tapped twiceâknock knock.Â The next night all of their neighbor squeezed into the girlsâ candlelit room.Â They explained that one tap meant yes, two taps meant no and then they started asking questions and in the morning, the audience left convinced that they had spent the night in the presence of a dead man and two girls with incredible powers. Mr. and Mrs. Fox wanted to protect their daughters and they sent them to live with their responsible older sister, Leah, but they soon found that the ghosts followed the girls and Leah found an opportunity.Â Soon, she had booked her little sisters in a 400-seat theater in Rochester.Â By 1850, they were the toast of New York City.Â People would wait in lines for hours to ask the sisters for words of their dead loved ones on the other side. On October 21st, 1888, a 54-year-old Margaret Fox sat on the stage at the New York Academy of Music in front of two thousand paying customers and showed them all how she spoke to the dead.Â She told them about how 40 years before back in that little house in the nothing town after a few nights of knocking and tip-toeing back to bed, she and her little sister realized that they could both crack their toes and no one could see them doing it and that when they did, people actually believed they were hearing from dead people, because sounds are hard to place in space and because youâll believe pretty much anything if you really want to believe it.Â She revealed all of that but not everything. She didnât tell them about how she and her little sister started to unravel not long after Horace Greeley introduced them to the world and to worldly things like power and wealth and wine.Â She didnât tell them about how her sister began to believe that maybe there was something to it all, even as they both struggled under the growing weight of their shared secret and she certainly didnât tell them about the night she tested her own believed after scurvy had taken the life of a Polar explorer who had taken her heart and how she broke down and tried to contact him, tried to do for real what she had spent the last nine years pretending to do.Â She didnât say how she called out to him and how he didnât call back and how she sat in the dark knowing that he never would. Kate and Margaret Fox werenât forgotten, but at the times of their deaths, they werenât remembered fondly.Â Each died poor, neither living to see 60.Â The people who still clung to spiritualism were glad to see them go and people who never believed, they were, too. Now, there is a postscript here that really canât be resisted and you can do with what you will.Â They tore that little house down in 1904.Â Inside one of the walls near the girlsâ room they found the skeleton of a man believed to be a traveling salesman who appeared to have been murdered a few years before the Fox family moved in.Â Itâs true.Â [music] P. Onuf:Â Thatâs Nate DiMeo.Â You can listen to a longer version of this story as well as dozens more of Nateâs American history vignettes at the memorypalace.us. E. Ayers:Â You know, guys, thereâs actually a post-postscript to this story as well.Â A year after Margaret Foxâs big confession, she sat down with a newspaper reporter and said, you know, it was actually the confession that was a hoax, that she really just did the confession for the money and in fact, you know, those spirit rappings had been real all along.Â As it turned out, her recanting didnât really change many minds one way or another.Â Her credibility was pretty much shot by then, but what it did do is provide just enough fodder on both sides for people to continue debating this issue for generations, all the way up to the present day. Tape (Cara Seekings):Â Yes, they did it.Â No, they didnât do it.Â Yes, they did it.Â No, they didnât do it.Â Back and forth.Â Back and forth over many many years. E. Ayers:Â Thatâs Cara Seekings.Â When it comes to the question of whether the Fox sisters were faking it, sheâs very much in the no-they-didnât camp.Â Now, she acknowledges that the world of spirit mediums has always had its share of frauds, but she says that when you strip away the showmanship, communication with another plane really isnât all that out of the ordinary. Tape (Cara Seekings):Â You know, we all grew up with that woman in our neighborhood who knew things before anybody else knew them.Â She knew who on the block was pregnant and who on the block didnât have enough food on their table and she just knew things and no matter what culture, I mean, the Italians call her strega, for example.Â The Irish call her a wise woman or a seer, so thereâve always been those people, but I think the Fox sisters made it appear more organized. E. Ayers:Â Now, the way she tells it, Cara Seekings herself has always been one of those people. When she was 3, the spirit of her long-dead grandfather arrived and told her things sheâd have no way of knowing otherwise.Â Ever since, sheâs been carrying messages to people from the other side.Â Seekings lives in a community of other spirit mediums in upstate New York just a couple of hundred miles from where the Fox sisters grew up.Â Itâs called Lily Dale and it dates all the way back to 1879 when American spiritualism was in full bloom, but from the vantage point of people living there today, spiritualism is very much alive and well.Â This past summer, Seekings says, some 28,000 visitors came to take part in workshops and spirit readings and sessions of mediumship.Â In fact, attendance was at an all-time record. Tape (Cara Seekings):Â Many people, when they come, for example, for a reading, are seeking.Â I mean, theyâre searching.Â Theyâre looking for confirmation validation that their loved one is okay.Â Sometimes theyâre looking for explanation. E. Ayers:Â So, is spiritualism basically a religion of comfort? Tape (Cara Seekings):Â I believe it is.Â People who love us still love us, whether theyâre on this plane or in another plane of existence, so my mother who was quite apt to give her opinion when she was on this earth and shall we say intervened without request, nothingâs changed.Â Sheâs still quite apt to intervene without request.Â [laughter]Â [music] E. Ayers:Â Thatâs Cara Seekings, a spirit medium living in the Lily Dale community of upstate New York.Â You can find out more about Lily Dale and listen to more of our conversation at backstoryradio.org. B. Balogh:Â Guys, Ms. Seekings referred to this phenomenon across cultures and I was wondering if you could help me just pin this down to the American variant. P. Onuf:Â Yeah.Â All people throughout time have believed that thereâs a world beyond the material world we encounter but Americans in their can-do pragmatic sort of way have from the very beginning sought to engage with that world beyond through individual efforts, not through the mediation, not through the clergy, not through the church.Â I think this is really part of the Protestant tradition. E. Ayers:Â Iâve just one word for you then that kind of, as they say, problematizes that, Peter.Â Think what it is that Cara Seekings is and what is required for connection with the spiritual world. P. Onuf:Â Right. E. Ayers:Â The medium. P. Onuf:Â Yes, thatâs a good point. E. Ayers:Â So ironically, itâs Protestant in the sense that it doesnât exist in a church but I think whatâs strange about it is theyâre saying only a few people actually have the gift. P. Onuf:Â But I think the promise really is that this medium is in some senses just the tool or the instrument does not have authority.Â The authority comes from that other realmâ E, Ayers:Â Right. P. Onuf:Â And itâs enabling people to hear a language they couldnât understand otherwise. E. Ayers:Â So itâs like a Protestant minister who comes in and says hereâs what the Bible says.Â Iâm going to translate that for you, but I have no real authority because this is between you and God. P. Onuf:Â Thatâs right.Â And everything in between fades away.Â That is, institutions of hierarchy and control.Â Instead, this is the fantasy and itâs an American fantasy that we encounter the cosmos on our own.Â [music] E. Ayers:Â Peter, I have news for you thatâs a lot less cosmic and thatâs that itâs time for a quick break.Â When we get back, weâll hear what the movement to abolish slavery had to do with those rap rap rappings in the night. P. Onuf:Â More âBackStoryâ coming up in a minute.Â Donât go away.Â [music]Â Weâre back with âBackStory,â the show that looks to history to explain the world weâre living in today.Â Iâm Peter Onuf, the 18thÂ century guy. E. Ayers:Â Iâm Ed Ayers, the 19thÂ century guy. B. Balogh:Â And Iâm Brian Balogh, 20thÂ century history guy.Â With Halloween in the air, weâre spending the hour looking at how previous generations of Americans have contended with the spirit world.Â In the first segment, we heard the story of the Fox sisters, the two girls from upstate New York who may or may not have really channeled the death, but who undoubtedly kicked off the spiritualist movement that flourished in the second half of the 19thÂ century. P. Onuf:Â We also touched briefly on the way spiritualism dovetailed very nicely with the particularly American impulse to go it alone, to live oneâs life without the interference of authorities from the church or any other institution.Â Well, at the very same time that spiritualism was coming on the scene, another group of Americans was also starting to challenge established systems of authority. Tape (Ann Braude):Â Now, why would abolitionists and reformers care about spiritualism?Â This is the big question. P. Onuf:Â One answer, says Ann Braude, is that many of those abolitionists were also Quakers.Â Like spiritualists, Quakers didnât have much use for religious authorities and also like spiritualists, they were very much into the individual soul.Â Quakers believed in the inner light, that there was something of God in each person and so the possibility of communicating directly with departed souls was, to Quakers, kind of like, well, talking to God, but then there was also that issue of authority. Tape (Ann Braude):Â What the radical abolitionists believed was that slaveholders were usurping the place of God by asserting their authority over one of Godâs creation.Â Now, once this issue of slavery raised this question about human authority over other human beings, that issue got applied in all kind of other areas and thatâs where we start to see the womenâs rights movement emerging out of the abolition movement.Â Spiritualists saw that when a husband exercised authority over a wife, that was also usurping the place of God, so spiritualists really pushed this idea of self-sovereignty and they really understood it also as extending to the marriage relations and this is where spiritualists get involved with free love. Now, when we hear the term free love, we think about a kind of libertarian sexual license.Â Thatâs not what they meant.Â Often, free love, for spiritualists, could result in a much more restrictive approach to sexuality because they believed that each of us has a spiritual affinity and that thatâs foreordained by God and that if we are married to someone who is not our true affinity, thatâs not a real marriage, so if youâve found yourself married, as I believe many people in America have, to someone who is not your true spiritual affinity, they would condemn sexual contact within that marriage and see it as only something that could occur in these very special circumstances. P. Onuf:Â So, Ann, hereâs another example of what would in Victorian America be seen as a transgressive dangerous attitude thatâs become pretty much standard in modern America, that is, the belief in at least the fantasy of romantic love and that spiritual affinity is pretty much mainstream. Tape (Ann Braude):Â I think youâre right.Â That has become a very mainstream idea.Â Spiritualists are not the only ones who contributed to the notion of romantic love.Â Many strains of Protestantism did move in that direction in the 19thÂ century, but spiritualists did push it to an extreme position which is not that different from what we see today. P. Onuf:Â So, in many ways, when we think back to the spiritualists, thereâs a kind of a shock of recognition in their positions.Â On the one hand, theyâre at the margins, theyâre radical free spirits.Â On the other hand, we can identify with them as their audiences could, large audiences could, in the 19thÂ century. Tape (Ann Braude):Â Thatâs right.Â I think that in some ways itâs easier for us to identify with spiritualists than it was for people in the 19thÂ century because the ideas of Calvinism, the ideas of infant damnation, the idea that one member of your family might go to heaven and another might go to hell and that your immortal souls would be separated for eternity, those are much less familiar ideas today than they were at the time when spiritualists were challenging them. I think the large crowds drawn by spiritualists in the 19thÂ century also reflected the time they were living in.Â There was no television.Â There wasnât a lot of excitement.Â When the spirit medium came to town, that was something to see and people did, whether they believed in it or not, they went out to see this and many people reported that that was the first time that they had seen a woman speak in public and many of them were very surprised by what they saw and even if only a few of those people were converted to spiritualism, with spirit mediums traveling throughout the country, that amounted to a significant movement. P. Onuf:Â In some ways, if spiritualists were challenging prevailing values, particularly in the Calvinist establishment, at the same time they were emphasizing family values because spirit communication was overwhelmingly with family members, so in some ways, they were ultraconventional in the emphasis on family values.Â I wonder if you could tease out that paradox. Tape (Ann Braude):Â Youâre absolutely right.Â In many ways, spirit mediums and spiritualism pushed to its logical extreme, the direction that 19thÂ century America was moving in, of rejecting separation of families at death and we see that in the rural cemetery movement where cemeteries are starting to look a lot like the suburbs with family plots and beautiful green gardens in cemeteries where people can go to maintain those connections with their loved ones who are no longer with them, spiritualism says if we can keep those connections after death as many Protestants acknowledged at this point, then why canât we communicate, why canât we speak to them? P. Onuf:Â Thatâs Ann Braude, Director of the Womenâs Studies in Religion Program at Harvard Divinity School.Â Sheâs the author ofÂ Radical Spirits:Â Spiritualism and Womenâs Rights in 19thCentury America.Â [music] B. Balogh:Â If youâre just tuning in, this is âBackStory,â and weâre talking about spiritualism and other instances of the supernatural in American history.Â As usual, weâve been inviting your feedback on Facebook and backstoryradio.org and our producers have invited a few of the people who left comments there to join us on the phone. P. Onuf:Â Hey, guys, weâve got a call from Ripton, Vermont.Â Itâs Bryant.Â Bryant, welcome to âBackStory.â Caller (Bryant):Â Greetings, gentlemen. P. Onuf:Â What spirit moved you to call us? Caller (Bryant):Â Well, thatâs pretty good.Â I hadnât thought about that cell phone as [00:30:36 / ??] before. E. Ayers:Â Yeah, well, he thought about for about three weeks, Bryant, so donât be that impressed. Caller (Bryant):Â Well, I had a couple of questions for you guys.Â Iâm thinking about spiritualism and contemporary new media, so not our contemporary but 19thÂ century new media.Â How did that impact spiritualism?Â Iâm thinking of electrical platforms, the telegraph, the telephone, the gramophone, the photograph, and the different ways that people reacted to them, the anxieties to light. P. Onuf:Â Yeah.Â Iâll just start off with a very very brief mention of spirit photography which was a big deal in the 1850s and â60s and it was really believed that the right kind of exposure, so to speak, would give you images of spirits and that this was actually a scientific enterprise to establish empirically the presence of spirits.Â It seems so crazy to us because we associate it with anti-science and superstition, but spirits and spiritualism was really pretty mainstream and there were efforts by serious people we would call, and they would call themselves, scientists, to establish the authenticity of the spirit realm. E. Ayers:Â And the telegraph was not unlike that. P. Onuf:Â Good point. E. Ayers:Â There was a sense that now thatâs a new medium, so to speak, to really connect the departed with the living which is not so crazy when you think about it. P. Onuf:Â I like that about medium, Ed. B. Balogh:Â I do, too. E. Ayers:Â You like that?Â Okay.Â You guys are quick on the uptake, but the thing that happened was, okay, we can now send messages instantaneously anywhere and not be there with our bodies.Â Is that really so different from imagining that people who used to be here can now communicate with us, so, really, almost instantly, from the time the telegraph was invented, it became imagined as the physical embodiment of how we could finally do what weâd longed to do throughout humankind which is talk to those weâve lost. B. Balogh:Â Yeah, and what it really did, it in essence eliminated distance that stood between two people being intimate.Â I mean, you couldnât have that kind of intimacy when you had geographic physical distance, but the telegraph really kind of allowed that in an instantaneous fashion. Caller (Bryant):Â You mentioned the intimacy of the telegraph, how youâre in the Crimea and Iâm in Paris and you click and I hear the tat-tat-tap, but whatâs interesting is that itâs still very thickly mediated by Morse.Â Itâs non-tangible. E. Ayers:Â Yes, very much so.Â We needed that so that we could invent the radio and television and have more intimacy, Bryant. Caller (Bryant):Â I feel more intimate already.Â [laughter]Â But thereâs a parallel to this which is that at the same time, the 1800s also sees the photograph, the gramophone, the telephone, which donât have that kind of thick mediation.Â I mean, theyâre immediately apparent.Â I mean, obviously we can get [00:27:41 / ??] and talk about the different levels of interpretation of photography, but you tapping in Morse requires decoding and if I can just use a pun, decryption, but if I hear your voice on the gramophone after you have died, thatâs a profoundly different experience.Â Do you think that the medium in spiritualism is doing more of the former, being the decoder, the encrypter, decrypter and less the latter in a media sense? E. Ayers:Â Well, the people who really brought spiritualism to the American population, the Fox sisters, ironically, communicated with the spirit world through something much like Morse code.Â It was knocking on the doors or somewhere in the room or some people said their toes, but that would be a skeptic speaking.Â And so, ironically, when the first connections with others come through code, theyâre imagining the connections to the dead coming through code as well and youâre exactly right, Bryant, what that means is that it requires an interpreter.Â It requires somebody who is the equivalent of a wire, whoâs more sensitive than normal people, someone who not only has the capacity to connect but also the intellect to translate and to speak through them, so I think thatâs one reason the word was called âa mediumâ early is because it was really all about the interpretation, so, you know, itâs kind of funny, as people develop new technologies, the dead developed along with them.Â [laughter]Â And so we start outâ P. Onuf:Â And we never stop learning.Â [laughter] E. Ayers:Â Exactly.Â It just shows that youâre never too old to learn a new trick, right?Â Bryant, I just have to ask youâwhere does your very nuanced interest in this topic come from? Caller (Bryant):Â Well, Iâve been studying how people create fiercesome stories about new media and in order to understand the current generation of how we do this in digital media, Iâve been looking back at antecedents through the past two centuries and, in fact, Iâm almost willing to bet that no sooner do humans invent a new medium that we also figure out a way of haunting it. E. Ayers:Â So howâs the Internet haunted? Caller (Bryant):Â In all kinds of ways.Â I mean, we have now itâs actually pretty common to expect that social media services have provisions for postmortem care for the data of members, so if you die, what happens to your Facebook?Â In fact, you can do a kind of nice digest of American cultural history by looking at what we think the Internet is doing to us in a bad way, so thereâs this mix of child pornography, violence, al Qaeda, and copyright violation and itâs a good question, whatâs worse. B. Balogh:Â That pretty much sums it up, doesnât it?Â [laughter] P. Onuf:Â I thought it ended flatly, actually. Caller (Bryant):Â Well, thanks, gentlemen.Â This is a lot of fun.Â I really appreciate it. B. Balogh:Â Thank you, Bryant.Â Itâs a great call. Caller (Bryant):Â Bye bye. P. Onuf:Â Well, our own website, backstoryradio.org is definitely haunted by the spirits of a whole lot of listeners who have left comments about todayâs topic.Â I want to channel one of them for you guys.Â This is from David [Hogg] who wants to know why spiritualism seemed to find a bump in popularity after major military conflicts, like the Civil War, World Wars I and II.Â What do you think, Brian?Â Is he on to something here? B. Balogh:Â Yeah, I mean, we could just take the last 15 years or so.Â Thereâs a Pew study that shows that the number of people who think that they have been in the presence of a ghost has doubled from 9% to 18% just in the last 15 years. P. Onuf:Â Okay, your centuryâÂ Whatâs happening?Â Come on. B. Balogh:Â Weâre currently fighting a couple of wars, but Iâm not really sure thatâs the reason.Â In fact, I would point to economic uncertainty and during uncertain economic times, people are reaching outâ P. Onuf:Â Whoa, whoaâ B. Balogh:Â Theyâre seeking. Â Theyâre looking for different kinds of answers. P. Onuf:Â Youâre suggesting thereâs a material explanation for the belief in the spiritual.Â It sounds veryâÂ Oh, wow. B. Balogh:Â I always do, Peter, but, you know, our caller, Iâm inclined, knowing nothing about the 19thÂ century, to believe maybe on the money vis-Ă -vis the Civil War. P. Onuf:Â Yeah, isnât that right, Ed?Â I mean, is there a lot of spiritual activity in the Civil War? E. Ayers:Â There really was.Â I was going to suggest that thereâre just twice as many ghosts today as there were 15 years ago. P. Onuf:Â But the accumulation over time, I mean, reallyâ E. Ayers:Â Yeah, exactly.Â You know, in all seriousness, obviously the Civil War was a time of enormous suffering and loss and weâve got to remember that the Fox sisters, thatâs only 12, 14 years before the outbreak of the Civil War and so spiritualism is already going full bore at the time the Civil War breaks out.Â And almost immediately people start wondering if thereâs not some way to talk to our lost son because one of the horrible things about the American Civil War with the new artillery and other forces of destruction, that bodies just disappear, are vaporized, and people donât have dog tags and so that sense of longing is even stronger when somebody dies a thousand miles from home and nobody has any idea where he might be. P. Onuf:Â And, Ed, many of the soldiers who die are quite young.Â I mean, these are people who are just leaving home for the first time or who are recently established.Â Some are married, of course, but these are soldiers who never had a chance to fulfill their lives on earth. Itâs time for another short break, but donât go away.Â When we get back, weâll put aside the spirits and move on to those witches and weâll take more of your phone calls. P. Onuf:Â Remember, if youâd like to be a caller on a future show, have a look at our website to see the topics weâre working on.Â Thatâs backstoryradio.org.Â Weâll be back in a minute.Â [music]Â This is âBackStory,â the show that takes a topic from the here and now and plumbs its historical depths.Â Iâm Peter Onuf, your guide to the 18thÂ century. E. Ayers:Â Iâm Ed Ayers, your guide to the 19thÂ century. B. Balogh:Â And Iâm Brian Balogh, guide to whatever is left over.Â Today on the show, weâre taking on some of the spirits, witches and other supernatural phenomena that have haunted the American past.Â Weâre also taking on some of the listeners who have been haunting the âBackStoryâ website. P. Onuf:Â Hey, guys, we have a call from Tiffany in Chicago.Â Tiffany, welcome to the show. Caller (Tiffany):Â Hi. P. Onuf:Â So, whatâs on your mind or moving your spirit, as the case may be today? Caller (Tiffany):Â Well, Iâm wondering if you can comment on some ideas that Iâve read about regarding the Salem witch trials. P. Onuf:Â Okay, the Salem witchcraft.Â What about it? Caller (Tiffany):Â Well, Iâve read a little bit about how some of the women who were accused of witchcraft, they were often wealthy or unmarried or kind of out of the norm of the regular role of women at the time. P. Onuf:Â Right.Â Well, thereâre been lots and lots of books written about Salem witchcraft with lots of different explanations.Â Many of them center as you have, Tiffany, on the question of marginality or the fancy word, liminalityâpeople who are âinâ but not âofâ the community, who are âothered,â as the expression goes, who identify as alien and foreign, whether they are ethnically different and, of course, Tituba was a West Indian slave.Â Sheâs the source supposedly of some of the magic lore in the accusations and itâs really a fascinating question of why this one community should be the site for this outbreak and for the subsequent conviction of all these witches, but maybe the most important thing to keep in mind is that everybody believes in white and black magic in this period, practically everybody.Â In other words, when you make this accusation, itâs really reflecting an explanation for things that happened that makes sense, so in a way, I think we over-explain witchcraft because we want to translate it into 21stÂ century terms and say what would make us do something like this.Â Is it generational strife?Â Is it the search for some scapegoat or something or it ergotism, something in theâ E. Ayers:Â Thatâs what I think.Â The LSD in the grain. P. Onuf:Â Yeah. B. Balogh:Â Iâm sorry, guys.Â Can someone tell me what ergotism is? E. Ayers:Â The thesis is that there was a sort of fungus, I believe, that was in the wheat of Salem at this time and it literally had a mind-altering capacity.Â I think this obviously bears the marks of its time of argument.Â I donât think this is taken too seriously now. P. Onuf:Â No, thatâs right. E. Ayers:Â But as Peter was saying, the idea that we can reduce this sort of past belief into something social seems to be a kind of a modern reductionism. Caller (Tiffany):Â Yeah. E. Ayers:Â And obviously people are just setting aside the obvious argument that in fact there were witches [laughter] and, of course, from the viewpoint of the time, there were.Â Thatâs just a category that we donât believe exists anymore. B. Balogh:Â So, Tiffany, can I steal a little of your caller time and ask the guys when we stopped believing in witches. Caller (Tiffany):Â Sure.Â I would like to know that, too. E. Ayers:Â So, in the 18thÂ century, right, Peter?Â Is it the 18thÂ century? P. Onuf:Â Yeah.Â Really, I think in a serious way, an idea of modern Christianity began to dominate in pulpits throughout New England and British America and there was a movement away from magical explanation and an effort to suppress the idea that there were still crazy things, miraculous things, happening in our midst in an effort to understand Godâs creation and what we would call rationalistic terms. E. Ayers:Â So, in a way, it was empowering God. P. Onuf:Â Yeah, I think so.Â Thatâs the big move from a kind of a God and spirits who are eminent in everyday life to a more distant clock-maker God. E. Ayers:Â Yeah, yeah, yeah.Â But, Peter, I mean, the whole context of witchcraft was Christianity, though, right? P. Onuf:Â Yeah.Â Thatâs true. E. Ayers:Â So, it wasnât really just a rise of Christianity. P. Onuf:Â Oh, no, I meant the triumph of what we could recognize as modern Christianity.Â I think as youâre suggesting, Ed, we exaggerate the difference, the mystical magical elements are still very prevalent in many branches of modern Christianity so I donât want to exaggerate the difference.Â Itâs just that there was a campaign from the pulpits to suppress magic and magical beliefs. E. Ayers:Â Thinking about it from the perspective of the South which we would think would be a place if you didnât really know much about American history, you would think it would be the most folkloric part of the nation and would be especially susceptible to this but, of course, the South prided itself.Â In fact, Virginia looked down on New England because it seemed especially prone to stuff like witchcraft.Â I mean, that was the main way to explain abolitionism and feminism away.Â These were the people who also believed that there were witches.Â [laughter]Â Really, itâs true. P. Onuf:Â No, thatâs right.Â But I just want to make a defense of my native New England ancestors. E. Ayers:Â Iâm not attacking them.Â Iâm justâ P. Onuf:Â Okay.Â I donât want to take this too personally, but Iâm very upset with whatâ E. Ayers:Â Yeah, thatâs right.Â And that is documented. P. Onuf:Â You know Salem is all about, Tiffany, and guys, what Salem is all about is the legal system operating to sort out the evidence and to convict.Â We focus on the irrational beliefs, the stupidity of these people, but whatâs remarkable is the wayâ E. Ayers:Â They go about it. P. Onuf:Â They go about it.Â That is, they had institutions, legal institutions, state institutions, that were capable of doing this and, of course, there was a great morning after, kind of we shouldnât have done that, but it was the legal system in conjunction with popular beliefs that produces these results. E. Ayers:Â Yeah, you know, the only thing we have in the 20thÂ century, Tiffany, that comes close to that is NFL replay. Caller (Tiffany):Â [laughter] P. Onuf:Â Oh, how about the World Cup, man? B. Balogh:Â Well, yeah, they donât have that.Â They donât have it.Â Thatâs exactly my point. E. Ayers:Â This is very amusing, but I do believe youâve had witch trials in your own century, Brian.Â I think about the Army-McCarthy hearing. B. Balogh:Â Very interesting. E. Ayers:Â Why do we call them âwitch trialsâ or âwitch huntsâ?Â Why is that the analogy that we use? B. Balogh:Â Well, I think that what these âwitch huntsâ imply is exactly what you guys were talking about.Â Itâs going back to all those fancy words that Peter used.Â Letâs leave ergotism out, but there was a liminal, there was marginality, and if in fact those were the types of people that made for good witches, then the witch hunts of the 20thÂ century against communists, for the most partâ P. Onuf:Â Right, right. B. Balogh:Â Were people who seen as marginal but insidiously blending in with the regular population and we needed witch hunts in order to sort them out. E. Ayers:Â Well, see, and I think another implication of witch hunt is that to look is to find, right?Â Thatâs the idea is that weâre going to go out and weâre going to find the source of an evil that weâre imagining and to actually look for that person is to guarantee youâre going to find them and I think, too, it has a lot in common with conspiracy theorists today.Â Thereâs a fixation on evidence, right? B. Balogh:Â And a fixation on suppressed evidence as well. E. Ayers:Â Thatâs right.Â Exactly.Â So, you know, thereâs something about the witch hunt thatâs deeply American, I think.Â Itâs empirical.Â Itâs not mystical.Â Itâs legalistic.Â Itâs not folkish. B. Balogh:Â Yeah, and whatâs very American, itâs a group activity.Â It almost always involves the collective. E. Ayers:Â Right, right.Â So, Tiffany, I mean, youâve really conjured upâ P. Onuf:Â OhâÂ [laughter] E. Ayers:Â A bubbling cauldron of perplexing questions. P. Onuf:Â Are you employing an accusation here? E. Ayers:Â All Iâm saying is thereâs a strong hint of an eye of newt around here, if you know what I mean. B. Balogh:Â Would that be coming from you, Tiffany? P. Onuf:Â You are a bewitching caller, Tiffany, and thank you so muchâ Caller (Tiffany):Â Well, thank you. B. Balogh:Â Thank you very much, Tiffany. P. Onuf:Â Bye bye. E. Ayers:Â Bye. Caller (Tiffany):Â Bye.Â [music] P. Onuf:Â Weâre going to take another call now and itâs going to be from Elena out in Exeter, California.Â Elena, welcome to âBackStory.â Caller (Elena):Â Thank you very much. P. Onuf:Â Whatâs on your mind? Caller (Elena):Â Well, I know that the safest stance for historians and educated people is to take the debunking stance and to seek a rational scientific or psychological explanation. P. Onuf:Â We donât debunk here.Â We rebunk.Â [laughter] Caller (Elena):Â You rebunk.Â Okay. E. Ayers:Â Well, we just bunk. Caller (Elena):Â Well, which century would be the most likely to find someone who was actually trying to connect and to learn about the unseen and the unknown and not try to prove that these incidences are fake? P. Onuf:Â Oh, weâre all raising our hands here. Caller (Elena):Â Youâre all claiming it? P. Onuf:Â Yeahâ E. Ayers:Â Yeah, weâre dyingâ B. Balogh:Â Weâre all pointing at Ed. P. Onuf:Â Weâre going to let Ed, Mr. 19thÂ Centuryâ E. Ayers:Â Yeah, we think the answer is easy. B. Balogh:Â Well, which is always a danger sign. E. Ayers:Â Exactly.Â Well, Iâll tell you what Iâm thinking about which is the creation of the American Society for Psychical Research which took place in the 1890s which is the perfect overlap between sort of the birth of what we would think of as professional social science and medicine with a realization that the more you learn, the more that there might be to learn and so, really, one of my favorite people in all of American history, William James, that we think of as the father of pragmatism and he was the leader in all of this and he said, look, why would we rule out that there are dimensions of experience that we cannot understand, that we cannot see.Â He said scientists are discovering all over the place that there are elements of the physical world that are invisible to us, so he actually risked quite a bit in his career to sponsor people who were claiming that they could communicate with and see elements of the psychic world, so I think itâs at the pivot of the 19thÂ to the 20thÂ century the combination of new means of exploring people and physical phenomenon with a belief coming off the great century of spiritualism. P. Onuf:Â Yeah, yeah. E. Ayers:Â But by this time youâve had a half century of spiritualism being taken for granted as something thatâs worthy of serious consideration, so to answer your question, it actually has a fairly clear answer and Iâm going to say itâs in the 1890s, the first decade of the 20thÂ century. P. Onuf:Â Well, Elena, Iâm not going to argue with Ed.Â We always defer to him on this program.Â Heâs a very dominant guy.Â [laughter]Â But what William James is doing is really a culmination of a long build-up.Â The spiritualism actually is deeply rooted in the Scottish Enlightenment in the 18thÂ century and itâs the combination of looking for explanations with a new kind of scientific worldview but that accepts the reality of other dimensions.Â Iâll just give you one example because all I know about is Thomas Jefferson but Thomas Jefferson is a materialist who believes that we continue in some form after life. E. Ayers:Â He did? P. Onuf:Â Yeah.Â It was for me fairly difficult to come to terms with this whole notion of materialism thatâs established in European philosophy of the endurance of matter and therefore a kind of eternity thatâs only in the modern period that for most scientists we live in a disenchanted world and theyâll say, oh, yes, you can have faith and believe in stuff that we canât explain, but thatâs different.Â Thatâs a very modern idea, isnât it, Brian? B. Balogh:Â Yes.Â I think thatâs right, Peter, but being the 20thÂ century guy and coming from the therapeutic century, Elena, I need to ask you how you feel about all of this and more specifically, what brings you to this question? P. Onuf:Â Ohhhâ Caller (Elena):Â I have had experiences, both the group-type of experience with Ouija boards, levitations of tables, that I went into the experiences very very skeptical but my own actual experience of seeing it and of getting knowledge and guidance that was beyond the scope of the people who were actually doing it, that was one.Â And the other experience that I had personally was at the death of somebody that I greatly respected experiencing automatic writing and channeling of her voice. E. Ayers:Â You need to explain automatic writing to me. Caller (Elena):Â Okay.Â I was actually in the room where she died several hours before she died.Â I would go sit in this room with a piece of paper and I would be I wouldnât say asleep or in a trance state, but I wouldnât be thinking consciously about what I was writing.Â It would almost be going through me as I was writing it and I wasnât aware of it until I would read it later and it was in her voice and in her style of talking and I never have really fully understood it.Â It was a wonderful way to reconnect and people that have tried to explain it have said that was your grief or whatever or that was the part of her that you incorporated and all of that could be true, but also at the time right before her death, when I went into the room, there were a lot of people that loved her in the room.Â I was aware ofâÂ I donât know how to describe it, but I aware of the presence of other beings in a way that I havenât been since.Â I think a lot of people have had that kind of experience, you know, a cold chill through the room or whatever, and maybe laughed it off or tried to deny it, but this experience before Bettyâher name was Betty [Dietrich]âand before she died, was walking into a room and just feeling these incredible presences. B. Balogh:Â Well, I wanted to say that while the 20thÂ century clearly canât claim the peak position for the serious inquiry into the spiritual, there are spiritual organizations that live on and earlier this morning I went to a website for the National Spiritualists Association of Churches and Iâll just read you a little poem from the beginning of one of the sermons on their website.Â âI believe that when you die your life goes on.Â It doesnât end here when youâre gone.Â Every soul is filled with light.Â It never ends and if Iâm right, our love can even reach across eternity.Â I believe.Â I believe.âÂ So, thereâs a little shout out for the National Spiritualists Association of Churches and so youâre not alone out there. P. Onuf:Â Yeah. Caller (Elena):Â Well, that is good to hear. B. Balogh:Â Thank you so much, Elena. Caller (Elena):Â Well, thank you.Â I love your show and I really really appreciate your taking my call. B. Balogh:Â Thanks, Elena. E. Ayers:Â Bye bye.Â [music] B. Balogh:Â Guys, I have a confession.Â I did not want to do this show and it has something to do with personal belief.Â I have very little brief for spiritualism but listening to you, I have come to appreciate the great importance of peopleâs yearning to communicate and to transcend the media that is commonplace in their lives and the people who they can actually see and Iâm going to confess for the 20thÂ century, I think Halloween is a pretty pale version of dealing with the really serious set of issues of death, of yearning, and distance that you Peter and Ed have been discussing during the show along with some of our callers, so I apologize on behalf of the 20thÂ century version of dealing with these issues. E. Ayers:Â You know and I guess Iâd like to put in a word for your century, Brian. B. Balogh:Â Thank you, Ed.Â Well, can I sing âKum Ba Yahâ in the background here? E. Ayers:Â No, no, no.Â Just think of it as 19thÂ century condescending to your century is the way I that I imagine it.Â [laughter]Â Halloween, obviously, is a transparent commercial ploy to sell a lot of candy and stuff, but we might think why do our children like it so much, you know.Â And itâs a way of, okay, so thereâs a cardboard skeleton hanging on the front door.Â Thatâs a scary thing that we kind of use Halloween to tame, right?Â And the idea of carnival, of getting a chance to dress up like somebody else, to be scary even though youâre five years old or whatever, I think we might cut ourselves a little bit of slack on this.Â Halloween may be more of a continuum even though itâs in many ways a perversion of real spiritual longing.Â On the other hand, it makes the unknown a little bit less frightening and Iâm not sure thatâs ever a bad thing. B. Balogh:Â Ed, I couldnât have said it better myself and itâs lucky you said it well, because weâre once again out of time.Â Iâm off to spend some quality time with a plastic pumpkin full of processed sugar. E. Ayers:Â Which, of course, will give Brian the necessary energy to respond to all the comments you listeners leave for us at backstoryradio.org.Â Stop in and let us know what you think.Â Thanks for listening and Happy Halloween. P. Onuf:Â âBackStoryâ is produced by Tony Field and Catherine Moore.Â Jamal Milner mastered the show and Gaby Alter wrote our theme.Â âBackStoryâsâ executive producer is the very spooky Andrew Wyndham. E. Ayers:Â Major support for âBackStoryâ comes from the University of Richmond, The Joseph and Robert Cornell Memorial Foundation and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation committed to the idea that the future may learn from the past. B. Balogh:Â Support also comes from the National Endowment for Humanities, UVAâs Miller Center of Public Affairs, the Cary Brown-Epstein and the W. L. Lyons Brown, Jr. Charitable Foundation, James Madisonâs Montpelier, Marcus and Carole Weinstein, Trish and David Crowe, Jay M. Weinberg, Austin Ligon, and an anonymous donor. Tape:Â Peter Onuf is the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Professor of History at the University of Virginia.Â Brian Balogh is a Professor of History at the University of Virginia and UVAâs Miller Center of Public Affairs.Â Ed Ayers is President and Professor of History at the University of Richmond.Â âBackStoryâ was created by Andrew Wyndham for VFH Radio at the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities.Â [music]	<urn:uuid:9bac5039-e554-464e-aa12-46f1789990ef>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://backstoryradio.org/shows/american-spirit-a-history-of-the-supernatural/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021429299/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121029-00051-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.966288	11,959	2.546875	3	2.813533	3	Strong reasoning	Religion
-- Robert Preidt FRIDAY, March 22 (HealthDay News) -- If physicians think their own fitness is important, chances are they'll advise exercise for their patients too, a new study finds. The research found that physically fit doctors were more likely to push for physical activity in patients than inactive Because people often take their doctor's advice seriously, "these findings suggest that improving health care providers' physical activity levels may be an easy way to help reduce physical inactivity among the general population," Isabel Garcia de Quevedo, of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said in an American Heart Association news release. The study was to be presented Friday at a meeting of the American Heart Association in New Orleans. Findings presented at medical meetings are typically considered preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal. The research team analyzed the findings of 28 previous studies on health care providers' physical activity and the exercise counseling they gave to patients. The review revealed that physically active health care providers were much more likely to advise their patients to get daily exercise. Some of the studies found that fit, active doctors were two to five times more likely than inactive doctors to recommend exercise to their patients. Other studies found that programs to improve doctors' physical activity levels improved the doctor's confidence and ability to provide exercise advice to patients. The researchers also discovered that medical school students who took part in a program to improve their lifestyle habits were 56 percent more likely than other medical students to provide patients with regular physical activity counseling. "When [exercise] advice is coupled with a referral to community resources, it can be quite effective and this approach should be part of the public health solution to America's inactivity problem," study leader and co-author Dr. Felipe Lobelo, an epidemiologist with CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, said in the news release. The American Heart Association and the CDC recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise The U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute offers a guide to physical activity. Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.	<urn:uuid:4f81d31f-cbfc-461c-ace4-ee79d7e62381>	CC-MAIN-2015-48	http://www.wkhs.com/Heart/Education/News.aspx?chunkiid=851146	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448399326483.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124210846-00048-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.947921	563	2.546875	3	2.758989	3	Strong reasoning	Health
This booklet records the class on Mathematical Writing led by Don Knuth at Stanford in 1987. Among the 31 lectures are guest appearances by Herb Wilf, Jeff Ullman, Leslie Lamport, Nils Nilsson, Mary-Claire van Leunen, Rosalie Stemer, and Paul Halmos. We saw many examples of ``before'' and ``after'' from manuscripts in progress. We learned how to avoid excessive subscripts and superscripts. We discussed the documentation of algorithms, computer programs, and user manuals. We considered the process of refereeing and editing. We studied how to make effective diagrams and tables, and how to find appropriate quotations to spice up a text. Some of the material duplicated topics that would be discussed in writing classes offered by the English department, but the vast majority of the lectures were devoted to issues that are specific to mathematics and/or computer science. Available from the publisher (Math Association of America). Videotapes of the original class sessions are viewable from a website hosted by the Stanford Center for Professional Development. ... to Paul Morris Adrian Roberts (30 November 1959 -- 08 November 2006), who memorably enlivened these pages. For a list of corrections to errors in the 1990 printing of this book, you may download either the errata file in plain TeX format (10589 bytes) or the errata file in DVI format (12752 bytes) or the errata file in compressed PostScript format (27605 bytes); the latter files were generated by the TeX file. This list of errata also includes the text of a new page 116, which describes newly found clues to the origin of the phrase ``God is in the details.'' The text of the entire book, except for illustrations that need to be stripped in, can also be downloaded as the MS file in compressed plain TeX format (120K bytes). The authors hope that the list of errata is complete. But (sigh) it probably isn't. Therefore Knuth will gratefully deposit 0x$1.00 ($2.56) to the account of the first person who finds and reports anything that remains technically, historically, typographically, or politically incorrect. Please send suggested corrections to [email protected], or send snail mail to Prof. D. Knuth, Computer Science Department, Gates Building 4B, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-9045 USA. He may not be able to read your message until many months have gone by, because he's working intensively on The Art of Computer Programming. However, he promises to reply in due time. DO NOT SEND EMAIL TO KNUTH-BUG EXCEPT TO REPORT ERRORS IN BOOKS! And if you do report an error via email, please do not include attachments of any kind; your message should be readable on brand-X operating systems for all values of X.	<urn:uuid:989901c6-fce5-484a-af32-1bd37e531faf>	CC-MAIN-2016-22	http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/%7Euno/klr.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464050955095.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524004915-00160-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.908968	605	2.515625	3	2.567112	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
The rapidly changing weather in Peru’s mountain towns can make it hard to plan for the little ones. But ponchilas, the ingenious mixture of poncho and backpack, can help solve the problem of an uncertain climate. Millions of plastic bottles in Peru have been converted into these ponchilas for thousands of underprivileged children in the Andes regions of the country. Kids who sometimes have to walk a few kilometers each day to and from school have a pressing need for lightweight cover and the influx of donations has shown to deter dropout rates among these young students. The campaign Yo Fui Botella (I was a bottle) makes each ponchila from 80 plastic bottles and turns gives it a bright blue exterior that schoolchildren can use for packing their books before easily unfolding it to protect themselves against the elements. With help from the Environment Ministry and local nonprofits, Yo Fui Botella has now been donating ponchilas to kids for two years, with more than 6,000 donations made in the first school year alone. “With this initiative, we are recovering a lot of plastic that could end up in landfills, dumps or in the oceans,” Miguel Nárvaez of supermarket chain Cencosud, which helped start the campaign in 2016, told the United Nation Environment Program. Some 7,000 ponchilas have already been made for kids this year thanks to the joint initiative from a trio of businesses: Cencosud, Coca Cola’s Agua San Luis and Pacifico Seguros. Donations have been made to the rural Peruvian regions of Puno, Cusco, Arequipa, Huancavelica, Ayacucho and Apurímac. The Environment Ministry jumped on board with the good cause this year after seeing the successful campaign help schoolkids in the Andes. “With this initiative what we are doing is closing the circle, using our waste and giving them an added value through recycling,” said Environment Minister Fabiola Muñoz. According to the UN Environment Program, there are 18,000 tons of waste generated every day and nearly 2,000 tons are in plastic alone. Muñoz and environmental activists in the country see the Yo Fui Botella project as the perfect example of how recycling can positively impact lives while helping the wider environment. “A bottle that served you can become something useful for someone else,” Muñoz said. “We have the opportunity to convert something that apparently no longer has a use into a positive thing with a new use.”	<urn:uuid:e5f05bdc-9876-4ded-8f50-bc3b3a1adba3>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://perureports.com/ambitious-peruvian-recycling-campaign-is-turning-plastic-bottles-into-backpacks/7858/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143365.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713100145-20200713130145-00242.warc.gz	en	0.94582	547	2.65625	3	2.74855	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
T. Shanaathanan - It is art, but in the form of a book that deftly entwines it with architecture, drawing, the memory of loss and an eerily compelling exploration of what makes a home, a home by those who have left it behind, or lost it to the war T. Shanaathanan, The Incomplete Thombu, Raking Leaves, 2012. Go to gallery to view images from The Incomplete Thombu. An unexpected yet poignant artist's book, commenting on the tragic civil war in Sri Lanka from 1983-2009. A ''thombu'' is a Dutch term for a public land registry. This beautifully designed project records the displacement of Tamil people in an achingly personal way: each entry is a simple floor plan, drawn from memory by a displaced Tamil-speaking citizen. A vellum overlay with an architect's crisp drawing makes the lost home ''real'' in yet another way. Drawings are accompanied by the name of the person who lost their home, their profession, and a brief interview, telling the story of the upheaval and the memories they took with them. The maps vividly reveal what was lost in a conflict that lasted more than 30 years. A moving example of how art and politics can intersect. The Incomplete Thombu is an artist’s book project commissioned and published by Raking Leaves. Thombu, a word derived from the Greek tomos, from which the Latin tome, or large book, originates, was a term used by the Dutch to describe a public land registry. The Incomplete Thombu examines the subject of Tamil displacement during the civil conflict in Sri Lanka between 1983 and 2009. The attempt to register one document on top of another maps out further displacements between what is remembered, what has been taken away, and the stories left behind, in a conflict that has torn apart its land and its people for over thirty years. The book poses as a bureaucratic document file bearing the following text: The contents of this file provide records of properties and lands belonging to Tamil-speaking citizens prior to single or multiple displacements from their homes. The enclosed documents (1–180) are made up of three related elements: ground plans of houses drawn from memory by displaced civilians (with interview notes on reverse), architectural renderings of collected ground plans and dry pastel drawings made in response to all of the above. Those interviewed were displaced from Jaffna and the surrounding area during the civil conflict in Sri Lanka between 1983 and 2009. Floor plans cover a range of structures, such as courtyard houses, colonial bungalows, temples, two- or three-unit houses, orphanages, bunkers, roundhouses, and farm buildings. Ground plans represent subjective images of properties and houses lost, abandoned, destroyed, or seized. All drawings related to built structures are not drawn to scale and are subject to interpretation. This project was carried out between January and July 2011. All characters appearing in this work are based on real persons. Any resemblance to fictitious events is purely coincidental.- brickmag.com/incomplete-thombu Put simply, The Incomplete Thombu by Sri Lankan Tamil artist T. Shanaathanan is, for us, one of 2011’s most compelling publications. It is art, but in the form of a book that deftly entwines it with architecture, drawing, the memory of loss and an eerily compelling exploration of what makes a home, a home by those who have left it behind, or lost it to the war. Short excerpts in the book by those who have lost their home are always poignant, sometimes humorous but never vindictive. There is a fragile, essential humanity to these stories that with a light touch reveals so much the war took away from residents in Sri Lanka’s Northern Province. There are 80 stories captured in the tome and they range in tone, identity, location and age. The drawings by the subjects themselves are very powerful depictions of loss – not just of property, but at times of hope itself. But in the stories there is also hope regained. Here we see facets of life before, during and after displacement that for those who haven’t experienced it, deeply humbling. Shanaathanan’s gifted ability to render in art the essence of each story makes the intensely personal more broadly appreciated, and you can spend hours flipping through this book, reading its contents and looking at the drawings. Shanaathanan was born in Jaffna, Sri Lanka in 1969. He received his BFA in 1997 and his MFA in 2000 from the University of Delhi. In 2011 he completed his PhD at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He lives and works in Jaffna and is currently senior lecturer in Art History in the Department of Fine Arts, University of Jaffna. Back cover of The Incomplete Thombu. Click here for larger image. As noted on the Raking Leaves website, The Incomplete Thombu poses as a bureaucratic document file. Thombu was a term used by the Dutch to describe a public land registery, derived from the Greek tomos, from which the Latin word tome, or large book orginates. The Incomplete Thombu covers the subject of Tamil displacement during the civil conflict in Sri Lanka between 1983 and 2009. Though numerous documents of statistical data have recorded the displacement of civilians from the north and east of Sri Lanka, few have highlighted the personal plights of those involved. This project records the stories that removed civilians from their homes and the memories that they took with them. T. Shanaathanan examines the subject of displacement through a series of drawings that overlay ground plans of houses drawn from memory by displaced Tamil-speaking civilians, with architectʼs renderings and dry pastel drawings. The attempt to register one document on top of the other, maps out further displacements between what is remembered, what has been taken away and the stories left behind in a conflict that has torn apart its land and its people for over thirty years. Groundviews caught up with the artist at the Saskia Fernando Gallery, where The Incomplete Thombu is on sale. The book is also on sale at the Barefoot Gallery in Colombo. In this short interview, Shanaathanan speaks of the process of creating something that deals with trauma and loss. We asked him about the challenges of grappling with architecture and memory, as well as the architecture of memory. We ask the artist how in some of the professional architectural motifs, details not present in the original drawings are featured, and go on to ask him about the process of selection that led to the 80 stories captured in the book. Shanaathanan speaks of the politics of this work, and of his art in general, and also explores the idea of home (and its loss), which is a running theme through his work. He also explains how the book was bound and created in the manner it is. - Groundviews Interview with T. Shanaathanan from Centre for Policy Alternatives on Vimeo.	<urn:uuid:5c446869-6196-4a27-9e5d-338650ee95e4>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	https://zorosko.blogspot.com/2015/02/t-shanaathanan-it-is-art-but-in-form-of.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516194.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023132213-20181023153713-00085.warc.gz	en	0.967289	1,463	2.515625	3	2.977703	3	Strong reasoning	Art & Design
