problem_id stringlengths 6 8 | discipline stringclasses 2
values | image stringlengths 17 19 ⌀ | problem dict | answer stringlengths 1 1.36k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CHEM-001 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound A is a green volatile solid composed of three elements, with the chemical formula written as XYmZn, where n is equal to the square of m. A can be prepared by a metathesis reaction between B and C in an anhydrous system, with the other product being D. B is a yellow or green solid and is toxic. D was... | \(U(BH_4)_4\) |
CHEM-002 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The reaction mechanism is as follows:\n\n1. \\( \\text{BrO}_3^- + \\text{Br}^- + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_1} \\text{X} + \\text{Y} \\)\n2. \\( \\text{X} + \\text{Br}^- + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_2} \\text{Y} \\)\n3. \\( \\text{Ce}^{3+} + \\text{BrO}_3^- + \\text{X} + \\text{H}^+ \\xrightarrow{k_3} \\te... | \[ \frac{d[\text{Br}^-]}{dt} = -k_1[\text{Br}^-][\text{BrO}_3^-] - k_2[\text{HBrO}_2][\text{Br}^-] + k_5[\text{Ce}^{4+}] \]
\[ \frac{d[\text{Ce}^{4+}]}{dt} = 2k_3[\text{BrO}_3^-][\text{Br}^-] - k_5[\text{Ce}^{4+}] \] |
CHEM-003 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound X is a colorless to yellow liquid. Although it is inorganic, it is commonly used in organic reactions. X hydrolyzes to produce A and B, where A contains two elements with mass fractions of approximately 50% each. B reacts with P, a yellow-red liquid with a foul odor, to produce another irritating li... | SOBr2 |
CHEM-004 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Consider a circular DNA plasmid cut at one site by a restriction endonuclease, and the two ends are free to perform a random walk in three-dimensional space. Assume a discrete random walk on a three-dimensional lattice, and the number of steps \\(N\\) is an even number. Find the probability that the two ends... | \[
\sum_{n_1=0}^{N/2} \sum_{n_2=0}^{N/2-n_1} \frac{N!}{[n_1! n_2! (N/2-n_1-n_2)!]^2} \left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^N.
\] |
CHEM-005 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "In a chromium(III) chloride solution, reduction with zinc amalgam yields A. Then, adding acetic acid gives B. The B molecule is centrosymmetric, with a coordination number of 6 for Cr, and the mass fraction of Cr in B is 27.64%. Write the chemical formula of B.",
"zh": "在三氯化铬溶液中用锌汞齐还原得到A，再加入醋酸得到B。B分子呈现中心对称... | Cr2(OAc)4·2H2O |
CHEM-006 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "After an oxime compound is activated by TsCl, it can undergo rearrangement under strongly alkaline conditions to yield an α-amino-substituted carbonyl compound. A certain group hoped to use this method to introduce an amino group at the α-position of n-butanal in order to prepare α-amino acids in subsequent ... | CH3CH2CH2CN |
CHEM-007 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Consider the Boltzmann entropy\n\\[ S = k_B \\ln \\Omega \\]\nFor an ideal gas where particles have energy levels \\( \\varepsilon_0, \\varepsilon_1, \\varepsilon_2, \\ldots \\). For a system of \\( N \\) such particles, with \\( n_j \\) particles in energy level \\( \\varepsilon_j \\), \\( j = 0, 1, 2, \\ld... | \[
dS = k_B \ln\left( \frac{n_0}{n_j + 1} \right)
\] |
CHEM-008 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The metallic element M has only one natural isotope and exhibits multiple valence states in compounds. Binary compounds of M with chalcogen or halogen elements have a variety of different stoichiometric ratios. A is a binary compound with a special structure formed by M and the non-metallic element X, in whi... | Nb6I11 |