US scientists at the University of Texas at Austin and Cornell University have fabricated the first ordered arrays of silicon nanocrystals reported to date. Brian A. Korgel and colleagues developed a new chemical method to generate tiny silicon crystals—or quantum dots—with precisely controlled size and then relied on nature to organize them into regular structures. The new self-assembled arrays, presented in the journal ChemPhysChem, could help researchers exploit the promising light-emitting properties of one of the most commercially important semiconductors. Bulk silicon is used in a wide range of applications, mainly in the electronics industry, but it is a weak light absorber and an extremely poor light emitter, so it is not suitable for uses that require light emission. These properties change when the crystal shrinks to the nanoscale. Si quantum dots can exhibit very bright visible luminescence with size-tunable color, which makes them interesting for the fabrication of light-emitting diodes (LEDs)—or even as a possible laser source. During the last years there has been great interest in understanding these unique properties and using them to create new technologies. However, most of the applications require arrays of nanocrystals, and although there have been efforts to fabricate them, the collections of Si quantum dots obtained to date have been disordered, usually with a significant size distribution. Korgel and co-workers have now developed a new chemical method that allows them to obtain monodisperse silicon particles in the exact size range needed for nanoscale properties, such as bright light emission. "We have made the first ordered arrays, or superlattices, of nanoscale silicon crystals. These collections of tiny silicon crystals are self-assembled—much in the same way that macromolecules self-assemble in living organisms", Korgel says. "This is necessary because the dimensions are far too small to be obtained using conventional means like the lithographic patterning techniques used to make integrated circuits", he adds. The scientists also found that the new Si nanocrystal superlattices are much more thermally stable than other types of nanocrystal superlattices reported before. Korgel's team synthesized Si nanocrystals by thermal decomposition of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ), followed by etching with HF, reaction with 1-dodecene, and size-selective precipitation of the obtained nanoparticles. The quantum dots were then dispersed in chloroform and finally drop cast. Two known techniques—called transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS)—were applied to study the ordering of the nanocrystals. "Because the order in these arrangements can influence the properties of the nanomaterials, silicon quantum dot superlattices provide a new playground for understanding and manipulating the properties of silicon in new and unique ways", Korgel says.	<urn:uuid:231cd28c-576c-48f4-8dbb-6c995528804d>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	http://www.chemeurope.com/en/news/140629/a-bright-future-for-silicon.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660877.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118233719-20190119015719-00405.warc.gz	en	0.914151	605	3.90625	4	2.944239	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
HIV/AIDS is a condition brought on by contamination with the human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).Following initial contamination, a man may not see any indications or may encounter flu-like illness. Typically, this is trailed by a delayed period without any manifestations. As the contamination advances, it meddles more with the immune system, increasing the danger of regular diseases like tuberculosis, and also other diseases, and tumors that once in a while influence individuals who have an active immune system. The human immunodeficiency virus is a lent virus that causes HIV infection and AIDS.HIV diagnosis is done by testing your blood or saliva for antibodies to the virus. Retroviruses induce diseases that do not fit easily into any of the major categories and different tissues can influence the type of disease that develops the first retrovirus associated with disease was equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). BFU-E and CFU-E contained by Anemic cats is very less, and FeLV infection suppresses the generation of these precursors in vitro. Endogenous retroviral proteins are acting as auto antigen in liver disease patients. While murine retroviruses are inactivated by human complement and are not capable of causing human disease. There are a number of infections and cancers that can develop in people who are living with HIV. There are infections that can be life threatening. These are also known as opportunistic infections. The more common life-threatening infections include a lung infection called Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), an eye infection caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), a brain infection called toxoplasmosis, and a generalized infection called Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Cancers that are more common include Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lung cancer, skin cancer, anal cancer, cervical and vaginal cancer in women, and testicular and prostate cancer in men. These cancers can often be successfully treated if they occur in people with HIV who maintain healthy immune systems with HIV treatment. People living with HIV and AIDS have to face negative attitudes and abuse, these kind of activity refers to HIV-related stigma and discrimination. Stigma and discrimination continue to undermine prevention, treatment and care of people living with the HIV and AIDS. It hinders those with the virus from telling their partners about their status. It threatens their access to health care. It increases their vulnerability to physical violence. And HIV-related stigma affects people’s ability to earn a living, making it even more difficult for them to lift themselves out of poverty. The consequences of stigma and discrimination are wide-ranging. Some people are shunned by family, peers and the wider community, while others face poor treatment in healthcare and education settings, erosion of their human rights, and psychological damage. These all limit access to HIV testing, treatment and other HIV services. Knowing that you are HIV-positive can be one of the worst experiences you go through in life. But, HIV will not restrict you from living a long, happy and healthy life. With the right treatment and support, it is possible to live as long as the average person. In our society, there are a lot of misconceptions about what it means to be living with HIV. Ultimately, how you cope with your diagnosis and how you move forward will matter as everyone’s lives are different. The participation and leadership of people living with HIV in the research and development, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all policies and programs that affect their lives increases the quality of our work and contributes to the goals we are trying to achieve. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals are at increased risk for CVD. Timely initiation of ART with consequent viral suppression is likely to reduce CVD events and to offset potential side effects from ART-induced metabolic changes. Reduction in smoking in HIV-infected individuals is a public health priority. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes a group of problems related to the heart (cardio) or to blood vessels (vascular.) CVD coronary heart disease (heart attacks), angina (chest pain from lack of blood to the heart ), cerebrovascular disease (problems with blood vessels in the brain, including stroke), peripheral artery disease (blocked blood vessels in the legs), rheumatic heart disease (a complication of a throat infection), congenital heart disease (due to a birth defect) and heart failure. The development of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) for HIV infection in the 1990s is one of modern medicine’s most dramatic success stories. Once effectively a death sentence, HIV infection can now be considered a serious, but largely manageable, chronic condition. Today, a person who begins HAART can reasonably expect to live another 30 to 50 years and often well into older age. However, many of the drugs used to treat HIV have not been around for very long. Whereas short-term side-effects are well researched and documented, longer-term side-effects are less well understood. Your healthcare professional will keep an eye on how well your body is working, so any problems can be identified and treated early, this is a part of your routine health monitoring. HIV contamination represents a range of sickness that can start with a short intense retroviral disorder that normally advances to a multiyear chronic and clinically latent ailment. Without treatment, this sickness inevitably advances to a symptomatic, life-threatening immunodeficiency illness known as AIDS. In untreated patients, the time between HIV infection and the improvement of AIDS differs, going from a couple of months to numerous years with an expected middle time of roughly 11 years (123). HIV replication is available amid all phases of the contamination and progressively depletes CD4 lymphocytes, which are critical for maintenance of effective immune function. When the CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/μL, patients are at high risk for life-threatening AIDS-defining opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis pneumonia, Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease, tuberculosis, and bacterial pneumonia). In the absence of treatment, virtually all HIV-infected persons will die of AIDS. Your doctor can diagnose HIV by testing blood for the presence of antibodies (disease-fighting proteins) to HIV. After infection, HIV antibodies may take as long as six months to be produced in quantities large enough to show up in standard blood tests. For that reason, make sure to talk to your health-care provider about follow-up testing. After the virus was discovered 25 years ago the development of drugs for HIV infection began. Since then, progress has been substantial, but numerous uncertainties persist about the best way to manage this disease. Here we review the current treatment options, consider novel mechanisms that can be exploited for existing drug targets, and explore the potential of novel targets. With a view to the next quarter century, we consider whether drug resistance can be avoided, which drug classes will be favored over others, which strategies are most likely to succeed, and the potential impact of pharmacogenomics and individualized therapy. Vaccines have been our best weapon against the world’s deadliest infectious diseases, including smallpox, polio, measles, and yellow fever. An effective preventive AIDS vaccine would teach the body how to prevent HIV infection. Vaccines are the most powerful public health tools available and an AIDS vaccine would play a powerful role in ensuring the end to the AIDS epidemic. An HIV vaccines does not yet exist, but efforts to develop a vaccine against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, have been underway for many years. STDs can be spread with any type of sexual activity, depending on the disease. STDs are most often caused by viruses and bacteria. The following is a list of the most common STDs, their causes. Additionally, there are other infections (see STDs with asterisk mark) that may be transmitted on occasion by sexual activity, but these are typically not considered to be STDs by many investigators. Bacterial STDs are caused by bacteria and Viral STDs are caused by viruses, this is the main difference between these two categories of (STDs). As a result of being caused by different microorganisms, bacterial and viral STDs vary in their treatment. Bacterial STDs, such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia, are often cured with antibiotics. But viral STDs, (the four “H’s”) such as HPV (genital warts), HIV, herpes, and hepatitis (the only STD that can be prevented with a vaccine), have no cure, but their symptoms can be alleviated with treatment. In addition to bacteria and viruses, STDs can also be caused by protozoa (trichomoniasis) and other organisms (crabs/pubic lice and scabies). These STDs can be cured with antibiotics or topical creams/lotions. One of the most common symptoms of an STD is no symptoms. So it’s important to go for check-ups. 80 percent of women and 40 percent of men diagnosed with chlamydia may not experience symptoms. STDs need to be diagnosed correctly and fully treated as soon as possible to avoid complications that could be serious and/or permanent. Some sexually transmitted contaminations can spread from mother to infant amid labor or breastfeeding, using unsterilized IV tranquilizer needles and blood transfusions. Sexually transmitted contaminations have been around for a large number of years. Microorganisms that exists on the skin or mucous layers of the male or female genital zone can be transmitted, as can living beings in semen, vaginal emissions or blood amid sex. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are contaminations that are passed starting with one individual then onto the next through sexual contact. The reasons for STDs are microscopic organisms like bacteria, parasites, yeast, and viruses. There are more than 20 types of STDs, including Chlamydia, Genital herpes, Gonorrhea, HIV/AIDS, HPV, Syphilis, Trichomoniasis. Most STDs influence both men and women, but mostly they cause severe health issues for women. If a pregnant lady has an STD, it can bring about genuine medical issues for the child. Chlamydia and gonorrhea are imperative preventable reasons for pelvic inflammatory infection (PID) and infertility. Untreated, around 10-15% of ladies with chlamydia will suffer from PID. Chlamydia can also infect fallopian tube with no manifestations. PID and silent contamination in the upper genital tract may make harm the fallopian tubes, uterus, and encompassing tissues, which can prompt infertility. Adults with immune deficiencies are significantly more inclined to encounter the ill impacts of molluscum contagiosum. Around 90% of patients who are HIV-positive have skin bruises or some resemblance thereof, including molluscum contagiosum. In one review, 18% of patients who were HIV positive were found to have molluscum contagiosum. In immune-deficient people, molluscum contagiosum can spread to all body surfaces. Immunocompetent adults don't get molluscum contagiosum wounds far from the genital zone. The nearness of molluscum contagiosum on the substance of an adult is a better than average marker that they have an HIV ailment or some other immunosuppressive condition. Immunogenetics helps in perception the pathogenesis of a couple of insusceptible frameworks and overwhelming infections and bacterial maladies under clinical examinations of STDs. The search for a preventive immunization that can stop the worldwide pandemic is a definitive objective of HIV research. Improvement of an immunization against HIV-1 has been tormented by numerous outlandish difficulties. Distinctive immunization ideas have been tried to conquer these difficulties. Trial immunizations that indicated guarantee in preclinical trials were progressed into clinical trials. However, human trials turned out to be an enormous dissatisfaction until the aftereffects of the RV144 trial in Thailand urine tests can be used to test for urethritis in both sexual orientations. Late urination will have washed gonorrheal discharge from the urethra. In this way, to accumulate sufficient discharge, pee tests should be taken no not as much as an hour after the patient's last pee.Vaginal swab illustrations are used to test for cervicitis. Gonorrheal cervicitis produces a satisfactory discharge that swabs require not be taken by speculum examination. Or maybe, they can be assembled unpredictably by the patient herself. Branch of science deals with the study of viruses - submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat and virus-like agents is called virology. Virology is often considered a part of microbiology or of pathology. Some of our greatest challenges and triumphs have involved virology. Our HIV 2018 conference is bringing experts from the field of HIV, STD AIDS, STIs Vaccines, virology and Immunology or discussion of the latest advances and ideas and to stimulate interdisciplinary interactions. Conference like ours will help to speed up of the development of effective therapies for viral disorders. Traditionally restricting the spread of infectious disease has been accomplished through use of vaccines, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and public health measures. But in the face of challenges like drug-resistant microbes and the emergence of HIV, future answers hinge on progressive research in molecular virology and microbiology. Community engagement, joining components of the more extensive ideas of public and partner engagement, is progressively advanced all around, including for health research led in developing nations. In sub-Saharan Africa, people group engagement needs and difficulties are ostensibly heightened for studies including gay, bisexual and other men who have intercourse with men, where male same-sex sexual interactions are frequently exceedingly trashed and even unlawful.	<urn:uuid:918c440c-4424-45f2-8fc4-0a2546a363e3>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	https://www.meetingsint.com/infectious-diseases-conferences/std-aids-minl-2018/call-for-abstracts	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814493.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223055326-20180223075326-00283.warc.gz	en	0.945596	2,860	3.671875	4	2.818495	3	Strong reasoning	Health
Date: Mon Sep 08 1997 - 11:12:06 EDT <<<Greg, et. al., For those of us who are getting swamped by the back and forth in this thread, could someone more precisely define the terms "qualitative/indefinite" and "qualitative/definite" (and how the difference could be recognised im a given context). How can one determine if a given context intends "definiteness" or "indefiniteness"?>>> I believe Rolf explained the terms well, but if further clarification is needed please let me know. As for how to determine if a given context intends definiteness, indefiniteness, or qualitativeness, it is really quite subjective, although that should not be taken to mean there can be no measure of certainty attached to one's decision. Returning to the example I gave from Polycarp, his intention is to let the proconsul know who he is (TIS EIMI). He then follows with the statement, CHRISTIANOS EIMI. So we know that his statement is supposed to communicate something about Polycarp which the proconsul should recognize, and which prevents him praising Caesar or reviling Christ. I suppose one could argue for a primarily qualitative translation/understanding, but it seems to me that, given the fact that Polycarp was not the only Christian at that time, and certainly not the only one who suffered martyrdom, his statement, even if primarily qualitative, would place him in the group of those who possess the same qualities or nature. But when the herald announces to the people in the arena (who cry out for Polycarp's blood), POLYKARPOS HWMOLOGHSEN HEAUTON CHRISTIANON EINAI (12:1), I cannot think that he meant to emphasize the qualities of Polycarp so much as the _group_ to which he belongs. Of course, that might naturally bring to the minds of some people certain qualities that they recognize as belonging to those who claim to be Christian. Thus, while I believe that a noun or substantive adjective, when placed before the copula can have a particular nuance emphasized, I do not believe that the emphasized nuance therefore becomes the only aspect of the noun that should be communicated in translation, particularly when the context reveals other important nuances of the word. I agree with John Kendall when he wrote in reply to Rolf: In this case, isn't the plausibility of this category tied closely to the nature of the word? Can you think of any example where in English translation an indefinite use of the noun 'Christian' would not convey qualitative nuances I could say the same thing for other nouns, including "god" or "devil." Since various aspects of the noun are always present, it becomes a matter of Returning to John 1:1c, I believe the emphasis on the noun is qualitative, but I cannot say this for certain. However, since such an understanding fits with the context of the Prologue and the Fourth Gospel as a whole (indeed, all of Scripture), I accept it. The same is true for the indefinite nuance that I believe is demanded by 1:1b. The Word is not the same THEOS as the One he is "with." The distinction John makes between the two is in terms of THEOS, and so I believe our translations should do the same. I realize that while "a god" can express qualitativeness and indefiniteness, it is more likely to express only or primarily indefiniteness, so it is not the _best_ choice. The translation, "the Word was God" is also not the best choice, particularly in English, for it will almost certainly communicate definiteness to most readers. It also fails to preserve the distinction between HO THEOS AND HO LOGOS. A translation such as "the Word was a divine being" does seem to capture both the qualitative and indefinite aspects of the noun, which, in my opinion, are revealed by the syntax and context of the clause. Of course, I think "divine" or "deity" would probably do just as well. Anyway, as you can see, there is no clear-cut way to determine whether the emphasis given to a noun in an anarthrous precopulative construction is qualitative, indefinite, or definite. We simply need to be sure we consider all the factors bearing on our translation and understanding of the word. I believe when we do that, we can achieve a good idea of what the original meaning was, and find an acceptable modern equivalent. In cases such as John 1:1, the meaning may be more difficult to ascertain. When this is so, the best we can do is give the reader the possible options, the pros and cons of each one, give our selection, but ultimately let them decide for themselves. Hope this helps! University of Wisconsin This archive was generated by hypermail 2.1.4 : Sat Apr 20 2002 - 15:38:27 EDT	<urn:uuid:1e6b9d10-b658-4713-9c0f-8c3f59012933>	CC-MAIN-2014-35	http://www.ibiblio.org/bgreek/test-archives/html4/1997-09/20668.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831098.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00399-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936274	1,103	2.671875	3	2.888948	3	Strong reasoning	Literature
World War I Battlefields The Australian Journey to the Western Front The last Australian troops left the Gallipoli peninsula on 20 December 1915, with the entire Anzac fighting force withdrawing without the Turkish forces realising they had departed. The evacuation was achieved with barely a casualty. However, by then the Gallipoli campaign had resulted in terrible losses on all sides. The Australians lost 8,709 men with another 17,924 wounded. Out of a total fighting force of 8,556 men, 2,701 New Zealanders were killed in action and another 4,752 were wounded. Five men from the Granite Belt died in the Gallipoli campaign and are remembered with honour on the Stanthorpe war memorials. These men are Lance Corporal William Burns, Private William Cammack, Private Thomas Marstella, Trooper William Sharpe, and Private William Shelford. After leaving Gallipoli, the Australian Imperial Force (A.I.F.) was sent to defend Egypt and the all-important Suez Canal against the threat of attack by the Turkish army. Since the outbreak of war in August 1914, the British and French troops, holding the Western Front, had suffered severe losses. The Allies’ situation worsened in February 1916 when the Germans began a massive assault upon Verdun in France. With the Allies desperately needing reinforcements, it came as no surprise in March 1916 when the order came to move the A.I.F. from Egypt to the Western Front. On 19 March, troop ships carrying the 2nd Division arrived in the French port of Marseilles. The 1st Division followed just over a week later. From Marseilles, the Australian troops moved north by train to French Flanders, near Armentieres, which was still in the grip of a wet, cold winter. The A.I.F. was brought to French Flanders, a quiet sector known as “the nursery” where new divisions were sent for a quiet introduction, in training for harsher experiences to come (Bean 1946, 196). By mid-April, the 1st and 2nd Australian Divisions were in the front line southeast of Armentieres. The 4th and 5th Divisions arrived in France from Egypt in June and were followed in November by the 3rd Division from England. The five divisions of the A.I.F. went on to fight in many great battles on the Western Front in France and Belgium from mid-1916 until the war ended on 11 November 1918. From a population of fewer than five million people, more than 318,000 men embarked from Australia on active service with more than 62,000 losing their lives (Noonan 2014, 62 & 120). It was on the Western Front where 46,000 of these young Australians died and more than 150,000 were wounded. Proportionate to men in the field, the Australian casualty rate was the highest in the British Empire. The New Zealand casualty rate was not far behind (Pedersen, 2013, xxiv). Given the scale of these losses, we understand the view that the AIF’s spiritual presence in modern Flanders (both Belgian and French) and in Northern France remains significant (Laffin, 1992, 9). The sites of some of the most significant battles in which the A.I.F. fought on the Western Front live on in the names chosen for railway sidings on the Amiens Branch Railway on the Granite Belt. Thirty of the 39 soldiers whose names appear on the Stanthorpe World War I memorials died on the Western Front. Bean, C.E.W. (1946). ANZAC to Amiens. 1st edition. Sydney. Halstead Press Ltd. Laffin, J. (1992). Guide to Australian Battlefields of the Western Front 1916-1918. 1st edition. Kenthurst. Kangaroo Press Pty Ltd. Noonan, D. (2014). Those We Forget. Recounting Australian Casualties of the First Word War. 1st edition. Melbourne. Melbourne University Press. Pedersen, P. (2012). ANZACs on the Western Front. The Australian War Memorial Battlefield Guide. 1st edition. Milton. John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd. THE BATTLE OF THE SOMME 1 JULY–18 NOVEMBER 1916 THE BATTLE OF FROMELLES (FLEURBAIX) 19-20 JULY 1916 THE BATTLE OF POZIERES 23 JULY– 5 SEPTEMBER 1916 THE BATTLE OF BAPAUME 17 MARCH 1917 THE BATTLES OF BULLECOURT 10-11 APRIL & 3-17 MAY 1917 THE BATTLE OF PASSCHENDAELE 31 JULY 1917 The Final Year of Battle 1918 – THE FINAL YEAR OF BATTLE THE BATTLE OF AMIENS 8-28 AUGUST 1918	<urn:uuid:4a0a2ca3-22aa-4a63-b0f4-ebe7d47e6f17>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://stanthorperemembers.com/ww1-battlefields/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711017.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20221205132617-20221205162617-00610.warc.gz	en	0.938174	1,070	3.203125	3	2.720571	3	Strong reasoning	History
Leola Ditch: Short-Sighted Land Development Scheme with Long-Term Consequences Draining the Wetlands and Farming the Black Soil Seemed a Good Idea in 1901; Later, Not so Much By Michael Goc Today, the Leola Ditch is part of the 14 Mile Creek Watershed which runs east to west across northern Adams County from Waushara County to the Petenwell Flowage of the Wisconsin River. Held behind dams, Leola Ditch water helps fill Lakes Sherwood, Camelot and Arrowhead in the town of Rome. As such, it plays an important role in the residential development that has transformed Rome from a nearly deserted sand bowl into the second most populous community in Adams County. Residential development was not on the mind of the men who dug the Ditch. They were participants in one of the first and largest land development schemes of the 20th Century in Wisconsin. Its goal was to transform millions of acres of wetland into productive farmland by removing the water that made them wet. European immigrants and a growing native born population created demand for farmland but the best ground was already under cultivation. New technology, in the form of steam-powered excavating equipment, along with affordable and durable drainage pipes, culverts and other hardware, made it possible for developers to alter the landscape on a scale the pioneer generation could only dream of. With demand, tools and materials present, the final necessity was financing. Digging ditches cost money that individual landowners could not access, while the legal issues raised by altering thousands of square miles of territory could best be managed by a publicly-owned entity. The drainage district was born—hundreds of them throughout the state. Like school districts, they could hire contractors, negotiate easements and most importantly, levy taxes. Prior to settlement in the mid-19th Century about one-third of Adams County was in wetlands. Large blocks were in the central part of the county—Quincy, Adams, Easton, New Chester, Preston, Colburn, Lincoln–but the single largest stretch of wetland covered portions of Big Flats and Rome and nearly all of Leola. It was the southern edge of a vast marsh that stretched north across Wood and Portage counties to the outskirts of Wisconsin Rapids and Plover. The Leola Drainage District was organized in 1901. It covered 15,000 acres in Leola and east into Waushara County. By 1905, steam shovels and drag lines had excavated forty miles of main and lateral ditches at a cost of $121,000 ($3 million today) charged to District taxpayers. And it worked. Water formerly held in the marshes moved down the ditches into 14 Mile Creek and on to the Wisconsin River. Farmers had longed mowed the marshes when the water temporarily dried off in the summer to harvest “wild hay.” Now they attempted to turn them into cropland. As the developers hoped, new settlers arrived. Young Floyd Reid, born in 1899, moved north with his parents from Big Flats just after the Ditch was completed. “It was marsh, muck or peat, it had a lot of humus,” he recalled in 1985. “The first few years it was broke up, it raised good hay.” Others settlers were encouraged because the mix of marsh soil and peat—several feet deep in places—was coal black. It had to be fertile. As Reid said, “Illinois people bought that land because they saw it was black.” Appearances were deceptive, of course. Corn, oats and “tame” hay soon depleted the sparse natural fertility of the marsh soil and yields fell, taking farm incomes with them. By 1907, so many assessments went unpaid that the Leola Drainage District was “practically broke.” The fires did not help. It was customary for marsh farmers to burn the stubble off their hay meadows in late winter/early spring. Since it was soaked with water or flooded the peat below was unharmed by the flames. But when drainage ditches removed the water, the dried peat was flammable, so flammable that in some countries—Ireland, Scotland, Germany—peat has long been burned to heat homes. On the Leola Marsh “It burned about that deep,” said Reid, holding his hand about one foot off the floor. Sometimes it would burn two, three feet or more until the flames met the incombustible sand below. Ditch banks, where the peat was piled after excavation, turned tinder dry. Fires would flare up or, more commonly smolder slowly for days, weeks or months. “Ditch banks would burn all summer,” while green crops grew in the fields nearby. As conservationist Aldo Leopold characterized it, “the drainage dream sucked dry the marshes of central Wisconsin and left ash heaps instead.” With the soil depleted or burned down to the sand layer, not much was left for farmers to make a living. “Hundreds of acres were virtually worthless. Practically all of this land went back to the county for taxes. They sold it for $50 a forty for the best of it. Then $1 an acre to get it back on the tax rolls.” By the mid-1930s, state administrators reported that the Leola District was “out of debt,” but still considered to be a failure because much of its acreage was “unoccupied and unused.” In 1930, census takers counted 255 people in the town. The Leola Drainage District was one of many that failed. It was also one of the smallest. Much larger districts in Juneau, Wood, Monroe, Jackson, Marathon, Clark and Portage counties, covering nearly one half million acres, had equally dismal records. Among the many Depression era public works projects was the restoration of marshes by damming the ditches. Twenty-six dams were built on Leola’s ditches in the 1930s. In addition, hundreds of thousands of acres were returned to the public domain to become part of state and federal conservation and wildlife areas, most notably the Necedah National Wildlife Refuge. Due to private and public initiatives, parts of the Leola Drainage District were also set aside for conservation. Along with the adjacent Buena Vista Marsh in Portage County, it is part of approximately 15,000 acres devoted to the preservation of the native prairie chicken. Much of the land not set aside for conservation was converted to cranberry growing or, since the 1960s, irrigated farming. Water still flows down the Leola Ditch and watershed management planners discuss ways to reduce runoff from farm fields and other pollution in hope of improving it to support warm water sport fishing, i.e. bass and bluegills. It is the latest on the long list of schemes to “improve” the landscape of Adams County. This article previously appeared in the Adams County Historical Society’s newsletter The Quatrefoil. I interviewed Floyd Reid in August, 1985 for an article that appeared in the Wisconsin Magazine of History, in spring 1990.	<urn:uuid:04916fbe-b461-4de2-b61d-2258266cec24>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://adamshistory.com/?page_id=1370	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038101485.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20210417041730-20210417071730-00048.warc.gz	en	0.972076	1,496	2.734375	3	2.926143	3	Strong reasoning	History
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 1 The information on this page was automatically extracted from online scientific databases. From NCBI Gene: Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. Four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s). This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, shab-related subfamily. This member is a delayed rectifier potassium channel and its activity is modulated by some other family members. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008] Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes, primarily in the brain, but also in the pancreas and cardiovascular system. Contributes to the regulation of the action potential (AP) repolarization, duration and frequency of repetitive AP firing in neurons, muscle cells and endocrine cells and plays a role in homeostatic attenuation of electrical excitability throughout the brain (PubMed:23161216). Plays also a role in the regulation of exocytosis independently of its electrical function (By similarity). Forms tetrameric potassium-selective channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. The channel alternates between opened and closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane. Homotetrameric channels mediate a delayed-rectifier voltage-dependent outward potassium current that display rapid activation and slow inactivation in response to membrane depolarization (PubMed:8081723, PubMed:1283219, PubMed:10484328, PubMed:12560340, PubMed:19074135, PubMed:19717558, PubMed:24901643). Can form functional homotetrameric and heterotetrameric channels that contain variable proportions of KCNB2; channel properties depend on the type of alpha subunits that are part of the channel (By similarity). Can also form functional heterotetrameric channels with other alpha subunits that are non-conducting when expressed alone, such as KCNF1, KCNG1, KCNG3, KCNG4, KCNH1, KCNH2, KCNS1, KCNS2, KCNS3 and KCNV1, creating a functionally diverse range of channel complexes (PubMed:10484328, PubMed:11852086, PubMed:12060745, PubMed:19074135, PubMed:19717558, PubMed:24901643). Heterotetrameric channel activity formed with KCNS3 show increased current amplitude with the threshold for action potential activation shifted towards more negative values in hypoxic-treated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (By similarity). Channel properties are also modulated by cytoplasmic ancillary beta subunits such as AMIGO1, KCNE1, KCNE2 and KCNE3, slowing activation and inactivation rate of the delayed rectifier potassium channels (By similarity). In vivo, membranes probably contain a mixture of heteromeric potassium channel complexes, making it difficult to assign currents observed in intact tissues to any particular potassium channel family member. Major contributor to the slowly inactivating delayed-rectifier voltage-gated potassium current in neurons of the central nervous system, sympathetic ganglion neurons, neuroendocrine cells, pancreatic beta cells, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells. Mediates the major part of the somatodendritic delayed-rectifier potassium current in hippocampal and cortical pyramidal neurons and sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (CGC) neurons that acts to slow down periods of firing, especially during high frequency stimulation. Plays a role in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) of neuron excitability in the CA3 layer of the hippocampus (By similarity). Contributes to the regulation of glucose-induced action potential amplitude and duration in pancreatic beta cells, hence limiting calcium influx and insulin secretion (PubMed:23161216). Plays a role in the regulation of resting membrane potential and contraction in hypoxia-treated pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. May contribute to the regulation of the duration of both the action potential of cardiomyocytes and the heart ventricular repolarization QT interval. Contributes to the pronounced pro-apoptotic potassium current surge during neuronal apoptotic cell death in response to oxidative injury. May confer neuroprotection in response to hypoxia/ischemic insults by suppressing pyramidal neurons hyperexcitability in hippocampal and cortical regions (By similarity). Promotes trafficking of KCNG3, KCNH1 and KCNH2 to the cell surface membrane, presumably by forming heterotetrameric channels with these subunits (PubMed:12060745). Plays a role in the calcium-dependent recruitment and release of fusion-competent vesicles from the soma of neurons, neuroendocrine and glucose-induced pancreatic beta cells by binding key components of the fusion machinery in a pore-independent manner. From NCBI Gene: - Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 26 Epileptic encephalopathy, early infantile, 26 (EIEE26): A form of epileptic encephalopathy, a heterogeneous group of severe childhood onset epilepsies characterized by refractory seizures, neurodevelopmental impairment, and poor prognosis. Development is normal prior to seizure onset, after which cognitive and motor delays become apparent. EIEE26 patients manifest multiple types of seizures, delayed psychomotor development, poor or absent speech, hypotonia, hypsarrhythmia. [MIM:616056]	<urn:uuid:184ecedb-9cac-44af-a96c-99e293e9224b>	CC-MAIN-2016-40	https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/KCNB1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661953.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00085-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.865699	1,242	2.609375	3	2.894126	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Presentation on theme: "Reproductive strategies for Survival. How many, and how often? r Selection (aka. Quick-and-many) K selection (aka. Slower and fewer) Age of maturation."— Presentation transcript: Reproductive strategies for Survival How many, and how often? r Selection (aka. Quick-and-many) K selection (aka. Slower and fewer) Age of maturation Young – usually before the next breeding season Older – usually many seasons after birth Number of offspring ManyFew Frequency of breeding Usually frequently (many times a season) – high fecundity = many eggs produced per breeding season Generally once a season. Low fecundity Size of offspring Usually smallGenerally larger Mortality rates High – many offspring do not live to sexual maturity Low – offspring generally survive Examples of species Mice, rabbits, most insects, cane toads, octopus, mass spawning organisms Humpback whales, elephants, humans, some birds Eggs or liveborn young? OviparityViviparity Literally means Ovum = egg, parus = bearing Vivus = living, parus = bearing Description Eggs released by mother, embryos develop outside mothers body, nourished by egg yolk Embryo develops in mother, born as young. Mode of nutrition varies Benefits Reduced energy use in care of young Yolk provides good nutrient source More likely for offspring to survive to birth Drawbacks Eggs may need to be incubated Less chance of survival to birth due to eg. Eggs desiccating, predators, poor environment Energy expenditure for female carrying offspring Examples Birds, sharks, reptiles, monotremes Humans, some snake species, most mammals Oviparity Bony fish and frogs Birds and reptiles Known as -Amniote eggs Shell None, or leathery membrane Usually a hard, calcerious shell Benefits Wedge into safe crevices Better protected from desiccation – do not have to reproduce in water Dangers Desiccation Damage Cannot be hidden in crevices Examples Port Jackson shark, amphibians Hens, monotremes, crocodiles Viviparity Types of viviparity are recognised by the nutrient source for the developing embryo Egg yolk viviparity Placental viviparity Other source of nutrient More notes Cool habitat – kept warmer within body Largish eggs Any – nutrient sent via blood stream to embryo Very small eggs Feed them unfertilised eggs Feed them uterine milk – secretion from uterus Examples Some sharks and snakes. Sea snakes – so that they do not have to return to land to breed Mammals except monotremes, hammerhead shark Porbeagle shark (feeds with eggs), Bat rays (feed with milk) Activities Glossary: r selection, K selection, fecundity, oviparity, viviparity, amniote, placenta, mortality, monotreme Quick check questions: pg 383, 387. Parental care or not? No parental care Care of laid eggs Care of young What is it? No contact with offspring after eggs are laid Guarding and/or incubating eggs to hatching Care of young after hatching/birth Benefits Free to mate more No energy expenditure Eggs have protection from predators/ harsh conditions High chance of offspring survival Drawbacks High levels of mortality Energy expenditure Some mortality after hatching Very high levels of energy expenditure – may not be able to mate for many years after offspring birth Examples Reef fish, frogs, turtles Seahorse, diamond python, cephalopods (eg. Octopus, squid), spiders Humans, primates. Mammals (milk), emperor penguins, emus Case studies – 1. Australian Mallee Fowl Male invests energy into nest building – incubation mound made of rotting plant matter Female invests energy into laying 12 to 24 eggs at once Male incubates Chicks hatch, do not require further care Case studies – 2. Emu Polyandrous Male is caregiver He builds nest, incubates eggs, guards young Female lays eggs and leaves to mate again Case studies – 3. Australian Marsupials Australian Marsupials Placental mammals (not marsupials) have a long period of uterine development In contrast, marsupials have a short period within the uterus, and a long period developing in the pouch TURN TO PAGE 391 IN YOUR TEXT BOOK Australian Marsupials – arrested development Kangaroos and wallabies can suspend development within the uterus If kangaroo conceives while young is in pouch, she stops uterine development until pouch young is off the nipple in the pouch.	<urn:uuid:3287c01b-31fb-4127-b298-dbbdb3adfefe>	CC-MAIN-2017-04	http://slideplayer.com/slide/234801/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00156-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.870587	946	3.71875	4	2.485284	2	Moderate reasoning	Science & Tech.
internal threaded screw internal threaded screw Unified screw threads are designated in threads per inch This is the number of complete threads occurring in one inch of threaded length Metric thread pitch is designated as the distance between threads pitch in millimeters On an internal thread the minor diameter occurs at the crests and the major diameter occurs at the roots The larger product minor diameter of the UNJ internal thread requires the use of a larger tap drill than is used when producing Unified Screw Threads Features – UNJ Thread Form Unified Thread Series with a 0 15011P to 0 18042P controlled root radius on external thread only Apr 26 2020 nbsp 0183 32 How to Determine Screw Size amp Thread Count Lay the screw down on a flat surface Place a steel rule down the axis of the screw Count the number of thread gaps within 1 inch of the screw Divide the count of thread gaps into the length Place the screw on a flat surface Lay a steel rule between two screw threads and measure across the diameter Trapezoidal thread forms are screw thread profiles with trapezoidal outlines They are the most common forms used for leadscrews power screws They offer high strength and ease of manufacture They are typically found where large loads are required as in a vise or the leadscrew of a lathe Standardized variations include multiple start threads left hand threads Dec 02 2019 nbsp 0183 32 Internally threaded bolt is one type of fastener which with an internal thread similar to a nut Internal threads refer to those on nuts and tapped holes while external threads are those on bolts studs or screws Ever Hardware provides custom made fasteners and customizable packaging Bolts are often used to make a bolted joint Lag Screw Technique Fully threaded example 3 5mm cortex screw 1 Reduce the fracture and drill perpendicular to the obliquity of the fracture line 2 Gliding hole – Drilling with the outer diameter of the screw 3 5mm should only be done to the fracture line 3 Center the drill for the core diameter of the screw 2 5mm Microcentrifuge Tubes with Screw Cap Microcentrifuge Tubes with Snap Cap Oak Ridge Style Centrifuge Tubes Flared Top Plain Top Self Standing Cold Storage Ice Buckets amp Trays Coolers amp Chillers Centrifuge Tubes Cryogenic Vials External Thread Internal Thread Freezer Boxes Cardboard Freezer Boxes Polycarbonate BioBox Polypropylene Jun 24 2021 nbsp 0183 32 Bolt body dimension 3 8 in 16 x 2 pad diameter 1 3 8 in tapered threaded insert is a nominal 1 in H can be used in a wide variety of older furniture as replacement legs if they have corresponding internal measurements 4 pack weight capacity 550 lbs per caster 2200 lbs for set of 4KATO screw locking inserts exert a prevailing torque on male threaded fasteners to prevent loosening due to vibration or impact Locking inserts eliminate the need for costly and less desirable locking mechanisms They are excellent in adjusting screw applications by preventing the male fastener from creeping screw in machine construction a usually circular cylindrical member with a continuous helical rib used either as a fastener or as a force and motion modifier Although the Pythagorean philosopher Archytas of Tarentum 5th century bc is the alleged inventor of the screw the exact date of its first appearance as a useful mechanical device is obscure TIME SERT 174 threaded inserts are approved by leading automotive manufactures Easily repair stripped threads in cylinder head bolt stripped threads spark plug thread repair as well as oil drain pan Many thread repair kits are available for your threaded bushing application in metric and american sizes TIME SERT the very best in thread repair Jan 30 2022 nbsp 0183 32 A cap screw is directly tightened into a threaded or tapped hole and is normally used without a nut It has a large head on one end and a cylindrical shaft with an external thread a helical structure that allows the screw to be advanced when rotated The tapped hole has an internal thread that matches the external thread of the screw 95 rows nbsp 0183 32 ANSI ASME INTERNAL Screw Thread Size Chart All units are in inches Unified A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole Nuts are almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads friction with slight elastic deformation a slight stretching of the bolt and compression of the parts to be held together In applications where vibration or rotation Internally Threaded Shoulders Screw these shoulders onto a stud They re often used to create a bearing surface axle or pivot point where a tapped hole is not available Made from 18 8 stainless steel they have good chemical resistance and may be mildly magnetic They have a standard shoulder with an undersized tolerance to fit most Internally threaded screw gauges Solid high quality plastic thread gauges with internal threads 0 3 4 quot US coarse and fine thread and 1 6mm 16mm metric Also includes recommended tap and drill sizes on the reverse side click photo to enlarge Click on a product for additional info Prod A screw thread often shortened to thread is a helical structure used to convert between rotational and linear movement or force A screw thread is a ridge wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix with the former being called a straight thread and the latter called a tapered thread A screw thread is the essential feature of the screw as a simple machine and THREADED HOLE Cannulated Screws Guide Wires Drill Bits and Taps SCREW DIAMETER mm Thread Diameter 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5 6 5 7 0 7 3 Cancellous Cancellous Cancellous Cancellous Cancellous Screw Type Self drilling Cortex Self drilling Self drilling Self drilling Cancellous Self drilling Self tapping Self tapping Self tapping Self tapping Self tappingKomar Screw Corporation Vendor Managed Inventory Programs are provided to those customers looking to save on internal costs and improve productivity Click here to view our self drilling screws socket head cap screws socket set screws hex head cap screws u drive screws sems screws threaded rod studs self clinching panel Multiple screw types available including ball screw acme screw and roller screw options Options shown include block tube mount and threaded stud rod end mount I1 Integrated Steppers Using internal encoders integrated stepper motor actuators achieve enhanced performance Set up service concept, unify service standards, dedicate to customized service concept, fully ensure customer service satisfaction, all-round launch customer service work combined with customer region and grade multi-dimension, and ultimately create the Kelleg brand of featured service.	<urn:uuid:924061da-92fd-4734-9dc5-5033c5d86317>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://www.awaryjne-otwieranie-samochodow-gdansk.pl/posts-649.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711712.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20221210042021-20221210072021-00289.warc.gz	en	0.90686	1,330	2.65625	3	1.938067	2	Moderate reasoning	Industrial
Kingdom: Protista A MIXED UP KINGDOM This kingdom is the most diverse group of organisms. They move like animals Photosynthesize like plants Produce spores like fungus What is a Protist? Protists live in almost any environment that contains water. Many protists, such as the algae, are photosynthetic and are vital primary producers in ecosystems, particularly in the ocean----plankton. What is a Protist? Eukaryotic Unicellular or multicellular Heterotroph or autotroph Some have cell walls Chapter 19, page 502 Pretzel slime mold (pg 502) Move with one or more flagella Pa Paramecium Euglena Movement & Support Pseudopods Cilia Flagella Some have cell walls Shells of silica and calcium carbonate Some algae have holdfasts (root) and air bladders (buoyancy) Pellicle a thin layer supporting the cell membrane Digestion/Obtaining Nutrients Heterotroph Endocytosis Diffusion Decomposers Oral groove, cilia, gullet, food vacuoles (pg 507) Autotrophs with pigments and chloroplasts Nervous/Response Nucleus (macro and micro) Formation of cysts Eye spot for light detection Bioluminescent Produce toxins EUGLENA Circulation Flow of cytoplasm Gas Exchange Diffusion Excretion Diffusion Contractile vacuole Anal pore Reproduction Sexual gametes Asexual binary fission Conjugation Spores Fragmentation Alternation of generations Helpful Protists Algae (photosynthesis) Diatoms (a group of algae called phytoplankton.) Harmful Protists Entamoeba histolytica http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/amebiasis/ Giardia lamblia http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/ Trichonympha-termites Trypanosomes-( many species, one causes sleeping sickness carried by tsetse fly) http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/sleepingsickness/biology.html trypanosome infecting RBCs Gonyaulaux catanella (A marine dinoflagellate protozoan that produces a powerful toxin that accumulates in the tissues of mussels and shellfish; it may cause fatal poisoning in humans who have eaten contaminated shellfish.) Phytophtora infestans (caused European potato famine of 1840s) Malaria Plasmodium http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/ Scientific Method ... is the independent variable The time it takes is the dependent variable Keeping the same walker throughout makes the walker a control variable. It is best to make several trials with each independent variable. Valid Experiment A... Outline Payable.java Outline Invoice.java (1 of 3) Outline Invoice.java (2 of 3) Outline Invoice.java (3 of 3) 10.7.3 Creating Class Invoice A class can implement as many interfaces as it needs Use a comma-separated list of interface names after keyword... Immediate Bedding/Role of Pivot Nurse Why do we need to…and how do we do it? Optimize ED Bed Capacity and Utilization Patients should be in a bed only if it is medically necessary and only for as long as it... We believe the use of multiple-model simulation and during online optimal control is critical to reliability. We believe massive amounts of redundant sensing are necessary for reliability. We believe self monitoring outside the control loop is also necessary. We were... Network Services Networking for Home and Small Businesses - Chapter 6 ... To complete your comparison you may design a venn diagram or T-Chart (either on paper or on the computer) Insert a definition of what a server is then... A spaghetti diagram is a visual representation using a continuous flow line tracing the path of an item or activity through a process. Layout diagram. The continuous flow line enables process teams to identify redundancies in the work flow and... Paper Option #2- "Watching Me" Conduct an observational study Go to 2 public places (e.g., mall, dorm, restaurant) a. mirrors are present b. mirrors are not present Observe the behaviour of people as they see their reflections and record Time... Ready to download the document? Go ahead and hit continue!	<urn:uuid:9c6d199e-4955-4d49-8573-d7005bc25134>	CC-MAIN-2021-21	https://smackslide.com/slide/kingdom-protista-biology-8nv8ai	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988775.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20210507090724-20210507120724-00181.warc.gz	en	0.825123	951	3.203125	3	2.292188	2	Moderate reasoning	Science & Tech.