CHEM-009 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "DNA binding proteins (such as transcription factors) can interact with DNA by specifically binding to the promoter region or non-specifically binding to other locations on the DNA. The binding energies for specific and non-specific binding are \\(\\varepsilon_s\\) and \\(\\varepsilon_{ns}\\) respectively. Le... | \[ P_{\text{bound}} = \frac{1}{1 + \frac{N_{ns}}{N_p} \cdot \exp\left(\frac{\varepsilon_s - \varepsilon_{ns}}{k_B T}\right)} \] |
CHEM-010 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Penicillin sulfone can be converted to cephalosporin under the catalytic action of p-toluenesulfonic acid. If the sulfoxide oxygen atom is labeled with O18, in which substance will O18 mainly appear after the reaction?",
"zh": "盘尼西林砜在对甲苯磺酸催化作用下可转化为头孢霉素。若使用O18标记亚砜氧原子，反应后O18主要出现在哪种物质中？"
} | The water produced by the reaction |
CHEM-011 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound X is a crystal with a special structure, composed of three elements A, B, and C. Among them, the element A in its elemental form has a relatively low melting point. The anion in X has a trigonal bipyramidal structure, while the cation has an octahedral structure, and all elements in the cation exhib... | [Ba6N]Ga5 |
CHEM-012 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Salt A is insoluble in water. When it is fused together with oxide B which is also insoluble in water, salt C and a non-polar gaseous molecular oxide D are obtained. C is insoluble in water, but it can react with a certain acid E to yield F, G and water. F is insoluble in water, and G is a non-polar gaseous ... | SiF4 |
CHEM-013 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "When 1.0 mol of hydrogen peroxide without isotopes is dissolved in 1.0 mol of D₂O and the system reaches ion exchange equilibrium, find the entropy change of the mixing process (neglecting kinetic differences of isotopes).",
"zh": "当1.0mol不含同位素的过氧化氢溶于1.0mol D2O，体系达到离子交换平衡，求混合过程的熵变（忽略同位素的动力学差异）。"
} | 29J/(mol·K) |
CHEM-014 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A diol compound has a primary and a tertiary hydroxyl group, and there is a double bond at the δ position of the tertiary hydroxyl group. A plan was made to perform Swern oxidation on the substrate, followed by protecting the tertiary hydroxyl group with TBSOTf, but the resulting product was the one where th... | Prins reaction |
CHEM-015 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine ($\\text{C}_{6}\\text{H}_{14}\\text{N}_{2}$) is a common chelating ligand. Reacting with cobalt(II) chloride can prepare the complex $\\text{Co}(\\text{C}_{6}\\text{H}_{14}\\text{N}_{2})_{2}\\text{Cl}_{3}$. Please write the number of possible stereoisomers of this complex.",
"z... | 7 |
CHEM-016 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A strongly reducing gas A reacts with a strongly reducing sodium salt B at 180°C to yield a sodium salt C and a simple substance D. Conductivity experiments show that C is of the sodium sulfate type, and the formula weight of the anion in C is 141.8, with high symmetry. Write the chemical formula of C.",
"... | Na2B12H12 |
CHEM-017 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Organic compound X is a constitutional isomer of cyclohexanol. X reacts with potassium thiocyanate to yield Y. Under light, Y decomposes to form an alkene C, which has a D2h point group. Write the name of Y.",
"zh": "有机物X为环己醇的同分异构体，X与硫氰化钾作用得到Y，在光照下，Y分解生成生成烯烃C，C具有D2h点群。写出Y的名称。"
} | Tetramethylthiirane |
CHEM-018 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "There are 0.51 mol of solute A in 500g of water, and the boiling point rises by 0.38 K. If the ebullioscopic constant of the solvent is 0.52 K·kg/mol. Assume that solute A undergoes trimerization in it, find its standard equilibrium constant.",
"zh": "在500g水中有0.51mol的溶质A，沸点升高0.38K，若溶剂的沸点升高常数为0.52K·kg/mol。假... | 0.72 |
CHEM-019 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The compound TMSCH=CHCOPh (where TMS is the trimethylsilyl group) is refluxed with benzaldehyde and tributylphosphine to give a product with the molecular formula C16H14O. Write its structural formula.",
"zh": "化合物TMSCH=CHCOPh(其中TMS为三甲基硅基)与苯甲醛和三丁基膦一起回流，得到分子式为C16H14O的产物，写出其结构简式。"
} | PhCH2CH=CHCOPh and PhCH=CHCH2COPh, write one of them. |
CHEM-020 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Chloric acid can oxidize white phosphorus. Write the chemical reaction equation.",
"zh": "氯酸可将白磷氧化，写出反应方程式"
} | 10 HClO3 + 3 P4 + 18 H2O → 12 H3PO4 + 10 HCl |
CHEM-021 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The metal Ni reacts with the cycloalkene A in a 1:2 ratio to yield molecule B. B has a high degree of symmetry, and its nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum shows that there are only two types of hydrogen atoms. When B burns in pure oxygen, the mass of the resulting solid is 27.15% of its original ma... | Ni(C8H12)2 |
CHEM-022 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "When hypophosphorous acid is added to an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate and heated to above 40°C, a reddish-brown insoluble substance A is obtained. X-ray diffraction shows that the crystal of A has a wurtzite structure. Write the chemical formula of A.",
"zh": "将次磷酸加入到硫酸铜的水溶液中，加热至40℃以上，得到红棕色难溶物A。X... | CuH |
CHEM-023 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "(4-Methyl-3-cyclohexenyl)acetic acid reacts with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Given that the product does not contain fluorine, please write its molecular formula.",
"zh": "(4-甲基-3-环己烯基)乙酸与三氟乙酸酐反应，已知产物不含氟，请写出其分子式。"
} | C9H12O |
CHEM-024 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "As is well-known, the Mn element has multiple oxidation states, and correspondingly, it can also form a variety of oxides, such as MnO, MnO₂, etc. The thermodynamic constants of these compounds are shown in the following table:\n| | Mn | O₂ | MnO | Mn₃O₄ | Mn₂O₃ | MnO₂ |\n|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|\n| $\\Delta_f... | " 3-1 0∽757.0K：MnO2 757.0K∽1233K：Mn3O4 1233K∽1843K：Mn2O3 1843K-5075K：MnO
3-2 p(SO_2)=0.747bar，p(SO_3)=0.050bar，p(O_2)=0.240bar （0.5 point）" |
CHEM-025 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "PdCl2(PPh3)2 is widely used as a catalyst in the carbonyl insertion reaction of halogenated aromatic compounds. Please write three reaction steps in the cycle (indicate the oxidation state of Pd, and irrelevant ligands can be omitted).",
"zh": "PdCl2(PPh3)2广泛用于卤代芳香化合物插羰基反应的催化剂，请写出循环过程中的三个反应步骤(注明Pd的氧化态，可省略无... | Pd(0) + Ar-X → Ar-Pd(II)-X
Ar-Pd(II)-X + CO → Ar-C(O)-Pd(II)-X
Ar-C(O)-Pd(II)-X → Ar-C(O)-X + Pd(0) |
CHEM-026 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "N-Methylaniline can undergo rearrangement to give two products under the action of zinc chloride. Given that the rearrangement involves an SN2 process, please write the names of the two key electrically neutral intermediates of this reaction.",
"zh": "N-甲基苯胺在氯化锌的作用下可以发生重排得到两种产物。已知重排涉及SN2过程，请写出该反应的两个关键电中性中间... | Aniline, Chloromethane |
CHEM-027 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Organic compound A is a colorless liquid with a yogurt-like odor. The molecular formula of A is C4H8O2. A reacts with LDA, and the resulting anion has two planes of symmetry. Write the systematic name of A.",
"zh": "有机物A为无色液体，具有酸奶味。A的分子式为C4H8O2，A与LDA反应，生成的阴离子具有两个对称面。写出A的系统名称。"
} | 2-Methylpropanoic acid |
CHEM-028 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "An X-ray diffraction ($\\lambda = 0.169\\ nm$) of a cubic crystal system metal shows the first three peaks at $2\\theta = 45.1^{\\circ}$, $64.6^{\\circ}$, $81.6^{\\circ}$, corresponding to the crystal plane indices $(111)$, $(200)$, $(220)$ respectively. Calculate the atomic radius of this metal (unit: $nm$)... | 0.134nm |
CHEM-029 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Suspend 61.2 grams (0.2 moles) of 1,3-Propylenediaminetertaacetic acid in 1 liter of water. With stirring, add 94.8 grams (0.3 moles) of barium hydroxide octahydrate. The heating of the mixture is continued until the hydroxide is completely dissolved, yielding another white crystalline substance. Then add a ... | Ba[Co(C11H14N2O8)2]·8H2O |