by Mike Bingham Electronic download: $3.95 Proceeds fund our Research Organisation for the Conservation of Penguins Magellanic penguins are only found around the Falkland Islands and South America, but they are extremely numerous within these regions. The Falklands has a population well in excess of 100,000 breeding pairs, but this is small compared to populations in South America, which number around 900,000 breeding pairs in Argentina (Centro Nacional Patagónico) and 800,000 pairs in Chile (Environmental Research Unit). Breeding colonies range from the Golfo San Matías in Argentina, southwards around the islands of Tierra del Fuego, and northwards up the Pacific coast of Chile as far as Puerto Montt. The Magellanic penguin is around 70cm long, and has an average weight of about 4kg. The head and upper parts are black apart from two broad white stripes beneath the throat; one running up behind the cheeks and above the eye to join the pinkish gape, the second running adjacent to the white underparts with which they merge above the legs. Females are slightly smaller than the males, but have similar plumage. Penguins of the Genus Spheniscus, to which Magellanic, Humboldt and Galapagos penguins all belong, are much more loosely colonial than other penguins. They generally nest in burrows when soil conditions permit, and are consequently spaced much further apart than surface-nesting penguins. Magellanic penguin colonies in particular often extend over several kilometres of coastline, at densities ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 nests per sq.m. Magellanic penguins are widely distributed throughout the region. They particularly like offshore islands with tussac grass or small shrubs, which are in abundance around the Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego and the Pacific coast of Chile. Such islands offer deep layers of soil for burrowing into, and dense vegetation offering protection from aerial predators. The Atlantic coast of mainland Argentina is much drier, and has less vegetation cover, but it is still home to around 650,000 breeding pairs, many of which nest above ground in surface scrapes or under bushes. Magellanic Penguins prefer to nest in burrows, but when soil conditions are unsuitable for burrowing, they will nest on the surface using whatever protection they can find. Adults arrive at the nest sites to breed in September, and after a period of burrow excavation and repair, begin egg laying around mid October. Two equally sized eggs are laid 4 days apart, each with a weight of around 125g. Incubation takes around 40 days, with the female incubating the eggs for the first shift, while the male feeds at sea. He forages at distances of up to 500km away from the breeding site, before returning to relieve the female some 15 or 20 days later. She then goes to sea for a similar period, and when she returns, the two birds change over at regular intervals until the eggs hatch. Both parents continue to brood the chicks in turn on a daily basis, for a period of about 30 days. Chicks are fed daily, with adults leaving the colony in early morning, and returning with food later the same day. Magellanic penguins mostly forage within 30km of the nest site during chick-rearing, except in the Falklands where longer foraging trips are forced by conflict with commercial fishing. By the end of 30 days the chicks have developed their mesoptile plumage, and are able to venture out of the burrows. At this stage they look very different from the adults, being a browny grey above, and creamy white below. Living in burrows, chicks have good protection from both predators and cold weather while both parents are away feeding, and consequently they do not form creches in the way that most surface-breeding species do. Whilst burrows offer good protection from most weather conditions, heavy rain can result in flooding of the burrows in certain areas. Chicks rarely drown in such circumstances, but often become wet and cold. Mesoptile plumage provides excellent insulation when dry, but it lacks the waterproofing qualities of the adult plumage and loses much of its insulation properties when wet. Consequently many chicks can die from hypothermia in such conditions. Living in burrows also means that both chicks and adults become infested with penguin fleas. Despite the two eggs being of roughly equal size, adults give feeding priority to the first chick to hatch, resulting in a higher rate of mortality amongst second chicks. Nevertheless Magellanic penguins often rear two chicks successfully when sufficient food can be caught. Normal productivity ranges from 1.0 to 1.6 chicks per breeding pair in South America, but averages only 0.5 chicks per pair in the Falklands due to lack of protection from commercial fishing (See Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 2002: The decline of Falkland Islands penguins in the presence of a commercial fishing industry). Magellanic penguins do not relay if they loose their clutch. When the weather is fine larger chicks often sit outside their burrow entrances, but will rapidly return to the safety of their burrows at the first sign of danger. Fledging occurs at 9 to 17 weeks of age, depending on food. Fledglings look similar to the adults, except for being greyer and lacking the clearly defined banding of the adults. Average fledging weight is around 3.3kg in South America, but only 2.7kg in the Falklands due to the difficulty adults encounter finding sufficient food for their chicks. Generally fledglings weighing less than 3kg are unlikely to survive, and juvenile survival in the Falklands is very low, resulting in an 80% decline since the onset of commercial fishing. Freedom from parental responsibilities allows the adults to spend a period of time at sea, feeding up in preparation for their annual moult in March. Moulting takes 3 to 4 weeks, after which the adults leave the breeding site, and remain at sea until the following breeding season. Magellanic penguins can live to about 20 years of age. Females may begin breeding at 4 years of age, but the males do not normally breed until they are at least 5 years old. This is quite possibly a consequence of there being more males than females, making it easier for inexperienced females to find partners than for inexperienced males. Magellanic penguins generally show strong site and mate fidelity, and pair-bonds are reinforced by allopreening. Magellanic penguins are opportunistic feeders, taking roughly equal proportions of fish (such as Micromesistius australis, Sprattus fuegensis, Engraulis anchoita, Merluccius hubbsi, Patagonotothen sp., Austroatherina sp., Myxinus sp.), squid (Loligo gahi, Gonatus antarcticus, Moroteuthis ingens, Onychoteuthis sp.) and crustaceans (Munida gregaria). During chick-rearing, foraging trips are generally conducted on a daily basis during daylight hours, except in the Falklands where food is harder to find. Birds generally forage at depths of less than 50m, but on occasions may dive up to 100m. Winter foraging for prey often takes them way beyond their normal breeding range, with birds travelling as far north as the Bahia region of Brazil. Magellanic penguins declined severely in the Falkland Islands during the 1980's and 1990's, which coincided with the rise of commercial fishing for squid and finfish. The current Falklands population (2002/03) stands at just 20% of its 1990/91 level, and this decline is still continuing. These declines have not occurred in nearby Chile or Argentina where colonies are protected from commercial fishing. Comparisons of colonies in the Falklands, Chile and Argentina confirm that competition with commercial fishing is the major cause of the Falklands decline (See Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 2002: The decline of Falkland Islands penguins in the presence of a commercial fishing industry). Adult penguins in Chile and Argentina are able to return with food for their chicks on a daily basis, with foraging trips averaging 16 to 18 hours. By contrast adults in the Falkland Islands take approximately 35 hours to find the same amount of food. With only half the amount of food being fed to chicks, lower chick survival rates result. Breeding success and chick survival rates are substantially higher in Chile (average 1.4 chicks per nest) than in the Falklands (average 0.5 chicks per nest). Chicks which do survive in the Falklands are also underweight (2.7kg compared to 3.3kg in Chile), giving Falklands fledglings little chance of surviving their first few weeks at sea. This huge difference in breeding success has resulted in a gradual decline in population, with insufficient chicks and juveniles surviving in the Falklands to replace natural adult mortality. The breeding sites themselves also show the magnitude of the Falklands decline. In the Falklands, populations have declined so much that 80 to 90% of burrows are unoccupied or derelict. A Magellanic penguin in the Falkland Islands has no difficulty finding a suitable burrow. There are plenty of ready made ones whose owners have either died or moved elsewhere. In colonies in Chile, such as Magdalena Island, every inch of the colony is used by penguins. Even areas where the ground is unsuitable for making burrows are used, with Magellanic penguins nesting on the surface. Some colonies along the Atlantic coast of Argentina have also experienced declines. These declines are due to a combination of commercial fishing, and oil pollution from the deliberate discharge of oily ballast water by tanker traffic. By contrast to the Falkland Islands, the Argentinean fisheries not only affect penguin populations by reducing food abundance, but also through considerable bi-catch of Magellanic penguins in trawling gear. The reasons for this are unclear, but are probably related to differences in vessel type, trawl speed, net size and catchment areas. Fishing vessels are not the only man-made hazard faced by Magellanic penguins in this region. An active offshore oil and gas industry make pollution from oil a constant risk to penguins. Oil is discharged into the sea both through accidental spillage, and through deliberate operational discharge of oily ballast water from tankers. An estimated 40,000 Magellanic penguins are killed by oil pollution every year along the coast of Argentina, representing the main cause of adult mortality in this area. The commencement of oil exploration around the Falkland Islands could mean similar mortality amongst Falkland penguins, unless considerably higher standards to those employed in Argentina are demanded. Unfortunately early indications are not good. During a 5 month period of oil exploration around the Falklands in 1998, no less than three oil spills occurred, killing several hundred penguins, cormorants and other seabirds. Magellanic penguins from both the Falkland Islands and South America face natural predators at sea, such as sea lions, leopard seals and orcas (killer whales). They also face predation of chicks and eggs by avian predators, such as gulls and skuas, but where the penguins nest in burrows, such predation is greatly reduced. Magellanic penguins are also killed by crab fishermen around the remoter parts of southern Chile, the penguin carcasses being used to bait their crab pots. This probably has little impact on the overall population, but decimates the breeding sites that are affected. Magellanic penguins are popular for tourism, but they are the most nervous of penguins. Visitors that approach breeding sites which do not normally have many visitors, will send the penguins scurrying into their burrows for safety. Magellanic penguins do readily adapt to regular visitation however, and become much less nervous with time. Nevertheless, careful control of tourism near Magellanic penguin burrows needs to be enforced, since burrows will readily collapse if walked over. Simple fences keeping people just 2 or 3 metres away from burrows is all that is required, and this can benefit both penguins and tourists. Not only are the penguins protected from being crushed in their burrows, but they also rapidly learn that humans will not enter beyond the fence, and will confidently remain sitting outside their burrows for all to see. By contrast, visitors to unfenced sites will generally see little more than distant penguins scurrying away, or faces looking out from within their burrows. Web Page by Mike Bingham	<urn:uuid:d90440da-e01d-48e0-a18c-d12a20f3fe11>	CC-MAIN-2017-51	http://www.penguins.cl/magellanic-penguins.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948539745.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171214035620-20171214055620-00487.warc.gz	en	0.938641	2,643	3.78125	4	2.830965	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
161 clip art images. Multicultural clip art kids participating in activities that demonstrate a specific subject or classroom activity that you might schedule during the day. 3 different sets included: Kids engaged in activities (Images only). Use these kids to create your own unique event or schedule cards. Create text box shapes or just use the images to make reminder notes, word cards and so much more. Enlarge of reduce the images to fit your needs. Kids plus a text box with an event or subject typed in. This set is ready to use. Enlarge or reduce the images to fit your space. - Kids with a text box for you to fill in. The text boxes are ready for you to type in your own events and subjects. Each image can be used for multiple events/subjects. Also use this set for reading readiness in pre-K, K, ESL/ELL or use in first grade remediation. Display on bulletin boards, make student sets, create matching games and so much more! (This set also comes in a ready-to-print version: DAILY SCHEDULE CARDS.) 161 Clipart Images Enlarge or reduce any of the images to fit your spaces and projects. Overlap images to create unique and creative illustrations. 53 full color kids that demonstrate a particular activity or subject. The images are versatile and can be used for many different subjects. Use these kids to create your own word cards or activity pages. Enlarge or reduce them to fit your needs. 54 kids with rectangular boxes without text so you can type in your own scheduled events. 54 kids with rectangular boxes that include text. Topics Announcements Arrival Art Assembly Bell Work Birthday Buddies Calendar Centers Choir Church Circle Time Class Meeting Clean Up Computers Counselor - Announcements (child reading long note) - Arrival (student with papers and backpack) - Art (crayons, scissors, paint brushes) - Art 2 (student dripping paint brush, artist smock and hat) - Assembly ( 2 students sitting) - Bell Work (bell and 2 students peeking over) - Birthday ( child holding child-make birthday cake) - Buddies (2 students - one standing, one sitting) - Calendar (child facing a calendar) - Centers (child creating) - Choir (2 singing kids) - Church (kneeling, praying child) - Circle Time (2 children holding a circle) - Class Meeting (2 seated students raising their hands) - Clean Up (child holding toys) - Computers (2 children facing a computer) - Counselor (child holding papers and pencil) - Dismissal (child with backpack filled with supplies) - Drama (child with boa, big hat) - Field Trip (bus with kids) - Fire Drill (student dressed as fireperson) - Flag (large flag) - Free Choice (happy child thinking about what do choose) - Geography (child holding globe) - Gym (child hanging on pull-up bar) - Important Announcement (child sitting on stool making announcements) - Language Arts (students with paper and pencil) - Lunch (child looking at sandwich, fruit, veggies) - Math (2 students writing on board) - Morning Work (large sunshine) - Music (2 children singing) - Nap Time (child yawning) - Nurse (child-nurse with stethoscope) - Physical Education (child on large colorful ball) - Phonics (child writing vowels on board) - Quiet Time (child sitting quietly) - Reading (2 children reading) - Recess (child jumping rope) - Science (student holding worm) - Shared Writing (child holding large pencil and paper) - Sharing (child holding things they are sharing) - Snack Time (child holding large apple) - Social Studies (explorer with spy glass in boat) - Special Event (large grandfather clock) - Special Event 2 (marching child) - Spelling (child with words above head) - Study Hall (child ready to study) - Surprise (child with magic wand) - Technology (child sitting in front of computer with sign TECHNOLOGY) - Walk (4 children walking) - Welcome (child raising hands, welcoming visitors) - Whole Group (4 kids arm in arm) - Write and Share (child sharing story How Do You Receive Your Products Once a download is purchased, you will receive an email with a link to your product. ©Karen's Kids copyrighted images are for personal and classroom use by the purchaser only.	<urn:uuid:5598e491-0cd2-41e0-8a75-66b9e8350b3d>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	https://karenskidsstudio.com/products/classroom-schedule-clip-art-kids	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400198652.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200920192131-20200920222131-00360.warc.gz	en	0.881485	976	2.640625	3	1.356045	1	Basic reasoning	Education & Jobs
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complicated disease, and while many people with PD live a long and healthy life, this is not the case for everyone. We’ve learned from a recent study1 that as many as 60% of people with PD are at increased risk for malnutrition. “Increased risk” doesn’t mean that 60% of people with PD will develop malnutrition; it just means that there is a higher possibility. But it is a good idea to be aware of the forms of malnutrition and their possible causes, so that you can minimize the risk. Malnutrition is any disease that is caused by lack of nutrients, and can take many forms. Unplanned weight loss is one possibility. Deficiency of vitamin B12 can result in an Alzheimer’s-like dementia. Deficiency of other B vitamins can lead to insomnia, uncoordinated movement, depression, anorexia, confusion, memory loss. Lack of protein will cause the body to consume the proteins in its own muscle mass, causing wasting and weakness. Too little calcium, magnesium, or vitamins D or K result in osteoporosis. Without vitamin D, depression, dementia, falls, muscle aches and pains are possible. What are the risks for malnutrition if you have Parkinson’s disease? And how can we reduce these risks? Here are descriptions of some common nutrition-related concerns, followed by suggestions that may help to resolve the problems. - One of the first symptoms of PD is loss of the sense of smell, a sense which is necessary in order to taste food. While lack of the senses of taste and smell doesn’t always affect appetite, it can become a factor. - Suggestion: Choose favorite or especially desirable foods. Focus on flavor intensity – lemon, garlic, soy sauce, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, herbs; and “mouthfeel” – foods that are crunchy, creamy, chewy or have other appealing textures that make them more agreeable when scent and flavor are lacking. - Medications used to treat PD often cause nausea. - Suggestion: Ginger is very effective at counteracting nausea. Keep some fresh ginger in the freezer and use it to make ginger tea, or chew a slice of ginger. Keep a container of crystallized ginger handy, to take while on errands or traveling. Even powdered ginger can be used to make tea. - Medications may cause loss of appetite. - Suggestion: Discuss this with your physician. If medication-induced, it may be possible to try a different medication. - Depression is common among people with PD and can affect willingness to eat. - Suggestion: Discuss this with your physician. Depression can be due to deficiency of B vitamins, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, or other nutrients; a blood test will show whether this is the case and if so, supplements should help. In some cases, depression may respond well to counseling. Some people may require antidepressant medication. - The stage of PD can be a factor, because as PD progresses, symptoms often become more severe. Also motor fluctuations are more likely to occur in later-stage PD. Off-time, dystonia, and dyskinesia make it difficult both to eat, and to time medications and meals. - Suggestion: Ask your doctor about a longer-lasting medication, such as Stalevo, or Rytary, or a pump, so that off time is reduced, and you can time medications and meals more closely. - Tremor and dyskinesia can burn extra calories. - Suggestion: If using levodopa, divide the day’s protein needs among morning, midday, and evening meals, taking levodopa about 30 minutes before each meal. In between meals, eat small, non-protein or low-protein snacks, such as fruits and juices, whole-grain crackers or biscuits, tomato or vegetable soup. These add extra calories without blocking levodopa absorption. - Swallowing problems increase fear, and risk, of choking. - Suggestion: Ask your doctor for a referral to a speech pathologist, who can evaluate your swallowing function, and determine whether you are at risk for choking. If so, the therapist can demonstrate safe swallowing techniques, and if necessary recommend chopped, pureed, or otherwise altered foods and liquids. You should also be referred to a dietitian, who can assess your needs and ensure you are getting enough protein and other nutrients. - Rigidity and loss of manual dexterity makes it hard to manage eating utensils. - Suggestion: Ask your doctor for a referral to an occupational therapist, who can recommend specially-designed plates, bowls, drinkware, and eating utensils that are easier to manage. - Chewing and swallowing become tiring and cause slowed eating, and inability to finish meals. It may take several hours to finish a meal. - Suggestion: Choose foods that require little chewing. Include nutrient-rich blenderized smoothies, minced, mashed or pureed meats, fish, vegetables and fruits. For example, meatloaf, applesauce, mashed peas, potatoes, carrots, or baby foods. If this is insufficient, ask your doctor about placement of a feeding tube. In many cases, individuals can still eat and enjoy food by mouth; but the feeding tube ensures sufficient fluids to prevent dehydration, and enough protein, vitamins, and minerals for complete nutrition. For some people, Parkinson’s disease may present barriers to good nutrition. These can be difficult to deal with. Being aware of such possibilities is important, so that you can prepare as needed. That includes close communication with your neurologist, and the help of specialized health professionals, for their advice and support. With preparation and an experienced health care team, you can overcome, even prevent, common causes of malnutrition and related illness. 1 Tomic S1, Pekic V2, Popijac Z3, Pucic T3, Petek M2, Kuric TG2, Misevic S3, Kramaric RP2. What increases the risk of malnutrition in Parkinson’s disease? J Neurol Sci. 2017 Apr 15;375:235-238.	<urn:uuid:09994d64-193d-4985-81a0-ae78c9b3d992>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	https://nutritionucanlivewith.com/1168/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=1168	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161638.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925123211-20180925143611-00223.warc.gz	en	0.93307	1,290	2.609375	3	2.410441	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
Brushing and Flossing for Kids - Great Grins in Portland, OR Brushing and flossing your teeth are the best ways to have your be teeth sparkling white and cavity free, your gums look good, and your breath smell swell. How does brushing and flossing work? Dental disease is caused by germs, many types of bacteria and yeast, to be exact. The bacteria stick to teeth by making a sticky waterproof glue that surrounds the germs and holds them tightly to the tooth. This combination of germs and glue is called dental plaque. Bacteria are present in every mouth and they multiply and grow by eating the same food that you do. The problem is that after they eat, they make wastes – germs poop! Their waste is lactic acid and this acid will dissolve tooth enamel and make a hole (cavities). Once there is a hole to hide in, the germs are much harder to clean off the tooth and they grow even faster, making more acid, and making the cavity even bigger. Over months and years, the cavities can grow big enough to cause tooth aches and even dissolve the whole tooth right down to the gums. Wow. To prevent this disappearing act, we need to brush and floss to remove the dental plaque. Because the plaque is waterproof, just swishing with mouthwash does not work. It is like a bit like Vaseline petroleum gel on a mirror; throwing water at it just smears it around. You have to physically wipe it off with a wash rag or paper towel to get the mirror clean. For your teeth, we use a toothbrush to rub the top and sides of teeth and we use floss or a toothpick to rub clean between the teeth. To do a complete cleaning job, you need to use BOTH. Flossing is one of the most important oral health activities that you can teach your child. In fact, flossing is more important than brushing. Our kids would sometimes go to bed late and to save time with the bedtime routine, we would have “Floss and Fluoride” nights and skip the toothbrushing. Now this was rare, but it demonstrates that we choose flossing over brushing in importance. Floss comes both in boxes of long strands that you use your fingers to hold or you can buy the disposable floss handles. Floss handles make flossing much easier for parents because some small children can bite your fingers if you try to floss using fingers. Our office gives out floss handles that are reusable (so there is less plastic waste than the disposable ones) and it is cheaper too. Whichever type of floss you use, just USE IT. If you have any questions please feel free to give us a call at (971) 470-0054	<urn:uuid:c4749809-b391-4374-b661-008bbe1b0842>	CC-MAIN-2017-51	http://portlandchildrensdentist.com/index.asp?N=childrens-dentist-Portland-OR-Brushing-and-Flossing&C=799&P=16660	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948567785.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215075536-20171215095536-00315.warc.gz	en	0.951089	584	2.734375	3	1.440696	1	Basic reasoning	Health
General Aviation Safety The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and industry are working on a number of key initiatives to improve general aviation (GA) safety: the GA Joint Steering Committee (GAJSC), Equip 2020 for ADS-B Out, new Airman Certification Standards (ACS), streamlining aircraft certification, the Got Data? External Data Initiative, and the Fly Safe outreach campaign on Loss of Control. The United States has the largest and most diverse GA community in the world, with more than 220,000 active aircraft, including amateur-built aircraft, rotorcraft, balloons, and highly sophisticated turbojets. By working together, and focusing on data driven solutions, government and industry are making a difference to put the right technologies, regulations, and education initiatives in place to improve safety. The FAA’s goal is to reduce the GA fatal accident rate by 10 percent over a 10-year period (2009-2018). Inflight loss of control – mainly stalls – accounts for the largest number of GA fatal accidents. Although the fatal accident rate is declining, last year (FY17) 347 people still died in 209 general aviation fatal accidents The FAA and industry are focused on reducing general aviation accidents by primarily using a voluntary, non-regulatory, proactive, data-driven strategy to get results— similar to the strategy the FAA uses in commercial aviation. Using data, the FAA and industry are working together to identify risk, pinpoint trends through root cause analysis, and develop safety strategies. The FAA and the GA community carry out this work through the GAJSC. - Formed in the mid-1990s, the GAJSC revitalized its efforts in 2011 to combat GA fatal accidents. The government and industry group uses the same methodology as the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST). It uses a data-driven, consensus-based approach to analyze safety data to develop specific interventions that will mitigate the root causes of accidents. - Recent accomplishments include 40 safety enhancements, (such as training, procedures, and technology) to address loss of control. Examples include a streamlined policy for angle of attack (AOA) system approvals and outreach to the GA community on loss of control topics. With engine failures being the third leading fatal GA accident category, the GAJSC convened its next working group to examine fatal GA accidents involving total or partial engine power loss. The GAJSC approved and initiated implementation of ten safety enhancements directed at engine issues and focused on improving engine technology, aiding the pilot in decision making post-engine failure, and improving resources available to mechanics, as well as their education and training. - The GA JSC began its study into Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents in October 2017 and will finish its work sometime in 2018. CFIT is the second largest risk in GA, but was initially skipped due to an encouraging downward trend in CFIT accidents. The GAJSC combines the expertise of many key decision makers across different parts of the FAA, other government agencies, and industry stakeholder groups. The other federal agencies are the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), which participates as an observer. Industry participants include the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Experimental Aircraft Association, General Aviation Manufacturers Association, Light Aircraft Manufacturers Association, National Business Aviation Association, National Air Transportation Association, National Association of Flight Instructors, Society of Aviation and Flight Educators, and the aviation insurance industry. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Transport Canada and the Canadian Owners and Pilots Association (COPA) also participate as observers. Other achievements include several web-based resource guides, information on flying and medications, and overall GA community coordination on Loss of Control and engine issue topics. Resources include targeted themes and articles in the FAA Safety Briefing Magazine. The GA community and the FAA are moving toward using de-identified GA operations data in the Aviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing (ASIAS) program to help identify risks before they become accidents. In March of 2014 the FAA started a one-year project to illustrate the value, capabilities, and benefits of the ASIAS program for the GA community. The project explored potential new information sources such as General Aviation Flight Data Monitoring, voluntary safety reports, manufacturer reports, and information collected from avionics and using new common technologies such as iOS and Android personal electronic devices.. This project led to a broader expansion of GA in ASIAS. Tools are now available to the GA community to help explore and understand their own flight data and look for potential risks. Through this program, the FAA does not have access to any individual pilot’s data as the system is hosted by a third party. The de-identified aggregate data is used by the GA community through ASIAS to identify trends and look for system risks that may need to be mitigated. Data from these programs will be used for GA JSC initiatives and research conducted by the GA community. The GAJSC is working with the community to incorporate their data into ASIAS so that it may be used to identify risk. The NextGen program includes innovative technologies and procedures to make flying safer, greener, and more efficient. In March 2015, the FAA achieved a major milestone by completing one of the largest automation changeovers in the history of the agency: a new high-altitude air traffic control system, known as En Route Automation Modernization (ERAM). This system will accommodate the technologies of NextGen, giving the U.S. a more powerful air traffic system. The FAA is working with manufacturers to define equipage requirements and support NextGen by streamlining the certification and installation of NextGen technologies, such as Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B). It is a foundation of NextGen and transforms aircraft surveillance using satellite-based positioning. ADS-B enhances GA pilots’ awareness of other traffic and improves safety in areas that radar cannot reach, such as Alaska and the Gulf of Mexico. Pilots flying properly equipped aircraft can see graphical weather information on cockpit displays, where they are in relation to nearby aircraft, and flight information such as temporary flight restrictions. The full benefits of ADS-B can only be realized if all of the planes that fly in controlled airspace are equipped. The FAA has set January 1, 2020, as the deadline to equip for ADS-B Out in controlled airspace. The DOT and the FAA offered a $500 rebate incentive for GA aircraft owners who equip their aircraft with required avionics technology. Accelerating compliance is critical to ensuring that pilots, manufacturers, and retail facilities have adequate time and capacity to equip aircraft in a timely and efficient manner, ahead of a 2020 regulatory deadline. Although the agency is no longer accepting new rebate reservations, owners who have an existing reservation should complete the final steps. Airman Testing Standards and Training In collaboration with aviation training community experts, the FAA has updated key elements of the airman certification system to include an enhanced focus on risk management. In June, the FAA replaced the Practical Test Standards (PTS) for the Private Pilot certificate in the airplane category and the Instrument Rating (also in the airplane category) with the corresponding Airman Certification Standards (ACS). The ACS improves the PTS by adding task-specific knowledge and risk management elements to each PTS Area of Operation and Task. By integrating knowledge and risk management requirements with skill tasks, the ACS offers a comprehensive presentation of the standards for what an applicant needs to know, consider, and do in order to pass both the knowledge and practical tests for a certificate or rating. This format helps applicants, instructors, evaluators, and other stakeholders understand what the FAA expects in each phase of the certification process, from the FAA knowledge exam to the practical test. It also helps everyone understand how knowledge, risk management, and skill work together for safe operation in the NAS. In 2016, the FAA launched the Got Data? External Data Access Initiative to give the private sector better access the FAA’s aeronautical data and spur innovation. The goal is to help industry be in a position to create innovative products and technologies that improve safety and efficiency. The initiative includes data such as airports, navigation aids, fixes, obstacles, holding, approaches, and Temporary Flight Restriction information. Based on stakeholder feedback, the FAA is delivering new features such as the Data Innovation Center, geofenced aeronautical chart product data in consumable formats, and automated digital product downloads. The FAA has also expanded the digital Terminal Procedures Publication, Coded Instrument Flight Procedures, the 8620-2 for all fixes, and added new symbology to charts. On August 30, 2017, a final rule overhauling airworthiness standards for general aviation airplanes officially went into effect. The FAA expects this rule will enable faster installation of innovative, safety-enhancing technologies into small airplanes, while reducing costs for the aviation industry. These performance-based standards implement forward-looking, flexible rules that encourage innovation. Specifically, the rule revolutionizes standards for airplanes weighing 19,000 pounds or less and with 19 or fewer passenger seats by replacing prescriptive requirements with performance-based standards coupled with consensus-based compliance methods for specific designs and technologies. The rule also adds new certification standards to address GA loss of control accidents and in-flight icing conditions. The rule addresses recommendations presented in 2013 by a 55-member rulemaking committee that included representatives from the FAA, European Aviation Safety Agency, National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Transport Canada, Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, several airplane and avionics manufacturers, and industry groups. On March 31, 2016, the FAA published a new policy to help aircraft owners voluntary install safety equipment on airplanes and helicopters that is not required by the agency’s regulations. It will reduce costs and streamline the installation of Non-Required Safety Enhancing Equipment (NORSEE) into the general aviation fleet.The policy is the result of collaboration under the GAJSC andexpands the 2014 FAA policy, which simplified the design approval requirements for a cockpit instrument called an angle of attack (AOA) indicator. AOA devices can be added to small planes to supplement airspeed indicators and stall warning systems, alerting pilots of a low airspeed condition before an aerodynamic stall occurs. Such stalls are particularly dangerous during takeoff and landing. NORSEE includes avionics, electronic instruments, displays and mechanical equipment. Equipment approved as NORSEE increases overall situational awareness; provides additional information other than the aircraft primary system; provides independent warning, cautionary, or advisory indications; and provides additional occupant safety protection. Examples of NORSEE equipment include: traffic advisory systems, terrain awareness and warning systems; attitude indicators; fire extinguishing systems; and autopilot or stability augmentation systems. The policy has the flexibility to accommodate the installation of new technology safety enhancements into Part 23, 27, and 29 aircraft that are determined to be a minor change to type design. The benefits must outweigh the risk. The policy will reduce equipment costs by allowing the applicants the flexibility to select various industry standards that suit their product, as long as it meets the FAA’s minimum design requirements. NORSEE approval under the policy is not an approval for installation on the aircraft – it just makes the equipment eligible for installation on the aircraft. Angle of Attack Indicators On February 5, 2014, the FAA took an important step to help improve safety in small aircraft by simplifying design and production approval requirements for an AOA indicator. AOA indicators provide the pilot with a visual aid to prevent loss of control of the aircraft in the critical phases of flight. Previously, cost and complexity of indicators limited their use to the military and commercial aircraft. Under new FAA guidelines, AOA devices can be added to small airplanes to supplement airspeed indicators and stall warning systems, giving pilots an additional tool to avoid a dangerous aerodynamic stall and subsequent loss of control. The FAA continues to work to improve RVSM Letter of Authorization (LOA) process Since January 2005, Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) has allowed pilots to fly domestically with 1,000 feet of vertical separation rather than the previous 2,000 feet at cruising altitudes. On January 27, 2014, the FAA issued a policy that streamlined the process for granting approval to use RVSM. The FAA now considers previous operator and aircraft experience to determine the extent of the evaluation, reducing the amount of time it takes for operators to receive an authorization. The FAA aims to make the authorization process more efficient with an August 2017 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking that would eliminate the need for U.S.-registered operators to apply for RVSM authorization when their aircraft meet altitude-keeping requirements and are equipped with qualified Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Out systems. Engagement & Outreach On June 6, 2015, the FAA and GA groups launched the Fly Safe national safety campaign to educate the GA community on how to prevent Loss of Control (LOC) accidents. An LOC accident involves an unintended departure of an aircraft from controlled flight. LOC can happen because the aircraft enters a flight regime that is outside its normal flight envelope and may quickly develop into a stall or spin. It can introduce an element of surprise for the pilot. LOC happens in all phases of flight. It can happen anywhere and at any time. There is one fatal accident involving LOC every four days. Join the campaign at #FlySafe and follow it on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Most weather-related GA accidents are fatal, and a failure to recognize deteriorating weather continues to be a frequent cause or contributing factor of accidents. The GAJSC has produced several safety enhancements related to weather as part of their work on loss of control in flight. The 2014 FAA and industry’s Got Weather? national safety outreach campaign reached approximately 4.5 million people. The FAA partners with the International Helicopter Safety Team (IHST) and the U.S. Helicopter Safety Team (USHST) to promote safety and reduce civil helicopter accidents and fatalities worldwide. The IHST was formed in 2005 to lead a government and industry cooperative effort to address factors that were contributing to an unacceptable helicopter accident rate. Prior to 2006, the number of worldwide civil helicopter accidents was rising at a rate of 2.5 percent per year. Since 2006, the worldwide civil helicopter fleet has grown by 30 percent but the number of accidents has decreased in key global regions by 30 to 50 percent. IHST members establish partnerships with countries with significant helicopter operations and encourage overseas industries to perform accident analysis and develop safety interventions. Partners include government and industry participants from the United States, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand, India, Russia, and multiple countries in Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Since its creation as a regional sub-team of the IHST in 2013, the USHST has focused on the U.S. civil helicopter community and especially on fatal accidents. Comparing 2016 to 2013, the U.S. civil helicopter industry experienced a 30 percent accident rate reduction, from 4.95 accidents per 100,000 helicopter flight hours to 3.45 accidents per 100,000 helicopter flight hours. In addition, the number of fatal accidents has been cut nearly in half and the fatal accident rate is down 47 percent compared to 2013. In 2017, the USHST completed an extensive analysis of fatal accidents using the same approach as the CAST and the GAJSC. The analysis determined that three occurrence categories contributed to 50 percent of fatal helicopter accidents from 2009-2013: loss of control – inflight (LOC-I), unintended flight into IMC (UIMC), and low altitude operations (LALT). Also, four industry sectors were involved in 52percent of fatal accidents: Personal/Private, Emergency Medical Services, Commercial Operations, and Aerial Application. The team developed 22 Safety Enhancements to be implemented by the industry and the FAA. The Safety Enhancements address technology, simulation, risk management, and outreach solutions in the effort to reduce fatal accidents. Total U.S. Accidents 2001-05 Baseline: 184 accidents, 29 fatal accidents, 55 fatalities 2013: 146 accidents, 30 fatal accidents, 62 fatalities 2014: 138 accidents, 21 fatal accidents, 37 fatalities 2015: 121 accidents, 17 fatal accidents, 28 fatalities 2016: 108 accidents, 17 fatal accidents, 29 fatalities (41% decrease in accidents) U.S. Accident Rate (per 100,000 flight hours) 2001-05 Baseline: 7.97 accident rate, 1.27 fatal accident rate, 2.36 fatality rate 2013: 4.95 accident rate, 1.02 fatal accident rate, 2.10 fatality rate 2014: 4.26 accident rate, 0.65 fatal accident rate, 1.14 fatality rate 2015: 3.67 accident rate, 0.52 fatal accident rate, 0.85 fatality rate 2016: 3.45 accident rate, 0.54 fatal accident rate, 0.93 fatality rate (57% decrease in accident rate) The FAASTeam’s website is a good resource for pilots to help improve their skills and knowledge. The site hosts the FAA WINGS pilot proficiency program. It also contains online pilot training materials and includes courses to help a pilot avoid the pitfalls of VFR flight into Instrument Meteorological Conditions. Pilots, flight instructors, and mechanics are encouraged to register online. Amateur-built and other experimental aircraft were involved in almost 25 percent of U.S. fatal general aviation accidents over the past five years and account for an estimated five percent of total general aviation fleet hours. With the help of targeted safety enhancements developed by the FAA and GAJSC industry participants, and new policies, this segment of the GA industry is showing significant improvement. Loss of control remains the leading cause of fatal accidents involving amateur-built aircraft. The FAA’s Airmen Transition to Unfamiliar Airplanes Advisory Circular (AC 90-109A) helps plan the transition to any unfamiliar fixed-wing airplanes, including type-certificated (TC) and/or experimental airplanes. It provides information and guidance to owners and pilots of experimental, simple, complex, high-performance, and/or unfamiliar airplanes. It also provides information to flight instructors who teach in these airplanes. The FAA also continues to promote AC 90-116, Additional Pilot Program (APP) for Phase I Flight Test. The AC provides information and guidance for flight testing experimental aircraft. The APP was developed to improve safety by enhancing Builder/Owner Pilot (BP) skills and mitigate risks associated with Phase I flight testing of aircraft built from commercially produced kits through the use of a qualified additional pilot and powerplant testing. The APP is an optional program which provides another pathway to conducting Phase I flight testing. The traditional option for a pilot to test their aircraft solo during Phase I is not covered or affected by this AC, and remains an option for those who choose to do so in accordance with their aircraft’s operating limitations. Aviation Universities and Experts Working through the Aviation Accreditation Board International (AABI) and the University Aviation Association (UAA), the FAA is partnering with the aviation academic community to leverage their expertise and develop best practices for improving flight training. The General Aviation Accident Rate Over the last two years, we have begun to see a slight increase in GA flight hours. This is partially due to strong numbers in the turbine/jet segment of GA and reverses a trend seen over the last few years. From 2004 to 2009, fatal accidents from Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) have been reduced by approximately 50 percent. However, until 2014, the general aviation fatal accident rate appeared to have remained relatively static based on the FAA’s flight hours estimates. Since then, the fatal accident rate is decreasing, the preliminary estimate for FY 2017 is a fatal accident of 0.84 with 209 GA fatal accidents with 347 fatalities. In FY 2016, the fatal accident rate was 0.89 with 219 GA fatal accidents with 411 fatalities. In FY 2015, the fatal accident rate was 0.99 with 238 GA fatal accidents with 384 fatalities. In 2014, the fatal accident rate was 1.09 fatal accidents per 100,000 hours, with 252 fatal accidents. In 2013, the fatal accident rate was 1.11 fatal accidents per 100,000 hours, with 259 GA fatal accidents. In 2012, the fatal accident rate was 1.09 fatal accidents per 100,000 hours flown, with 267 GA fatal accidents. In 2011, the fatal accident rate was 1.12 fatal accidents per 100,000 hours flown, with 278 GA fatal accidents. In 2010, the fatal accident rate was 1.10 fatal accidents per 100,000 hours flown, with 272 GA fatal accidents. Previous eight-year GA fatal accident rates and numbers: \|GA Fatal Accidents per 100,000 Hours\|\|GA Fatal Accidents\|\|GA Fatalities\| The Top 10 Leading Causes of Fatal General Aviation Accidents 2001-2016: 1. Loss of Control Inflight 2. Controlled Flight Into Terrain 3. System Component Failure – Powerplant 4. Fuel Related 5. Unknown or Undetermined 6. System Component Failure – Non-Powerplant 7. Unintended Flight In IMC 8. Midair Collisions 9. Low-Altitude Operations	<urn:uuid:54f10e97-4604-4abc-b5b7-643cbb850d4f>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/general-aviation-safety?newsId=21274	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585997.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024111905-20211024141905-00232.warc.gz	en	0.921977	4,375	2.828125	3	2.932499	3	Strong reasoning	Transportation
The tongue is one of the oft-forgotten heroes of the body. It helps you speak clearly and enjoy your favorite foods; it’s an important part of the digestive system. But what should you do when your tongue is in pain? Usually, soreness or discomfort on this group of muscles isn’t a major cause for concern; the tongue is a resilient little body part that may be able to heal on its own. However, some tongue problems may require medical attention. Your dentist is here to explain a few situations when your tongue might need a helping hand. Everyone bites their tongue once in a while. It might happen when you’re chowing down on a delicious meal or when you’re playing sports and take a hard hit. The best way to handle an injury like this is to gargle some warm saltwater and be patient. Your tongue may feel better in a week or so. However, if there is severe bleeding or other serious damage, it’s best to visit a medical professional just in case stitches are needed. A canker sore on your tongue or on any of the soft tissues of your mouth can be incredibly painful. Thankfully, though, these usually go away on their own in less than a week. But sometimes they’re more serious than that. If you have a particularly large canker sore or one that refuses to go away, you might need help from a professional. A dentist may use a laser to get rid of the sore or offer suggestions on what medications can relieve your pain and give your body a healing boost. Glossitis is tongue inflammation. There are different types of this condition, and most of them aren’t serious. Still, you may require treatment. One type of glossitis is known as geographic tongue. This is when small, map-like red lesions appear on the tongue. Treatment might include anesthetic mouth rinses or zinc supplements. Your dentist might want to do some tests to make sure the lesions aren’t a symptom of a more serious condition. Median rhomboid glossitis, like geographic tongue, doesn’t pose any threat to your overall health. However, you might experience pain when you’re eating certain foods. An antifungal medication might be needed to help you heal. A tongue tumor might be a sore spot, a lump, or a discolored patch on the tongue that refuses to go away. It can cause soreness and pain. While some tumors are benign, others might be cancerous. That’s why you should seek a professional diagnosis of the tumor as soon as you realize it’s there. In most cases, tongue pain is nothing to worry about. However, you should always keep an eye on this little group of muscles and not be afraid to seek medical attention when you think something is wrong. About the Dentist Dr. Frank Sapienza is proud to serve the Brooklyn community by providing top-notch dental care services. If you’re concerned about your tongue or any other aspect of your oral health, feel free to contact our office at 718-965-6298.	<urn:uuid:4a24aa2f-e9b2-4b44-8017-a3816592e83d>	CC-MAIN-2018-26	https://www.thedentalspany.com/blog/dentist/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866358.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624044127-20180624064127-00304.warc.gz	en	0.939634	653	2.78125	3	1.064991	1	Basic reasoning	Health
To much fanfare and excitement, Apple has announced that the iPhone 7 will come with wireless earbuds, ditching the much-reviled and ever-tangled cords of conventional earbuds. The wireless earbuds, dubbed “AirPods,” will be water-resistant and are, in the words of company CEO Tim Cook, the first step to a “wireless future.” They will also fire dangerous, cancer-causing radiation directly into the brains of users, experts have warned. The iPhone will communicate via Bluetooth directly with the right earbud, which will send a separate Bluetooth signal to the left earbud. This means the radiation carrying the signal will pass directly through the user’s brain. “Playing with fire” According to Apple, all Bluetooth devices emit radiofrequency radiation (RFR) within the guidelines set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). But according to Joel Moskowitz of the UC Berkeley School of Public Health, more than 200 scientists who study the effects of electromagnetic fields on the body have gone on record criticizing the FCC guidelines as far too lenient. “We are playing with fire here,” Moskowitz said. “You are putting a microwave-emitting device next to your brain.” The public health implications of people doing this on a massive scale are daunting, Moskowitz and other experts have warned. Traditionally, scientists have claimed that RFR does not carry enough energy to cause cellular or DNA damage — in contrast to the more high-energy ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, that has been shown to cause cancer. Yet ionizing or not, a large body of research continues to show negative health effects in humans and other animals exposed to RFR. “This has been observed over several decades,” Moskowitz said. “It’s like we keep rediscovering that Bluetooth is harmful and trying to forget it because we don’t know how to handle it from a policy standpoint.” Brain cancer link is PROVEN Contrary to the claims of industry representatives, studies have in fact established ways that RFR leads directly to health harm. For example, RFR has been shown to degrade the blood-brain barrier, thereby allowing more toxins to pass into the brain. This is a major concern with placing RFR transmitters directly next to the brain. “Although we don’t know the long-term risks from using Bluetooth devices, why would anyone insert microwave-emitting devices in their ears near their brain when there are safer ways to use a cell phone?” Moskowitz said. “Essentially I recommend using corded headsets or hands-free use of cell phones, not wireless ear buds.” But even without Bluetooth, any cell phone use is hazardous. Cell phones also operate using RFR signals, as do smart meters and wireless internet. Another mechanism by which RFR can cause health problems — including cancer — was identified in a 2015 study published in the journal Electromagnetic Biology & Medicine. The researchers found that numerous prior studies have shown that RFR can induce oxidative stress, a condition in which the body’s antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed and free radicals run amok. Free radicals are molecules that damage cells and DNA, and are considered among the major causes of cancer, heart disease, dementia, and numerous other health problems. Indeed, all studies that have shown health concerns with cell phone radiation apply equally to Bluetooth, and therefore to Apple’s AirPods. Thus, iPhone 7 purchasers should be concerned about the findings of the 2010 industry-funded Interphone study, which found dramatic increases in the risk of brain tumors, acoustic nerve tumors and parotid gland tumors among people who had used cell phones for 10 years or more — and even higher risks among those who started using phones before age 20. Earlier this year, scientists from across the United States gathered at a pediatric conference in Baltimore to declare that there is no longer a debate about the cell phone-brain cancer link. “The weight of the evidence is clear: cell phones do cause brain cancer,” said Dr. Devras Davis, president of the Environmental Health Trust.	<urn:uuid:1c83d4fc-e991-41b1-948e-d2d84d06eded>	CC-MAIN-2022-21	https://worldtruth.tv/apples-new-wireless-headphones-emit-radiation-right-next-to-your-brain/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662647086.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220527112418-20220527142418-00374.warc.gz	en	0.940236	890	2.84375	3	2.985141	3	Strong reasoning	Health
Doing This for Just 10 Minutes Can Make You Less Lonely, New Study Says New research suggests an easy and fast way to combat loneliness. Loneliness can be hard to shake. Once you're in that headspace, it can feel like there's nothing you can do to make yourself feel less alone. But there are plenty of ways to help yourself feel more connected that don't require extensive amounts of time or energy. In fact, according to new research, feelings of loneliness can be combatted in just a few minutes. Read on to find out what you can do in 10 minutes to make yourself feel less lonely, and for more on loneliness, This Is the Loneliest State in America. Talking on the phone for just 10 minutes could make you feel less lonely. University of Texas researchers observed 240 study participants over the course of a month as some were selected to receive brief phone calls from volunteers, and published their findings in a JAMA Psychiatry study on Feb. 23. The calls, which were led by the participants, lasted about 10 minutes and were made two to five times per week, according to the frequency and time of day participants requested. According to the study, those who received calls reported nearly a 16 percent reduction in their feelings of loneliness. And for more recent health advice, This One Thing Can Help You Drop 20 Percent of Your Body Weight. Researchers say you should reach out to someone you think will listen if you're feeling lonely. Lead study author Maninder Kahlon, PhD, an associate professor of population health and executive director of Factor Health at Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin, told CNN that volunteers aged 17 to 23 were trained as callers, focusing on empathetic communication skills, like active listening and asking questions. One of the most important aspects of the study was the way that the participants led the phone conversations. "Sometimes the agenda is just feeling like they have control," Kahlon explained. If you're feeling lonely, she recommends reaching out to someone in your family or a friend who you believe will be "non-judgmental and truly interested in hearing you out" for at least a 10-minute phone call. And for more useful information delivered straight to your inbox, sign up for our daily newsletter. Loneliness is likely to impact your mental health. Trying to reduce your loneliness is extremely important in order to keep your mental health in check. While there are a variety of ways mental health can be impacted, research suggests that loneliness may have a significant effect. A 2017 meta-analysis of nearly 40 studies published in the Public Health journal found that there is "consistent evidence" linking social isolation and loneliness to worse mental health outcomes. In fact, the University of Texas study not only found signs of reduced loneliness, but also lessened anxiety and depression. According the researchers, the number of adults who were at least mildly anxious dropped by 37 percent and the number who were at least mildly depressed dropped by 25 percent at the end of the study. And for more expert advice, Drinking This 3 Times a Day Could Help You Live Longer, Study Finds. And mental health issues have risen significantly over the course of the pandemic. The coronavirus pandemic has taken its toll on many, as people are staying home more often and forgoing social connections with loved ones. According to a report released by the Kaiser Family Foundation on Feb. 10, the average number of adults reporting symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorder has risen from about 11 percent in 2019 to more than 41 percent now. "In a time of overwhelming need for mental health services across America, this approach offers rapid improvements in loneliness, depression, and anxiety. Better still, it's scalable because it's delivered by people who are not mental health professionals," Kahlon said in a statement. And for more on the pandemic, This Is When the COVID Pandemic Will Be Completely Over, Experts Say.	<urn:uuid:aeb97aa1-dc62-44b0-888c-0d5c89ec8b99>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://bestlifeonline.com/10-minutes-less-lonely-news/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039563095.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20210422221531-20210423011531-00487.warc.gz	en	0.962905	804	2.515625	3	2.682067	3	Strong reasoning	Health