CHEM-030 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "N-Phenylhydroxylamine can undergo rearrangement under the action of an acid. If methanol is used as the solvent, write the name of the reaction product.",
"zh": "N-苯基羟胺在酸作用下可以发生重排，若以甲醇为溶剂，写出反应产物名称。"
} | p-Anisidine (Para-methoxyaniline) |
CHEM-031 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Consider a continuous single-molecule chemical reaction that consists of N identical and irreversible elementary steps, each with a rate constant of k. Experimentally, it is found that the average waiting time for the formation of products is 689.0 milliseconds and the standard deviation is 243.6 millisecond... | \[
11.6 \, \text{s}^{-1}
\] |
CHEM-032 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "An experimental group attempted to use 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene as the substrate and carry out a sulfonation reaction on it using concentrated sulfuric acid, obtaining product A. However, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicates that A has 6 kinds of hydrogen atoms with different chemical environm... | 2,3,4,5-tetramethylbenzenesulfonic acid |
CHEM-033 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Organic compounds A and B can react with hydrochloric acid under the catalysis of a Lewis acid to yield an organic compound C with the molecular formula C₇H₇Cl. It is known that both A and C exhibit aromaticity, both A and B possess a threefold rotational axis, and both B and C contain a methylene group. Wri... | Paraformaldehyde or 1,3,5-trioxane |
CHEM-034 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The acid dissociation constant of an indicator HIn is \\( K_a = 1.0\\times10^{-5} \\). In a solution with pH = 4.000, the molar absorption coefficients of HIn and In⁻ are \\( ε_{\\text{HIn}} = 200 \\, \\text{L·mol}^{-1}·\\text{cm}^{-1} \\) and \\( ε_{\\text{In}^{-}} = 1500 \\, \\text{L·mol}^{-1}·\\text{cm}^{... | 0.00195mol/L |
CHEM-035 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "In industrial production, CO and H₂ can synthesize CH₃OH under the catalysis of ZnO/CuO: CO + 2H₂ = CH₃OH. At 298.15 K and \\(p^{\\theta}\\), the relevant data for each substance are as follows:\n| Substance | CO(g) | H₂(g) | CH₃OH(g) | CO₂(g) | H₂O(g) | O₂(g) |\n|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|\n| \\(\\Delta_{f}H_{m}... | 3-1 Kθ=0.010
3-2 Conversion rates are: 0.26 and 0.85 respectively
3-3 CO: 0.25, H2: 0.57, CH3OH: 0.079, CO2: 0.036, N2: 0.072 |
CHEM-036 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A certain sublimable solid X can burn in air. 1.0425 g of solid X is weighed, and upon combustion, 0.8888 g of a solid product soluble in dilute sulfuric acid is obtained, along with the generation of carbon dioxide and water. The central atom of the X molecule is sp hybridized and is connected to two identi... | Zn(CH3)2 |
CHEM-037 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Methyl chloroacetate is refluxed with sodium azide in DMF for 12 hours to obtain the intermediate product A. A is refluxed with p-methoxybenzaldehyde under the alkaline condition of methanol/sodium methoxide to obtain the heterocyclic compound B. Write the name of B.",
"zh": "氯乙酸甲酯与叠氮化钠在DMF中回流12小时，得到中间产物A，... | 7-methoxy-2-indolecarboxylate |
CHEM-038 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Under the action of LDA, (S)-2 - methylcyclooctanone reacts with 1 mol of methyl iodide. Please write the name of the major product (stereochemistry required).",
"zh": "在LDA作用下，(S)-2-甲基环辛酮与1mol碘甲烷反应，请写出主要产物的名称（要求立体化学）。"
} | (2R, 8S)-2,8-dimethylcyclooctanone |
CHEM-039 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound A is a common colorless liquid composed of elements X and Y, with a molecular weight of 34. Historically, it was hypothesized that molecule A has a certain structure, under which there is one type of chemically equivalent X atom and two types of chemically equivalent Y atoms. If both X and Y have th... | 45 |