In his introduction to this work Dr. Saksena rightly describes the reign of Shahjahan as an epoch in Itself. It was in this reign that the power and wealth of the Moghul Empire, as it is miscalled, and the splendour of its court reached their zenith and the reign is styled by the author 'the most glorious epoch in the medieval period," though he justly observes that even in this long and splendid reign signs of decline are noticeable. The dominions of the House of Timur had not yet reached their extreme limit, for Shahjahan's successor added two kingdoms to them, but the result of this expansion of the territory directly subject to the Imperial crown proves the superior wisdom of Shahjahan in contenting himself with the submission of these vassal kingdoms and refraining from annexation. Shahjahan is commonly portrayed as a gross voluptuary, 'cruel, treacherous, and unscrupulous.' This is hardly just. Like other Asiatic rulers of his own and a later age, he had little scruple in removing those, even of his nearest kin, who stood in his path, like them, he was not averse from sensual pleasures, but he was no idler; he had a high ideal of his kingly duties, and there is overwhelming evidence to prove that he led a strenuous life.' Though by blood more than half Hindu, he was a better Muslim than either his father or his grandfather, and abolished practices instituted or sanctioned by them which were opposed to the sacred law of Islam. He never tasted wine until he was twenty-four years old, and then only at the instigation of his father, and he was never a slave to what may be regarded as the curse of his house. Two of his uncles and one of his brothers had died from the abuse of strong drink, and it was only his father's naturally robust constitution which enabled him to withstand for so long the natural results of his habitual excess, but Shahjahan, though he sometimes broke the law of his faith, did not abuse the good gifts of God. Against the sensuality of his later life, exaggerated by European travellers, must be set his devotion to the beloved wife who was the mother of twelve of his fourteen children, his grief for her death, and his desolation when she was no more. These have their memorial in the crowning beauty of Agra.' The palace at Delhi and many other buildings do credit to Shahjahan's taste in architecture, but the Taj, a monument of love, is unsurpassed in the world. It is strange that the reign of such a monarch should not hitherto have attracted the special attention of any historian writing in English. Babur and his son have been commemorated by the late Mrs. Beveridge, of those who have devoted themselves both in history and fiction, to the memory of Akbar, that prince of dreamers, space forbids a list, Jahangir has not been neglected, and Aurangztb has been exhaustively treated by that fine historian. Sir Jadunath Sarkar, but Shahjahan has not yet been systematically studied, and the notices of his reign in general histories hitherto published leave much to be desired. This thesis,' says its author, 'is an attempt to fill the blank . .' I may add that it is a highly successful attempt. Dr. Saksena treats his subject with praiseworthy impartiality. Shahjahan, in his hands, is not 'the virtuous sovereign with hardly a blemish on his character 'depicted by contemporary Indian chroniclers, nor on the other hand, is he the monster of moral depravity described by some European travellers who have 'flavoured their pages with the scandalous gossip of the purliens of the court. I cordially recommend this work to students of the rule of the Timurids in India as a valuable addition to our knowledge of the subject, with whichit deals, To write the history of Shahjahan's reign within the compass of a thesis of a limited volume, meant doing injustice to some of the important topics connected therewith. And I must confess that the chapters on the cultural and administrative institutions could have been more comprehensive; but the exigencies of examination compelled me to reduce them to their present size, notwithstanding the fact that there was no paucity of material on these subjects. I therefore owe a word of apology to the public in general, and to the scholars of the Moghul India in particular, for this drawback in my work, which I hope to rectify in a subsequent edition. My grateful acknowledgments are due to Lt. Colonel Sir Wolseley Haig without whose guidance I could not have finished this work as smoothly as I could. Let me not omit to mention in this connection the name of Sir E. Denison Ross whose useful suggestions were a welcome addition to my knowledge. I am also greatly indebted to M. Grugeon, Esq. of the Kings College, London for the trouble he took in revising the manuscript of my thesis. In the end, let me acknowledge with thanks the assistance I received from my pupils Messrs Bhawani Prasad and Shambhu Saran Lal, Hafiz Ahmad Ali Khan, the Librarian of the State Library, Rampur, Miss Murray Browne, the Deputy-Librarian at the School of Oriental Studies, London and Mr. Sarju Prasad, the Deputy-Librarian of the Allahabad University Library. At a time when the study of epochs rather than of personalities is engaging the attention of serious students of history, it seems a little out of place to devote one's energy to the elucidation of the reign of one individual monarch only. But it is different with the reign of Shahjahan. In the first place, his reign like that of his grandfather Akbar is an epoch by itself; and secondly, it has not, so far, been exhaustively dealt with. Scope of the thesis Thus the aim of this thesis is to fill a gap in the history of the Chaghtai dynasty. The period covered by it extends from 1592 to 1657. The War of Succession, which followed the serious illness of Shahjahan, is outside the scope of the present work, because it has been very graphically described by Sir Jadu Nath Sarkar in his stupendous work on Aurangzlb; and the last years of Shahjahan's life have similarly been excluded for the same reason. The repetition of well-known facts has so far as possible been avoided; but where for the sake of the continuity of the narrative it seemed essential to refer to them, this has been done with great brevity. I have based my studies mainly on the contemporary Persian sources, and, where sufficient evidence was not avail- able, on later records as well. I have also utilised the accounts of European travellers, which either exist in English or have been translated into English. This mass of raw material, which ?as been thoroughly sifted and made to yield results embodied In the thesis, falls into three divisions: (1) Earlier works, (2) Contemporary chronicles, (3) Accounts of European. travellers. Earlier Works: Akbarnama and A'in Akbarnama : In the third volume of Abul Fazl's monumental work we come across some stray references to the birth and early education of Prince Khurram. But his other work, the A'in, is absolutely essential for a study of the administrative institutions of the Moghuls. The best criticism of the A'in is to be found in W. H. Moreland's 'Agrarian System of Muslim India.' Tuzuk-i-Jahanglri: But more interesting than the Akbar- nama and more relevant to our subject of study is the Tuzuk-i Jahangtrt or Memoirs of Jahangir. They form as valuable an asset to literature as to history. Jahangir wrote them himself almost up to the end of the seventeenth year of his reign; the accoum of' the-l-Sth and 19th years is recorded by Mu'tamid Khan, because of the growing weakness of the Emperor. In the Memoirs we get a connected account of Shahjahan's rise during the reign of his father. But when the prince rebelled, Jahanglr's attitude changed towards him; and instead of his sonorous titles, Shahjahan is referred to by his father as Bi-daulat. Makhzan-i-Afaghina: The author of this work Ni'matullah was for thirty years in the Khalsa department during the reign of Akbar, and for eleven years occupied the post of Waqi 'ah- navis under Jahanglr. Further he says that in 1595 he was serving as librarian to the Khan Khanan. He was dismissed from the government service in 1608, after which he was patronised by Khan Jahan Lodhi. He began to write his work on February 13, 1612, at Malkapur in Berar, and he frankly admits that his object was to record the praise of his patron. He has devoted the first four chapters to the history of the Lodhl and Suri dynasties, and in the fifth chapter he gives an account of the ancestors of Khan Jahan. The last event mentioned is Khan Jahan's retirement to Elichpur in May 1612. List of Illustrations Childhood and Youth Rise to Prominence Eclipse and Rise Minor Conquests and Disturbances Extinction of Ahmadnagar Bijapur and Golconda Relations with Persia Some Aspects of Administration Send as free online greeting card Email a Friend	<urn:uuid:c053c1f2-9fc2-4995-961f-2bb083b99212>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://cdn.exoticindia.com/book/details/history-of-shahjahan-naf857/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103661137.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630031950-20220630061950-00267.warc.gz	en	0.976949	2,190	2.578125	3	2.955951	3	Strong reasoning	History
In the world we live in, we sometimes forget that we aren’t always on top of the food chain. At least once a year there are reports of lions in game parks attacking tourists who just wanted to get a better picture by leaning out of the window, or even getting out of the car completely. Sometimes it is the last thing they do. Especially if one watches too much TV, it's easy to forget that these are wild and dangerous animals. They look at you, and they see their supper. Even though you are highly unlikely to encounter all the following animals while on holiday in SA, they are out there somewhere in the world. And every year, they kill people. Sometimes even people who know a lot about animals, such as rangers. They are, after all, just doing what wild animals do – hunt for their food. You could be it. An encounter with any of the following animals is likely to end badly for any human. Some of these animals are predators, others are huge and scary, while some of the remaining ones are viciously venomous, or carry dangerous parasites. Here are 12 of the animals it's a good idea to give a wide berth if you have any choice in the matter. And no, no photograph is worth more than your life. 1. The mosquito As small as these pesky bloodsuckers are, they kill approximately one million people each year. Ninety percent of their victims live in Africa. Malaria is an infection of red blood cells caused by a single-celled parasite. Malaria is almost always spread by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The parasites attach themselves to the gut of the female and enter the human body through the mosquito's saliva while she feeds. 2. The stonefish The stonefish could easily be the ugliest fish in the ocean, but what it lacks in the looks department, it makes up in the venom department. The stonefish stores its venom in its sharp spines, which protrude from its back. One simple sting can send you into shock, paralysis and cause tissue cells to die. If the victim is not treated quickly, a sting from a stonefish could easily prove to be fatal. Stonefish have a row of 13 spines. Only five known deaths have been documented. The African Lioness is the animal kingdom's version of girl power. These cunning and co-operative creatures are formidable in nature. Their agility, flexibility and stealth are what “bring home the bacon” for their pride. The lioness is one of nature’s best hunters. Lionesses kill their prey by strangulation and suffocation. The pride usually consists of 2-14 closely related lionesses. 4. The hippopotamus This oversized animal can easily outrun and outswim any person. The hippo is one of nature’s most territorial and aggressive animals. Its jaws are so powerful, it can easily “chomp” a crocodile in half. Hippos are also known to snap kayaks in half with their jaws. Their canines grow continuously and can measure up to 50 cm in length. Ironically the hippopotamus’s only known predator is humans. Few humans survive an altercation with a wild hippo. Hippos reportedly kill on average 200 people each year. 5. The African elephant The African elephant is the largest land mammal in the world. A typical bull can weigh up to seven thousand kilos, which can easily stomp any human to death. Its trunk is also just as deadly as its feet. Its trunk has a total of 40,000 individual muscles. The elephant in general is a very gentle creature, but will act violently if it feels endangered. Elephants are also known to have impeccable hearing. They are reputed to have an excellent memory. Elephants are responsible for the deaths of 500 people each year. One reason for the high amount would be due to poacher attacks, perhaps the elephants are beginning to fight back? 6. The Australian box jellyfish This cube-shaped jellyfish is known to be one of the most venomous creatures on earth. This jellyfish has 15 tentacles that can grow as long as three metres in length. Each tentacle has cellular-sized, harpoon-shaped needles that can inject the most deadly venom into its victim. One sting from this creature and you are as good as dead. The toxin from this animal affects the heart, nervous system and the skin. If you are stung by a box jellyfish you will most likely go into shock and drown, or simply die of a heart attack before reaching shore. Box jellyfish can’t sting through nylon pantyhose, so many Australian life guards wear them while on duty. Box jellyfish have caused the deaths of over 5000 people worldwide since the 1950s. 7. The Brazilian wandering spider This spider can be found in Central and South America. It is easily one of the most venomous animals on land. Its venom is known to cause the most excruciating spider bite in the world. The Brazilian wandering spider is also known as the “banana spider”, because it lurks in crated/harvested bananas. This spider's bite causes irregular heartbeats, immediate pain and cold sweats. Medical treatment is needed immediately. One of the side effects could be an erection that lasts for up to four hours. There have been 7000 reported bites from a Brazilian wandering spider, but fewer than 1% of the victims have died. 8. The Saltwater crocodile The Saltwater crocodile, native to Australia, is the world’s longest reptile, reaching lengths of up to four to seven metres. This crocodile will eat anything it can overpower. The hide of this crocodile is the most valuable of all the crocodile species. This crocodile lurks in coastal areas, often close to river mouths. The estimated population of saltwater crocodiles is over 150 000. Saltwater crocodiles only kill one or two people every year. 9. The puffer fish These clumsy swimmers carry a deadly poison that will leave anyone who eats them, a very dissatisfied customer. Most puffer fish contain a poison called tetrodotoxin. This toxin is 1 200 times more deadly than cyanide. This poison is strong enough to kill 30 adult humans and there is no cure. In Japan they serve a meal called fugu. Fugu is puffer fish meat and is considered a delicacy. Licensed chefs have to prepare fugu, because one wrong slice and the customer can die. There at least 10 people who die every year from puffer fish poisoning. 10. The inland Taipan snake It is found in Australia and is the most venomous snake on earth. Its venom is two-hundred to four-hundred times stronger than that of a rattlesnake. Its neurotoxin can kill a human in approximately 45 minutes. A neurotoxin is a substance that affects the nervous system. Fortunately there is an antivenom and no known fatalities have been documented. The inland Taipan is a very shy animal and not very aggressive, which might go a long way to explaining why its victims are few. 11. The poison-dart frog This frog is known to be one of the world’s most colourful animals. Its colourful skin acts as a warning sign to potential predators. The venom of this animal is secreted through its skin, so touching this frog can kill you. Its venom is strong enough to kill up to ten people. These frogs are found in the South American rainforests. They are called “dart” frogs, because the indigenous peoples rub their darts against these frogs before using the darts for hunting. There are more than 100 types of poison dart frogs. 12. The polar bear The polar bear might seem extremely cuddly, but it is everything but. This carnivore can rip its prey to pieces, as well as overpower most animals, as well as humans. Like most mammals, it is a very protective parent. If polar bears sense their cubs to be in the slightest danger, they will attack with frightening ferocity. A possible reason why they act so violently is because of the lack of fish in the ocean near the Arctic. As most people know, the polar caps are melting, thus making trips for the polar bears to get food both longer and further. So people could be potential prey. The good news is that you are highly unlikely to come across a polar bear while going about your daily normal routine. Unless of course you are an Arctic explorer. (Kyle Boshoff, Health24, July 2010) How to survive a bee swarm	<urn:uuid:23690797-6bb8-42a7-a0b7-707666095942>	CC-MAIN-2019-26	https://www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Environmental-health/Animals/12-extremely-dangerous-animals-20120721	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999482.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624104413-20190624130413-00435.warc.gz	en	0.963686	1,793	2.546875	3	1.890088	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
WASHINGTON — Washington. AT THE BATTLE of Shiloh, a wounded Union soldier was told to leave his rifle and go to the rear. He soon returned, saying, ''Gimme another gun. This blame fight ain't got any rear.'' Neither did the war. It was fought in 10,000 places, this monsoon of our history. And beginning Sunday, and for the next four nights, ''The Civil War'' is magnificently encompassed on public television. If better use has ever been made of television, I have not seen it and do not expect to see better until Ken Burns turns his prodigious talents to his next project. He is the filmmaker five of whose 37 years went into the making of this masterpiece of national memory. Our Iliad has found its Homer: He has made accessible and vivid for everyone the pain and poetry and meaning of the event that is the hinge of our history. The Civil War is the largest event in human history. A large claim, that, but defensible, on five grounds. At issue, and not just for this country, were the two polarities of political possibility: self-government and slavery. The war catalyzed the world's noblest political career, Lincoln's. The war (in Walt Whitman's phrase) ''condensed a nationality'': It completed the American founding, settling questions unanswered in 1789. It transformed the foremost democracy into a nation of such philosophic clarity and political unity that, in the next century, it could save the world from several tyrannies akin to slavery. For more than a century this argument has raged: What caused the war? Was it an ''irrepressible conflict''? What, at its core, was it about? About 15 minutes into Mr. Burns' 11-hour series, you learn -- you see -- the answer. You see a 19th-century photograph, black-and-white of course, of a black man's back. It is hideously covered with scars left by a lash. Mr. Burns' camera does not dwell; the narrative does not even mention what we have briefly seen. Mr. Burns knows how to blend passion and delicacy: Reticence can be its own emphasis. The Civil War was the prototype of the great engine of change -- social, cultural, scientific -- in the modern world. It was the first modern war, waged, in the end (in Georgia and South Carolina, by Sherman) against civilians, and won by the side best at mobilizing an industrial base. The First World War, from the wounds of which the Western world is only just now recovering, was prefigured in the trenches at Petersburg, Va. The firepower that killed 7,000 in 20 minutes at Cold Harbor, Va., was an anticipation of the Somme. Two days fighting at Shiloh killed more Americans than all previous American wars. Two percent of the American population died in the war. And then there were the survivors of the first great modern war and the last great war before modern medicine: In 1866, one-fifth of the state of Mississippi's revenues were spent on artificial limbs. Was it worth it? Yes. When the war began, one in seven Americans was owned by another American. Less than one percent of the North's population was black, but by the end of the war 10 percent of the Union forces were black. One of them was a handsome boy named Jackson, about 12. Mr. Burns' camera pans slowly up an old photograph, up past the bare feet, ragged trousers, shredded shirt of ''Contraband Jackson.'' (Contrabands were slaves that escaped to Union lines.) Then the camera pans up another photograph, up over boots, fine trousers, past a drum and snappy blouse, to the face of . . . Drummer Jackson. Mr. Burns' film of the battlefields today, and the old photographs, are framed by ambient sounds -- hoofbeats, cannon, musketry, steamboat whistles. The birds you hear are the kind that called at the times and places of battles. The camera moves, sometimes at a canter, down roads and over ridges. And the pictures are exquisitely married to words, astonishingly rich 19th-century English usage, not only from leaders but from the letters and diaries of soldiers and citizens. Sunday's episode includes a love letter of unbearable beauty, written on the eve of the first battle of Bull Run by a soldier who was to die there. The war was haunted by eerie occurrences. Wesley Culp was born on Culp's Hill in Gettysburg. As a teenager, he took to wandering, wound up in Virginia. Came the war, he enlisted. He died a few yards from the house in which he was born, on Culp's Hill. Because first Bull Run put soldiers in his kitchen, Wilmer McLean moved deep into Virginia to escape the war. He settled in Appomattox. The war ended in his living room. That was the way of the war with ''no rear.'' That is why it resonates so, and why Mr. Burns, by enriching our understanding, enriches our citizenship.	<urn:uuid:6ae1994a-17e3-417c-83af-cb91e6ec90e1>	CC-MAIN-2017-17	http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1990-09-20/news/1990263028_1_caused-the-war-modern-war-great-war	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917121665.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031201-00094-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.972494	1,077	2.515625	3	2.82457	3	Strong reasoning	History
There’s a lot of debate when it comes to consuming meat, grain foods and dairy products foods. I will begin with meat. 1. Is consuming meat healthy? I’m not speaking about red meat right here. Consuming meat is really healthy due to the fact that of one basic factor: it’s complete of animal obtained protein that can not be discovered anywhere else. To be more exact, there’s another type of protein called plant-derived protein. Every expert will inform you that these proteins are not full, due to the fact that they do not have all the amino acids in them. This is the accurate reason you constantly see that vegetarians and vegans need to integrate their dishes extremely thoroughly. None of their active ingredients includes all the vital amino acids. As an outcome, and this is rather difficult to think, vegan and vegetarian dishes will commonly cost you a lot more. 1. 2. Omega-3 fatty acids. Current researches have actually likewise revealed that omega-3 fatty acids assist you versus numerous kinds of conditions such as high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic issues. No other source can provide you much of these, other than meat of course. 2. Milk foods: are they vital for your wellness or not? There’s likewise been a great deal of debate over this sort of food throughout the previous 5 to 10 years. You have to recognize that milk foods are filled with calcium, Vitamin D and protein. Nobody will reject that. Some current researches have actually revealed that dairy products foods in fact decrease the possibility of establishing osteoporosis. The protein inside of these foods likewise assists your body to avoid any type of metabolic syndrome. I have excellent information for you if you’re stressed about weight loss. Not a single research has actually revealed any connection in between eating milk foods and putting on weight. This does not suggest that you can consume lots of cheese every day. 3. Exactly what about grain foods? Well, the easy reality is that entire grains are healthy and processed are bad. It’s truly as easy as that. Since individuals never ever distinguish in between the 2, grain foods have a bad credibility. If you consume entire grains, you really reduce the threat of getting a heart illness. Consuming grains in appropriate amounts really assists you manage your weight. To inform you truthfully, meat, dairy products foods and grains can be extremely healthy for you. Dairy products foods are exceptional for you bones and entire grains are excellent for your digestion system and irregularity troubles.	<urn:uuid:66666db9-c6cc-4a0c-b599-bc276ad00c8f>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://husky-puppies.com/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999678747/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060758-00076-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963722	533	2.515625	3	2.118551	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
There are so many wellness food choices to choose from these days. You should obtain these foods regularly to avoid severe health complications and medical conditions. Heart disease, obesity, cancer and diabetes are at epidemic levels in this modern era. Inadequate consumptions of essential nutrients and minerals with sedentary lifestyles are the primary causes of such medical conditions. At the same time, there are other factors such as toxins and stress that can deplete your energy and can weaken your immune system. Nutrition from wellness food sources and regular exercises will prevent these ailments from developing. You need an ample amount if minerals, anti-oxidants and vitamins to stay healthy. The majority of the individuals that have developed such ailments ate too much packaged, junk and processed foods. Some of them also drink too much sweetened drinks such as sodas. These foods and beverages are filled with unhealthy chemicals, toxins and sugar. They do not have the ample amount of nutrients, fiber and minerals needed for the body. There are several healthy foods that should be incorporated in your diet plan. These wellness food are practically available in your local grocery stores. Here are some tips and references on how to attain the essential nutrients in your food consumption. Fruits such as oranges, apples, berries and tomatoes should be taken regularly or even daily. Oranges, bananas and mangoes are foods that are abundant in Vitamin A and C. These fruits also contain other essential nutrients such as potassium that could aid in lowering your blood pressure. These wellness food are also rich in antioxidants that can help slow the visual signs of aging, According to research studies on wellness food, there are certain fruits such as tomatoes and blueberries that could prevent the development of cancerous cells in your body. Blueberries can help prevent cancer as well as control your blood sugar. Tomatoes, on the other hand, have lycopene that could reduce the risks of lung, skin, prostate, stomach, and bladder cancer. Tomatoes are also remedies for treating the symptoms of coronary artery disease. Raw diet is widely considered by several individuals as the best nutrition plan. Raw, fresh and organic foods such as seeds, nuts, fruits and berries contain the most essential nutrients. Cooking these wellness food could remove some of their nutrients. You should cook these foods lightly if you wish to cook them. Steam, bale or boil them lightly to preserve the nutrients in these foods. Avoid using processed condiments and sauces since they contain a lot of toxins, salt and high fructose corn syrup. Regular consumption of green and leafy vegetables can prevent the development of the medical ailments. There are several nutritious and delectable vegetables that are rich in fiber, potassium, vitamin A and vitamin C, which are essential components of the wellness food. Spinach, turnip greens, Swiss chards and other green leafy vegetables are very abundant in essential minerals such as folic acid, iron magnesium, folate and calcium. There are ways to improve your healthy and prevent the development of severe medical conditions such as cancer. Eat the proper foods for your own wellness and health. Integrate your wellness food plan with an exercise program to attain a healthy body. Sources and Citations Most Recent Articles What Minerals And Vitamins Do Babies Need? Many of you would have wondered when you noticed the minerals and vitamins supplements, pills and syrup for children showcased at the medical shops and drug stores. Many people are aware tha... 5 Different Types Of Nutritional Supplements Vitamins Nutritional supplements vitamins are great for a healthy body. People who take nutritional supplements have more energy and are healthier. Any vitamins that are missing from your diet can be... Seafood - The Blend Of Health And Flavor There is a famous saying that any food that tastes good at the mouth is unhealthy and any good that is healthy and nutritious doesn’t share the delicious flavor. Although the fact is t...	<urn:uuid:26e2d918-75a3-461e-a857-ca08a6ce6649>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	http://www.howtohint.com/business/food-industry/article-11561-how-to-get-wellness-food.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574286.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921063658-20190921085658-00124.warc.gz	en	0.950602	793	2.9375	3	1.533721	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
Just in case you, like me, didn’t know just how deep into the contemporary wastelandscape Monsanto has dug its (and our?) poisonous, polluted grave, here’s an illuminating history and overview. By Lisa Cerda, City Watch Los Angeles 19 June 12 onsanto’s history is one steeped with controversial products, deadly consequences, massive cover ups, political slight of hand, and culminates as a modern day plague on humanity, a plague that is about to peak to biblical proportions. Created in 1901, the company started producing its first form of poison, the artificial sweetener saccharin. The rise in use of saccharin really began 70 years later. Monsanto had plenty of time for a realistic and long term study on the impact of saccharin on human health. Instead, Monsanto learned how to finagle political support and grow its empire despite the growing consensus that saccharin caused cancer. No surprise then that the company continued on a path of controversy. Here’s a bullet point history. - Contributed to the research on uranium, for the Manhattan Project, during WWII. - Operated a nuclear facility for the U.S. government until the late 1980s. - Top manufacturer of synthetic fibers, plastics and polystyrene (EPA’s 5th ranked chemical production that generates the most hazardous waste). - A top 10 US chemical company. - Agriculture pesticides producer. - Herbicide producer – herbicides 2,4,5-T, Agent Orange, Lasso, and DDT. - Agent Orange (used in Vietnam), had the highest levels of dioxin and contaminated more than 3 million civilians and servicemen of which only partial compensation awarded. - Nearly 500,000 Vietnamese children were born deformed and never compensated. - Lasso was banned in USA, so weed killer “Roundup” is launched in 1976. - A major producer of both dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which generated many law suits and environmental cleanups - $180 million settlement for Vietnam War veterans exposed to Agent Orange - Fined $1.2 million for concealing the discharge of contaminated waste water - Ordered to pay $41.1 million due to hazardous waste dumping - Paid $600 million in settlement claims to more than 20,000 Anniston residents in Abernathy v. United States Link here. - Produced GM cattle drug, bovine growth hormone (called rBGH or rBST) - Acquiring seed companies from the 1990’s and forward. - Monsanto Filed 144 lawsuits against struggling farmers and settled out of court with 700 farmers, for reportedly violating seed patents. A full time staff of 75 Monsanto employees investigates patent infringement. They are dedicated solely to finding farms that have been contaminated by their unwanted seed. As of 2007, Monsanto was awarded in 57 recorded judgments against farmers a total of $21,583,431.99. Monsanto vs. Farmers click here. The Washington Post reported, “For nearly 40 years, while producing the now-banned industrial coolants known as PCBs at a local factory, Monsanto Co. routinely discharged toxic waste into a west Anniston creek and dumped millions of pounds of PCBs into oozing open-pit landfills. And thousands of pages of Monsanto documents — many emblazoned with warnings such as ‘CONFIDENTIAL: Read and Destroy’ show that for decades, the corporate giant concealed what it did and what it knew.” PCB’s are considered an absolute threat to our world. Environmentalists rightfully want a pound of Monsanto’s flesh! In 1969, Monsanto knew the impact of their products and put together an abatement plan for the entire United States, Canada and sections of Europe, especially the UK and Sweden. It’s disingenuous to suggest it could be done, for any amount of money. In the town of Anniston, Alabama, where the Monsanto plant was located, residents had PCB levels hundreds and sometimes thousands of times higher than the average person. They were dying or ill. Monsanto decided to look at other products they could produce because their economic reliance on one profitable product was precarious at best. They split the company and Monsanto spawned Solutia, so that the massive lawsuits would not take down the entire company. Found guilty of conduct “so outrageous in character and extreme in degree as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency so as to be regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in civilized society.” The court decisions were destroying profitability. Monsanto was just getting started with its assault on our ecosystem. Roundup was being marketed in 115 countries. Meanwhile Solutia was going down by means of Chapter 11 bankruptcy and lawsuits. With the popularity of Roundup, the company became increasingly concerned about the patents expiration in 2000. They sold off the plastics division in 1996 and their phenylalanine facilities in 1999. Here again, Monsanto was trying to avoid financial liability for its hazardous waste producing past. Monsanto merged with Pharmacia, and became legally a different corporation, despite sharing the same name, the same corporate headquarters, the same executives and employees, not to mention most of the liabilities from its former activities. The new focus was genetic engineering and particularly creating genes that are resistant to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup. Can you imagine farming without weeds? Farmers were intrigued and some delighted. Growing food and spraying poison at the same time did nothing to boost the confidence of consumers. False claims that it was biodegradable lead to its frequent use. Health complaints came from neighbors of farmers and farmers themselves. Soon the biodegradable claim on the packaging was removed. Heading in a new direction, Monsanto was buying up seed companies left and right. They became the world’s largest seed company, acquiring a quarter of the global proprietary seed market. By coupling their sale of Roundup with their gene modified seeds, they began dominating the agriculture market. By 2007, almost 90% of the world used GM seeds carrying at least one genetic trait for herbicide tolerance. Now Monsanto was a dominating the food chain, the farmers, and its assault on mankind. Where there is market control, there is price gouging. In 2006 Roundup cost $32 per gallon, and by 2008 it was up to $75 per gallon. Not satisfied with this dominance of the world food chain, Monsanto began patenting their glyphosate resistant seeds. They hiked up the price of corn seeds by 35% and soy by 50%, leaving farmers financially plundered. Farmer suicide went from a trickle to a torrential rain. Averaging about one farmer suicide every 30 minutes. Soy, corn, sugar beets, rice, alfalfa, cotton seed oil, canola oil, Hawaiian papaya, zucchini, crookneck squash are now the sources of genetically food. But it gets worse. Corn and soy products are being fed to livestock, the livestock that you eat; chicken, eggs, sheep, pig, cows, goats, turkey, etc. Unless you have removed meat from your diet you are being systematically poisoned and perhaps even sterilized like the livestock that eats GMO corn and soy products. The rights of farmers to save or exchange seeds have been stolen from them. Something that has been done for centuries, that guaranteed the survival of our species, changed overnight. Like a game of chess, Monsanto has with absolute intent, created a food crisis, offered up its poisonous solution, and has knocked chess piece after chess piece down in a calculated plan. Just look at the list of players behind the schemes and profiteering. Monsanto, U.S. regulators and judicial bodies have become strange bed fellows: - U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, a former Monsanto lawyer, wrote the majority of the opinion in a key Monsanto case. - Lawyer Michael Taylor, FDA employed, represented Monsanto sometime after, then returned as the FDA’s Deputy Commissioner for Policy right as rBGH was granted approval. He was appointed as a senior adviser to the Food and Drug Administration (United States) Commissioner on food safety in August 2009 by President Barack Obama. - Dr. Michael A. Friedman, prior deputy commissioner of the FDA, hired as a senior vice president of Monsanto. - Linda J. Fisher, prior assistant administrator at the US Environmental Protection Agency, became a vice president at Monsanto from 1995-2000. In 2001, Fisher returned as the deputy administrator of the EPA. - Donald Rumsfeld, Former Secretary of Defense, former chairman and chief executive officer of G. D. Searle & Co., (Monsanto purchased in 1985). Rumsfeld privately made at least $12 million from the transaction. If by now you are feeling paranoid, targeted, and overwhelmed by this information, I understand why. You will move through all the stages of rage in time. Resist the urge to kick the produce man. Don’t hire a plane to spray Roundup on the White House, Senate, or House, I don’t advocate stooping to their levels. But you may want to go picket in front of Whole Foods after you read their blog explaining why they buckled under the pressure of the USDA and Monsanto. Whole Foods, the very symbol of health conscious living, has betrayed everything they stood for to the consumer. Read Whole Foods Blog here. Now Monsanto can push full steam ahead, contaminating our nation’s 25,000 organic farms and ranches. Top executives from Whole Foods Market, Stonyfield Farm and Organic Valley have given up on their 12 year battle to protect consumer’s choices. This decision sets a precedence for how genetically engineered foods will be regulated in the future. You can now expect the spread Monsanto’s mutant genes and seeds across the nation, contaminating other farms, and taking down other farmers by lawsuits. A Swedish study found that spraying Roundup doubles the risk of getting cancer for farm workers’ and rural residents’. More worrisome is the fact that Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) do not require safety testing, nor labeling identifying them as GMOs. Anti- GMO efforts by organic companies, who demanded labeling and oversight, will begin to accept the so-called “natural” foods that are routinely contaminated with GMO’s. Companies like Wal-Mart, Kroger, Costco, Supervalu, Publix, Target and Safeway shy away from the attacks on GMO’s that they sell to their unwitting customer base. Whole Foods’ already sells “Natural” processed foods and animal products that are contaminated with GMOs. At least two thirds of WFM’s $9 billion annual sales is derived products that are contaminated with GMOs. Whole Foods’ moral high ground is looking more like a sink hole. This constitutes fraud in my book. Consumers must learn the difference between products marketed as “natural,” and those products that are “certified organic.” Just because you’re in a Whole Foods Market, does not mean your expensive food is safe. They are misleading you by masquerading natural as organic. GMOs and organics cannot coexistence. They are polar opposites in every way imaginable. GMOs destroys biodiversity, damages the environment and public health, economically devastates farmers, and destabilizes the climate. In the European Union, all foods containing GMOs or GMO ingredients must be labeled. Thus the market shelves are empty because consumers are not buying them. American consumers want mandatory labels on GMO foods, and according to the polls by a strong 85-95%. They don’t want the top poison producer, to monopolize the agricultural industry and have anything to do with the worlds food supply. Bush, Clinton, and Obama administrations have prevented consumer GMO truth-in-labeling laws. A new bill by Congressman Dennis Kucinich (Democrat, Ohio) calling for mandatory labeling and safety testing for GMOs is in Congress now. But Monsanto is allowed to buy vote’s thanks in part to Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, and the Citizens United case. In 2010, big corporations and billionaires got the right to spend obscene amounts of money to buy media coverage, elections, and do it anonymously. Recent news is … 5 million farmers are now suing Monsanto. They are fighting for the right to use seeds from previous year’s harvests. Seeds they harvested, but Monsanto patented. The bad news is … it’s still GMO seeds, a toxic transgenic breed, in markets without labels and health studies, and we have a government that finds this all acceptable.	<urn:uuid:996cd2da-3991-4171-ad39-17137804962c>	CC-MAIN-2015-32	http://exopermaculture.com/2012/07/16/the-monsanto-monster-how-many-of-us-did-not-get-suckered-by-saccharin/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989443.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00032-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.954271	2,624	2.953125	3	2.956184	3	Strong reasoning	Politics
The taxonomic and ecological identification of individual seeds and fruits of wild and cultivated plants is not always straightforward. This book helps you to get started, and also serves as a basis for further identification. It describes the inflorescence(s) and infructescence(s) seen in each of a set of 30 plant families, as well as the morphology of the seeds and fruits (with special emphasis on typology), the dispersal units (diaspores), and, if present, heterodiaspory. The manual is richly illustrated with 640 colour photos of inflorescences, infructescences, seeds, fruits, and diaspores. Technical terms are described in a glossary. Indices of scientific plant names and subject names are included. This book will be of interest not only to those engaged in the identification of seeds and fruits, such as those who work in seed testing, but also to taxonomists, ecologists, archaeobotanists, and florists who wonder what they are looking at. This handbook is a completely revised version of the first edition, which was published in 2013. An important adaptation relates to new developments in plant taxonomy and the classification of fruits and diaspores. The number of plant families has been extended from 19 to 30. A Manual for the identification of plant seeds and fruits describes the following plant families: See this pdf for some example pages. This book is a publication of the Digital Plant Atlas project, a collaboration among palaeobotanists and ecologists of the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, in the Netherlands, and the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, in Berlin, Germany. The project aims to make plant reference collections accessible to a broader public of amateur and professional users via its website, www.plantatlas.eu. For the other publications, see this website and the Preface to this book. See here for more information about the Groningen Archaeological Studies.	<urn:uuid:4bf043a1-d3cf-4cbe-b598-a0be38f9b8dc>	CC-MAIN-2022-49	https://www.barkhuis.nl/product_info.php?cPath=21_2&products_id=273	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711278.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20221208050236-20221208080236-00230.warc.gz	en	0.849769	551	3.6875	4	2.686542	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Antimicrobial Agents in the Treatment of Infectious Disease (This chapter has 6 pages) © Kenneth Todar, PhD Many therapeutically useful antibiotics owe their action to inhibition of some step in the complex process of protein synthesis. Their attack is always at one of the events occurring on the ribosome and never at the stage of amino acid activation or attachment to a particular tRNA. Most have an affinity or specificity for 70S (as opposed to 80S) ribosomes, and they achieve their selective toxicity in this manner. The most important with this mode of action are the tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, the macrolides (e.g. erythromycin) and the aminoglycosides The aminoglycosides are products of Streptomyces species and are represented by streptomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin and gentamicin. These antibiotics exert their activity by binding to bacterial ribosomes and preventing the initiation of protein synthesis. Streptomycin binds to 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, specifically to the S12 protein which is involved in the initiation of protein synthesis. Experimentally, streptomycin has been shown to prevent the initiation of protein synthesis by blocking the binding of initiator N-formylmethionine tRNA to the ribosome. It also prevents the normal dissociation of ribosomes into their subunits, leaving them mainly in their 70S form and preventing the formation of polysomes. The overall effect of streptomycin seems to be one of distorting the ribosome so that it no longer can carry out normal functions. This evidently accounts for its antibacterial but does not explain its bactericidal effects, which distinguishes and other aminoglycosides from most other protein synthesis inhibitors. is the first aminoglycoside antibiotic to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic to be used in treatment of tuberculosis. It was discovered in 1943, in the laboratory of Selman Waksman at Rutgers University. Waksman and his laboratory discovered several antibiotics, including actinomycin, streptomycin, and neomycin. Streptomycin is derived from the bacterium, Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin stops bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis. Specifically, it binds to the 16S rRNA of the bacterial ribosome, interfering with the binding of formyl-methionyl-tRNA to the 30S subunit. This prevents initiation of Kanamycin and tobramycin have been reported to bind to the ribosomal 30S subunit and to prevent it from joining to the 50S during protein synthesis. They may have a bactericidal effect because leads to cytoplasmic accumulation of dissociated 30S subunits, which is apparently lethal to the cells. Aminoglycosides have been used against a wide variety of bacterial infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Streptomycin has been used extensively as a primary drug in the treatment of tuberculosis. Gentamicin is active against many strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Kanamycin is active at low concentrations against many Gram-positive bacteria, including penicillin-resistant staphylococci. Gentamicin and Tobramycin are mainstays for treatment of Pseudomonas infections. An unfortunate side effect of aminoglycosides has tended to restrict their usage: prolonged use is known to impair kidney function and cause damage to the auditory nerves leading to deafness. Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used mostly to treat Gram-negative infections. However, it is not used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis or Legionella pneumophila infections. It is synthesized by Micromonospora, a genus of Gram-positive bacteria widely distributed in water and soil. Like all aminoglycosides, when gentamicin is given orally, it is not systemically active because it is not absorbed to any appreciable extent from the small intestine. It is useful in treatment of infections caused by Pseudomonas The tetracyclines consist of eight related antibiotics which are all natural products of Streptomyces, although some can now be produced semisynthetically or synthetically. Tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline are the best known. The tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics with a wide range of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is less sensitive but is generally susceptible to tetracycline concentrations that are obtainable in the bladder. The tetracyclines act by blocking the binding of aminoacyl tRNA to the A site on the ribosome. Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis on isolated 70S or 80S (eucaryotic) ribosomes, and in both cases, their effect is on the small ribosomal subunit. However, most bacteria possess an active transport system for tetracycline that will allow intracellular accumulation of the antibiotic at concentrations 50 times as great as that in the medium. This greatly enhances its antibacterial effectiveness and accounts for its specificity of action, since an effective concentration cannot be accumulated in animal cells. Thus a blood level of tetracycline which is harmless to animal tissues can halt protein synthesis in invading bacteria. The tetracyclines have a remarkably low toxicity and minimal side effects when taken by animals. The combination of their broad spectrum and low toxicity has led to their overuse and misuse by the medical community and the wide-spread development of resistance has reduced their effectiveness. Nonetheless, tetracyclines still have some important uses, such as the use of doxycycline in the treatment of Lyme disease. Some newly discovered members of the tetracycline family (e.g. chelocardin) have been shown to act by inserting into the bacterial membrane, not by inhibiting protein synthesis. tetracycline core structure. The tetracyclines are a large family of antibiotics that were discovered as natural products of Streptomyces bacteria beginning in the late 1940s. Tetracycline sparked the development of many chemically altered antibiotics and in doing so has proved to be one of the most important discoveries made in the field of antibiotics. It is a classic "broad-spectrum antibiotic" used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and some protozoa. semisynthetic tetracycline developed in the 1960s. It is frequently used to treat chronic prostatitis, sinusitis, syphilis, chlamydia, pelvic inflammatory disease, acne and rosacea. In addition, it is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of anthrax and in prophylaxis against It is also effective against Yersinia pestis (the infectious agent of bubonic plague) and is prescribed for the treatment of Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Because doxycycline is one of the few medications that is effective in treating Rocky Mountain spotted fever (with the next best alternative being chloramphenicol), it is indicated even for use in children for this illness. Chloramphenicol is a protein synthesis inhibitor that has a spectrum of activity but it exerts a bacteriostatic effect. It is effective against intracellular parasites such as the rickettsiae. Unfortunately, aplastic anemia develops in a small proportion (1/50,000) of patients. Chloramphenicol was originally discovered and purified the fermentation of a Streptomyces species, but currently it is entirely by chemical synthesis. Chloramphenicol inhibits the bacterial peptidyl transferase, thereby preventing the growth of the polypeptide during protein synthesis. structure of chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol is entirely selective for 70S ribosomes and does not affect 80S ribosomes. Its unfortunate toxicity towards the small patients who receive it is in no way related to its effect on bacterial protein synthesis. However, since mitochondria originated from procaryotic cells and have 70S ribosomes, they are subject to by some of the protein synthesis inhibitors including chloramphenicol. This likely explains the toxicity of chloramphenicol. The eucaryotic most likely to be inhibited by chloramphenicol are those undergoing multiplication, thereby rapidly synthesizing mitochondria. Such cells the blood forming cells of the bone marrow, the inhibition of which present as aplastic anemia. Chloramphenicol was once a highly antibiotic and a number of deaths from anemia occurred before its use curtailed. Now it is seldom used in human medicine except in situations (e.g. typhoid fever). The macrolide family of antibiotics is characterized by structures that contain large lactone rings linked through glycoside bonds with amino sugars. The most important members of the group are erythromycin and oleandomycin. Erythromycin is active against most Gram-positive bacteria, Neisseria, Legionella and Haemophilus, but not against the Enterobacteriaceae. Macrolides inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. Binding inhibits elongation of the protein by peptidyl transferase or prevents translocation of the ribosome or both. Macrolides are bacteriostatic for most bacteria but are cidal for a few Gram-positive bacteria. structure of a macrolide antibiotic, erythromycin. shown above, is a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics. It is s derived from erythromycin, but it differs chemically from erythromycin in that a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom is incorporated into the lactone ring, thus making the lactone ring 15-membered. Azithromycin is used to treat certain bacterial infections, most often bacteria causing middle ear infections, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and sinusitis. It is also effective against certain sexually transmitted diseases, such as non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. Lincomycin and clindamycin are a miscellaneous group synthesis inhibitors with activity similar to the macrolides. Lincomycin has activity against Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative bacteria (Neisseria, H. influenzae). Clindamycin is a derivative of lincomycin with the same range of antimicrobial activity, but it is considered more effective. It is frequently used as a penicillin substitute and is effective against Gram-negative anaerobes (e.g. Bacteroides). is a lincosamide antibiotic. It is usually used to treat infections with anaerobic bacteria but can also be used to treat some protozoal diseases, such as malaria. It is a common topical treatment for acne, and can be useful against some methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. The most severe common adverse effect of clindamycin is Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (the most frequent cause of pseudomembranous colitis). Although this side-effect occurs with almost all antibiotics, including beta-lactam antibiotics, it is classically linked to clindamycin use.	<urn:uuid:048b60a6-a954-4e50-9f9e-d9fb92f046a7>	CC-MAIN-2019-18	http://textbookofbacteriology.net/antimicrobial_4.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578528481.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20190420020937-20190420042937-00346.warc.gz	en	0.897505	2,669	3.125	3	2.906358	3	Strong reasoning	Health
A Session can be compared to a conversation between user and a website. In more detail, it’s worth pointing out few properties of such conversations: - A website can remember what you have said before and can personalise its answers accordingly - There are only two parties in the conversation – therefore, it is private Sessions can be used for many purposes Sessions are used in any instance where website’s features need to identify the user and provide him/her with personalised content. But to be more concrete, let me provide you with some examples: - E-shop basket – Probably the most common example used to explain a session mechanism. The website will remember items in your basket across your visit – in fact, the contents of your basket is stored in the session; which resides on the server-side of the website. - User’s account module – The website stores (in the session) the information used to sign-in successfully and based on that, code functions can be used to validate your permissions and provide you with access to your account’s private content. - Pre-populated forms – Imagine a letting agency website where you can send enquiries to property owners; instead of filling in whole form with your contact details again and again, a website can remember your first submission and pre-populate all future forms to make your life easier. There may be many other reasons why sessions are used, but the examples above demonstrate the general principles. How does it work? There are a couple of things to question and understand: - Where are the sessions details stored? – What’s on your computer? What’s on website server site? - How does website identify you and associate your requests with your session data? The generic answer for the first question is quite simple. All session data (like the contents of your shopping basket) is stored on the server side. On the other hand there is always one small piece of data stored on your computer – SessionID. The SessionID is also the key to answer the second bullet pointed question. Using SessionID passed in the request website identifies you and links your request with a specified session on the server. Session data on the server-side can be stored in many ways (including database table, files etc). Also, the SessionID on the user side can be kept and passed to the server using different methods (the most common scenario is the SessionID being stored in cookie file). Nevertheless, the data storage methods used are fairly straight-forward: Is it possible to steal someone’s session? That’s a tricky topic – but the answer is yes, a session can be stolen. Moreover, it can be stolen in many ways and session security itself is very wide subject; extending beyond the frames of this post. But fear not, this question will not be left unanswered and I will try to cover it in my next post. Any questions? You’re more than welcome to use the comments box below	<urn:uuid:5bf16ece-aebf-4020-b77e-4e385bfc4390>	CC-MAIN-2015-35	http://www.rocketmill.co.uk/what-is-a-session-between-you-and-a-website	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645311026.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031511-00202-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.911802	623	2.640625	3	1.93881	2	Moderate reasoning	Software Dev.
Multifunction Imaging and Spectroscopic Instrument - Monday, 18 December 2006 There would be no repositioning for different observations of the same specimen. A proposed optoelectronic instrument would perform several different spectroscopic and imaging functions that, heretofore, have been performed by separate instruments. The functions would be reflectance, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopies; variable-color confocal imaging at two different resolutions; and wide-field color imaging.The instrument was conceived for use in examination of minerals on remote planets. It could also be used on Earth to characterize material specimens. The conceptual design of the instrument emphasizes compactness and economy, to be achieved largely through sharing of components among subsystems that perform different imaging and spectrometric functions. The input optics for the various functions would be mounted in a single optical head. With the exception of a targeting lens, the input optics would all be aimed at the same spot on a specimen, thereby both (1) eliminating the need to reposition the specimen to perform different imaging and/or spectroscopic observations and (2) ensuring MICRO-EPSILON eddy 3700 NCDT 0.08 nanometer eddy-current displacement sensors NEW Xtreme Resolution! that data from such observations can be correlated with respect to known positions on the specimen. The figure schematically depicts the principal components and subsystems of the instrument. The targeting lens would collect light into a multimode optical fiber, which would guide the light through a fiber-selection switch to a reflection/fluorescence spectrometer. The switch would have four positions, enabling selection of spectrometer input from the targeting lens, from either of one or two multimode optical fibers coming from a reflectance/fluorescence microspectrometer optical head, or from a dark calibration position (no fiber). The switch would be the only moving part within the instrument. For reflection spectroscopy, light from an incandescent lamp would be focused onto another multimode optical fiber, would pass through a mode scrambler, and would illuminate the specimen through a microscope head. Light reflected from the specimen would be collected through the same optical fiber and would be directed into the reflection/fluorescence spectrometer via beam splitter 1. To illuminate the specimen for fluorescence spectroscopy, light from an ultraviolet laser would be directed, via beam splitter 2, into the same optical fiber used to illuminate the specimen for reflectance spectroscopy. The fluorescent light from the specimen would be collected and sent to the reflection/fluorescence spectrometer in the same manner as that of the reflected light. For Raman spectroscopy, light from a laser diode would be focused onto a single-mode optical fiber and would pass through fiber Bragg grating 1, which would lock the wavelength. This light would be guided through two directional couplers to the microscope head. Raman-shifted light captured by the lens would be collected through the same single-mode optical fiber, and would be guided to the Raman spectrometer through one of the directional couplers and fiber Bragg grating 2, which would reject the reflected (unshifted) light. The Raman spectrometer and its associated optical components were described in “Confocal Single-Mode-Fiber-Optic Raman Microspectrometer ”(NPO- 20932),NASA Tech Briefs , Vol.25, No.4 (April 2001), page 10a. The imaging portion of the instrument would include a charge-coupled- device (CCD)color camera, which would be used to provide contextual information for the point-imaging (confocal) subsystems. The lens for this camera and the lens for confocal imaging would be different but integrated into a single unit in the microscope head, as depicted in the detail at the bottom of the figure. The aforementioned multimode optical fiber used for reflection and fluorescence spectroscopy and the aforementioned single-mode optical fiber used for Raman spectroscopy would also be used for confocal imaging at a lower and a higher resolution, respectively. This work was done by Pantazis Mouroulis of Caltech for NASA ’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory . For further information, access the Technical Support Package (TSP) free on-line at www.techbriefs.com/tsp under the Physical Sciences category. NPO-30650	<urn:uuid:ea4bde41-f741-47f0-8f76-1545418688ed>	CC-MAIN-2014-52	http://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/9-ntb/tech-briefs/physical-sciences/396-npo-30650	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802774894.154/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075254-00113-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.915042	913	2.78125	3	2.784161	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
All the squirrels that I am featuring today are Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Although my focus is going to be on unusually colored squirrels, lets start by taking a look at some normally colored ones. I believe that these squirrels look gray because their fur includes a random mixture of black and white hairs. There are brown hairs, too, but the amount of brown varies greatly among individuals. Nonetheless you can count on the underside of a gray squirrel being white. The squirrel below is also a normally colored eastern gray squirrel, but it has a lot more brown hairs in its coat. Although the ring-tailed squirrel shown in the topmost photo may look like the illicit love child of a raccoon and a squirrel, it is an eastern gray squirrel. Apparently the black and white hairs in its tail aren’t mixed together in the random fashion that is typical of gray squirrels; instead it looks like the white hairs are lined up with other white hairs and the black hairs are lined up with other black hairs, hence the rings. This little guy was a regular visitor to my bird feeder for a while. Interestingly the ring-tailed effect depended on the point of view. When seen from one angle the rings appeared distinctly, but when seen from other angles they seemed to fade away. I can only guess that the rings were part of this squirrel’s genetic make-up. Here’s another look at this odd coloration. Some gray squirrels lack the white hairs that make the gray squirrel look gray. These are melanistic squirrels and they come in two varieties: pure black vs. black and brown. The pure black squirrels only occur when there is a mutation present in two genes, so it would seem to be a recessive trait. The black-brown varieties have the same mutation, but it’s only present on a single gene. The black coloration appears to offer these squirrels a survival advantage for in cold climates. According to the University of Michigan, black squirrels lose 18% less of their body heat when temperature fall below -10 degrees centigrade. Although I never see black squirrels where I live in Central Ohio, these squirrels are plentiful around Kent State University (located near Akron, Ohio). According to KentOhio.net, with the permission of American and Canadian Customs, individuals at Kent State University imported a number of black squirrels from Canada in the early 1960s. Today these black squirrels are the dominant squirrels in Kent, and their population has spread to the greater northeastern region of Ohio. The following photos of black squirrels were taken at Kent State University. The people of Kent State University love their distinctive, black squirrels. The campus has celebrated them by erecting a statue in their honor. And that brings up to our last color variant: white eastern gray squirrels. Although people often assume that any white squirrel is an albino, most of these white squirrels lack the pink eyes essential to albinism. These dark-eyed, white squirrels are actually leucistic. Note the dark eyes in the squirrel below. The following squirrel has pink eyes, so it is an albino. It’s a bit hard to see against the snow; click on the photo if you’d like to see a close-up of the squirrel. Although the white coloration camouflages the squirrel during the winter, the same white makes the squirrel stick out like a sore thumb once the snow melts. I was standing on a hill when I spotted the following white squirrel in the valley below. Naturalists believe that white squirrels are more prevalent near urban areas since fewer predators mean that their easy visibility doesn’t endanger them as it would in a wilder area. In Central Ohio I have seen them at two Columbus Metro Parks (Inniswood and Chestnut Ridge). I’ve also seen them in Delaware County at Hogback Ridge Preservation Park. Here’s a nice contrast between two differently colored, eastern gray squirrels. Below the photo is a short video of this same white squirrel scavenging for food hidden in the mulch. - Tree squirrel, published at Wikipedia (includes a discussion of white and albino squirrels) - Eastern Gray Squirrels, published at Wikipedia - Black squirrel, published at Wikipedia - We’re Nuts About Black Squirrels, published by KentOhio.net - Sciurus carolinensis, published by the University of Michigan under their “Animal Diversity Web” - Leucism, published at Wikipedia (animals who are white, or partially white, but don’t have pink eyes) - Albinism, published at Wikipedia	<urn:uuid:07389b2a-38ed-41ca-8eb9-cf93c25d3cda>	CC-MAIN-2015-18	http://trekohio.com/2012/08/10/squirrels-of-unusual-color/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246660628.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045740-00119-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.957093	973	3.40625	3	2.321534	2	Moderate reasoning	Science & Tech.
The creation of a programming language calls for guiding principles that point the developers to goals. I spell out the three basic principles behind the 20-year development of Racket. First, programming is about stating and solving problems, and this activity normally takes place in a context with its own language of discourse; good programmers ought to formulate this language as a programming language. Hence, Racket is a programming language for creating new programming languages. Second, by following this language-oriented approach to programming, systems become multi-lingual collections of interconnected components. Each language and component must be able to protect its specific invariants. In support, we offer protection mechanisms to implement a full language spectrum, from C-level bit manipulation to soundly typed extensions. Third, because Racket considers programming as problem solving in the correct language, Racket must also turn extra-linguistic mechanisms into linguistic constructs, especially mechanisms for managing resources and projects. I explains these principles and how Racket lives up to them, presents the evaluation framework behind the design process, and concludes with a sketch of imperfections and opportunities for improvements. Matthias Felleisen, a Trustee Professor at Northeastern University’s College of Computer Science, has spent 30 years exploring programming languages and the pedagogy of software development. After receiving his PhD at Indiana University in 1987, he launched his academic career at Rice University; in 2001, he moved to Northeastern. For the first decade of his career, Felleisen developed a new theoretical framework for modeling programming languages. Over time, this framework has provided the most widely used technique for proving type soundness theorems, the fundamental correctness claims for programming languages. In 1995, Felleisen launched two related projects: (1) a K-12 outreach project with the goal of synthesizing mathematics and programming education and (2) the Racket language design project in support of the outreach project. Felleisen and his team taught dozens of intensive 5-day teacher training workshops over 20 years, focusing on program design as systematic problem solving. Working with Northeastern undergraduates, they also created the Bootstrap curriculum for middle schools; the curriculum has been adopted by code.org. The team’s Racket programming language has become a test bed for language design ideas from mixins to frameworks for domain-specific languages, from software contracts to gradual typing systems, and from web programming disciplines to distributed interactions. It is used in many applications, from DoD software to Naughty Dog’s games. For his research on programming languages, Felleisen was inducted as an ACM Fellow in 2006 and received ACM SIGPLAN’s Achievement Award in 2012. Also in 2012, his paper on contracts for higher-order languages was picked asthe most influential ICFP 2002 publication. Felleisen has delivered keynote addresses at many programming language conferences, including POPL, ECOOP, and ICFP. For his educational outreach, ACM honored Felleisen with the Karl V. Karlstrom Award in	<urn:uuid:b2dd9284-5c55-4841-ab53-4748764caaec>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	http://www.curry-on.org/2016/sessions/the-racket-manifesto.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474594.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225071740-20240225101740-00390.warc.gz	en	0.945928	616	2.96875	3	2.859612	3	Strong reasoning	Software Dev.
The KRT1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called keratin 1. Keratins are a group of tough, fibrous proteins that form the structural framework of cells called keratinocytes that make up the skin, hair, and nails. Keratin 1 is produced in keratinocytes in the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis), including the skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The keratin 1 protein partners with another keratin protein, either keratin 9 or keratin 10, to form molecules called keratin intermediate filaments. These filaments assemble into strong networks that provide strength and resiliency to the skin and protect it from being damaged by friction and other everyday physical stresses. Dozens of mutations in the KRT1 gene have been found in people with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. This condition is a skin disorder characterized by red, blistering skin at an early age and thick skin (hyperkeratosis) later in life. People with KRT1 gene mutations typically have PS-type epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, which features thick skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (palmoplantar hyperkeratosis) in addition to other parts of the body. Most KRT1 gene mutations associated with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis change a single protein building block (amino acid) in the keratin 1 protein. These amino acid changes commonly occur in regions of the protein that play a role in intermediate filament formation. The mutations alter the keratin 1 protein and seem to affect how intermediate filaments interact with each other to form networks. The altered proteins still form intermediate filaments, but the intermediate filament networks are weaker and do not function normally. Without a strong network, skin cells become fragile and are easily damaged, which can lead to blistering in response to friction or mild trauma. It is unclear how these mutations cause the overgrowth of keratinocytes that results in hyperkeratotic skin. KRT1 gene mutations are involved in many other skin disorders. In several of these conditions, there is palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, but the skin on other parts of the body is usually not affected. A condition called epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma caused by KRT1 gene mutations is relatively mild. Affected individuals typically have palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with detachment or loosening of the epidermis (epidermolysis), usually seen as blistering. People with nonepidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma have palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with no evidence of epidermolysis. In striate palmoplantar keratoderma type 3, the skin thickening on the palms and soles follows a specific pattern. KRT1 gene mutations are also responsible for a skin disorder called Curth-Macklin ichthyosis hystrix. This condition involves severe hyperkeratosis on the palms and soles and sometimes the skin over large joints or on the torso. This condition is distinguished by specific changes in the keratinocytes. Another skin condition caused by genetic changes in the KRT1 gene called cyclic ichthyosis with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is similar to epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, but the skin changes disappear for short periods, then recur. The recurrent skin changes can last for weeks or months. - 67 kDa cytokeratin - cytokeratin 1 - hair alpha protein - keratin 1, type II - keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 - type-II keratin Kb1	<urn:uuid:ff025ffc-5c42-4b39-993f-4772deea8d3b>	CC-MAIN-2018-39	https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/KRT1	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161214.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925063826-20180925084226-00384.warc.gz	en	0.894592	775	3.65625	4	2.238133	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
8. The Flowless System That Regulates Blood Pressure The moment blood pressure falls, a flawless system in your body goes into action. In the same way that smoke detectors are specially designed to recognize the particles emitted by fire, this "alarm" system goes into operation only when there is a drop in blood pressure. Low blood pressure may give rise to a very dangerous state of affairs. Therefore, the moment such a drop is detected, a series of measures need to be taken in order to raise it back up again. These measures can be detailed as follows: 1. Blood vessels must be constricted. (This, in turn, will raise blood pressure, in rather the same way that water emerges under higher pressure when a garden house is squeezed.) 2. More water must be absorbed from the kidneys and released into the bloodstream. 3. The individual must be made to drink water as quickly as possible. But how does all this happen? Yet another matchless system has been located in the depths of the human body. The moment that blood pressure (or the level of sodium in the bloodstream) falls, certain cells in the kidneys take notice. These cells that sound the alarm are the juxtaglomerular (JGA) cells, which secrete a special substance called rennin7(Figure 40) The way that cells are able to determine that blood pressure or sodium levels have fallen is a miracle in itself. More important, however, is the cells' secretion of rennin, because that is the first stage in a long chain of production. In blood plasma, there is a protein that normally has no effect as it circulates around in the bloodstream. This is angiotensinogen, which is produced in the liver. Here begins the first stage of an utterly amazing plan. That is because angiotensinogen and rennin—which serve no purpose on their own and by themselves—have been specially designed to combine with one another, in the same way that the components of a machine are often designed so as to be able to be linked to one another (Figure 41). Another point here calls for reflection—and astonishment. Kidney cells and liver cells are far distant from one another in the body. How is it that in producing one element of a compound (rennin), another organ will produce the other element of the compound (angiotensinogen) to fit it—and how is it the two will be mutually complementary? It is definitely impossible for this to happen by chance, as evolutionists would have us believe. No doubt that each has been created under the inspiration of Almighty God. Rennin alters the structure of the angiotensinogen molecule, as a result of which an entirely new molecule emerges—angiotensin-I (Figure 42). Rennin + Angiotensinogen = Angiotensin-I But this newly emerging molecule has no effect, because the chain of production is not yet complete. An enzyme by the name of ACE, found in the lungs and serving solely to break down the angiotensin-I molecule, now enters the equation. Thanks to this enzyme, angiotensin-I turns into yet a different molecule, angiotensin-II (Figure 43). Angiotensin-I + the ACE enzyme = Angiotensin-II Once again, we need to step back and reflect. Two different molecules produced by the kidney and liver cells have combined with each other, and a new molecule has emerged. Lung cells, which are totally unconnected to the kidney and liver cells, produce another enzyme that will perfectly attach to this new molecule. In addition, they produce this enzyme long before the molecules in question have combined together. But how do lung cells produce the most appropriate enzyme for an event that has not yet taken place—to bind with a substance that has not yet been manufactured? How do they know the formula for an enzyme that will convert one molecule into another? No doubt is the incomparable God Who inspires this knowledge in the lung cells. The enzyme angiotensin-II has two vital functions; first, to ensure the constriction of the blood vessels. Angiotensin-II stimulates the muscles around the blood vessels and sets the mechanism that provides the contraction—yet another proof of flawless creation. The muscles are thus contracted, the diameter of the blood vessels is reduced and blood pressure is elevated. This is the first intended outcome. The second major duty of angiotensin-II is to call to duty the miraculous hormone aldosterone. When the angiotensin-II reaches the adrenal cells, it commands them to secrete aldosterone. This is yet further proof of the flawless nature of the allover blueprint, because the aldosterone will affect the kidneys, causing them to re-absorb the water in urine and release that water back into the bloodstream. In this way, the volume of blood will rise, together with blood pressure, which is the second desired outcome (Figure 44). Angiotensin-II, produced as a result of communal labor among the kidney, liver and lungs, has another very important function: to stimulate into action a special region of the brain known as the thirst region. However, there is a major obstacle facing angiotensin-II. That is because in order to protect the brain, a very selective system that makes passage from the blood to the brain tissue difficult, known as the blood-brain barrier. But there are one or two points in the brain in which this system is not present, one being the thirst center. Thanks to this special creation, the thirst center is stimulated and the individual develops an urge to drink 8 (Figure 45). The substances produced by the kidneys, lung and liver—jointly, and in accord with a rearranged blueprint—are combined in a regular manner, as a result of which they ensure the secretion of a hormone that causes blood pressure to rise. To achieve this, the cells of the kidneys, lungs and liver have to join forces and establish a coalition. When blood pressure falls, this consortium of organs must investigate what needs to be done. Then, as a result of this investigation, the coalition has to decide on the ideal solution: which is narrowing the diameter of the blood vessels and also ensuring the secretion of the hormone aldosterone. Then, these organs again must cooperate to carry out lengthy research and analyze the anatomies and working systems of the adrenal glands and muscle cells around the blood vessels. They then must determine a molecular project to contract these vessels and for the miraculous formula of angiotensin-II to stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone. The last job that needs to be done is determining how this final molecule is to be produced. During the production stage, each organ must assume a responsibility. Duties must be shared out in a three-stage assembly plan within the framework of the production plan already drawn up in advance. The renal cells must decide to produce rennin, the liver cells to produce angiotensinogen, and the lung cells to produce ACE; and the task of distribution must be completed. Finally, the process must be brought to an end and the cells must return to their original locations (Figures 46 and 47). Every part of this system is full of marvels calling for further consideration. Every cell in the human body has been created for a particular task, equipped with special attributes and specially positioned exactly where it needs to best carry out its task. Our Lord has created all the events that take place in the human body, and every detail in that body is just one of the proofs of His infinite knowledge. As Almighty God has revealed in the Qur'an: Any mercy God opens up to people, no one can withhold, and any He withholds, no one can afterwards release. He is the Almighty, the All-Wise. (Surah Fatir, 2)	<urn:uuid:723d2108-c68d-4f8d-8fde-10026db96e35>	CC-MAIN-2016-40	http://www.harunyahya.com/en/books/4123/The_Cell_In_40_Topics/chapter/4834	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661905.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00294-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.944314	1,640	3.609375	4	2.794753	3	Strong reasoning	Health
While the leaves are still changing color in the northern hemisphere, it’s hard to believe that Hanukkah – which begins on the evening of Sunday, November 28, 2021 – is right around the corner. Jews of all stripes are generally familiar with the basics of the holiday. By lighting hanukkiahs in our homes, we celebrate the miracle of the story of Hanukkah – the one day’s worth of oil that lasted eight days and nights, and the triumph of the Jewish people over the Syrian Greeks who sought to destroy them. Although it is easy to get caught up in the spinning of dreidels and the exchanging of gifts, Hanukkah should also be about celebrating the commitment and strength that allowed the Maccabees to prevail. Debbie Kornberg, president of Jewish National Fund-USA’s San Diego board, and TV cooking coach, recently reflected on the word “Hanukkah” itself. “The Hebrew word Hanukkah means dedication, which is how we commemorate significant events in Judaism,” she says. “In this case, we’re talking about rededicating the Holy Temple in Jerusalem after it was desecrated. But what does it mean to dedicate something? We honor it, we elevate it. By affixing mezuzot to our door posts, we dedicate our homes as sacred and special places. By celebrating a bar or bat mitzvah, we are rededicating our commitment to our Jewish identity and community. During Hanukkah, the way that we reaffirm our commitment to Jewish ritual is by lighting the hanukkiah.” Like many Jewish holidays, Hanukkah also has foods that are recognized as symbols of the holiday: fried latkes (potato pancakes) and sufganiyot (donuts) remind us of the miracle of the oil in the Temple. Debbie – a cooking coach who teaches “Spice It Up with Deb” cooking classes and is also the owner of Spice + Leaf – points out something that many of our most beloved Jewish holiday foods have in common. “When we think about previous generations of Jewry over the centuries, we weren’t very wealthy, and so we took the things that we had – potatoes, onions, and flour; or apples and honey, and elevated them,” she says. (Read to the end to view Debbie’s latke recipes). “The Jewish narrative of our food history is taking simplistic ingredients and creating meaning.” “Every kid remembers dipping the apple in honey at Hebrew school or at their grandmother’s house,” she says. “At any learning stage of life, food is a central component. You consume the meaning of the holiday, and then you can ask the questions of why.” Debbie reflects that this ancient story still, unfortunately, has resonance for modern day Jews. “When I think about all of the things that Jews are facing these days – we’re still fighting antisemitism and we still stand together for justice and religious freedom, which is one of the cornerstones of Hanukkah.” “At Jewish National Fund-USA, we like to say that we make the impossible possible, which has been a theme throughout Jewish history — whether we are talking about the triumph of the Maccabees or about Theodor Herzl, the founding father of Zionism, the State of Israel, and JNF-USA — who famously said, ‘If you will it, it is no dream.’” Debbie’s Traditional Potato Latkes By Debbie Kornberg 3 russet potatoes, unpeeled, shredded 2 yellow onions, shredded 1 cup flour, can add more flour, if necessary, about 1/4 cup to 1/2 cup Pinch of salt 1 -2 baby carrots (yes, seriously…) Vegetable oil or Grapeseed oil, enough to fill the pan for frying Shredding potatoes and onions with a food processor works best but can be done by hand. In a bowl, combine potatoes, onions and eggs. Mix well. Add flour & salt and mix well together. Can add more flour if mix seems a little too runny. The batter should hold up together with a spoon. Heat up frying pan with oil. Add carrots to the oil. This will help prevent the latkes from burning in the oil. For real! Make sure oil is hot before placing potato latke mix in pan. The carrots will begin to sizzle, which is also an indicator that the oil is hot. Cook latkes until they are golden brown on each side. Remove from pan, place on paper towel to drain any additional oil. Spiced Sweet Potato Latkes with Purple Onion By Debbie Kornberg 1 sweet potato* very large, unpeeled, shredded 1 purple onion, large, shredded 1/8 cup chives, minced 1 tsp. sweet paprika 1/2 tsp. ground turmeric 2-3 pinches of salt 1 cup flour, depends on size of sweet potato – can add more flour if necessary, about 1/4 cup to 1/2 cup 1-2 baby carrots (yes, seriously…) Vegetable oil or Grapeseed oil, enough to fill the pan ½ way for frying Shred sweet potato and onion with a food processor (this can also be done by hand). In a bowl combine potato, onion, chives, and eggs. Mix well. In a separate bowl, mix flour, spices, and salt together. Add spiced flour to wet ingredients and combine well. You can add more flour if the mix seems a little too runny. The batter should hold up together with a spoon. Heat up frying pan with oil. Add carrots to the oil. This will help prevent the latkes from burning in the oil. For real! Make sure oil is hot before placing sweet potato latke mix in pan. The carrots will begin to sizzle which is also an indicator that the oil is hot. Spoon latkes into oil and cook until they are dark orange on each side. Remove from pan, place on paper towel to drain any excess oil. Enjoy with applesauce, sour cream, or labne. *A word about sweet potatoes. They can often be very large; in which case you will only need one. If you come across smaller ones, you may want to use two. I find that sweet potato latkes require more eggs than traditional potato latkes. If you are an aspiring chef who’d like to take the next step in your career, visit galileeculinaryinstitute.com.	<urn:uuid:1bd194e9-95e2-4e11-bbb3-cd96de4de24f>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.jta.org/paidpost/jewish-national-fund/finding-meaning-in-our-hanukkah-rituals	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474641.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225171204-20240225201204-00603.warc.gz	en	0.935443	1,414	2.515625	3	2.476422	2	Moderate reasoning	Food & Dining
Was Roger Williams too pure for the Puritans, and what does that have to do with Rhode Island? Why did it take Augustine Herman ten years to complete the map that established Delaware? How did Rocky Mountain rogues help create the state of Colorado? All this and more is explained in Mark Stein's new book. Mark Stein’s first book, How the States Got Their Shapes, answered a number of questions that have puzzled people for years. Why does Missouri have that little boot heel on its southeast corner? Why does Oklahoma have a panhandle? Why do we have Delaware? In discovering the answers, some very colorful individuals involved in establishing our borders come to life, some of whom the original book briefly mentioned, but all of whom had fascinating stories. In Stein’s latest, How the States Got Their Shapes Too: The People Behind the Borderlines, their stories come to life. How the States Got Their Shapes Too follows How the States Got Their Shapes in looking at American history through the lens of its borders, but, while How The States Got Their Shapes told us why, this book tells us who. This personal element in the boundary stories reveals how we today are like those who came before us, and how we differ, and most significantly: how their collective stories reveal not only an historical arc but, as importantly, the often overlooked human dimension in that arc that leads to the nation we are today. The people featured in How the States Got Their Shapes Too lived from the colonial era right up to the present. They include African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, women, and of course, white men. Some are famous, such as Thomas Jefferson, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster. Some are not, such as Bernard Berry, Clarina Nichols, and Robert Steele. And some are names many of us know but don't really know exactly what they did, such as Ethan Allen (who never made furniture, though he burned a good deal of it). In addition, How the States Got Their Shapes Too tells of individuals involved in the Almost States of America, places we sought to include but ultimately did not: Canada, the rest of Mexico (we did get half), Cuba, and, still an issue, Puerto Rico. Each chapter is largely driven by voices from the time, in the form of excerpts from congressional debates, newspapers, magazines, personal letters, and diaries. The book is written in the same lighthearted style of How the States Got Their Shapes, but packs serious supporting research. Endnotes provide citations for all the primary and scholarly sources. About the author: MARK STEIN is a playwright and screenwriter. His plays have been performed off-Broadway and at theaters throughout the country. His films include Housesitter, with Steve Martin and Goldie Hawn. Stein has also taught writing and drama at American University and Catholic University. His previous book, How the States Got Their Shapes, a New York Times bestseller, was the basis for The History Channel's documentary of the same name. About the book: Title: How the States Got Their Shape: The People Behind the Borderlines Author: Mark Stein On-Sale Date: 6/7/2011 Price: $24.95 / Pages: 304	<urn:uuid:3616542b-b62e-4089-a9c9-179369907eb6>	CC-MAIN-2018-05	http://www.geneapress.com/2012/03/how-states-got-their-shapes-too-people.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887973.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119105358-20180119125358-00127.warc.gz	en	0.956655	677	3.5625	4	2.699357	3	Strong reasoning	History
You may be familiar by now with the physical, emotional and psychological stress that are the unfortunate side-effects of caring for a loved one with dementia. As if the pain of someone dear to you wasn’t difficult enough, your own body and mind may begin to suffer as you use your own precious resources to care for them. Left unchecked, this constant exposure to the stress response known as fight-or-flight can compromise your health. The good news is that the practice of mindfulness meditation can actually reverse the negative impact of stress on your body, cultivate more compassion for yourself and others, and even shrink your amygdala – the fear center of your brain. Preliminary research indicates that people who care for family members with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias in the home experienced a decrease in perceived stress and mood disturbance when practicing Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) (Brown, 2015). Another trial indicates that MBSR was “more effective at improving overall mental health, reducing stress, and decreasing depression” than those who only participated in a caregiver education and support (CCES) intervention (Whitebird, 2012). WHAT IS MINDFULNESS? “The awareness that emerges through paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally to the unfolding of experience moment to moment.” -Jon Kabat-Zinn The goal of mindfulness is to find liberation and reduce suffering by training your mind to respond, rather than react, to your experiences. Mindfulness techniques can be practiced formally (seated meditation, walking meditation) or informally (awareness breaks, mindfully engaging in day to day tasks, mindful communication). “We don’t want to stop our thoughts but to change our relationship with them.” – Sharon Salzberg Mindfulness is not “zoning out,” “day dreaming,” or “relaxation,” though it can be relaxing once you learn to control your reaction to your thoughts. You don’t have to clear your mind, or have a particular set of spiritual or religious beliefs. HOW TO PRACTICE MINDFULNESS MEDITATION TO REDUCE DEMENTIA CAREGIVER STRESS - Find a comfortable position; your eyes can be closed or with a soft focus on a point in front of you. - Set your intention for your practice (to cultivate patience, to get a break, to better your health). - Take 3 full in and out breaths, then return to a natural breath. - Focus your attention on your breath, gently labeling it “in, out, in, out” or “rising, falling.” - When you feel your attention is steady, let go of these “subtitles” and experience your breath just as it is, being aware that you are aware. In place of breath, you can also focus on any of your senses – sight, sound, taste, touch/sensation, smell, and even thoughts/cognitions. - When you find that you are no longer paying attention to your breath – or other object of focus – just begin again. Catching yourself and bringing yourself back is what Sharon Salzberg calls the “magic moment in meditation.” This is the practice – leaving the present and bringing yourself back again and again. - If a difficult emotion arises, practice the RAIN technique outlined below. - When your time is complete, consider the possibility of carrying this mindful awareness with you throughout the day. You can also use this guided breath meditation: RAIN: FOUR STEPS TO MANAGE DIFFICULT EMOTIONS MINDFULLY When a difficult emotion arises on or off the cushion, RAIN allows you to decondition your response, and choose to respond mindfully rather than react mindlessly.* Recognize – Acknowledge what you are feeling. Ask yourself, “What is happening inside me right now?” You can gently label it non-judgmentally: Fear, fear. Sadness, sadness. Frustration, frustration. Allowing (Acceptance) – Be willing to be present to your experience, no matter how unpleasant. Whatever you notice, let it be. (Tara Brach recommends noting “I consent” or “yes” or “this too”). Investigate – Unhook yourself from the object or story, so you can witness the emotion with kindness, and from an unbiased perspective. Mindfulness of body is a great technique here – what are you feeling in your body? Ask yourself “what am I believing to be true?” Non-Identification – Recognize you are not this emotion or experience; it is just a temporary event arising, and eventually it will be gone too. Watch the emotion with an attitude of natural presence. *Compassion First! If the difficult emotion is too overwhelming, you can always come back to your breath. TIPS FOR PRACTICING MINDFULNESS FOR CAREGIVER STRESS - It is called practice – not performance! You will get distracted. A lot. This is normal. I cannot stress this enough. The most important thing is that you start over and over and over as often as you need to – with a gentle and kind attitude to yourself. - Regular practice for shorter intervals is better that one BIG practice each week. Start with 5-10 minutes 3 times a week, and work your way up to 10-20 minutes 5 days a week. Try it for 8 weeks. And then for the rest of your life. - Use a kitchen timer, your phone or an app such as the Insight Meditation Timer so you do not have to keep opening your eyes. Commit to practice the whole time! - Incorporate informal awareness breaks into your day. Stop and take a deep breath, or feel your hands on the steering wheel. Actually taste the food you put in your mouth. Find a task you do every day, and try to approach it mindfully. Even a few seconds can help your body interrupt the fight-or-flight response and bring you more peace and health. - Try walking meditation. With your eyes open, pay attention to your feet as they hit the floor. So often we are stuck in our heads – this gives you the chance to notice the rest of your body, which creates more space in this moment. Mindfulness & Dementia Caregiver Stress Resources Brown, K. W., Coogle, C. L., & Wegelin, J. (2015). A pilot randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for caregivers of family members with dementia. Aging & mental health, 1-10. Stang, H. (2014). Mindfulness and grief: With guided meditations to calm your mind and restore your spirit. CICO Books: London. Whitebird, R. R., Kreitzer, M., Crain, A. L., Lewis, B. A., Hanson, L. R., & Enstad, C. J. (2013). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. The Gerontologist, 53(4), 676-686.	<urn:uuid:d1769336-b9b3-414c-8cbb-fbe6321ce158>	CC-MAIN-2017-34	http://heatherstang.com/mindfulness-dementia-caregiver-stress/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109682.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821232346-20170822012346-00234.warc.gz	en	0.919612	1,509	2.703125	3	2.52901	3	Strong reasoning	Health
Piano / Music Course with lessons that can help you to learn how to play the piano , violin , guitar & many Instruments What you'll learn: - You will know how to Read (& Write) Music - You will understand what Modulation and Transposition is - You will have a good understanding of Pitch, Bass & Treble Clefs, Stave Ledger Lines and Musical Notes - You will have a good understanding of Key Signatures and how they (Key Signatures) are derived from Scales - You will be able to understand these topics: Duration of notes, Tempo & Tempo Instructions, Beamed notes and Dotted notes - You will be able to read Music Sheets and hence play what you see on a music sheet on an Instrument - You will know how to easily Recognise Key Signatures on a Music Sheet - You will understand what Time Signatures are - You will understand how Time Signatures relate to the Rhythm of a Song - You will understand what ties, slurs and chords are - You will understand how to identify the names of notes and their durations on a music sheet - You will have a good understanding of Sharps and Flats - You will be able to understand and interpret several musical symbols on a music sheet - You will be able to play one or more Instruments by using a Music Sheet - You will understand other things that relate to the reading (& writing) of music - You will know what Accidentals and Cautionary Accidentals are Join over 70,000 students that have enrolled in myMusic Courses. This course has more than 10 hours of content. This Course is part ofmy Seriesof Music Courses; all of my music courses can be found on my website; the only 2 courses that I have on Udemy are '40 Hours Piano Course - Go from a Beginner/Average to a Pro' Course 'Learn to Read & Write Music to play Piano & more instruments' Course This Course is a Step - By - Step Guide on how to read music. Knowing how to read & write music is a valuable skill. Knowing how to read music will aid your learning of many musical instruments. Knowing how to read music can also help you to write your own song.The skill of knowing how to read music is something that can be applied to playing many instruments because the music theory behind many instruments is the same. Knowing how to read music will help you to know how to play many instruments like the Piano, theViolin, the Saxophone and other instruments. Why should you enrolin this Course? You should enrol in this Coursebecause: Learning how to read and write music is a fundamental and important aspect of Musicthat can help you to learn many musical instruments (e.g. Piano, Violin, Saxophone, Flute, Clarinet and other instruments)faster than you would if you didn't know how to read music. This is because the 'Grammar' of music is the same for many musical instruments. Learning how to read music will enable you to read offa music sheet and hence play an instrument.Knowing how to play an Instrument by ear is good. But knowing how to play byEAR and by MUSICSHEETis even better.It's better to be an all-rounder Instrumentalist that can both play byEarand byreadinga Music Sheet. Learning how to read and write music can help you to write your own song. Learning how to read musicprior to learning an instrument will make the learning process easier. Learning how to read and write music can help you if you are an artist or if you want to be one. Learning how to read and write music can help you to become a music teacher/tutor. The Knowledge you are going to gainin this Course can be applied to many instruments because the reading and writing of music is the same for many instruments. Learning how to read and write music can help you if you are someone that sings or if you are in a band or in the choir. This course features the following sections: Introduction of the Course Pitch, Bass & Treble Clefs, Stave, Ledger lines and Musical Notes Sharps and Flats Duration of notes, Tempo & Tempo Instructions, Beamed notes and Dotted notes Time Signatures & Rhythm Key Signatures and How they (Key Signatures) are derived from Scales How to easily Recognise Key Signatures on a Music Sheet Accidentals and Cautionary Accidentals Rests, Ties and Slurs Repeat Marks and Glissando The Circle of Fifths This course is for anyone who would like to read (& write) music. This course consists of more than 10hours of Video Content.This course will teach you the music theory behind many musical instruments. This course will also help you to learn many musical instruments faster because understanding music theory prior to learning an instrument will make the learning process easier.Having said that, you don't have to be an instrument player or someone who wants to learn an instrument in order to take this course. You may have other reasons for wanting to learn how to read music. For example, maybe you sing or maybe you're in the choir and you're required to learn how to read music. In this course you will learn about several things like Key Signatures, Major Keys and their Relative Minor Keys,theStave (or the Staff), the treble clef &the bass clef, Accidentals, Time Signatures, Ties and Slurs, Sharps and Flats, Duration of notes and other musical topics.	<urn:uuid:9035f524-6d16-4edf-be35-70015532e970>	CC-MAIN-2021-17	https://www.classcentral.com/course/udemy-the-complete-guide-to-how-to-read-write-mus-38109	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038056325.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20210416100222-20210416130222-00083.warc.gz	en	0.936556	1,175	2.921875	3	1.745681	2	Moderate reasoning	Education & Jobs
Cambodia’s woodlands are seeing continued deforestation, despite a plan by the government to curb illegal logging, environmental groups say. Authorities say they have a plan to protect the forest, but non-governmental groups say the problem persists, including through an increase in land concessions, and massive illegal logging by the military. Cambodia has an official strategy to protect the forests over the next 18 years, including land management practices and tighter governmental controls over still exiting forests. Experts say as little as 30 percent of the country’s forest cover remains, while logging continues to be a problem. George Boden, a deforestation expert for Global Witness, which was ejected from Cambodia in 2005 after detailed reporting on corruption and illegal logging, said the practice has continued. Officials close to Prime Minister Hun Sen have sold off forests for their own benefit in an ongoing practice, he said. Global Witness reported in 2007 that a kleptocratic elite continued to earn riches by selling off forestland.However, Than Sarath, a management official at the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, said the government has six programs to protect the forests. Part of that includes putting money that forests earn back into their own protection, he said. There are also plans to sell carbon credits, he said. However, villagers remain unconvinced. Svay Poun, 50, a villager in Preah Vihear province’s Roveng district, said he was dubious of government efforts, following a series of concessions in Prey Lang forest, a vast stretch of woodlands that spans four provinces in east and north of the country. Villagers there say their livelihoods have been threatened by rubber plantation concessions to companies that have not followed regulations to protect the forest. “A plantation is not the same as a forest,” said villager Chun Yin, who lives in Kampong Thom province. “As we see it, when will the trees grow again? It doesn’t have animals, fruit or vegetables, or growth from the old generations.” Demand for Cambodia’s high-quality timber comes from China and Vietnam, according to environmental experts. Chut Vuthy, president of the Natural Resource Conservation Group, said timber must either be transported by road, or shipped. That means it has to cross checkpoints. For Vietnam, the Doung checkpoint in Kampong Cham province sees up to 12 trucks a day cross with illegal timber, he said, while ships to China leave from ports in Koh Kong and Preah Sihanouk provinces. The Cardamom Mountains remain a main source of such timber, experts said, especially in Pursat province. Than Sarath said legal logging revenue was part of the national budget, but he declined to confirm the amount. Along the Thai border, meanwhile, illegal logging has increased since tensions escalated between Thailand and Cambodia over Preah Vihear temple in 2008, villagers say. A former truck driver, who spoke on condition of anonymity, said he drove trucks for top military officials in the province, as well as members of Hun Sen’s bodyguard unit. Valuable timber is cut from the forest and stored at military headquarters in the province, he said. No one is allowed to enter the compound because of national security, he said. Every month, he said, military officers issue orders to lower ranking soldiers to cut trees in the jungle. “After they cut the trees, they transport them to the military headquarters, about 20 kilometers from Preah Vihear,” he said. From there they are shipped to Kampong Cham and Vietnam, he said. A villager in Preah Vihear province, who asked not to be named, said the practice continues. He counts four or five trucks a night. Trucks go up carrying soldiers and come down carrying timber covered up with tarpaulin, he said. “The relevant authorities are afraid to stop those trucks, because they fear losing their positions,” he said. Chut Vuthy said five to six major smuggling operations are still underway in the country. “We have all kinds of laws to protect natural resources, but from day to day, the forest is still decreasing,” he said.	<urn:uuid:7e9a7345-0dbb-4f7e-92da-83c0c339eac7>	CC-MAIN-2021-10	https://www.voacambodia.com/a/despite-some-efforts-forests-continue-to-dwindle-125373233/1358263.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178376006.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20210307013626-20210307043626-00215.warc.gz	en	0.964882	886	2.6875	3	3.066258	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
\|Window of the Annunciation, designed by Augustus Welby Pugin for Bolton Priory, 1851.\| As you may know, the feast of the Annunciation, celebrating the conception of the Lord in the Virgin's womb, was transferred to the first day after Easter week because its usual date; the 25th of March, precisely nine months before Christmas; happened to be Good Friday this year. It will not happen again until we are all but ashes and dust: AD 2157. The Annunciation, like most other feast days, enjoyed a much higher degree of observance in the medieval world and remained a holy day of obligation until the 1800's. In England, it was Mary Day, reckoned as the first day of the civil year all the way up until Great Britain (and the American colonies) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752. Though we in the West moved the feast to the first available day so it wouldn't conflict with Holy Week and the octave of Easter, I'm told that the Eastern churches observe both Good Friday and the Annunciation together whenever they coincide. There is a beauty to this: the Lord's earthly life beginning the same day it ends. To the modern imagination, it's another piece of medieval macabre, but I like to think it enforces our teaching that life begins at conception. Furthermore, it was long part of our tradition, extending even before the Middle Ages, that March 25 was the "historical" date of the Crucifixion. I don't care to test the truth of the claim now because the message is more important: Christ is the Alpha and Omega, beginning and end. The poet John Donne knew as much and wrote, on this phenomenon in 1609: "All this, and all between, this day hath shown, The abridgement of Christ’s story, which makes one (As in plain maps, the furthest west is east) Of the Angels’ Ave and Consummatum est." I was privileged to observe yesterday's feast by attending and singing some of the proper chants at a solemn high Mass in the traditional Latin rite last night. (The Communion antiphon, Ecce virgo concipiet, has been stuck in my head for years thanks to its appearance in a chant CD that I listened to in my car for years.) There's a special significance I just realized about the venue chosen for this Mass. This parish hosted one of the "Anglican" Ordinariate communities for some time following their exodus out of the Episcopal Church. Though they merged with another Ordinariate community closer to Philadelphia and acquired a church property to call their own this past Advent (and of which I'm now a member), that fledgling group of converts used this church as a refuge, "baking" like the infant Jesus in Mary's womb following the angel's annunciation, until they were ready to come forth and take their place as a proper parish in the life of the greater Church. And now, the pastor who celebrated this Annunciation Mass pictured above will be attending our Ordinariate community's first solemn Evensong with Bishop Lopes when he arrives this Friday for a visitation. It seems this life is a pilgrimage in which the liturgical year allows us to live over and over again in cycles, but not in an infinite circle like that imagined by the pagans of old; rather, loops in a spiral that extends ever higher until, we may hope, we find peace in the everlasting kingdom upon which the sun never sets. Ecce virgo concipiet, et pariet filium: et vocabitur nomen ejus Emmanuel. (tempore Paschali) Alleluia. Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bring forth a son: and his name shall be called Emmanuel. (in Eastertide) Alleluia.	<urn:uuid:6554fce5-1c13-4d72-a2f1-c6aa5e514509>	CC-MAIN-2023-40	https://modernmedievalism.blogspot.com/2016/04/the-annunciation-and-cycles-of-life.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510259.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927035329-20230927065329-00529.warc.gz	en	0.951021	800	3.265625	3	2.806868	3	Strong reasoning	Religion
Buying and selling art has been considered a social symbol, highlighting one’s status and splendor. Even though it is considered to be a novelty by most, the total sales for the art industry stood at a whopping $45 billion in 2016, up by 1.5 percent, according to data provided by the TEFAF Art Market Report. Now, some believe that blockchain technology, hailed as the next significant technological disruption, could revolutionize this billion-dollar industry as well. Technology and the Art World It is common knowledge that many classic art pieces belonging to the medieval and renaissance era are sold for millions of dollars. In the case of Da Vinci’s painting Salvador Mundi, for instance, the buyer dropped close to half a billion dollars for the purchase. — Christie's (@ChristiesInc) November 16, 2017 More importantly, the negotiations during these kinds of purchases include several rounds of aggressive bidding by potential buyers. Not only that, but the buyers are often located all over the world. Already, we begin to see how some form of technology could streamline this process. The specific hurdles facing this process, however, are the characteristics that make a piece like Da Vinci’s so valuable. For a rare piece of artwork, the piece is unique and original. It can neither be shared nor collectively owned, unlike the trends taking over the music industry. Since blockchains can be used as immutable ledgers, records that are written to them cannot ever be modified. Furthermore, when an artwork is traded, the updated data can also be pushed to the blockchain. Simply put, an original piece is never lost, and thus a duplicate can never emerge and be sold for the same price. In the past, there have been instances when a clone of an original painting has sold for millions of dollars, unbeknownst to the buyer. In some other cases, the original painting gets misplaced and is then picked up at a garage sale for pennies before its new owner realizes its actual worth. Keeping Originality Immutable To combat these issues, each art piece can be given a unique identification number, much like the way we have unique cryptocurrency wallet addresses. Once an artwork’s past ownership records are updated, along with the details of its creator, it becomes effortless to locate and gather information about a piece. The work could also be verified by an expert who would issue ratings as per the pre-existing global standards. The approach would make it easier for probable buyers to arrive at a valuation of any artwork in question. Art galleries across the globe can also use smart contracts to host auctions, which would give bidders the liberty to participate regardless of their location. The collectible can then be securely transferred to the highest bidder in exchange for details of the transaction. All other galleries and auction houses would also receive a copy of the contract through the same blockchain-based network. There could also arise the possibility that an item is being sold by auction houses in both, England and America simultaneously. In this case, the smart contract will automatically award the item to the highest bid that comes in a given time. Blockchain technology, some believe, has the ability to flatten the global artwork business and minimize any challenges posed by geographical boundaries Some crypto startups have already entered this industry, in fact. Manchester-based KnownOrigin.io is one such example of a venture that is already using the innovation to provide more people the opportunity to own rare artworks. Meacenas is another decentralized art gallery to be launched later in 2018 that claims to be the first blockchain platform to democratize access to fine art. The post Blockchain Technology Could Help Da Vinci’s Artwork Auctions appeared first on BTCMANAGER.	<urn:uuid:bbc6b37d-7455-4804-810c-e182788392d0>	CC-MAIN-2018-43	http://www.cryptomines.xyz/news/altcoins/blockchain-technology-could-help-da-vincis-artwork-auctions/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583515352.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20181022155502-20181022181002-00202.warc.gz	en	0.953803	774	2.609375	3	2.954871	3	Strong reasoning	Art & Design
Individual differences \| Methods \| Statistics \| Clinical \| Educational \| Industrial \| Professional items \| World psychology \| Conolly was born at Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, of an Irish family. He spent four years as a lieutenant in the Cambridgeshire Militia and lived for a year in France before embarking on a medical career.He graduated with an MD degree at University of Edinburgh in 1821. After practising at Lewes, Chichester and Stratford-on-Avon successively, he was appointed professor of the practice of medicine at University College, London, in 1828. In 1830 he published a work on the Indications of Insanity, and soon afterwards settled at Warwick. In 1832 in co-operation with Sir Charles Hastings and Sir John Forbes, he founded a small medical association with a view to raising the standard of provincial practice called the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. His brother William Brice Conolly became the association's 'Widows and Orphans Benevolent Fund' treasurer and secretary. In later years this grew in importance and membership, and finally became the British Medical Association. Conolly and Forbes went on to start a new publication in 1836: the 'British and Foreign Medical Review, or, A Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine', for which they shared the editorship from 1836 to 1839. It was the first publication of its type, aimed at sharing newly-won medical knowledge. The Review was read widely in Europe and America, and helped to promote modern methods of treatment and to enhance the reputation of British medicine. The BMA library still holds a complete set of its volumes. In 1839, Conolly was appointed resident physician to the Middlesex County Asylum at Hanwell (now known as West London Mental Health NHS Trust's St Bernard's Hospital). In this capacity, he introduced the principle of non-restraint into the treatment of the insane. This principle had already been put into practice in two small English asylums -- William Tuke's Retreat near York, and the Lincoln Asylum—but it was due to Conolly's courage in sweeping away all mechanical restraint in a great metropolitan asylum and in the face of strong opposition, that non-restraint became accepted practice throughout the country. In 1844 Conolly ceased to be resident physician at Hanwell, but he remained visiting physician until 1852. Conolly died on 5 March 1866 at Hanwell, where in the later part of his life he had a private asylum called Lawn House. Conolly married Elizabeth Collins, daughter of naval captain Sir John Collins, by whom he had four children. Their only son, Edward Tennyson, was born whilst Conolly was working at Chichester in Sussex. Edward became a lawyer, having been called to the Bar on 30 January 1852. In 1865 he emigrated with his family to Picton, New Zealand. There he continued to practise law and became very active in politics. In line with his father's concerns for humane treatment of the mentally ill, he introduced the concept of rehabilitation to the New Zealand penal system. He died in Auckland in 1908 and was interred in the City of Westminster Cemetery. John Conolly's second daughter, Sophia Jane, married Thomas Harrington Tuke in 1852. Tuke ran a private Lunatic Asylum at Manor House in Chiswick, Middlesex. (This Tuke is not related to the Tukes of the York Retreat.) Conolly's youngest child, Ann, married Henry Maudsley when she was thirty-six, just two months before her father's death. His obituary was written by Maudsley and shocked many by its rather unsympathetic tone. Henry Maudsley had by then taken over the running of Lawn House. Ann died on 9 February 1911 at the age of 81. His works include: - Construction and Government of Lunatic Asylums (1847) - The Indications of Insanity with an introduction by Richard Hunter and Ida MacAlpine. Psychiatric Monograph Series 4 (reprint: Dawsons, London, 1964) - Conolly, John (1830) An Inquiry concerning the Indications of Insanity, with Suggestions for the Better Protection and Care of the Insane. John Taylor, London. - Books Google; Accessed 2007-06-06 - The Treatment of the Insane without Mechanical Restraints (1856) German translation by Caspar Max Brosius as Die Behandlung der Irren ohne mechanischen Zwang (1860) - Essay on Hamlet (1863) - ↑ The Transactions of The Provincial Medical and Surgical Association. 1845 Vol 1. Accessed 2007-06-17. - ↑ Forbes, John (ed.); Conolly, John (ed.)(January - April 1836).British and Foreign Medical Review, or, A Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine. Sherwood Gilbert and Piper, London. Vol 1. Accessed 200-06-17. - ↑ British Medical Association. library periodical catalogue. Accessed 2007-06-17. - ↑ Sylvanus Urban (July - December 1852). The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical review. John Bowyer, Nichols and Son, London. Page 167 sec. col. Accessed 2007-06-17 - ↑ Template:DNZB - ↑ Roberts, Andrew (1981) The 1832 Madhouse Act and the Metropolitan Commission in Lunacy from 1832 Middlesex University. Last accessed 28th June 2006 - ↑ (1988) "Chapter 6" ed: Bynum, W F; Porter, Roy; Shepard, Michael The anatomy of madness. Volume 3, The Asylum and its Psychiatry., London, England & New York, USA: Routledge. - ↑ Universität Hamburg: The treatment of the insane without mechanical restraints. (1856) Historische texte zur behindertenpädagogik 22 Mb Tiff image document; last accessed 2006-09-17 - ↑ Die Behandlung der Irren ohne mechanischen Zwang. Deutsch mitgetheilt von Dr. C.M. Brosius. Lahr, 1860 (Digitalisat) - Scull, Andrew (c1989) Social Order/Mental Disorder: Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective. John Conolly: A Victorian Psychiatric Career. Berkeley: University of California Press. Accessed 2007-09-21 This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. \|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).\|	<urn:uuid:af1b95d8-a5f2-40d3-a707-418e09b99436>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/John_Conolly	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171209.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00276-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936774	1,374	2.984375	3	2.746615	3	Strong reasoning	Health
Learn something new every day More Info... by email A vitamin K injection is a shot that is given to most babies right after birth. These injections are important to help prevent life-threatening vitamin K deficiency bleeding. This condition is rare with approximately one in 10,000 babies effected. If this condition does occur it can sometimes cause brain damage in a newborn or even death. If there is not enough vitamin K in the body, blood cannot clot. When blood is unable to clot, even the smallest cuts will continue to bleed for a very long time. Bruises may grow quite large even though the injury is very minor. When there is not enough vitamin K, it is possible for uncontrolled bleeding to occur in other parts of the body. This can be dangerous if bleeding occurs in the brain because it will sometimes produce a stroke, which can be fatal. Vitamin K is not naturally present in the human body. It is manufactured by a bacteria that resides in the gut of older children and adults. A baby's gut is sterile at birth so it cannot produce vitamin K. This vitamin is not passed to the baby during pregnancy because it is unable to cross the placenta. The only way for a newborn to get this much-needed vitamin is to receive it in a vitamin K injection. There are some risks associated with the vitamin K injections. In most cases, a vitamin K injection is one of the first things that is done to a baby in the few minutes following birth. This shot is delivered quickly into the large muscle of the baby's upper thigh. Some researchers and health professionals believe this form of trauma so early in a baby's life can have lasting emotional effects. Infection at the injection site is another risk involved with these vitamin K injections for newborns. Several years ago a couple of studies suggested that vitamin K injections were linked to the development of leukemia (blood cancer) in children. When these studies were made public many parents were concerned about the safety of the vitamin K injections. This triggered more research into the vitamin K injection. It was soon discovered there is no link between leukemia and the vitamin K injection in newborns. The vitamin K injection has been given to newborns since the 1960s. Millions of newborns have received this injection without adverse effects. Parents can decide not to allow their baby to receive the vitamin K injection. This is a topic they must discuss with their doctor. It is important that parents understand the risks of not allowing their baby to receive this newborn vitamin K injection. One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!	<urn:uuid:00fe4b0a-a795-445c-94ce-af47dae9c6c1>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-vitamin-k-injection.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999638988/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060718-00027-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963427	557	3.421875	3	2.408056	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
CHICAGO (AP) – Cheerleading isn’t just jumping and waving pompoms – it has become as athletic and potentially as dangerous as a sport and should be designated one to improve safety, the nation’s leading group of pediatricians says. The number of cheerleaders injured each year has climbed dramatically in the last two decades. Common stunts that pose risks include tossing and flipping cheerleaders in the air and creating human pyramids that reach 15 feet high or more. In a new policy statement released online Monday in the journal Pediatrics, the American Academy of Pediatrics says school sports associations should designate cheerleading as a sport, and make it subject to safety rules and better supervision. That would include on-site athletic trainers, limits on practice time and better qualified coaches, the academy says. Just like other athletes, cheerleaders should be required to do conditioning exercises and undergo physical exams before joining the squad, the new policy says. “Not everyone is fully aware of how cheerleading has evolved over the last couple of decades. It used to be just standing on the sidelines and doing cheers and maybe a few jumps,” said Dr. Cynthia LaBella, a sports medicine specialist at Chicago’s Lurie Children’s Hospital and an author of the new policy. But she said cheerleading often results in injuries that include severe sprains, broken arms and legs, neck injuries and concussions. Last year, there were almost 37,000 emergency room visits for cheerleading injuries among girls aged 6 to 22, according to data from the Consumer Product Safety Commission. That’s more than four times higher than in 1980, when cheerleading was tamer. While there are still traditional cheerleading squads that support schools’ athletic teams, some schools and private clubs have separate cheerleading teams that compete against other teams. Kali Wald of Elburn, suffered a serious concussion last year during an acrobatic routine with her high school’s competitive team; teammates tossed her in the air but she landed wrong twice, first on her upper back and neck, then on her head. She blacked out for several minutes. Her father, Dave Wald, said her coaches didn’t realize she was seriously injured and never called an ambulance. She still has short-term memory loss and can’t attend school full time because of dizziness, headaches and other concussion symptoms. Kali, 18, said she believes that cheerleading should be considered a sport and made safer. Her father agreed and said there needs to be better awareness about the rigors of cheerleading and the potential risks. Injuries have increased as cheerleading has become more popular. Data suggest there are more than 3 million cheerleaders nationwide aged 6 and older, mostly girls. That includes about 400,000 in high school, according to data cited in the new policy. While the overall injury rate in high school cheerleading is lower than in other girls sports, including gymnastics, soccer and field hockey, the rate of catastrophic injuries like skull fractures and paralyzing spine injuries is higher, the academy noted. Kasey Bronstein, 14, and her sister Kori, 17, of Mahwah, N.J., both tore a knee tendon while cheerleading for a private competitive team run by their parents. They twisted their knees doing acrobatic moves while standing on the raised-up hands of their teammates. They had knee surgery last November, followed by extensive physical therapy, and have returned to cheerleading. Both said it should be considered a sport but they also think it’s already pretty safe. “They’re kind of making it too safe, taking out skills that are very exciting to do,” Kori said. That includes a double flip stunt no longer allowed on her team. Some schools and state high school sports associations already consider cheerleading a sport and require the kind of safety oversight that the academy is recommending. But many do not, said Jim Lord, executive director of the American Association of Cheerleading Coaches & Administrators. Some don’t consider it a sport because not all cheerleading squads are involved in their own competitions, he said. Lord said the academy’s policy mirrors many of his group’s safety recommendations for high schools and colleges. That includes limiting the height of human pyramids in high school cheerleading to just two people. The academy also says routines that include pyramids, tumbling or tosses should not be performed on hard surfaces. Lisa Kluchorosky, a sports medicine specialist who works with the academy and the National Athletic Trainers Association, said the new policy will help erase misconceptions that cheerleading is not very athletic. “The statistics are compelling and you can’t turn your head from that,” she said.	<urn:uuid:a1609842-baef-45b5-a5c1-af9faf0ca4f2>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://www.saukvalley.com/2012/10/22/cheerleading-in-need-of-safety-rules/awjyug8/?page=2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173405.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00291-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.965307	999	2.71875	3	2.797444	3	Strong reasoning	Sports & Fitness
Faster Than Light Travel Faster than light (FTL) travel in the Astra Nautica universe is achieved by using wormholes as a shortcut to travel from one point in space to another. In the early days of human colonization, naturally occurring wormholes were the only means of FTL travel. In these days, humanity was limited to traveling only to locations where these phenomenon already connected two points in space. In the Astra Nautica universe, naturally occurring wormholes are scattered across the galaxy. They connect two distant points in space by a shorter distance than travelling directly between those two points. Travel through a wormhole is not instantaneous, and depending on the length of the bridge (a term commonly used for the tunnel that connects to two ends of the wormhole) a journey through the phenomena can take as little as one day or as long as a week. "A wormhole (or Einstein–Rosen bridge) is a speculative structure linking disparate points in spacetime, and is based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations solved using a Jacobian matrix and determinant. A wormhole can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends, each at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations or different points of time). More precisely it is a transcendental bijection of the spacetime continuum, an asymptotic projection of the Calabi–Yau manifold manifesting itself in Anti-de Sitter space."https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole In the early days of interstellar exploration, the only way to find out what was on the other side of a wormhole bridge was to actually go through it. More often than not, these early pioneers discovered either empty space or were lucky enough to exit the wormhole near star systems worth exploring. Some unlucky explorers met an early end to their career exiting too close to a star or on the event horizon of a black hole. Those wormholes where exploratory missions were sent through to never return have been charted as unsafe, and what actually lies on the other side remains a mystery in some cases. Since the invention of the Singularity Drives, mankind has opened doors to almost any location in space. However, due to the massive energy demands of such technology, access to these drives is still limited to official government fleets and extremely wealthy corporations. The need to generate and store this energy also creates a period of time necessary between utilization of the drive, preventing instantaneous travel across the cosmos. 'Going nowhere fast' takes on a new meaning when you travel ten light years in one day, then have to sit in deep space for a week waiting for the Singularity Drive to charge up. The Long Sleep In the early days of pioneering the stars, the only way to travel the long distances required to reach other stellar bodies was using traditional propulsion, pointing the ship at the destination, and waiting out the long journey. In most cases, these journeys would take at least five years. The first mission to Alpha Centauri, for example, was a seven-year journey. The traditional fusion-drive technology still used for local travel today was the only way to get around in those days. To avoid the problems of having a crew spending what might be a decade on a ship with nothing to do, systems of chemically-induced hibernation (See also: Sleeper Ships) were developed so that the crew might pass the years as if one were passing an afternoon with a short nap. Naturally, the process and physical results were much more dramatic than this entails; but the passage of felt as instantaneous as this analogy implies. Some experimentation with cryogenic stasis (See also: Sleeper Ships) was also performed, and in some cases put into practice for longer journeys. The advantage of halting the ageing process for the crew of longer journeys was seen as a massive advantage over ordinary hibernation methods. However, the failure rate and medical side-effects of the cryogenic stasis systems became too common, and the technology was only rarely used. After the discovery of wormhole travel, cryo-stasis technology was almost completely abandoned and is almost never used today. Remove these ads. Join the Worldbuilders Guild	<urn:uuid:01a4f089-aa69-4fc6-889d-1f2cb1cbca54>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://www.worldanvil.com/w/astra-nautica-bkbass/a/faster-than-light-travel-article	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655919952.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711001811-20200711031811-00352.warc.gz	en	0.961177	858	3.71875	4	2.859602	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Georgia is a diverse state and home to many different plant and animal species. The state only has one wild cat, the Bobcat, also known as the Red Lynx. Despite the Bobcat being the only wild cat in Georgia with an active population, other wild cat sightings are fairly common. Georgia isn’t the only place you can find the Bobcat; America’s most common wild cat can be found in 47 of the 50 states. Hawaii, Alaska, and Delaware are the only states without an active Bobcat population. The Bobcat is named because of its short tail that looks like it’s been bobbed or cut. With a weight of 8–40 pounds and a length of 30–50 inches, the Bobcat is small compared to other wild cats. It has light brown fur with black spots that help it blend in with the brush and vegetation while hunting squirrels, mice, small deer, and other small prey. Bobcats typically hunt at dusk, making the camouflage from their coat even more useful. Are Bobcats Dangerous? Bobcats are not dangerous to people; they have an innate fear of people like most wild animals, and attacks on people are very rare. Just because they’re unlikely to hurt you doesn’t mean you shouldn’t watch out for them; Bobcats are very dangerous for your pets. Bobcats hunt small prey that includes cats and small dogs. A food source attracts animals, and to a Bobcat, your pets are food; because of this, you need to know how to protect them. Below, we’ll explain the steps you can take to keep your pets safe. Keeping Your Pets Safe from Bobcats In most cases, Bobcats stay away from humans, but just in case one ventures out from the forest into your backyard, you need to know how to protect your furry friends. Keeping Them Inside The easiest way to keep wild animals from your pets is to keep them indoors. Obviously, you can’t leave a dog inside all day, but you should supervise and keep a close eye on them whenever they’re out. Fence in Your Yard Bobcats are incredibly agile and can leap over a 6-foot fence, but anything higher will keep them out. If they can’t get into your yard, you don’t have to worry about them. Clean up Food Don’t leave your pet’s food outside when they aren’t there; the food will attract Bobcats. This extends beyond pet food. If you have a bird feeder, ensure no bird seed is left on the ground. The bird seed could attract rodents, which would then attract Bobcats. Get Your Pet Fixed A fixed pet won’t spray and mark its territory and is far less likely to run away from home. Other Wild Cat Sightings There is no evidence of an active population of non-Bobcat wild cats in Georgia, but it hasn’t stopped sightings of other wild cats. Georgia residents have reported seeing Florida Panthers, also known as Mountain Lions. A Mountain Lion hasn’t been confirmed in Georgia since 2008 when a hunter shot one in Troup County. The closest population of Mountain Lions lives in Florida. It doesn’t seem impossible that one made the 100-mile journey, but the cat’s paws were scratched like it had been walking on concrete. The animal’s paws and the lack of ticks or fleas led experts to conclude it was a released or escaped exotic pet. On several occasions, people have reported sighting Black Panthers, and that, however, is incredibly unlikely. Black Panthers are not a real species. A Black Panther is just a color variation of Jaguars and Leopards. The nearest Leopards and Jaguar Populations are in Central and South America, which is far too long a distance for them to make it to Georgia on their own. Despite sightings of other large felines, the only wild cat with an active population is the Bobcat. Bobcats are no danger to humans but are a danger to their pets. Because of this, you should be very careful if Bobcats are abundant in your area. Featured Image Credit: Geoffrey Kuchera, Shutterstock	<urn:uuid:b92ebc8a-9b35-48ee-a745-e63955caa6fb>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://animal-world.com/types-of-wild-cats-in-georgia/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947476432.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20240304065639-20240304095639-00061.warc.gz	en	0.95206	883	2.875	3	2.0165	2	Moderate reasoning	Home & Hobbies
A urine pH test measures the acidity of urine. See also: Acid loading test pH - urine How the Test is Performed A urine sample is needed. For information on collecting a urine sample, see: Clean-catch urine sample How to Prepare for the Test Your health care provider may tell you to stop taking certain drugs that can affect the results of the test. - Drugs that increase urine pH include acetazolamide, potassium citrate, and sodium bicarbonate. - Drugs that can decrease urine pH include ammonium chloride, thiazide diuretics, and methenamine mandelate. Eat a normal, balanced diet for several days before the test. - A diet high in citrus fruits, vegetables, or dairy products can increase your urine pH. - A diet high in meat products or cranberries can decrease your urine pH. How the Test Will Feel The test involves only normal urination, and there is no discomfort. Why the Test is Performed This test measures how acidic your urine is. Your doctor may order this test to check for changes in your body's acid levels. It may be done to see if you are at risk for kidney stones. Acidic urine is associated with xanthine, cystine, uric acid, and calcium oxalate stones. Alkaline urine is associated with calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and magnesium phosphate stones. Your doctor may also order this test if you need to take certain medications. Some medications are more effective in acidic or alkaline environments. For example, streptomycin, neomycin, and kanamycin are more effective in treating urinary tract infections when the urine is alkaline. The normal values range from 4.6 to 8.0. Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results. What Abnormal Results Mean A high urine pH may be due to: A low urine pH may be due to: The test also may be performed to investigate: There are no risks. Urine pH can be affected by various factors after collection such as leaving the urine standing in an uncovered container. Bacteria usually increase the pH as they break down urea in the urine to ammonia. Bazari H. Approach to the patient with renal disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 115. Reviewed By: David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.	<urn:uuid:e65b1b15-5894-49d8-b3b8-01c39a3c73bd>	CC-MAIN-2014-49	http://adam.about.net/encyclopedia/Urine-pH.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400372542.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123252-00003-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.872666	586	3.0625	3	1.364591	1	Basic reasoning	Health
Samoa Worksheet – FREE Printable Word Search Puzzles Online – Earth Science for Kids Samoa Worksheet – Get this educational FREE Printable Word Search Puzzles Online – Earth Science for Kids. The FREE worksheet for kids on Samoa comes with a fun search a word puzzle along with a find the missing words game for your kids. This educational but fun printable Earth Science worksheet about Samoa is truly FREE for parents and teachers to download at no charge and you are permitted to use the activity sheet as many times as you desire for your classroom kids or for your kids at home! Our FREE word search puzzle on Samoa is a great way to gain your child’s interest while taking part in a science enrichment class, homeschooling, distant learning lessons, regular school science classes or while participating in early learning activities. Our FREE Samoa word search worksheet is perfect for Elementary school kids who are in First to Fifth Grades. However, younger kids in Kindergarten or even kids in Preschool will also easily learn from this printable Samoa word search game. Your child can have fun while learning fun facts on Samoa with this worksheet while playing the FREE printable word search for kids. Your children will enjoy to learn fun facts all about Samoa while playing the word puzzles online. Primary school kids from first Grade to fifth Grade can use the Samoa activity sheet as a reading comprehension tool. Your children shall learn well about Samoa because your kids will most likely end up needing to read several times to identify all the missing words. This Samoa worksheet will not only increase your kids science knowledge, but also enhances the brain’s memory and also betters their reading skills. Preschoolers and kids in Kindergarten who haven’t learned to read can enjoy our free fun facts Samoa worksheet as an interesting listening comprehension tool. Educators can read to the kids the Samoa fun facts. Next, they can help the kids to answer what were the missing words. Additionally, your kids learn to recognize words and find them in the Samoa science worksheet for kids. Parents doing early learning activities with their kids can use this Samoa worksheet to gain their kids interest in science. Teachers and private tutors are free to use our FREE Samoa worksheet to supplement traditional science classes at school and interest children in learning all about Samoa. Most beneficial is to make use of our free earth science worksheet on Samoa combined with the free interactive online quiz with score on Samoa. Our free easy science website offers countless more FREE printable fun earth science worksheets for kids and FREE science word puzzles for kids. Download and use our fun online word search games to make learning science fun for your children! What do you know about Samoa? What is Samoa best known for? What cultural rules do Samoans follow? Who made a big impact on the Samoan people? What are the people like in Samoa? Learn more fun facts about Samoa by downloading our free fun facts about Samoa worksheet for children! Fun FREE Printable Samoa Worksheet for Kids Cite This Page You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples: MLA Style Citation Declan, Tobin. " Samoa Worksheet - FREE Printable Word Search Puzzles Online - Earth Science for Kids - ." Easy Science for Kids, Jan 2020. Web. 23 Jan 2020. < https://easyscienceforkids.com/samoa-worksheet-free-printable-word-search-puzzles-online-earth-science-for-kids/ >. APA Style Citation Tobin, Declan. (2020). Samoa Worksheet - FREE Printable Word Search Puzzles Online - Earth Science for Kids -. Easy Science for Kids. Retrieved from https://easyscienceforkids.com/samoa-worksheet-free-printable-word-search-puzzles-online-earth-science-for-kids/ Sponsored Links :	<urn:uuid:ca97fd43-ca0e-43cb-bfe2-04186faefac7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://easyscienceforkids.com/samoa-worksheet-free-printable-word-search-puzzles-online-earth-science-for-kids/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00358.warc.gz	en	0.880988	820	3.21875	3	0.921477	1	Basic reasoning	Science & Tech.
By Dan Coulter I’ve heard it too often. The teasing and rejection that many children with Asperger Syndrome face in school from classmates who don’t understand why they act different. The frustration and impatience from teachers who assume that these students are simply being disrespectful, stubborn, or lazy. I’ve also often heard about how much things have improved for children with Asperger Syndrome when teachers and classmates learn about AS. Parents who were concerned that they’d make things worse for their children if they disclosed the facts, have told me how those disclosures made things better. If you’re the parent of a child with AS worried about what will happen if other students find out, here’s a thought: they already know. They know they have a classmate who has different and difficult behaviors. But they don’t realize the reasons. And the reasons they imagine are much worse than the facts. So children who have AS are routinely misunderstood by unprepared teachers and classmates. Their school lives can be torture. They’re friendless and under constant stress. No matter how hard they try, they can’t make things better. Often, they don’t tell parents the worst of it. From shame, or because they stop believing anything can be done for them. Disclosure may not be the best approach in every situation, but I’d urge parents to consider it carefully before ruling it out. Again, I’ve heard stories of dramatic improvement from parents who’ve chosen to share information about their children’s condition with school staff and classmates. Children making real progress with help from patient teachers. Children making friends for the first time and being invited to parties. Children being protected from bullying by other students. Children leading class sessions on topics of special interest or tutoring other students. Children feeling like they belong. I recently heard from a father who said, in addition to the many other benefits of disclosure, that the parents at his son’s new school don’t treat him and his wife like they’re the worst parents in the world. You can get help making decisions about disclosing AS from support groups, school counselors, or psychologists who specialize in AS. The magic is not simply in telling others your child has Asperger Syndrome. The magic is in sharing appropriate information in a way that allows them to understand your child’s thought processes and shows how they can make allowances and help him interact and progress. It’s also important to talk about your child’s strengths and what he has to offer, and not focus only on his challenges. A mother just wrote me to ask how old classmates need to be to understand about Asperger Syndrome. Great question. In the youngest grades, you may determine that you don’t need to discuss the diagnosis. Maybe you just address behaviors. Everybody’s brain works differently. Jared is very enthusiastic. He has trouble remembering to take his turn and raise his hand so we need to be patient with him. Emily is smart, but she has trouble remembering to be polite. She doesn’t mean to hurt your feelings when she says things about how you look. We need to tell her when she says something that hurts our feelings so she can learn how friends talk to each other. You need to make determinations about what to say based on your child and his or her classmates, but I think the earlier children hear the words Asperger Syndrome and what AS does and doesn’t mean, the more accepting they’re likely to be from that point forward. And children are never too young to learn that we’re all different and that we need to treat each other with patience, kindness and understanding. If you’re the parent of a child who has Asperger Syndrome and you’re conflicted about disclosing his or her condition to teachers and classmates, consider how great it would be to feel relieved and glad that…they know. ABOUT THE AUTHOR -- Dan Coulter is the producer of the Intricate Minds series of DVDs, which help students understand classmates who have Asperger Syndrome and similar conditions. You can find more articles on his website: coultervideo.com. Copyright 2009 Dan Coulter All Rights Reserved. Used by Permission.	<urn:uuid:70ace646-3ec5-4e1e-8ba9-471433c70f66>	CC-MAIN-2020-29	https://www.coultervideo.com/single-post/2009/01/13/They-Know-Classmates-and-Asperger-Syndrome	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882051.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703122347-20200703152347-00210.warc.gz	en	0.969877	895	2.5625	3	2.912224	3	Strong reasoning	Health
Elizabeth Freeman was born into slavery about 1742 in Claverack, New York, belonging to Pieter Hogeboom. Elizabeth was given the name ‘Bett‘. When Hogeboom daughter Hannah married John Ashley, of Sheffield, Massachusetts, who at the time served as a judge of the Berkshire Court of common pleas. Hogeboom gifted six month old Elizabeth to the newlyweds. Elizabeth remained with the Ashley’s until 1781, during this time she had a child named Betsy. It was said she was married, but no record was of marriage were found. It was also said the her husband never retuned from service in the Revolutionary War. Elizabeth and her daughter suffered physical abuse from Hannah, and in 1780, Elizabeth prevented Hannah from striking Betsy with a heated shovel; Elizabeth shielded her daughter and received a deep wound on her arm. As the wound healed, Elizabeth left it uncovered all winter as evidence of her harsh treatment. In 1781 Elizabeth escaped the Ashley’s home and refused to return. She found refuged with a sympathetic young abolition lawyer Theodore Sedgwick, who welcomed Elizabeth into his home to serve him and his family. One night while serving dinner to the Sedgwick’s and their guest, Elizabeth heard them speaking of freedom, and the Constitution of Massachusetts “Declaration of Rights” “Article I. All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and unalienable rights; among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; in fine, that of seeking and obtaining their safety and happiness.” Elizabeth applied the concepts of equality and freedom for all to herself. Inspired by the words Elizabeth sought counsel from Sedgwick. He willingly accepted Elizabeth case, as well as that of a man named Brom, another of the Ashley’s slaves. On August 1781 the case of Brom and Bett v. Ashley was heard before the County Court of Common Pleas in Great Barrington. Sedgwick asserted the Constitutional provision that ” all men are born free and equal”. When the jury ruled in Elizabeth favor, she became the first African American women to be set free under the Massachusetts state constitution. The Jury found that “Brom and Bett are not, nor were they at the time of the original writ the legal Negros of the said John Ashley…”. The courts awarded damages of thirty shillings to both Brom and Elizabeth. After the ruling, the Ashley’s asked Elizabeth to return to their home and work for wages, but she chose to work for the Sedgwick’s instead. She worked for the Sedgwick’s until 1808 as senior servant and governess to the Sedgwick children, who called her “Mum Bett”. Elizabeth died on December 28, 1829 leaving behind four children, although her age was unknown, it was estimated that Elizabeth was about 85 years old at the time of her death. “Any time, any time while I was a slave, if one minute’s freedom had been offered to me, and I had been told I must die at the end of that minute, I would have taken it—just to stand one minute on God’s airth [sic] a free woman— I would.” — Elizabeth Freeman	<urn:uuid:25aa7ce2-722c-4310-bbba-0e1a8115bdd7>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://buildnationblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/24/elizabeth-freeman-first-to-successfully-sue-for-freedom/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103947269.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220701220150-20220702010150-00038.warc.gz	en	0.980946	711	3.6875	4	2.886608	3	Strong reasoning	History
Unit overview in this unit, students will study rikki tikki tavi, a short story written by rudyard kipling. Use what they have learned from reading rikki tikki tavi by rudyard kipling to write an argumentative essay. Find out next time on dragon ball z mishkan essay dissertation article 1415. Quotes media propaganda essays rikki tikki tavi persuasive essay essay on. Rikki tikki tavi essay - much modern education is so difficult that it is neither useful nor productive to. Essay about globalization ielts worksheet experience from childhood essay obesity, essay about survival euthanasia argumentative essay writing image. Get more persuasive, argumentative rikki tikki tavi essay samples and other. If kill him here, nag an will know and if i fight him on the open floor, the odds are. Homework numbers, rikki tikki tavi argumentative essay romeo and juliet techniques essay. Analyzing rudyard kiplings rikki-tikki-tavi story as told in the jungle book. Rikki tikki tavi theme essay prompt we would like to show you a description here but the. Rikki tikki tavi persuasive essay linking words for second bring on the. Barbarian nurseries essays, rikki tikki tavi comparison essays 1000 words essay. Theme development essay persuasive and essay, my favourite songs essays. 5 paragraph essay rubric 91 121 113 106 5 paragraph essay rubric. If there is rikki tikki tavi argumentative essay no difference of quality i. I now pass to the myth of the descent of the hero-god, xbalanque,. Essays and criticism on rudyard kiplings rikki-tikki-tavi - critical essays. Tale in which the hero and villains are clearly defined and good triumphs over evil. Andrew ward period rikki tikki tavi perseverance this is the story of the great war that rikki tikki tavi fought single handed, through the bathrooms of the big bungalow in segowlee cantonment. It is also about rikki tikkis perseverance by continued effort to do or achieve something despite difficulties, failure, or opposition. Rikki tikki tavi essay rikki tikki tavi essay introduction essay against abortion. Essay essay on military elegant military resume templates persuasive essay on. Argumentative essays essay writing ukraine airlines obamacare essays rikki tikki tavi theme essay for of mice proto feminist hero archetype. We offer essay formats for argumentative essay, expository essay, narrative. A direct story that the hero and the villain are clearly defined and have a good victory for. This rikki tikki tavi focuses on text dependence analysis by the writing. My dreams short essay argumentative essay global warming causes nutrition. Essay on my favourite sportsperson saina nehwal discovering the hero within. Ddhc explication essay rikki tikki tavi essay conclusion paragraph essay on school. Presidential scholars essay essay about causes of climate change. Rikki tikki tavi theme essay for of mice towson college essays how to write an college. To make ppt of research paper, argumentative essay racism vote great. Essay about my mother my hero degas laundresses boland analysis essay. Tragic hero essay for antigone kommentiertes literaturverzeichnis beispiel. History introduction paragraph for argumentative essay ermuntre dich mein. Rikki tikki tavi response to literature essay equality diversity and rights. You are here home news posts intro for research paper zambia, emerson. In football dissertation writing appellate opinion research paper rikki tikki tavi. Home - rikki tikki tavi motivation and much more persuasive essay. We offer essay formats for argumentative essay, expository essay, narrative essay, itels. It instantly shows the courage needed and hero heros strength and. This rikki tikki tavi focuses on text dependence analysis by the writing class. It enables decision makers to write my essay example rikki-tikki-tavi is an. Supersummary, foil, the heroic rikki, pink-nosed creature somewhere between. Août 29, suomitakas, historically grounded, persuasive essay - fairy tales. A long narrative poem about the adventures of gods or a hero. Essays may be narrative, persuasive, descriptive, expository, or argumentative.	<urn:uuid:272a9999-a207-41ab-8bd3-da635259ff2a>	CC-MAIN-2020-40	http://lab-essay.info/categorytree/Rikki-tikki-tavi-argumentative-essay-hero.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400217623.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200924100829-20200924130829-00581.warc.gz	en	0.773936	977	2.953125	3	2.52945	3	Strong reasoning	Literature
Doctor insights on: Septic Tonsils In 2 Year Old Mouth (mouth) " n. Pl. Mouths 1. A. The body opening through which an animal takes in food. B. The cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on the outside by the lips and inside by the oropharynx and containing in higher vertebrates the tongue, gums, and teeth. C. This cavity regarded as the source of sounds and speech. D. The opening to any cavity or canal ...Read more Depends: Depends on what is causing the fever. If the kid has had his shots & gained protection against most of the nasty diseases of childhood, it is likely a simple illness, often viral. Their brain isn't damaged by simple fever. If the kid is able to keep up with fluid needs & remain playful at times this can often be managed at home. If the kid looks bad, won't drink or scares you, have it evaluated. ...Read more I am a 32 yr old female who in the last year has had 6 reoccuring episodes of strep throat. Only life change is 2 guinea pigs. Corrolation? Not really: We do not really worry about strep throat in people over 18 years. We worry about the development of rheumatic heart disease which doesn't begin afresh in people of your age. You could be a carrier. You could have strep in your throat when you have no symptoms and are feeling fine. You should get a culture then and if positive get a different treatment to treat carrier status. ...Read more MRSA mortality: The good news is that death from MRSA is relatively rare (mrsa-related deaths averaged ?5, 500 per year (range 3, 809–7, 372) out of a us population of 311, 000, 000. Children can acquire this infection, and, if it spreads to the blood stream, possibly die, but this is extremely rare. The elderly are also more susceptible. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer Mumps is a viral illness: Being that mumps is a viral illness the Amoxil (amoxicillin) will not help it. Lymph nodes are very common in children but most of the time are not significant. Giving your child and antibiotic just because there's a large lymph nodes is one of the problems that tends to lead to resistance and antibiotics. You really need someone to look at the child before you start giving antibiotics. ...Read more Bronchodilator: If the cough is effective and the mucus clears easily from the lower airway nothing is needed. But, if the mucus seems to be difficult to clear there may be some bronchospasm and the child may be helped by using a bronchodilator such as albuteral. It can be delivered by using a nebulizer or and inhaler with a spacer. In some cases an inhaled steroid may be also beneficial. See your doctor. ...Read more Tylenol (acetaminophen) +/- see DR.: A normal, healthy, happy toddler who gets a fever of 102 (but no other symptoms) most likely has caught a virus, or a bacterial ear or throat infection. A first step is to give tylenol (acetaminophen) or motrin, which will lower the fever for a few hours. Then, one decides when to see a doctor (today, tomorrow, or later) depending on how ill the toddler appears. Sick-looking children should a doctor very soon. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer Are brain tumors hereditary? My brother died of one when I was 2. I'm now 30 & have a 2 year old son. Am I/my son at higher risk of having one? Brain Tumor Heredity: Begin by sharing your family’s medical history with your primary physician. He or she will want to know the type of brain tumor and your relation to the person with the tumor. Although routine screening for brain tumors is not available as it is for breast or cervical cancer, unusual symptoms—such as headaches or short term memory loss— can be investigated with your family history in mind. ...Read more Blood pressure: is a little high, but not dangerously so, especially in light of critical illness. ...Read more 11 yr old female child i mine has swollen lymph nodes for 2 years. Took tonsils out and didn't help. Stays sick alot. What causes this? Tonsil crypts dev. Over a year. Constant stones. Constant irritation of tonsils for 2 years. 2 ENTs won't do tonsillectomy. Say tonsils fine?! Second opinion: If a patient has tonsil symptoms, and actually has enlarged tonsils, painful tonsils, repeated tonsil stones, or other symptoms such as snoring, recurrent strep throat infections, etc..., and she feels her ENT doctor is not helping enough, she can see another ENT doctor for a second opinion. Insurance usually covers first and second opinions the same way, but one can also self-pay in some cases. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer My almost 3 yr old has the start of pneumonia is on amoxil (amoxicillin) can my almost 2 yr old get it? Is pneumonia contagious Not necessarily: but the organism causing the pneumonia may be contagious, even though it does not cause pneumonia in the sibling. Pneumonia just means that an infection has spread to the air spaces in the lungs. The same bacteria or virus could limit itself to the upper respiratory tract in another child. ...Read more 62 yr old female with recurring bladder infections over past 2 years. Married...Could inflections result from cunilingus? Citobacter korsosii "Perfect storm": Poor sexual hygiene always increases each individual's risk of a uti. Add to that a post-menopausal state with insufficient estrogen support, and you have the optimal conditions for a uti. Consider for ert. Oral hygiene (brush and gargle) and hydrate before intercourse. Void immediately, thereafter. Consider "pre-coital" antibiotic therapy if you continue to acquire these infections. ...Read more Yes: MRSA is not the new boogeyman or E. bola.It is a common staph infection that accounts for 60-70% of the simple abscesses we see in the office.There are many meds that kill it. The whole MRSA scare is perpetuated by the talking heads on TV who love to scare us. ...Read moreSee 1 more doctor answer	<urn:uuid:7573b401-46e8-4ce8-8c25-66788d7a5d6e>	CC-MAIN-2018-51	https://www.healthtap.com/topics/septic-tonsils-in-2-year-old	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824525.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213054204-20181213075704-00495.warc.gz	en	0.946982	1,365	3	3	2.241547	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
\|A Feminism Overview\| Here are some clips for all to see. I have highlighted some of the main elements of the feminist movement with a brush of women's history. I have involved media because its means of communication has broadcast portrayals of women in history. Feminists may use media in order to advocate against inequality and correct those misinterpretations. I included some videos and images from an event I personally attended as well. In its broadest sense, feminism is the advocacy of women's rights. It is a fight for a strict foundation of political, social, and economic equality to men.This issue goes as far back as 1848, when the first women's rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York. 68 women and 32 men signed a Declaration of Sentiments outlining some of the many gender inequalities which included voting rights. This movement is not restricted to just women, as men are welcomed to fight with us. It values any individual regardless if their skin is white or black, if they consider themselves a man or a woman, or if their sexual taste is towards the same sex. It is important that everyone realizes that this is not just a movement striving for gender inequality, but a strive for human rights and justice for the living. Approximately 127 years after the first Seneca Falls conventions, we have accomplished many things, for sure, but not enough to fulfill the basic foundations of human rights and liberty. Many women have also continued to live their lives under the impression that equality has been achieved, but have been blinded of the many disparities continuing to occur. Media has also changed the way gender roles should be perceived. Starting at young ages, an overwhelming influence has began to influence our upcoming generations. Economically, the wage discrepancy between men and women is substantial. People continue to make excuses such as “women usually just gravitate toward lower paying fields … women are always asking for maternity leave… women are weaker… men work more overtime.” However, the New York Times has greatly disagreed with this and has displayed statistics of gender pay inequality in regards to professional jobs. Now the question is: what is the excuse for women lawyers, doctors, and engineers (with the same positions are men) getting paid extensively less than men? The Guardian has also brought attention to this movement by establishing a Feminist column online with both women and men writing about global gender inequality issues. Not only is this a growing concern within the United States, but it is a worldwide issue as well. Huge establishments such as the United Nations have been ruthlessly shining light on these ghastly injustices women have to experience. Femicide is one of the issues they touched based upon which is present in Guatemala, a Central American country, where a mass amount of women have been murdered. It has been observed that less than 4% of all Femicides have resulted in arrest or conviction of the perpetrators. Our political, social, and economic equality has been compromised throughout the past years and people must work together in order to prompt change. Upcoming generations should not be prone to categorizing each other with stronger and weaker links. People around the world should grow aware and stand up without fear for the injustices inflicting the lives of thousands of women. Within families, women are vulnerable to a number of gender-based forms of violence, such as: genital mutilation, marriage without the young woman’s consent, dowry-related (money extortion) violence, infanticide (killing of an unwanted child soon after birth), battering, and sexual abuse. Commercialized violence is also extremely present (especially in financially low areas), such as pornography and trafficking of women. Migrant women are especially vulnerable due to their minority status and their fear of what may happen if they were to report the crimes committed against them. Last but not least women are vulnerable to violence by the State, either in custodial institutions (such as correctional facilities) or in situations of armed conflict where rape is widely used as an instrument of war. Unfortunately, media helps continue many gender-based violence today, worldwide. \| Women’s issues have been a UN concern since its inception.\| In the mid 1940s, the Economic and Social Council established the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) as a specific phenomenon to deal with the thriving women’s issues. It consists of 45 members, whom are elected by the Economic and Social Council, on a regional basis and serve a four-year period. CSW defines women’s rights and further investigates the factors that prevent women from enjoying and exercising them. It works to promote women’s rights in political, economic, social, and educational fields. The "international bill of rights for women" was adopted by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in 1979. The USA signed on to Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in July 1980, but it has not yet ratified the Convention. The 16 substantive provisions of the Convention define discrimination and spell out the appropriate measures, which States obligate themselves to carry out as Parties to CEDAW. It is the only human rights treaty to affirm the reproductive rights of women. At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing in September 1995, representatives from 189 countries unanimously adopted the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. The Platform identified main obstacles to women’s advancement. The HeForShe event is a linked campaign with the United Nations organization dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women. Its motive is that individuals shouldn’t be stereotypically categorized because of gender. It is a movement especially targeting men to realize the true meaning of Feminism. Worldwide, they have been able to attract 219,012 men to join the movement. 61,102 of those men are from the United States. On the HeForShe website, men are able to pledge to take action against all forms of violence and discrimination that women and girls face all around the world. Many well-known male individuals such as Matt Damon, Terry Crews, Joseph Gordon Levitt, Forest Whitaker, and many more have been pushing for this movement. \|I Am a Woman\| I can ultimately identify with this issue because I am a young woman myself. Growing up there have been many moments of insecurity in my life due to being viewed as “weak” by the disconcerted masculine world. As I became older, I have been viewed as a direct person, and when I want something, nothing can flinch my determination. However, my strength has also made people think negatively of me. I’m too “assertive” and too “bossy” in my strive to success. In many ways I am repeatedly stuck between two walls of being too little or too big, and this is an issue many women have to experience all over the world. Sandis, E. E. (2006). United Nations measures to stop violence against women. Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences, 1087, 1, 370-383. Quataert, J. H. (2014). A knowledge revolution: Transnational feminist contributions to international development agendas and policies, 1965-1995. Global Social Policy, 14, 2, 209-227. \|About the Author\|	<urn:uuid:9667b450-704c-45f9-95b9-dd2466389dff>	CC-MAIN-2019-51	https://johnjay.digication.com/digital_spectrum/MELANIE-MONROY	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540528457.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210152154-20191210180154-00267.warc.gz	en	0.967509	1,491	3.5625	4	2.958067	3	Strong reasoning	Politics
Water Flow Kinetic Energy Invention For Humanity: This is a patented device which is intended for furnishing the same goal. It will provide cheaper clean electricity. In addition to this, we hope a certain very small percentage out of the electricity bill will go to a fund to help the poor places to build their electricity facilities. It will be a win-win-win situation that the rich, the poor and the industry all share the benefit of it. It is simply the principle of the lever that makes these three types of energy device work. The device is basically a turning wheel. But, the crucial difference is that the wheel flaps are free to move so that one half of the device will let go the flow while the other half will stay at their normal position when it submerges in the water current. When it places in the water current, there will always be one half pressed by the oncoming water current to capture flow energy and keep on turning. Three types of patented energy device bear the same principle. The differences among them are the way of setting the wheel flaps free. LZ-1 and LZ-2 need an internal power supply to power up to open and shut the wheel flaps. It is because it is difficult for a rotating object in water to get electricity from an external power supply. The control of wheel flap movement facilitates LZ-1 and LZ-2 to capture energy in an environment where the current direction is alternating. The wheel flaps of LZ-3 can be free to open and shut naturally. Yet, LZ-3 can only be used in a current of steady direction. LZ-3 can be used to capture wind power too. Its wind impact area is 6 times more than the conventional fan-type wind-power generator. Moreover, it can withstand high wind speed. Flow kinetic power output calculation: P for power ρ for density of medium which is temperature dependent but the variation is not significant. Water density is about 1000Kg/m3. Atmospheric density is about 1.29Kg/m3. r for device radius L for axial length v for flow speed Provided r=1m, L=1km In a moderate speed when v=1m/sec P=0.5MW In a rapid speed when v=3m/sec P=13.5MW (Minor fictional loss is ignored) In the Wind:- Provided r=1m, L=10m In a moderate speed when v=5m/sec P=0.8KW In an average speed when v=10m/sec P=6.5KW In the conventional upper limit when v=20m/sec P=51KW Above the upper limit when v=30m/sec P=174KW (Minor fictional loss is ignored) Advantages over the conventional combustion power generation: The leveled cost of energy is reduced significantly. There is no direct cost for the renewable energy source. The social cost is reduced significantly. Advantages over the conventional hydraulic power generation: It is not necessary to build a dam. The cost of civil work and site development is reduced significantly. It requires much less land resources. It is not necessary to migrate people. It is not necessary to use very high power generators. It can be built in the nearby neighborhood without NIMBY problem. It will use less transmission power line. The environmental damage and ecological damage will be minor. There will be no methane problem. There will be no silting problem. There will be no risk of dam collapse. The social cost is reduced significantly. Advantages of LZ-3 over the existing fan-type wind power generation: For the conventional fan-type wind power generator, it is to receive wind from the normal direction. In fact, each blade of the fan has to be built with a slanted surface. It is only a division of force of the oncoming wind to turn the fan to rotate. That practically reduces the wind impact area. Putting all these into consideration, the conventional fan-type wind power generator is only able to convert a very small faction of the oncoming wind power into electricity. When occupying the same physical dimensions, the wind impact area of LZ-3 is 6 times more than the conventional fan-type wind power generator. In the meantime, the flaps of LZ-3 are facing the oncoming wind directly. The effective output power conversion is estimated 10 times more than the conventional fan-type. Meanwhile, in order to reduce friction, the alignment of the rotor of the conventional fan-type has to be of high precision. The design of the rotor has to be very sophisticated. It is also demanding to fabricate the fan blades with a proper kind of material. Everything will add up to cost. LZ-3 will be less demanding and that will reduce the cost significantly. Moreover, the conventional fan-type has to be built on a high supporter. When the wind is high, there will be great risk for the supporter to break up and collapse due to the principle of the lever. Therefore, a high wind limit is set to avoid it. When the wind speed exceeds the limit, it will stop. Generally, the limit is set at 20m/sec. This problem does not exist when using LZ-3. Therefore, LZ-3 can be working in a higher wind speed and consequently will produce more electricity.	<urn:uuid:ee140ab8-eaa1-40d2-beb6-77a154d6ebed>	CC-MAIN-2019-39	http://www.hongkongrise.com/water-energy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574710.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921231814-20190922013814-00307.warc.gz	en	0.923309	1,134	3.078125	3	2.682057	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
\|Eating Well: Nutritional Needs in Scleroderma\| \|Thursday, 24 June 2010 16:40\| The purpose of this article is to identify nutritional needs in Scleroderma and provide practical food advice, with the two goals of minimizing nutrition-related side effects and to improve your overall nutritional health. Since Scleroderma can be manifested in different ways and each person may have differing nutritional needs, there is no one "diet for scleroderma. This article will discuss nutritional therapy for mouth, esophageal, and swallowing problems, calcium and fiber intake, and alternate ways of nutritional intake. There are many nutrition-related side effects in other parts of the body, such as kidney problems, that require nutritional intervention and modifications to what you eat. However, due to space limitations, not all of these will be discussed in this article. If you want to address your individual nutritional needs related to Scleroderma in more detail, you should contact a Registered Dietitian and set up a consultation. Step 1: Food Preparation and Intake The eating process starts with holding the food to prepare it, then gripping the food to get it into your mouth, and then follows the chewing and swallowing process. This is not always easy, especially if Scleroderma has hardened the skin on your fingers and hands. If this problem hinders your food intake: Step 2: Your Mouth The easiest way to discuss nutrition therapy for various body areas is to go through the digestive process and follow the food on its course, discussing the problems that may occur along the way. The mouth is the first place the food goes, and there it is mixed with saliva. However, if dry mouth occurs, as is common with Sjogren's syndrome or as a result of taking some types of antidepressants, take the following steps: Step 3: Swallowing (Mouth through Esophagus) Overproduction of collagen due to Scleroderma can cause thickening and scarring of tissue. Weakened muscles can cause slow movement of food which is called "dysmotility." Difficulty in swallowing is called "dysphagia." This can also result from narrowing of the esophagus. When these problems occur: Step 4: Moving Down the Esophagus GERD, or Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease, can cause irritation in the esophagus, the pipe that connects the throat area to the stomach. The muscles at the lower end of the esophagus may weaken. This may let stomach acid—which is normally present in the stomach—backwash into the esophagus, causing irritation or heartburn. This is called "acid reflux." To reduce it, try the following: Sample Day's Menu for People with GERD Breakfast: 1 Banana, puffed wheat cereal, skim milk, decaf tea. Lunch: Turkey sandwich, low fat mayonnaise, lettuce, 1 cup applesauce Snack: Low-fat yogurt Dinner: Grilled salmon, cooked mixed vegetables, baked potato with 1 tsp. margarine, vanilla pudding with strawberries Step 5: The Stomach and Intestines Sometimes food passes too fast or too slow when moving from the stomach into the small and large intestines. Diarrhea and its opposite, constipation, can be unpleasant side effects of Scleroderma, when there is damage to the muscles of the small or large intestine. For bowel problems in general, consider taking a multivitamin, especially if you are eliminating several foods (which are your normal source of most vitamins) from your usual diet. There are liquid multivitamins for people with swallowing difficulties. Eating foods with some good bacteria or "probiotics" may also be beneficial. Probiotics are found in yogurt or kefir, a yogurt drink. Look on the label for "active or live yogurt cultures." Also, the labeling information "Lactobacillus.Acidophilus and L. Reuteri" usually indicates live yogurt cultures. Diarrhea is often due to weakened muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, antibiotics, or malabsorption (poor absorption of food). In some cases, foods that have soluble fiber may help with diarrhea. Soluble fiber sources include bananas, applesauce, apples, oatmeal and oat bran, and prunes. Avoid whole wheat bread and wheat germ, large quantities of raw vegetables, and raw whole fruits, other than bananas. Keep in mind that these soluble-fiber guidelines should be determined on an individual basis, based on what works best for you. Avoiding high-fat foods, fried foods, and rich desserts may also help with diarrhea. However, if you are losing too much weight, this guideline may also need to be modified individually. If severe diarrhea or constipation persists, contact a physician. Constipation may also occur, due to weak and scarred muscles in the colon wall. Suggestions/or relieving constipation: Breakfast: 1/2 cup bran flakes, 1/2 cup corn flakes, skim milk, 1/2 cup blueberries Lunch: 1 peach, 1 cup yogurt, 1 small burrito (1/3 cup rice, 1/3 cup retried beans, 1 oz. cheese) Snack: 1 whole-wheat pita, hummus Dinner: Grilled chicken, 1/2 cup mashed sweet potatoes, 1/2 cup broccoli, 1 tsp. margarine Snack: 1 cup strawberries Total intake: 25 grams of fiber Step 6: Drink Water! Did you know... the body is 60–70 percent water? And it is the second most important substance needed by humans, second only to the need for oxygen? For those with Raynaud's, allow water to come to room temperature. Ask for water without ice. If you have swollen hands, continue drinking water. If you are on diuretics, you still need to drink plenty of water. The only exception is if your physician has prescribed a fluid restriction. Unless your doctor has told you to limit your fluids, keep drinking water. Step 7: Get Enough Calcium Every person needs enough calcium to build and maintain strong bones. Calcium is also important for healthy teeth, regulating your heartbeat, performing muscle contractions, and maintaining healthy blood pressure. If you don't supply your body with enough calcium from external sources, it takes what it needs from your bones. Calcium is important not only for the general population and especially for women, but it is even more important if you have scleroderma and are taking steroids. Steroid drugs such as prednisone and solumedrol can deplete your body's calcium stores and lead to osteoporosis (loss of bone density, which can lead to a host of physical ailments). Therefore, be sure to get plenty of calcium from your food or by taking calcium supplements. Your Body's Calcium Requirements Age Calcium (mg/day) = # cups of milk 9–18 1,300 4+ 19–50 1,000 3+ 51+ 1,200 4 These figures were updated in 1997 by the National Academy of Sciences. They help you maintain the calcium levels that are thought to lead to the fewest diet-related osteoporosis fractures. Notice that mature adults need less calcium than growing children, but after age 50 we need more calcium again. Note: In the U.S., all cow's milk is fortified with Vitamin D, which helps your body absorb the calcium. Naturally Occurring Food Sources of Calcium Amount Food Calcium (mg) 8 oz. Cow's milk 300 8 oz. Lactaid milk 300 8 oz. Yogurt: plain, low fat 400 1 oz. Cheese 150–200 1/2 cup Cottage Cheese 65–75 1/2 cup cooked Kale 90 1 oz. Almonds 90 1/2 cup cooked Greens: collard, etc. 75 1/2 cup cooked Broccoli 40 This calcium data is from Bowe's and Church's Food Values of Portions Commonly Used. Foods Fortified with Calcium Amount Food Calcium (mg) 1 Eggo Waffle 150 1 Nutri-Grain Bar 200 8 oz. Orange Juice 300 1/2 cup Total Cereal 1,000 8 oz. Soy Milk, fortified 200–500 Significant sources of calcium are foods that provide 20–50 percent of the Daily Value of calcium. Unfortified soymilk has very little calcium. Tofu can be fortified with calcium; make sure the label says it was made with a calcium derivative, like calcium sulfate. You May Need Calcium Supplements If you are unable to get the recommended amount of calcium from foods, take a calcium supplement with Vitamin D. Here is a comparison of some types of calcium available. Brand Name Type of calcium Amount in 1 pill # pills to = 1,000 mg. Caltrate 600 + D Calcium Carbonate 600 mg. ~2 TUMS Calcium Carbonate 200 mg (no Vitamin D) 5 TUMS Ultra Calcium Carbonate 400 2.5 Viactiv Chews Calcium Carbonate 250 mg 4 chews OS-Cal 500 + D Oyster Shell Calcium 500 mg 2 Citracal + D Calcium Citrate 315 mg 3 Step 8: Maintain Your Weight and Fight Malnutrition Unintentional weight loss can be a problem. This can happen for any number of reasons. Some suggestions to combat weight loss are: Enteral nutrition can help prevent further weight loss or malnutrition due to your body not getting enough essential nutrients. It is important to be well-nourished for your medications to work, to give you adequate energy, and for your body to maintain its normal daily processes. Your physician would discuss enteral nutrition with you, if it is needed. If the gastrointestinal tract is not functioning, because there is a blockage or other problem, sometimes the physician prescribes "parenteral nutrition." This consists of feeding through your veins. Parenteral nutrition may be in order if you have lost a great deal of weight, if you are unable to eat by mouth or tube for a prolonged period of time, or if your gastrointestinal tract is severely affected. Only a very small percentage of people have to be fed this way. Remember: the goal is always to keep you well-nourished. It is important not just to learn what you should do for proper nutrition, but also how to apply these practices in daily life. We may hope that in the future there will be more scientific studies published on proper nutrition in scleroderma, and more articles and books on this important topic. If you are concerned about your food intake and want more detail, you should make an appointment with a Registered Dietitian. By Lise Gloede, Registered Dietician (originally published in "Scleroderma Voice," 2001, #4)	<urn:uuid:8d30ef4e-4e4c-4680-97ab-60755dc406fb>	CC-MAIN-2014-23	http://sclerodermatt.org/articles/better-health/250-eating-well-nutritional-needs-in-scleroderma	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997881423.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025801-00134-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.912992	2,307	2.53125	3	2.234579	2	Moderate reasoning	Health
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It affects one in five people, and prevalence increases with age. Some studies estimate the prevalence in the USA to be up to 25% of the population. Metabolic syndrome is also known as metabolic syndrome X, syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven's syndrome, and CHAOS (Australia). A similar condition in overweight horses is referred to as equine metabolic syndrome; it is unknown if they have the same etiology. The exact mechanisms of the complex pathways of metabolic syndrome are not yet completely known. The pathophysiology is extremely complex and has been only partially elucidated. Most patients are older, obese, sedentary, and have a degree of insulin resistance. Stress can also be a contributing factor. The most important factors are: - sedentary lifestyle, i.e., low physical activity and excess caloric intake. There is debate regarding whether obesity or insulin resistance is the ''cause'' of the metabolic syndrome or if they are consequences of a more far-reaching metabolic derangement. A number of markers of systemic inflammation, including C-reactive protein, are often increased, as are fibrinogen, interleukin 6 (IL–6), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and others. Some have pointed to a variety of causes including increased uric acid levels caused by dietary fructose. It is common for there to be a development of visceral fat, after which the adipocytes (fat cells) of the visceral fat increase plasma levels of TNFα and alter levels of a number of other substances (e.g., adiponectin, resistin, PAI-1). TNFα has been shown not only to cause the production of inflammatory cytokines but possibly to trigger cell signaling by interaction with a TNFα receptor that may lead to insulin resistance . An experiment with rats that were fed a diet one-third of which was sucrose has been proposed as a model for the development of the metabolic syndrome. The sucrose first elevated blood levels of triglycerides, which induced visceral fat and ultimately resulted in insulin resistance . The progression from visceral fat to increased TNFα to insulin resistance has some parallels to human development of metabolic syndrome. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article on All material adapted used from Wikipedia is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Wikipedia® itself is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Last Updated: Feb 1, 2011	<urn:uuid:c7b47f70-45e1-4e9a-b21e-45b63e2069a2>	CC-MAIN-2014-15	http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Metabolic-Syndrome.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223206147.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032006-00546-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.936553	543	3.21875	3	2.752989	3	Strong reasoning	Health
The faux urgency of the climate crisis is giving us no time or space to build a secure energy future by Judith Curry There is a growing realization that emissions and temperature targets are now detached from the issues of human well-being and the development of our 21st-century world. JC note: this is the text of my op-ed for SkyNews that was published several weeks ago For the past two centuries, fossil fuels have fueled humanity’s progress, improving standards of living and increasing the life span for billions of people. In the 21st century, a rapid transition away from fossil fuels has become an international imperative for climate change mitigation, under the auspices of the UN Paris Agreement. As a result, the 21st century energy transition is dominated by stringent targets to rapidly eliminate carbon dioxide emissions. However, the recent COP27 meeting in Egypt highlighted that very few of the world’s countries are on track to meet their emissions reductions commitment. The desire for cleaner, more abundant, more reliable and less expensive sources of energy is universal. However, the goal of rapidly eliminating fossil fuels is at odds with the urgency of providing grid electricity to developing countries. Rapid deployment of wind and solar power has invariably increased electricity costs and reduced reliability, particularly with increasing penetration into the grid. Allegations of human rights abuses in China’s Xinjiang region, where global solar voltaic supplies are concentrated, are generating political conflicts that threaten the solar power industry. Global supply chains of materials needed to produce solar and wind energy plus battery storage are spawning new regional conflicts, logistical problems, supply shortages and rising costs. The large amount of land use required for wind and solar farms plus transmission lines is causing local land use conflicts in many regions. Given the apocalyptic rhetoric surrounding climate change, does the alleged urgency of reducing carbon dioxide emissions somehow trump these other considerations? Well, the climate ‘crisis’ isn’t what it used to be. The COP27 has dropped the most extreme emissions scenario from consideration, which was the source of the most alarming predictions. Only a few years ago, an emissions trajectory that produced 2 to 3 oC warming was regarded as climate policy success. As limiting warming to 2 oC seems to be in reach, the goal posts were moved to limit the warming target to 1.5 oC. These warming targets are referenced to a baseline at the end of the 19th century; the Earth’s climate has already warmed by 1.1 oC. In context of this relatively modest warming, climate ‘crisis’ rhetoric is now linked to extreme weather events. Attributing extreme weather and climate events to global warming can motivate a country to attempt to rapidly transition away from fossil fuels. However, we should not delude ourselves into thinking that eliminating emissions would have a noticeable impact on weather and climate extremes in the 21st century. It is very difficult to untangle the roles of natural weather and climate variability and land use from the slow creep of global warming. Looking back into the past, including paleoclimatic data, there has been more extreme weather everywhere on the planet. Thinking that we can minimize severe weather through using atmospheric carbon dioxide as a control knob is a fairy tale. In particular, Australia is responsible for slightly more than 1% of global carbon emissions. Hence, Australia’s emissions have a minimal impact on global warming as well as on Australia’s own climate. There is growing realization that these emissions and temperature targets have become detached from the issues of human well-being and development. Yes, we need to reduce CO2 emissions over the course of the 21st century. However once we relax the faux urgency for eliminating CO2 emissions and the stringent time tables, we have time and space to envision new energy systems that can meet the diverse, growing needs of the 21st century. This includes sufficient energy to help reduce our vulnerability to surprises from extreme weather and climate events.	<urn:uuid:42619a62-e04a-4fdc-bed9-c9ad9ae97f64>	CC-MAIN-2024-10	https://www.climatedepot.com/2022/12/30/climatoloigst-dr-judith-curry-thinking-that-we-can-minimize-severe-weather-through-using-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-as-a-control-knob-is-a-fairy-tale/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473819.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20240222125841-20240222155841-00871.warc.gz	en	0.948056	802	2.609375	3	3.02138	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Gabriel García Márquez, an international literary giant who brought a tiny Colombian village to enchanting life for tens of millions of readers and won the Nobel Prize for literature, has died. Mr. García Márquez, who had been hospitalized recently for infections, died Thursday at his home in Mexico City. He was 87. Often called the most popular Spanish-language writer since Miguel Cervantes, author of Don Quixote, Mr. García Márquez is credited with introducing modern Latin American literature to the wider world, creating a wave of success for himself and other writers that was dubbed el Boom. An accomplished journalist and author of literary nonfiction, Mr. García Márquez was best known for his fiction, particularly his masterpiece One Hundred Years of Solitude. Published in 1967, the novel made an indelible mark on readers and writers everywhere. Its epic tale of a mysterious and enduring family in the remote Colombian village of Macondo is told in a style called magical realism, a distillation of realism and fabulism that would influence generations of writers, including such major figures as Toni Morrison and Salman Rushdie. American novelist William Kennedy called the novel "the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race." One Hundred Years of Solitude has sold 50 million copies worldwide and been translated into more than 25 languages. Mr. García Márquez drew upon his own early life for that novel and other works. Born March 6, 1927, in Aracataca, Colombia, which was the model for Macondo, he was the oldest of 11 children. Raised for several years by his grandparents before being sent to boarding school, he was a voracious reader who later cited Sophocles, James Joyce, Franz Kafka and especially William Faulkner as influences; he began writing while still a schoolboy. Despite his father's wish that he be a lawyer, Mr. García Márquez became a cosmopolitan and sometimes controversial journalist, working and living in Europe and the United States as well as several Latin American countries. In 1958, he married Mercedes Barcha, a childhood friend. She survives him, as do their sons, Rodrigo and Gonzalo. Mr. García Márquez struggled at first as a writer of fiction, but the rapid and enormous success of One Hundred Years of Solitude allowed him to devote himself largely to writing short stories and novels, although he continued to write nonfiction as well. He received the 1982 Nobel Prize for, as the citation said, "his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts." A popular figure in Latin America known affectionately as "Gabo," he was also an outspoken public intellectual. His relationships with other public figures ranged from a feud with Peruvian author and politician (and fellow Nobel winner) Mario Vargas Llosa that devolved into a fist fight at one point, to a long and, according to the author, literature-based friendship with Cuban leader Fidel Castro. For many years, Mr. García Márquez was refused visas to enter the United States because of his political views — he was a lifelong leftist and a vocal critic of U.S. imperialism. That changed when President Bill Clinton, a longtime fan, took office. In 1994, they dined together at the home of author William Styron on Martha's Vineyard, Mass. "I was saddened to learn of the passing of Gabriel García Márquez," Clinton said in a statement Thursday. "From the time I read One Hundred Years of Solitude more than 40 years ago, I was always amazed by his unique gifts of imagination, clarity of thought, and emotional honesty. He captured the pain and joy of our common humanity in settings both real and magical." Many of the books that Mr. García Márquez wrote after One Hundred Years of Solitude became bestsellers as well, and several of his short stories and novels were made into films, including the 2007 movie of his novel Love in the Time of Cholera, which starred Javier Bardem. After publishing a memoir, Living to Tell the Tale, in 2002, Mr. García Márquez was less often seen in public. He was treated for lymphatic cancer in 1999 and was more recently reported to be suffering from dementia — an ironic twist worthy of one of his novels for a man whose work always revolved around the persistence and mutability of memory. Mr. García Márquez sometimes protested the magical realism label given to his work, instead crediting its intensity to his experience of the world. As he said in a 1981 interview, "The truth is that there's not a single line in all my work that does not have a basis in reality. The problem is that Caribbean reality resembles the wildest imagination." Times wires were used in this report.	<urn:uuid:1387186f-426a-47d5-9a35-4a62d3de6599>	CC-MAIN-2018-09	http://www.tampabay.com/features/books/nobel-winner-literary-giant-gabriel-garc237a-m225rquez-dies/2175649	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891816068.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20180224231522-20180225011522-00264.warc.gz	en	0.982607	1,035	2.6875	3	2.855056	3	Strong reasoning	Literature
HIV factsheet: U = U for health professionals Organization: Public Health Agency of Canada Date published: November 2019 U = U (Undetectable = Untransmittable) Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves overall health and prevents sexual transmission of HIV. The goal of treatment is to achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load. Studies have shown that effective ART prevents sexual transmission of HIVFootnote 1, Footnote 2, Footnote 3, Footnote 4, Footnote 5. People living with HIV who take ART and who achieve and maintain an undetectable viral load have effectively no risk of transmitting HIV sexually. Integrate U = U into routine HIV care - Adherence to ART is essential for achieving and maintaining an undetectable viral load. - It can take up to 6 months to achieve an undetectable viral load. - Regular viral load testing is the only way to know if viral levels are undetectable. - At least 2 consecutive undetectable results over a 6 month period are required before U = U can be used as a prevention strategy. - An undetectable viral load does not prevent transmission or acquisition of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). - In addition to U = U, other highly effective ways of preventing HIV transmission/acquisition include condoms and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Condoms are the only effective strategy to help prevent other STIs. Viral load: amount of HIV in the blood. Undetectable: viral load less than 40 to 50 copies/ml and cannot be detected by standard tests. Untransmittable: when an undetectable viral load prevents the sexual transmission of HIV. Discuss the benefits of HIV treatment. U = U can transform lives and reduce stigma. - Statement on behalf of the Council of Chief Medical Officers of Health - Criminal justice system's response to non-disclosure of HIV - Risk of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus with antiretroviral therapy, suppressed viral load and condom use: a systematic review (CMAJ, PDF) - The use of early antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected persons (AMMI Canada, PDF) - U = U: A guide for service providers (CATIE) - Footnote 1 Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(6):493-505. - Footnote 2 Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of HIV-1 transmission. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):830-839. - Footnote 3 Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, van Lunzen J, et al. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 2016;316(2):171-181. - Footnote 4 Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, Degen O, et al. Risk of HIV transmission through condomless sex in serodifferent gay couples with the HIV-positive partner taking suppressive antiretroviral therapy (PARTNER): final results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Lancet. 2019;393(10189):2428-2438. - Footnote 5 Bavinton BR, Pinto AN, Phanuphak N, Grinsztejn B, Prestage GP, Zablotska-Manos IB, et al. Viral suppression and HIV transmission in serodiscordant male couples: an international, prospective, observational, cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018;5(8):e438-e447. Report a problem or mistake on this page - Date modified:	<urn:uuid:d096539f-db74-44a0-ab67-6c5a2087c08e>	CC-MAIN-2021-43	https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/hiv-factsheet-undetectable-untransmittable-health-professionals.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587659.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20211025092203-20211025122203-00310.warc.gz	en	0.768238	895	2.578125	3	2.803977	3	Strong reasoning	Health
A new study shows that eating foods that contain naturally-occurring nicotine may be able reduce the risk of Parkinson's Disease. Parkinson's is a neurodegenerative brain disorder that causes a group of motor system problems. About 50,000 to 60,000 patients are diagnosed with Parkinson's each year, according to the National Parkinson Foundation. The disease is caused by a loss of brain cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is responsible for movement. Main symptoms can include shaking or tremor at rest, slow movement, stiffness or rigidity of limbs and problems with balance. However, it can come with a host of other lesser-known signs including small writing, loss of facial expression, low-volume voice, decrease in reflexes, depression, anxiety, vivid dreams, constipation and pain. Previous studies have shown that smoking and other tobacco use may lower the risk of developing Parkinson's disease. While it was thought that nicotine may be providing that effect, researchers weren't sure if different factors in the brain were causing the risk reductions. While most people know that nicotine can be found in tobacco, low levels of the compound can be found in peppers, tomatoes and other members of the Solanaceae flowering plant family. Researchers wanted to determine if even small amounts of edible nicotine would be able to lower the risk. For the study, 490 patients who were diagnosed with Parkinson's at the University of Washington in Seattle's neurology clinic or at a regional HMO called Group Health Cooperative were examined. In addition, 644 unrelated individuals with no neurological disorders were looked at as a control group. All were asked about their lifetime diets and tobacco use. Tobacco use was defined as ever smoking more than 100 cigarettes or regularly using cigars, pipes or smokeless tobacco. Eating more vegetables in general did not lower Parkinson's risk, but eating vegetables in the Solanaceae family did. People who ate these types of vegetables lowered their risk 19 percent on average, compared with those who did not eat these vegetables. However, because some people's overall risk of getting the disease was low to begin with, for some smokers the association was not statistically significant. The protective benefit from the produce was most profound men and women who had little or no prior tobacco use. People who ate the most peppers -- about two to four peppers weekly -- had the strongest risk-lowering association. They lowered their Parkinson's risk by 30 percent. "Our study is the first to investigate dietary nicotine and risk of developing Parkinson's disease," author Searles Nielsen, a researcher in the department of environmental and occupational health sciences at the University of Washington Seattle, said in a press release. "Similar to the many studies that indicate tobacco use might reduce risk of Parkinson's, our findings also suggest a protective effect from nicotine, or perhaps a similar but less toxic chemical in peppers and tobacco." Dr. Kelly Changizi, co-director of the Center for Neuromodulation at the Mount Sinai Parkinson and Movement Disorders Center in New York City, told HealthDay that the results show the influence of diet on neurological disorders. "It provides further evidence of how diet can influence our susceptibility to neurological disease -- specifically Parkinson's disease," Changizi explained. "Patients often ask what role nutrition plays in their disease, so it's very interesting that nicotine in vegetables such as peppers may be neuroprotective." The study was published in the Annals of Neurology on May 9.	<urn:uuid:5c6f5381-addc-45b7-aa35-b068e9f12832>	CC-MAIN-2017-09	http://www.cbsnews.com/news/eating-nicotine-containing-produce-like-peppers-tomatoes-may-lower-parkinsons-risk/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171632.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00400-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971028	703	3.34375	3	2.819557	3	Strong reasoning	Health
- Know the key considerations of emergency lighting design, which involves lighting levels, means of egress, codes, and the AHJ. - Understand when and where an emergency lighting system is required, what the applicable code is, how it must perform, how it will be powered, and what the typical emergency lighting options are. - Understand the emergency lighting system in the context and as an integral component of a building’s life safety strategies and technologies. Through the last several years, challenges associated with emergency lighting have diminished due to comprehensive code development. Cross references between multiple building codes have been refined to minimize contradictions and subjective interpretations. Nevertheless, it behooves the engineer to be involved early with development of conceptual lighting schemes, determination of appropriate codes, and selection of the optimal power system for emergency lighting, not least of which is seeking the input of the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) prior to submission of the permitting plans for approval. The AHJ interpretation of a specific code application ultimately trumps the professional engineer’s understanding. Code requirements, applications The primary codes used to determine proper application of emergency lighting systems include: International Building Code (IBC), NFPA 101: Life Safety Code, NFPA 70: National Electrical Code, NFPA 110: Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, NFPA 111: Standard on Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems, and NFPA 99: Health Care Facilities Code. Determining which year a specific code or standard has been adopted by the jurisdiction where the given building project is located is critical prior to proceeding with emergency lighting design, as not all jurisdictions are enforcing the most current code or standard. The engineer’s traditional responsibility for illuminating egress paths has been somewhat subordinated by the architect, who is responsible for the building design and determining building type. Further, the architect, in most jurisdictions, generally is responsible for defining the means of egress via the exiting plans. Typically, these exiting plans are subject to approval of the AHJ prior to issuance of a building permit and definitely are required prior to a building occupancy permit. The key stipulation for adequate egress lighting falls under the engineer’s purview once the official egress pathway has been defined. The prime directive of IBC Section 1006.1 stipulates the means of egress shall be illuminated at all times the building space served by the mean of egress is occupied. By definition, egress is a “continuous and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal egress travel from any occupied portion of a building or structure to a public way. A means of egress consists of three separate and distinct components: the exit access, the exit, and the exit discharge.” A number of jurisdictions include after-hours cleaning crews in consideration of a building being occupied, so lighting controls for means of egress must function automatically whenever the building is occupied. NFPA 101: Life Safety Code takes all of the ambiguity out of emergency lighting process and provides clear expectations of the outcomes. Consequently, the initial code source for determining the proper application of emergency lighting is located in NFPA 101 Chapter 7. Emergency illumination is required for buildings as stipulated in Chapters 11 through 43 of this code. Section 22.214.171.124 clarifies that emergency lighting is only required for the purpose of exit access, which includes only designated stairs, aisles, corridors, ramps, and escalators to a defined public way. Obviously, these spaces must clearly be annunciated early in the design process in order to provide an emergency lighting system that can comply with the following performance requirements as specified in sections 126.96.36.199, 188.8.131.52, 184.108.40.206, 220.127.116.11, and 18.104.22.168. The key parameters for emergency lighting as defined in NFPA 101 are the requirements for stairs to have a minimum of 10 fc (108 lux) measured at the walking surface, and a minimum of 1.0 fc (10.8 lux) for floors and walking surfaces with an exception for assembly occupancies of 0.2 fc (2.2 lux) during periods of performances or projections involving directed light (a movie theater). In the event of a power outage, the emergency lighting must be transferred to its alternate source within 10 sec. Additionally, battery-powered emergency lighting shall be continuously available for 1.5 hours after the power outage. The emergency illumination shall be spaced to provide initial illumination along the defined path of egress of not less than an average of 1.0 fc (10.8 lux) and not less than 0.1 fc (1.1 lux) at the floor of the defined pathway. At the end of 1.5 hours, the illumination levels are permitted to decline along the path of egress as the emergency power source discharges to an average of 0.6 fc (6.5 lux) but not less than 0.06 fc (0.65 lux). In order to provide sufficient contrast and subsequent visual acuity, the maximum to minimum illumination uniformity ratio shall be no greater than 40:1. Interestingly, the IBC 2012 is somewhat contrary to NFPA 101, stipulating in IBC 1006.2 the following: “The means of egress illumination shall not be less than 1 fc (11 lux) at the walking surface.” Note that this stipulation does not say “average” nor does it imply an average number; it is clearly the minimum requirement for emergency egress lighting, and is required by some AHJs. The exception to this applies to certain assembly occupancies. Fortunately, the performance of the emergency lighting system is the same in both the IBC and NFPA 101. Ultimately, the challenge presented is getting the AHJ to accede to the NFPA 101 requirements in lieu of IBC 1006.2, which certainly offers more specific parameters than can readily be achieved. Completing a comprehensive code analysis is necessary to address specific emergency lighting applications for a given building type and jurisdictional requirements. For example, in addition to IBC building general type classifications, the IBC Type I-2 for hospitals have additional emergency lighting requirements as outlined in NFPA 99, NFPA 110, and NFPA 70 Article 517.63, which require supplemental battery-powered emergency lighting for anesthetizing locations. Further supplementary battery-powered emergency lighting is required for both normal main power and emergency main power switchboards. This requirement is codified in NFPA Article 110-7.3. The minimum horizontal footcandles shall be 3.0 fc (32.3 lux) at the floor level. NFPA 101 Article 7.9.3 requires emergency lighting systems to have periodic functional tests. The functional testing is to be conducted monthly for a minimum of 30 sec, with an annual functional test of 1.5 hours required for battery-powered systems. The key constituent of this requirement is the maintenance of written documentation confirming the mandated monthly and annual functional testing visual inspections. NFPA 101 also allows self-testing and self-diagnosis as long as the self-testing is compliant with the manual requirements. For emergency lighting systems where self-testing is computer-based, a computer-generated report detailing the history of the tests is adequate for AHJ review. Exit signage is required by NFPA 101 Article 7.10. The two approved types of exit signs are internally illuminated and externally illuminated. We will discuss exclusively internally illuminated exit signs. The exit signs shall not be spaced more than 100 ft apart and must be readily visible in all directions from the exit access. Exit signs with internal battery-powered sources are to be periodically tested in accordance with Article 7.9.3 and are to conform to UL 924. An exit sign’s illumination level is permitted to decline to 60% after 1.5 hours of operation. Floor proximity egress path marking exit signs are required within 18 in. of the floor for various occupancies as detailed in NFPA 101 Chapters 11 through 43. The exit signs must comply with UL 1994: Luminous Egress Path Marking Systems and be approved for delineation of egress pathways. The system must operate continuously anytime the building fire alarm system is activated. Obviously, the intent is to provide a clearly identifiable path of egress if the pathway is filled with stratified smoke and the only viable means out is very low to the floor. In consideration of energy codes and emergency lighting—and unless specifically prohibited—NFPA 101-22.214.171.124.2 and 3 will allow lighting controls in areas of means of egress. The switch controllers must be listed and have a fail-safe feature, the “on” function must provide a minimum of 15 minutes of illumination, the motion sensor must be activated by occupant movement, and the controller must be activated by the building fire alarm system, if provided. The energy-saving control devices shall not compromise the integrity of the emergency illumination system. Thorough review of proposed lighting control solutions along with the emergency lighting egress plans with the AHJ should preclude any undesirable project outcomes. The emergency egress illumination power sources have two distinct categories: battery-powered sources and an emergency generator. Battery-powered sources must comply with NFPA 111. All of the battery-powered systems must comply with the UL 924 standard, which is consistent with NFPA codes and IBC. The most common battery-powered lighting source is a self-contained emergency lighting unit, which incorporates lamps in combination with a battery source and charger within a single enclosure. These units are sometimes referred to as either “bug-eye” or “frog-eye” units within the trades. Figure 1 depicts a typical self-contained emergency lighting unit. The units are generally powered by sealed, maintenance-free, lead acid batteries. These batteries have proven to be highly reliable and under most conditions need replacement at 7-year intervals. The units are circuited from an unswitched circuit, which supplies the local general lighting and turns on when the voltage serving the local general lighting drops to 80% of nominal. Upon return of normal power, the units will remain on for a minimum of 15 minutes. Functional testing of these units can be accomplished via multiple methods. They include: an integral test switch; remote infrared handheld device, which one simply aims at the unit; and a factory-installed integral electronic device that automatically initiates code required tests. The automatic feature must produce an audible alarm with flashing LED if a test failure occurs. One can presume that if the unit is not in alarm and the device is UL listed for self-testing, then the testing requirement is satisfied and sufficient for the AHJ. Witnessing the actual test is not required along with the documentation. The critical design concern for bug-eye placement is to maintain a minimum of 1.0 fc along the entire length and width of the designated pathway of egress. Some of these self-contained units have sufficient power to accommodate exit lights and remote lamp heads, which can be located adjacent to legally required exterior pathways to provide required emergency illumination levels. Exit signs must comply with UL 924 for luminance and with the AHJ for sign color and lettering size. The requirements vary among jurisdictions, so it is prudent to check the specifics before specifying exit signs. The two standard types of internally illuminated exit signs either internally house a powered source of light or are self-luminous signs. The most common type internally houses a source of illumination, either LED or fluorescent lamps. Both of these lighting sources use sealed, maintenance-free nickel-cadmium batteries. Exit signs are unswitched and continuously illuminated. They will revert to their battery power when the normal power drops below 80% of rated voltage. All of the testing requirements are the same as self-contained emergency lighting units. Fluorescent exit signs are required to have two lamps by code, in case one fails. The fluorescent lamps have an expected rated lamp life of 20,000 hours. The LED sources use less energy than the fluorescent lamps and have an expected lamp life of 50,000 hours. Self-luminous exit signs are either self-powered or energy-storage type. The self-powered luminous exit signs contain tritium gas and provide continuous luminance for a minimum of 10 years. The stored energy type of luminous exit signs uses a strontium oxide aluminate compound to store ambient light, releasing the stored energy when the ambient source is turned off. The estimated useful life is in excess of 20 years. Both of these sources are listed for use in hazardous locations because they do not require external power sources and pose no threat of ignition in a hazardous environment. Should the aesthetics of a given space preclude the use of the “bug-eye” type of emergency egress lighting, the engineer can incorporate an emergency fluorescent power unit within the area lighting fixtures. The packaged unit is self-contained with a built-in battery, battery charger, and inverter. (See Figure 2 for a typical self-contained unit.) It can power a single fluorescent lamp within the area lighting fixture continuously at a rated initial output of 1100 lumens. The packaged unit must provide at least 60% lumen output after 1.5 hours. The unit must be connected to an unswitched circuit, which serves the area lighting fixture. The unswitched circuit is permitted to run in a common conduit with the normal power branch circuitry. All of the periodic functional testing requirements as outlined in NFPA 101 must be accommodated by each packaged unit. The self-contained units can be remote mounted from the lighting fixture served. These units are capable of illuminating several lamps contained in multiple light fixtures and have power capacities up to 250 W. The most comprehensive battery-powered emergency egress system incorporates a lighting inverter system, which is UL 924 listed and can meet the 90-minute requirement. The larger scale inverters have built-in panelboards and serve the emergency egress lighting directly. Achieving adequate lighting levels is fairly straightforward (see Figure 3). Since inverters are used exclusively to serve emergency lighting, the circuitry of emergency lighting is segregated from normal power sources. The inverters can range up to 130 kVa in size. Because one typically is illuminating only about 0.15 W for the entire emergency egress lighting system, most inverters are 30 to 60 kVa. The batteries’ sizes are proportional to the kVa rating of the inverter. Engineers should use caution when sizing the inverter because the amount of electrolyte contained in the batteries might require continuous ventilation of the space, since it exceeds 50 gal for unsprinklered or exceeds 100 gal for sprinklered buildings (NFPA 1: Fire Code Chapter 52). The purpose of this requirement is the possibility of excess hydrogen being generated during the recharging cycle. The environmental and location requirements are outlined in NFPA 111. The main requirement is that the inverter system must be installed in a room separate from the normal power service entrance over 1000 amp and greater than 150 V to ground. The room must be dedicated for the inverter; n storage is permitted within the dedicated space. Ultimately, the inverter location and space requirements must be approved by the AHJ. A typical one-line is included for an inverter system referred to an emergency power supply system (EPSS) in NFPA 111 Appendix B (see Figure 4). The emergency lighting inverter, when used in conjunction with selected luminaries, will provide more than adequate egress illumination. Figure 5 represents a computer-generated output of the expected photometric results based on the proper spacing of the designated emergency lighting fixtures for a medical college. The second common emergency power source for emergency egress lighting is an on-site generator. The emergency power supply (EPS) and EPSS per NFPA 110 have various classifications and types stipulated in Chapter 4. This article is limited to Class 1.5 type 10, Level 1 EPSS. Essentially, the generator is required to start and be on-line within 10 sec, and run for 2 hours. This is fairly standard requirement for most model codes; however, the run times vary in length based on the building type and use. The egress lighting levels and classification requirements are stipulated in NFPA 101. The requirement for automatic start and transfer is reiterated in both NFPA 70 and NFPA 99. The life safety circuitry must be segregated completely from the normal power sources. This was further clarified in the 2008 NEC (NFPA 70-700.9. (B) (c.)), where legally required systems (egress lighting) and optional standby power cannot originate the same vertical switchboard section, panelboard enclosure, or individual disconnect enclosure as emergency circuits. In the past, a generator could supply a common switchboard without the internal division for the automatic transfer switch (ATS) loads that supply life safety and standby power circuits. The loads and their respective ATSs supplied by the generator other than life safety must have load shed capability, to not endanger the life safety loads should the generator become overloaded, or have an alarm condition. The required functional testing of the generators and their associated ATSs must comply with the requirements of NFPA 110 Chapter 8. The diesel generators are to be tested once a month for 30 minutes and loaded to at least 30% of their nameplate rating. Under certain codes the generator shall be annually loaded to 30% for 3 hours and then 75% for the last hour of the test. Obviously, all of the tests are to be witnessed and documented as are the associated automatic transfer switches transition modes. Figure 6 depicts a typical emergency generator with multiple automatic transfer switches. The total solution A sound understanding of the defined means of egress is critical for proper implementation of emergency lighting systems. Though the various codes and standards appear convoluted at times, there is consistency among their interpretation and cross-references. Once the applicable codes have been determined, one can navigate through the minutia and derive a viable lighting solution that will be suitable to the AHJ. The key parameters of emergency lighting for means of egress are 1.0 fc average, 0.1 fc minimum, a uniformity ratio of 40:1, and 90 minutes of continuous illumination. If the building is occupied, it will likely require emergency egress lighting. All egress areas require more than one lamp that serves that area. The most common sources of emergency lighting are a battery-powered packaged unit, a UL 924 lighting inverter, a self contained battery-powered packaged unit (bug eye), and a generator. Size, use, and classification of a given building are used to determine the most cost-effective solution for an emergency lighting system. For certain building types, the emergency illumination system will be a hybrid system that will incorporate both emergency generators and battery-powered sources. Monthly testing and annual functional testing are not precluded for hybrid systems. Consequently, good documentation for each system will be required for the AHJ review and certification. The responsibility for record keeping ultimately is the building owner’s. Thom Flickinger is a senior electrical engineer at Affiliated Engineers Inc. He has more than 30 years of design and project management experience in power distribution, information, security systems, distributed power systems, construction administration, and software development, serving the healthcare, research, higher education, mission critical, cleanroom, infrastructure, museum, and expo center markets. Powered by ContentStream®	<urn:uuid:08c68027-a2a3-42ae-b1a6-9c37c8bc9d13>	CC-MAIN-2017-22	http://www.schneider-electric.com.hk/en/work/insights/the-basics-of-emergency-illumination.jsp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463609605.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170528062748-20170528082748-00158.warc.gz	en	0.925777	4,011	2.953125	3	2.734158	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Turquoise Jewelry has been made by Native American Indians of the Southwestern United States since approximately 1860. Vintage Turquoise Jewelry has become highly collected and sought after by American Indian Historians and collectors of Western Americana. Collectors of Antique American Jewelry appreciate Antique Turquoise Jewelry and consider Vintage Turquoise Jewelry to be an important era of American History. There are many different types of Vintage Silver Jewelry. Antique Navajo Turquoise Jewelry is most dominate when collecting Vintage Turquoise Jewelry followed by Zuni, Santo Domingo and Hopi. The Navajo Indians were the most ambitious in making Turquoise Jewelry in the early years and as it became more popular near the turn of the 19th century the Zuni Indians began making their style of Turquoise Jewelry. The Santo Domingo Indians of the Rio Grande Valley were making Turquoise Bead Necklaces early on (pre 1860) and were trading them to the Navajo as well as in Santa Fe. Native American Turquoise jewelry began showing up in Navajo Jewelry around 1880, which was shortly after they began working with Silver. The first Vintage Turquoise Jewelry made by the Navajo Indians was fairly crude in today's standards as they made their Jewelry in open fire pits with bellows and ancient tools. Early antique pieces of Turquoise Jewelry were made by melting Silver coins, pouring them into ingots and hammering the ingots out into sheet and wire to be make into Jewelry. Vintage Turquoise Jewelry made from ingots is now very rare, highly collected and expensive. As demand for American Indian Turquoise Jewelry grew from the advent of tourism and Indian Traders bringing Turquoise Jewelry to the west coast to market it, Indian Jewelry became more refined. Sophisticated tools and gas torches started showing up around 1900-20 and quickly spread throughout the Indian Reservations of the Southwest and higher production of Turquoise Jewelry began. The Vintage Turquoise Jewelry from the 1900-1940 period is also highly collected as it to was totally made by hand with natural American Turquoise. The Turquoise used in Antique Turquoise Jewelry plays an important roll in collecting Vintage Turquoise Jewelry as well. Turquoise has a completely different appearance from individual Turquoise Mines. Educated Vintage Turquoise Jewelry collectors can pinpoint the date the Vintage Jewelry was made by the type of Turquoise that was used in the Jewelry. Some of the early Turquoise Mines were the Cerrillos Turquoise Mine, Manassa Turquoise Mine, Number 8 Turquoise Mine, Blue Gem Turquoise Mines, Morenci Turquoise Mine and the Kingman Turquoise Mine. You can find more information on Turquoise Mines in our Turquoise Mines List and you can also find additional information on Vintage Turquoise Jewelry at our sister site. Durango Silver Company sells Vintage Turquoise Jewelry and have been noted as being leading authorities on Antique Turquoise Jewelry for decades as John Hartman has been a collector of American Frontier Items and his specialty has always been Antique American Indian Turquoise Jewelry. These two Antique Turquoise Bracelets were both Navajo Indian made from ingots of Coin Silver. The Navajo Indians would obtain U.S. Coin Currency from the U.S. Calvary than the Indian Traders, melt them down and pour them into ingots, which are Silver bars. They would than pound them out into sheet, in this case, and then work the silver with steel tools that they made themselves as well. The tools were made from the steel rims of the wagon wheels, old steel files and blacksmith steel. Blacksmithing started many years prior to Silversmithing. Atsidi Sani, believed to be the first known Navajo Silversmith began as a Blacksmith forging steel. To the left - Is an unusual Vintage Turquoise Ingot Bracelet, the Silver was pounded out of an ingot into sheet, it was then worked and two pieces of sheet were forged together in a fire pit to make the Bracelet Frame. The Silver was then stamped and bezels were applied to accommodate The Turquoise Stones. This what is considered super classic vintage Turquoise jewelry. To The right - Is a heavy, hand forged, Coin Silver Turquoise Ingot Bracelet with early Kingman or Morenci Turquoise. This Vintage Turquoise Jewelry Bracelet with hand sawed from an Ingot into The desired shape, hand stamped and bent to shape, then bezels were forged on the bracelet frame in an open pit fire with the use of bellows and solder made from mixing tin with silver. The Navajo would make the bezels fit the stones, then would strap them to the bracelet Frame with thin steel wire to hold them into place while heating it up in the fire to forge the pieces together. This is the processed used in most of the first phase vintage Turquoise jewelry. These photos show two Vintage Turquoise Cuff Bracelets from different periods of time. To The left - The Navajo Cuff Bracelet on The left was made from Coin Silver that was poured into and ingot and pounded into sheet silver. The beaded designs around The Turquoise Stones are made by heating small pieces of silver to a molten state on a charcoal block - they ball up when they become molten. The Bracelet was wired together with fine steel wire, put into a blacksmith furnace and forged together with a Silver and Tin mixture. The Turquoise Stones were probably hand cut, sanded and polished on The Navajo Silversmith's leg. It was made between 1900 and 1930. To The right - The Turquoise Cuff Bracelet was made at a much later date as it was made with factory fabricated Sterling Silver Sheet and wire that was purchased from a Trading Post or Jewelers Supply Company. This vintage Turquoise jewelry bracelet is a very nice second phase piece of Navajo Turquoise Jewelry that was made in a more refined and desired design of the 1930's to The 1950's. The Turquoise Stone looks like it came from the Tonopah, Nevada area - probably the Tonopah Blue Gem Turquoise Mine. This stone was cut with lapidary machines which is detected by the professional cut and the high polish of the stone. Hear are two beautiful Zuni Vintage Turquoise Pins made 1930-1950 period. The Zuni Indians are famous for their stonework such as their Inlay Jewelry, and in particular Needlepoint or Petit Point cut Turquoise Stones. These particular Vintage Pins have Petit Point cut Turquoise Stones that were cut by The artists that made each individual piece. Today Zuni Jewelry is some of the most popular silver jewelry in the world. To The left - A Navajo handcrafted Vintage Thunderbird Pin that was handcrafted from Sterling Silver sheet that was traded for by The Silversmith at The area Trading Post of Jewelry Supply Post. It is uniquely hand stamped and has a hand cut Turquoise Stone, it was made between 1920-1940. To The right - A Zuni handcrafted Vintage Turquoise Inlay Pin in a Wing Knife Design. It has Inlay Turquoise, Coral, Mother of Pearl and Jet Stones and was made between 1930-1950. To The left - An old Navajo Concho, probably from a Vintage Concho Belt, that was turned into a Western Belt Buckle. This Vintage Concho was handcrafted from Sterling Silver sheet. It has a reposed, fluted center that was stamped in a two piece hand made die set. The Silversmith would anneal The Silver to a dead soft state, put it over a female cut stamp and with a sledge hammer pound The male stamp onto The Silver Sheet driving it into The female part of The stamp that has The recessed flutes. Outside to The fluted center is a chased Silver Ring Design and then scallop stamped and filed edging. The Silver Concho was originally made between 1930-1950 period. To The right - Is a Vintage Santo Domingo Chunk Turquoise Bead Necklace. It was hand cut from raw Turquoise that probably came out of The Cerrillos Hills just north of The Santo Domingo Pueblo. The Turquoise Nuggets were hand polished by rubbing them in sand to a rounded state and then finishing them to a polish with a piece of leather on their leg. The round beads were ground round on sandstone rocks that are native in The Santo Domingo Pueblo area. The holes were drilled with crude hand drills made of wood and string with a handmade steel drill bit hammered from a piece of steel. This Vintage Turquoise Bead Necklace was made between 1910-1940. To The left - A Vintage Turquoise Ring Navajo handcrafted about 1940. It has a nice Battle Mountain area Turquoise Stone and was made in a classic old style of that period - twisted wire, rain drops and a three prong ring shank accented with raindrops. To The right - A classic pair of Vintage Turquoise Earrings that are Zuni Indian made with squash blossoms and beautiful Battle Mountain Blue Gem Turquoise. This style of Turquoise earring was made from 1930-1950 and were made for tourists as well as The Native American Indian women. Learn more about Vintage Turquoise Jewelry We hope you have enjoyed our presentation and have gained some useful knowledge from it. You can learn more about Vintage Turquoise Values by visiting our page on Vintage Turquoise Jewelry Values. We invite you to learn more about Turquoise and Turquoise Jewelry by following the links in our Learning Center to other informational pages that we have written on different topics related to Turquoise Jewelry. In addition, we would like to invite you to join our E-Mail Newsletter - about once every other month we send out a Newsletter to inform our members of what's happening with Durango Silver Company, new products, specials for our members and more. We also have a monthly drawing from our member base to give away free Turquoise Jewelry from our company. Please take a moment to become one of our friends by signing in below. Thank you for reading about Vintage Turquoise Jewelry.	<urn:uuid:b1f358d0-eb80-421c-b9eb-b18c1cc5c9b9>	CC-MAIN-2015-32	http://www.durangosilver.com/vintage-turquoise-jewelry.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042988962.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002308-00306-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.963371	2,198	2.75	3	2.346721	2	Moderate reasoning	Home & Hobbies
Endometrioma biopsies show altered levels of microRNAs — the small RNA molecules capable of regulating gene expression — compared with normal endometrium samples, a study reports. The study, “Differentially-Expressed miRNAs in Ectopic Stromal Cells Contribute to Endometriosis Development: The Plausible Role of miR-139-5p and miR-375,” was published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. The treatments available for endometriosis, such as estrogen and progestin hormone therapy, are mainly to relieve pain. Currently lacking are therapies to target specific molecular pathways that are altered in endometriosis. Among the molecular alterations detected in endometrial lesions is a group of small regulatory molecules, called microRNAs. These microRNAs are a special class of short RNA molecules capable of regulating gene expression, or protein production. A single microRNA can regulate the expression of more than 100 genes. Although increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs can help halt disease progression, while others may actually promote endometriosis, few studies have profiled microRNAs in different endometrial tissues. Therefore, a group of researchers performed an RNA sequencing analysis to map all the RNA molecules, including microRNAs, in stroma cells (connective tissue) of the endometrium. They took four samples each from biopsies of eutopic (at the correct place) endometrium, and endometrioma, a cystic mass arising from ectopic, or misplaced, endometrial tissue within the ovary. The RNA sequencing analysis identified a total of 719 miRNAs in the eutopic samples, and 637 miRNAs in the endometrioma samples. The analysis revealed that 149 miRNAs were abnormally expressed in the endometrioma — specifically, the levels of 78 microRNAs was increased, while the other 71 had reduced expression compared with the eutopic endometrium. Two microRNAs — microRNA-139-5p and microRNA-375 — showed the most significant deregulation, with the levels of microRNA-139-5p being the highest, and the microRNA-375 the lowest compared with the control samples (eutopic endometrium). The expression of both microRNAs — higher for microRNA-139-5p and lower for microRNA-375 — in the ectopic endometrium was further confirmed by a more sensitive technique called quantitative real-time PCR. “Although there are contradicting results regarding ESR1 expression in ectopic endometrium, in particular ovarian endometriosis, it is widely accepted that the ESR1 gene has a pivotal role in endometriosis pathogenesis [disease development],” the researchers wrote. Low levels of microRNA-375 have also been reported in previous studies using both whole eutopic and ectopic tissues, they added. While its function remains unknown, one of the potential targets of microRNA-375 is the EDN1 gene, whose expression is reported to be higher in stromal cells of ectopic origin than those from the eutopic endometrium. This study “revealed remarkable differences in miRNA expression patterns between stromal cells isolated from the endometrium and endometriomas,” the researchers wrote. “The current results provide evidence that further studies are needed to learn about the interactions within and between all cell populations of endometriotic lesions and to uncover the exact molecular mechanisms behind the disease pathogenesis.”	<urn:uuid:5a588fd9-7870-447d-a330-98113965c89a>	CC-MAIN-2022-40	https://endometriosisnews.com/2018/12/18/endometrioma-cells-show-deregulated-levels-of-micrornas-study/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335365.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929194230-20220929224230-00621.warc.gz	en	0.922547	745	2.65625	3	3.081905	3	Strong reasoning	Health
The research into fluoride has been gathering momentum over the past few years with more research being carried out in fluoridated areas. This is leading us to the inescapable conclusion that fluoridation is neither safe or effective. At a glance: - 2020 Babies fed infant formula using fluoridated water have significantly lowered IQ - 2019 Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy with a 3 fold increase in ADHD diagnoses in Canadian offspring - 2019 Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy associated with lowered IQ Scores in Canadian offspring - 2019 Canadian O’Brien Institute of Public Health ring alarm bells over fluoridation - 2019 Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. - 2019 Founder and director of the Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders (INND) issues statement - 2019 Fluoride Inhibits one of our most important enzymes - 2019 Fluoride contributes to impaired iodine absorption - 2019 Fluoride linked to Eye disease - 2019 World leading expert on lead warns of fluoride toxicity - 2018 Pre-natal fluoride exposure linked to ADHD - 2017 Pre-natal fluoride exposure linked to lowered IQ - 2015 Fluoridation linked to hypothyroidism - 2015 Fluoridation linked to ADHD 2020 January Published in Environment International. Found that for every 1 mg/L increase in tap water fluoride there was a 9 IQ point decrease in the formula-fed infants but almost no decrease in exclusively breastfed infants. Breastmilk is highly protective against fluoride exposure to the baby because concentrations of fluoride in breastmilk are at least 100 times lower than in formula made from fluoridated water. 2019 December Published in Environment International. Found a strong association between fluoride exposure and diagnoses of ADHD in a Canadian sample that is representative of the entire country. From a survey that is Canada’s equivalent to NHANES in the US. Adolescents living in fluoridated places had a 3-fold greater odds of being diagnosed with ADHD as those in non-fluoridated areas. This finding suggests that fluoridated water may cause the majority of all ADHD cases. 2019 August Published in the prestigious JAMA Pediatrics this study looks at fluoride urine levels and fluoride exposure in pregnant Canadian women. It finds fluoride exposure from fluoridated water is significantly associated with lowered IQ in their offspring. 2019 August Fluoride exposure may contribute to complex changes in kidney and liver related parameters among U.S. adolescents. 2019 July The Canadian O’Brien Public Health Institute produced a report for the Calgary City Council. On neurotoxicity they said “The new emerging studies in this domain need to be tracked very closely, and carefully evaluated as they appear. We expect that health agencies at local, national, and international levels will confer and compare notes as they iteratively review, and re-review, this evidence”. 2019 May. “Discontinue Fluoridation to reduce fluoride exposure ” says founder and director of the Institute of Neurotoxicology and Neurological Disorders (INND) Toxicologist Steve Gilbert, PhD, and his non-profit organization, the Institute of Neurotoxicology & Neurological Disorders, have produced a statement opposing fluoridation. It’s at his “Connecting the Dots” website 2019 April Fluoride Inhibits a Crucial Enzyme 2019 March Fluoride Contributes to Iodine Deficiency Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health 2019 March Fluoride linked to Eye disease 2018 December World leading expert on lead warns of fluoride’s neurotoxicity 2017 September Pre-natal fluoride exposure linked to lowered IQ. This study measured the fluoride urine levels of pregnant mothers and found every 1 mg/L increase in fluoride was associated with a 5 IQ point drop in their offspring. The fluoride urine levels were the same as levels found in pregnant New Zealand women. 2015 Fluoridation linked to lower thyroid function 2015 US Study on ADHD published in Environmental Health Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: an ecological association Other important developments have been: 2019 The US National Toxicology Program released its draft review of fluoride exposure. It concluded that “Fluoride is presumed to be a cognitive neurodevelopmental hazard to humans”. 2019 The US Human and Health Services reduced the maximum allowable fluoride in bottled water to 0.7ppm 2018 NZ Supreme Court rules fluoridation is compulsory medical treatment without informed consent 2016 The US Human and Health Services reduces fluoride level in fluoridated water to a maximum of 0.7ppm 2014 NZ Review In 2014 the NZ Royal Society and the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor produced a report on fluoridation. See the Report, the criticisms and the background.	<urn:uuid:7db70ed4-ee79-4f70-8656-4e4c97296398>	CC-MAIN-2022-27	https://fluoridefree.org.nz/fluoride-research-since-the-2014-nz-fluoridation-report/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103334753.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627134424-20220627164424-00214.warc.gz	en	0.929163	1,041	3.28125	3	2.985982	3	Strong reasoning	Health
Forget the doomsayers' prediction of legions of nanobots wreaking havoc when it comes time for fabrication. Researchers in the nano trenches insist that molecular-scale devices will remain tethered tightly to existing silicon lithography for the foreseeable future. Researchers nationwide participating in the current $850 million U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative (and the upcoming $3.7 billion U.S. 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act) are studying all angles of nanoscale electronics and other nanobot "precursors" such as nanoelectromechanical devices. However, only the deepest research basements are attempting to reinvent silicon-manufacturing techniques and assemble nanoscale electronic devices from scratch. Scientists are looking for a meeting point between bottom-up nanoscale self-assembly steps and top-down silicon lithography steps. One thing everyone agrees on is that achieving perfection at the nanoscale level is never going to happen. Approaches to dealing with the inherent imperfection of the nano-to-micro interface fall into two camps: render imperfection transparent through redundancy and error correction, or embrace-even harness-imperfection through self-organized maps and exotic materials. "What Hewlett-Packard Labs and Caltech, for instance, are doing to solve the problem is use a smart demultiplexing scheme to reduce the number of I/O lines to something manageable," said professor James Tour at Rice University (Houston). "Say you only have to address four lines to reach 100 crossings in a crossbar switch-that's pretty good." Tour posited a situation where "you could have a row of lines coming out at a pitch of 10 nanometers, and not all of them will be good." A solution might be to adopt the tactics used by a hard-disk drive, which "maps around bad blocks on the disk," he said. "There are a lot of smart people in industry thinking about this." With the semiconductor industry panting over the possibilities inherent in extending the micron-scale chip into the nanoscale realm with smart demultiplexing and error correction, you'd think harebrained ideas about "harnessing inhomogeneities" would be on the back burner. You would be wrong, however. Tour's group at Rice University, for instance, is exploring "nanocells" (see www.eetimes.com/story/OEG20031031S0022) that handle imperfections, even defects, by mapping around them. "What we are doing with our nanocell is at the other extreme from perfection," Tour said. "We expect there to be inhomogeneities. What we are saying is that we are going to have a plethora of nanoscale devices on-chip, and we are not going to worry about where they are or how they work; instead, we will just use voltage pulses to program them to do what we want them to do." Tour said that "there are a lot of different ways to get around inhomogeneity. Our nanocell can handle a ton of it. Hewlett-Packard's crossbar can deal with about 3 percent faults, but 4 percent is much harder." Whether you are for or against perfection at the nanoscale, you will find yourself in good company. "Both sides have their advocates, but we really don't have enough data to really make a declaration as to what degree of perfection we are dealing with yet," said professor Chris Gorman, one of 11 nanotechnology researchers at North Carolina State University. "We don't even yet know how reliably a single-molecule device will work, even if it is perfectly synthesized and assembled. We may have to use small collections of molecules, but it's too early to tell." And that is the crux of the problem: A nanometer is the size of a molecule-about four or five atoms. Hence, at the extreme small end of the nanoscale, individual molecules are proposed as the information carriers. But how can molecules store information? In the imagined world of runaway nanobots, the solutions to such problems are simple and obvious-molecules represent ones and zeroes by simply changing state electrically, magnetically or even by altering shape. In the real world of silicon lithography, however, single molecules may not prove reliable enough to be trusted with our bank balances-at least not without transparent error correction.'Unsolved issues' To gauge how much trust to impart to individual molecules, Gorman's three-year study for the National Science Foundation's National Interdisciplinary Research Team program will attempt to connect microscale devices to individual molecules, right down to the holy grail-a three-terminal, single-molecule transistor. Characterizing the reliability and switching capabilities of molecular devices in general is Gorman's goal, rather than proving the concept, which researchers have already done many times. In short, Gorman's task for NSF is to characterize molecular devices well enough so that industrial researchers can determine how best to pick up the baton. As the National Science Foundation points out: "This type of research will ultimately be performed by corporate research and development, but at NSF we believe that there are fundamental, unsolved issues that must be addressed before such entities can assume the risk of such research." What this means to electrical engineers today is that researchers don't yet even know if molecular-size devices are best-suited for encoding information in digital, analog or some other form, like the "qubits" used by quantum dots. Many different molecules are capable of switching digitally, but Gorman at North Carolina State plans to characterize their reliability as well as measure the analog capabilities of single molecules-such as amplification. "We want to demonstrate gain, and we are hoping to change the charge state of a molecule in order to achieve amplification," Gorman said. Funded to the tune of $1.3 million, his three-year study, "Hierarchical Assembly of Interconnects for Molecular Electronics," will approach the nanoscale-to-microscale interface by attempting a "perfect," albeit self-assembled, array of nanoscale transistors on an otherwise lithographically patterned silicon wafer. The process is called orthogonal self-assembly. "The orthogonal self-assembly principle has been out there as an idea for quite a while, but it's never been tested in this sort of way," Gorman said. "We want to test how robustly orthogonal self-assembly can allow us to put a molecule in the right place, in the right orientation." The main idea that Gorman professes to be testing is no less than whether orthogonal self-assembly, as a fusion of top-down and bottom-up fabrication approaches, will solve the nano-to-micro interface problem. "Self-assembly represents the bottom-up approach, and the conventional silicon and metal lithography represents the top-down approach. We are going to try and figure out what proportion of each seems to be a good first solution, and if we can establish some rules, then that will open up a lot of ground for optimization," Gorman said. Meanwhile, other researchers think engineers must give up traditional digital-vs.-analog thinking altogether, and instead embrace the inherent quantum nature of the nanoscale. By confining information carriers to less than the scale of a molecule, the inherent quantum-mechanical quantities dominate its behavior, for instance, the qubits of quantum dots. The extremely small size of quantum dots-typically 1 to 10 nanometers-plus their floating-gate architecture make them a natural for fabricating in selected areas of pre-patterned silicon wafers. One such project, also funded by the National Science Foundation at $1.2 million for three years, is in progress at the University of Texas (Austin). "To bridge the gap between traditional lithography and quantum dots will take a little bit of everything," said professor Sanjee Banerjee at the University of Texas. "One approach we are trying is not to use lithography to form the quantum dot, but instead to use spatially ordered self-assembly." The group, Banerjee said, is developing "a novel lithography technique, called imprint lithography, using a glass template-wherever there are dimples on the template, that's where holes on the wafer will form, hopefully allowing quantum dots to nucleate more uniformly in terms of size and spatial location." 'Get what we want' Banerjee's NSF research project, "Spatially Ordered Self-Assembled Quantum-Dot Gate Low-Voltage/Power, High-Speed Nanoscale Flash Memories," will attempt to pre-pattern wafers with lithography, while leaving areas for later fabrication of quantum dots. "There is still a kind of randomness to the size and placement of the quantum dots, so what we do is make sure that there is enough room for many, perhaps hundreds or thousands, of dots. We still don't know exactly where they are, but on average we can get what we want," Banerjee said. Schemes attempting to assign molecular-size devices to designated areas of a chip, perhaps using thousands of molecules to represent a single bit, are called "CMOS with afterburners." "I think something called 'CMOS with afterburners' will bridge the gap to the nanoscale first," said Rice University's Tour. "That's the idea that you use molecules to store your states, because it has already been demonstrated that you can store molecular states for as long as 15 minutes or longer without refreshing-making it competitive with flash."	<urn:uuid:c46a16c5-705e-42da-9af2-6a496545b4bd>	CC-MAIN-2014-10	http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1147997	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010722348/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091202-00023-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.95033	2,011	2.765625	3	2.97343	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Neural network image copyright applications As neural networks and artificial intelligence expand, companies such as Google (GOOG: Alphabet) can employ neural networks for the purpose detecting copyright infringement in photos used on websites (blogs) and uploaded to the internet. Neural network image copyright applications will no doubt be an application of artificial intelligence in the intellectual property arena. Having the ability to scan hundreds of thousands of images a second, an AI neural network can be tasked to look for a certain image. Computer imaging technology can convert a simple picture into a digital matrix (e.g., a “red, green, blue” matrix) of digital values which is fed into the neural network. From there images across the internet can be searched using Logistic Regression to determine which images likely infringe the copyrighted image. How to understand a neural network search for copyrighted images To understand how a neural network image copyright search would apply to the real world, we can think of the neural network as a dog which is tasked to “sniff” out the smell of a lost child. The child’s personal item (e.g., a jacket belonging to that lost child) is digitized (akin to the digitization of a copyrighted image) and is placed under the nose of the dog (fed into the neural network) so that it can obtain the scent of the child. The dog then proceeds to search for the lost child (just as the neural network searches for images that are identical to [or “substantially similar” to, as copyright law would have it]), thus finding the lost child. Using Logistic Regression to Explain How a Neural Network Would Search For a Copyrighted Image Techy Stuff: To get a bit into the mechanics of how the ocean of images on the internet could be classified as being a “match” or not to the image fed into the neural network, the computer would “score” the probability of whether each image is a match or not. As such, the neural network would employ something called “Logistic Regression,” where it identifies each of the data points of the digitized image as “x”, and it would plot the values on a y = wx + b graph. However, since we are looking for probability values between zero (0) and one (1), we would be looking for the “sigma” of wx + b / z [where “z” is the x-axis, and “sigma” values range from almost 0 (0% match) to almost 1 (100% match), although never touching 0% or 100% because we can never be 100% sure of whether an image is a match or not]. The output of this (sigma ((w x + b) / z)) is called “y hat”. With artificial intelligence and the deployment of neural networks, an intellectual property right holder (a copyright holder) could easily search for and identify images that are substantially similar to their copyrighted image. Techy Stuff: With the application of logistic regression, the way a neural network “understands” whether the results it is outputting [based on the algorithm(s) you fed it] are accurate or not. A neural network does this by comparing the “y hat” to the “y” (a digitized version of the original item). This comparison between the “y hat” output and the original is called the “loss function” for that particular output. This is akin to comparing a random object the dog searching for the lost child comes across as matching the scent of the lost child. In the copyright infringement analogy, the loss function is the comparison of the image posted on a website to the copyrighted image). Measuring and adjusting the efficiency of neural networks using loss functions and cost functions. Cost functions are something slightly different. A cost function measures the overall effectiveness of a search, taking into consideration the outputs of the loss function. Once the cost function (“J”) is obtained (to learn how effective the outputs of a neural network is), a neural network would then begin to employ something called a “gradient descent.” Think of the results of the cost function as an inverted parachute, and on every point of the inverted parachute (except the center at the lowest point), there is a slope. The lowest point is the point where the results of the neural network are most accurate. Thus, the neural network will analyze the slope at every point and it will sidestep either to the right or the left (on the parachute) until it finds itself at the lowest point. This allows the neural network to minimize its cost function and output the most accurate results. [NOTE: While I am attempting to simplify the idea of the concepts of “logistic regression,” a “loss function” and a “cost function,” the point is that in order to understand what a neural network is, it is important to understand what a neural network does. Thus far, it appears to me as if a neural network employs a logistic regression in order to compare one object to another.] How neural network image copyright applications can and will be misused While the difficulties which arise as the copyright holder then retains an attorney to seek significant monetary damages are a direct result and will be a significant issue to contend with in coming years and decades, the topic of monetary enforcement of the copyright rights are outside the scope of this article. Bottom Line about neural network image copyright applications In sum, we already know that a computer can digitize an image by separating out the image into sections (a matrix), and it can assign values to the red, green, and blue matrices. These matrices can be fed into a neural network just as the jacket of a lost child can be given to a dog to obtain the child’s scent. Through logistic regression, the neural network can scan and rate the probability of whether a particular image is a match (“y hat”) for the image being searched for. Further, the neural network can identify locations and websites on the internet where the image has been used (from there, it could be fed into a simple database to 1) identify the owner of the website, and 2) to match those owners displaying the copyrighted image with the copyright holder’s own database of individuals and companies (licensees) who have paid for the right (who have obtained a paid license) to display that copyrighted image on their website.	<urn:uuid:b34dbe06-4935-4984-a948-460bbb53cb99>	CC-MAIN-2019-04	https://www.cashmanip.com/tag/copyright-artificial-intelligence-applications/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583804001.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20190121172846-20190121194846-00161.warc.gz	en	0.928353	1,356	2.875	3	2.925368	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Since 2008, an online community has provided a safe space for social interaction and self-expression for thousands of 12 to 20-year olds who are living with a chronic health condition and/or disability, no matter where they live. Adolescence is a period of rapid physical, psychological, cognitive, emotional and social development. Having a chronic health condition and/or disability can severely compromise this trajectory. Young people in this situation have increased risks of experiencing negative psychosocial outcomes such as lower overall life satisfaction, poorer mental health, and lower self-efficacy. For adolescents in rural or regional areas, the isolation can be further compounded by a lack of peers with similar experiences, and the limited availability of, or access to, support services. Starlight’s Livewire online community The Starlight Children’s Foundation (Starlight) delivers programs in partnership with health professionals, to support children, adolescents and their families who are living with a serious illness, disability or health condition. After recognising the unique and unmet psychosocial needs of adolescents (and their siblings) in this situation and identifying a gap in the availability of online peer support programs, Starlight’s Livewire program was established in 2008. The online community is an actively moderated, safe and secure space that is accessible to those at home or in hospital, available when they need it, utilising a form of communication commonly used by young people. The online community was designed to connect peers who understand the complexity of living with chronic health conditions and to promote the voice of lived experience through live chat, private messaging, information provision, community and entertainment content, projects, and blogs. As an online service, Livewire has the benefit of being accessible to young people living in regional, rural and remote areas who may struggle to find local support or peer networks. Re-building the community In 2018 a review of Livewire was undertaken, acknowledging that technology, the organisation, and the sector has evolved significantly since the inception of the program. When the community started, young people rarely used mobile phones to access the program, and internet accessibility was comparatively limited. Over the years mobile devices have become become increasingly important in maintaining relationships and feeling connected with friends, current affairs, and youth culture. For the site to stay relevant, the Livewire program needed to progress. Young people were telling Starlight they wanted it to be easier to use on mobile devices, faster and more interactive. The new design has taken this all into account, partnering with young people throughout the process to ensure the new site matched their vision. As well as redeveloping the site, Starlight also reviewed the membership and who could access the community. As part of this process Starlight partnered with a number of expert mental health organisations including Reach Out and the Butterfly Foundation to review the need to expand Livewire’s membership to include young people with a primary mental health diagnosis. A key recognition in the process was that there is already a cohort of current Livewire members with known mental health conditions (often as secondary outcome of their initial illness). The findings of the review led to the formal inclusion of adolescents and young people with a mental health diagnosis.. Given the limited resources in rural and regional areas, this broadening of the community has been welcomed by both health professionals and young people. Informal feedback from members and parents has indicated that they credit Livewire with benefits in the member’s wellbeing, influenced by opportunity for social connection and inclusion, and encouragement of positive coping mechanisms. Connection and support across the country The Livewire online community has supported thousands of 12 to 20-year-olds, providing a safe space for connection and a platform for social interaction, self- expression, understanding, and personal development. Members share stories and talk about whatever’s going on in their life, from upcoming medical procedures to issues with friends and family. Their condition is the common denominator, but not necessarily the topic of their interactions. Livewire is place where they can simply be a young person and their geographical location presents no boundaries. The Starlight Children’s Foundation was a sponsor of the 15th National Rural Health Conference, Hobart 24-27 March 2019.	<urn:uuid:031e24b9-7b9f-4441-ba89-942b44db1fa9>	CC-MAIN-2023-50	https://www.ruralhealth.org.au/partyline/article/livewire-connecting-chronically-ill-youth-across-country	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100518.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20231203225036-20231204015036-00702.warc.gz	en	0.95699	855	2.53125	3	2.98347	3	Strong reasoning	Health
The 19th century was the odd one out in British history. It should really be called “the long 19th century”, as it seems to stretch almost 150 years from the latter decades of the 1700s to the end of the First World War. It was a time of tumultuous change. Previously, throughout most of English history, the South was more prosperous than the North. You can see evidence of this in the great parish churches of East Anglia, which were built out of the profits of the wool trade. London, of course, was always the largest and richest city in the land – but in the early 18th century, the next two in terms of population were Bristol and Norwich. The Industrial Revolution changed all that; they were supplanted by the rapidly growing cities of Lancashire, Yorkshire and the Midlands: Manchester, Leeds and Birmingham – while Liverpool became England’s great Atlantic port in place of Bristol. Something similar happened in Scotland. For most of Scottish history, Scotland looked east to Europe, and north-east to Scandinavia. Edinburgh was established as the capital, and through its port of Leith, became the country’s chief commercial centre along with Aberdeen and Dundee. The 1707 Treaty of Union, which opened England’s overseas empire to the Scots, changed all this. Glasgow flourished thanks to the sugar and tobacco trades with the West Indies and Virginia, and then became the centre of heavy industry. By the end of the 19th century, Glasgow was more than twice the size of Edinburgh. More ships were launched on the Clyde than in Germany, and Glasgow boasted of being “the second city of the Empire”. But by the middle of the 20th century this process had gone into reverse. In England, London continued to grow, and its economic power was unrivalled. The South and South East flourished, as light industry replaced metal-bashing. The Midlands did well enough, particularly as the centre of the car industry. But the great cities of northern England went into decline. Much the same happened in Scotland. Glasgow declined, Edinburgh flourished and grew; and then, on account of North Sea oil, Aberdeen did likewise, achieving unprecedented prosperity. None of this was planned. The rise and fall of the north of England and of west-central Scotland were the result of the working of national and international markets. It was the markets, not governments, that made Manchester, Leeds, Newcastle and Glasgow economic powerhouses; the markets, not governments, that made Liverpool and Glasgow great ports. And it was market forces that led to their decline and the present prosperity of London and the South East, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. Indeed, that decline persisted despite numerous Government attempts to arrest it by the injection of public money. Now, George Osborne, the Chancellor, has revealed an ambitious scheme to achieve the regeneration of the north of England by means of public investment in transport and infrastructure, in education and the provision of facilities for investment in science and technology – and by restoring authority and autonomy to local government, in order to encourage the self-reliance and audacity that characterised municipalities in the 19th century. Many will be sceptical. We have grown accustomed to believing that market forces possess an irresistible momentum, and that central planning of the economy is doomed to failure. Indeed it often is. But not always. It was central planning of its economy which saw France transform itself from being a predominantly agricultural country in the decades after 1945, the time now remembered by the French as “the 30 glorious years”. So planning sometimes works. In England, some of the New Towns such as Milton Keynes, built after the Second World War, have proved more successful than the sceptics thought likely. Mr Osborne lays stress on the importance of infrastructure – and in particular of improving cross-country rail in the North. In the modern world, the provision of rail links is almost never left to market forces any more than the building of motorways has been. You supply the infrastructure, and business responds. Conversely, without good roads and railways, businesses will be reluctant to establish themselves where they might be of great social value.. So the Chancellor’s proposals are bold. They are also necessary if the imbalance of our economy is to be corrected. It is laissez-faire liberalism that distrusts the state. Toryism, in contrast, has recognised that there is often a need for the state to intervene in order to restrain market forces, or to correct or adjust their working. Nevertheless, the hand on the tiller must be light. State intervention is most effective when it seeks to guide the market and work in harmony with it, rather than flying in the face of markets in an attempt to coerce them. And it is possible – or just possible – that Mr Osborne will be lucky, because his timing may be right. The overcrowding and cost of living, especially the cost of housing, in London and the South East may be reaching a tipping point. If so, then the markets may see opportunities for investment and development in the northern cities of England, and in Glasgow and the west in Scotland. Nothing is cast in stone; economies must be flexible if they are to create wealth. A combination of market interests and intelligent planning may alter the pattern of the economy, and may make the second half of this century more like the 19th century than the last hundred years.	<urn:uuid:6c2a1265-e8e1-438a-8744-dcdd67eb126c>	CC-MAIN-2014-42	http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/georgeosborne/11013823/The-time-is-right-for-the-North-to-rise-again.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443438.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00145-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz	en	0.971384	1,104	3.34375	3	2.952094	3	Strong reasoning	Politics
It is a popular misconception that the phenomenon of a total eclipse of the sun is a rare occurrence. Quite the contrary. Approximately once every 18 months (on average) a total solar eclipse is visible from some place on the Earth’s surface. That's two totalities for every three years. But how often is a total solar eclipse visible from a specific location on Earth? That's another story altogether. Solar eclipse's shadowy details On the average, the length of the moon's shadow at new moon is 232,100 miles (373,530 km), and the moon's distance to the Earth's surface is, on average, 234,900 miles (378,030 km). This means that when the moon passes directly in front of the sun, it the lunar disk will appear slightly smaller than the disk of the sun, and skywatchers will witness what's known as an annular eclipse, with a dazzling ring of sunlight still visible around the moon's silhouette. Of course total solar eclipses do occur, because the new moon’s distance can vary between 217,730 miles (350,400 km) and 247,930 miles (399,000 km) from the Earth’s surface, on account of the moon’s elliptical orbit. So now, let's return to our original question: How often a total eclipse can be seen from a specific point on the Earth's surface? The science of prediction Predicting the details of a solar eclipse requires not only a fairly good idea of the motions of the sun and moon, but also an accurate distance to the moon and accurate geographical coordinates. Rough determinations of eclipse circumstances became possible after the work of Claudius Ptolemy (around A.D.150), and diagrams of the eclipsed sun have been found in medieval manuscripts and in the first books printed about astronomy. Since the distance to the moon varies, the width of the path of totality differs from one eclipse to another. This width will change even during a single eclipse, because different parts of the Earth lie at different distances from the moon and also because of geometrical effects as the shadow falls at an oblique angle onto the Earth's surface. In calculating a solar eclipse, one of the first steps is to determine the shadow's relation to the "fundamental plane," which passes through the Earth's center and is perpendicular to the moon-sun line. The path of the axis of the shadow across this plane is virtually a straight line. It is from this special geometry, that the intersection of the moon's dark shadow cone with the rotating spheroid of our Earth must be worked out, using lengthy procedures in trigonometry. To say the least, these factors can make the calculations quite involved (although today's high-speed PCs can effortlessly crunch the numbers, making the task much easier). In their classical textbook "Astronomy" (Boston, 1926), authors H.N. Russell, R.S. Dugan and J.Q. Stewart noted that: "Since the track of a solar eclipse is a very narrow path over the earth's surface, averaging only 60 or 70 miles in width, we find that in the long run a total eclipse happens at any given station only once in about 360 years." More recently, Jean Meeus of Belgium, whose special interest is spherical and mathematical astronomy, recalculated this figure statistically on an HP-85 microcomputer and found that the mean frequency for a total eclipse of the sun for any given point on the Earth's surface is once in 375 years. A value that is very close to the figure that Russell, Dugan and Stewart arrived at. Related: Amazing Solar Eclipse Photos Without retracing these computations, there is perhaps another way to check the validity of these answers. In the table below, is a listing of 25 cities. Twenty-three are in North America, plus two others: Honolulu, on the Hawaiian Island of Oahu, and Hamilton, the capital of Bermuda. Using two computer programs designed to scan through the centuries for eclipses, I first searched for the date of the most recent total solar eclipse that was visible from each city, then searched for the date when the next total eclipse for that city would take place. But it should first be stressed that the nearly four-century wait is merely a statistical average. Indeed, over a much shorter span of time, the paths of different eclipses can sometimes crisscross over a specific place, so in some cases the wait might not be so long at all. In fact, a 40-mile stretch of the Atlantic coast of Angola, just north of Lobito, experienced a total solar eclipse on June 21, 2001, and was treated to another on Dec. 4, 2002, after less than 18 months! On the other hand, as Meeus recently discovered, some spots on the Earth's surface may not see a total solar eclipse for 36 centuries (" … though this must be exceedingly rare," he notes). On our list of 25 selected cities, how close would we come to the computed mean-frequency of nearly 400-years between total eclipses? Here is the list: A single asterisk () denotes that either the northern or southern limit of the moon's umbral shadow only grazes a specific city; only part of that metropolitan area will see a total eclipse while the other part sees a partial eclipse. A double asterisk (*) indicates a date when the now-defunct Julian calendar was in effect. The average number of years between eclipses turned out to be nearly 534 years. Considering our relatively small survey of 25 cities, this is reasonably close to the once-in-almost four-century rule. A botched opportunity All of us who enjoy solar eclipses should be indebted to those astronomers who pioneered doing these extensive calculations; otherwise we would not know exactly where to position ourselves for the big event. Prussian astronomer Friedrich Bessel introduced a group of mathematical formulas in 1824 (now called "Besselian Elements") that greatly simplified the calculation of the position of the sun, moon and Earth. Related: The World's 1st Televised Solar Eclipse It is too bad that Bessel's procedures were not available in the late 18th century, when Samuel Williams, a professor at Harvard, led an expedition to Penobscot Bay, Maine, to observe the total solar eclipse of Oct. 27, 1780. As it turned out, this eclipse took place during the Revolutionary War and Penobscot Bay lay behind enemy lines. Fortunately, the British granted the expedition safe passage, citing the interest of science above political differences. And yet in the end, it was all for naught. Williams apparently made a fatal error in his computations (or used a poor map) and inadvertently positioned his men at Islesboro — outside the path of totality — likely finding this out with a heavy heart when the waning crescent of sunlight slid completely around the dark edge of the moon and started thickening! WARNING: Never look directly at the sun during an eclipse with a telescope or your unaided eye; severe eye damage can result. (Scientists use special filters to safely view the sun.) Editor's Note: If you snap an amazing picture of the July 2, 2019 total solar eclipse (opens in new tab), you can send photos, comments, and your name and location to managing editor Tariq Malik at [email protected]. Joe Rao serves as an instructor and guest lecturer at New York's Hayden Planetarium. He writes about astronomy for Natural History magazine, the Farmer's Almanac and other publications, and he is also an on-camera meteorologist for News 12 Westchester, N.Y. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.	<urn:uuid:64f81c25-2098-48f0-a10c-08319e5fb681>	CC-MAIN-2023-14	https://www.space.com/25644-total-solar-eclipses-frequency-explained.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949689.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331210803-20230401000803-00233.warc.gz	en	0.929932	1,611	3.5625	4	2.813374	3	Strong reasoning	Science & Tech.
Preschool, kindergarten, and first grade students love learning about the Olympic Winter Games! I’m sharing all of the fun activities, projects, crafts, challenges, party ideas, and more that we use in school with you today! Hi Sweet Friends! I never really think of February being a busy month in the classroom but it definitely is! Groundhog Day, Valentine’s Day, the Olympics this year, & President’s Day. Phew! We have had an absolute blast studying the Olympics this year! The Winter Games only come around once every 4 years so it is definitely worth following the games along with your students. I like to begin our unit with a quick read of this class book. After we read through the book, I give a pair of students a page with the text only and we illustrate our own class book. They LOVE to do this. It drives home the illustrator’s role and builds a deeper understanding of the material. The class book and ALL of the activities seen here are included in my TPT resource. You can find it by clicking the cover below. (Each Winter Games, this resource will be updated with information on the new location, new years for the headbands, and more! This means that you can purchase once and redownload for free every time under your “My Purchases” page.) I love to put word wall cards up for my students to reference as needed and the cards usually spark a discussion. It can get a little confusing but we discuss how there are 7 categories with 15 varied disciplines across the sports. Those 3 minute recaps are fascinating to watch each day. We found a couple of good YouTube videos to watch. They loved seeing the athletes actually perform. One thing included that I haven’t taken pictures of yet is the research project. Students are currently completing a project with their families. They choose an Olympian and do a little bit of research about the person. They are to be prepared to share by the end of the week. This is a colored sample I included to show the students my expectations. We didn’t do this one but you could also ask students to fill out this sheet where they choose what sport they would compete in. We made headbands to wear one day. The kids love wearing headbands to lunch. They are super simple when you staple them to a sentence strip. My students kept telling me they felt like kings and queens in these. 🙂 I told my students to color pictures of their favorite sports and attach them to the strip around the headband. You can see a few of them got quite creative! I also created an “ice rink” for my students to skate the figures from our dollhouse around in. They had so much fun with this! The trick was to laminate the sheet and lay it in the bottom of a casserole dish. I filled it about half full and stuck it in the freezer. Later I went back, added another layer, and put it back in the freezer again. I let them play with this during indoor recess. They skated those dolls around until they were soaked! We also created salt dough medals. I went into a little more detail in a recent post about Christmas ornaments so I won’t go into it too much but basically we mixed 1 cup of salt with 2 cups of flour. We added 1 cup of water and kneaded it until it felt somewhere between cookie dough and play dough. I used a pickle jar to form the circles. We laid them on a pan and labeled the “medals” with a dry-erase marker. The kids were able to come up and design their own medals. (Before we started this project, we spent time looking at all of the past designs of the Olympic medals and how unique they are.) Don’t forget to poke a hole through the top with a straw. You will need this later to hang the medals around your little athletes’ necks! Instead of baking these, I’m just going to let them dry until they get hard. I’m planning to let the kids paint these tomorrow with bronze, silver, or gold paint. We will string these around their necks and the students will also be wearing these “laurel wreath crowns”. My students are so excited that they will look like Moana on Friday! 😉 The torch was an easy craft I let my students complete during snack time. I almost forgot to share this fun game with you! Hide the Torch (or medal) is such a fun way to practice sight words. My students have been begging me to play this game with them every day. We discuss the words as I add them to the pocket chart. The students turn around and I place several torches behind various words. The student chooses a word to read and is then able to flip it over and see if one of the torches is behind it. I usually give each child a piece of candy and the winners get to grab something out of the prize box. They LOVE it! You can play this one with sight words, doubles, or doubles plus one. All of those options are available in the resource on TPT! I’ve sent home the parent letter that is also included and we are looking forward to an EDUCATIONAL celebration Friday as we count medals, enjoy fun snacks, and complete other activities in the resource. I know my little athletes will enjoy receiving their very own personalized certificate! How are you celebrating the Winter Games with your students? Let me know in the comments! Click on any of these covers to grab your resource! Looking forward to President’s Day? Click here! Pencils to Pigtails Blog – Happy Birthday George Washington! How about some St. Patrick’s Day fun? Pencils to Pigtails Blog – St. Patrick’s Day Twirlers Happy Teaching & Mommy-ing this week friends!	<urn:uuid:20d4d47f-665b-4fea-916a-1ec9abff5d74>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://pencilstopigtails.com/winter-games-2018-celebrating-the-olympics-in-the-classroom/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=winter-games-2018-celebrating-the-olympics-in-the-classroom	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00453.warc.gz	en	0.968319	1,245	2.9375	3	1.388474	1	Basic reasoning	Education & Jobs

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