CHEM-040 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Write the point group of [PtCl₄]²⁻, and then based on this write the splitting pattern of the metal Pt's d-orbitals in the ligand field.",
"zh": "写出[PtCl₄]²⁻的点群，然后据此写出金属Pt的d轨道在配体场中的分裂方式。"
} | The D₄h point group. Splits into A₁g + B₁g + B₂g + Eg |
CHEM-041 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "1,2-Ethanedithiol is a commonly used reagent in the polarity reversal strategy for aldehyde compounds. A group replaced it with ethanedithiol to prepare thioacetals, and after adding a base, a gaseous organic compound was generated. Write the name of this product.",
"zh": "丙二硫醇是醛类化合物极性翻转策略中的常用试剂，某小组改用乙二硫醇制... | Ethylene |
CHEM-042 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Using the methane hydration method to produce hydrogen, if the molar ratio of the raw material gas composition is $n_{(H_2O)}:n_{(CH_4)} = 5:1$, the reaction conditions are at atmospheric pressure and the temperature is 500°C. It is known that for each mole of water, the Gibbs free energy changes of the foll... | 0.77 |
CHEM-043 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Fluoride X has strong oxidizing properties. It reacts with ammonia to yield two gaseous simple substances and a salt. At room temperature, the density of the product gas is 69.85 g/mol. Determine the chemical formula of X.",
"zh": "氟化物X具有强氧化性，与氨气反应，得到两种单质气体和一种盐。常温下产物气体的密度为69.85g/mol。X的化学式。"
} | KrF2 |
CHEM-044 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "In an ethanol/sodium ethoxide system, hydrogen sulfide gas is introduced, and the inorganic product is A. React A with two equivalents of sulfur in ethanol, producing B and releasing a gas. Write the chemical formulas of A and B.",
"zh": "在乙醇/乙醇钠体系中通入硫化氢气体，产物中的无机物为A，将A与两当量的硫在乙醇中反应，产生B并放出气体。写出A、B的化学式。"
} | A: NaHS
B: Na2S5 |
CHEM-045 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "U238 undergoes α decay to obtain the nuclide X with a half-life of 4.5×10⁹ years. X can undergo β decay with a half-life of 24.1 days. There is initially 119 g of pure uranium. After one million years, identify what nuclide X is and calculate its mass.",
"zh": "U238发生α衰变得到核素X，半衰期为4.5*10^9年，X可发生β衰变，半衰期为24.1... | X is Th234, with a mass of $1.7\times10^{-9}\ \text{g}$ |
CHEM-046 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Salt X is a compound that is highly soluble in water. It has been used in a variety of treatment methods and also as a rodenticide. When X reacts with Y in an aqueous solution, a highly alkaline compound is obtained, along with a common white precipitate Z. Given that the mass fraction of the metal element i... | Tl2SO4 |
CHEM-047 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "The condensation of propionaldehyde and ammonia molecules can synthesize pyridine compounds. Please write its systematic name.",
"zh": "丙醛与氨分子缩合可以合成吡啶化合物，请写出其系统名称。"
} | 3,5-dimethyl-2-ethylpyridine |
CHEM-048 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Weigh a certain solid sample with a mass \\( m = 0.500 \\, \\text{g} \\) (absolute error \\( \\Delta m = \\pm 0.002 \\, \\text{g} \\)), dissolve it and dilute to a volume \\( V = 100.00 \\, \\text{mL} \\) (absolute error \\( \\Delta V = \\pm 0.08 \\, \\text{mL} \\)). Given that the molar mass of this substan... | Relative error is 0.406%, absolute error is 0.000203 mol/L |
CHEM-049 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compared to an ideal rubber band, in reality the force experienced by a rubber band is not linear with \\(L\\), but includes a cubic term:\n\\[ f = bT \\frac{L}{L_0} \\left( 1 - \\left( \\frac{L_0}{L} \\right)^3 \\right) \\]\nTherefore, the energy of the rubber band is expressed as:\n\\[ E = ab^2 L_0 T^2 \\]... | \[
\Delta S = -b \left( \frac{L^2}{2L_0} - \frac{3L_0}{2} + \frac{L_0^2}{L} \right)
\]
\[
\Delta A = bT \left( \frac{L^2}{2L_0} - \frac{3L_0}{2} + \frac{L_0^2}{L} \right)
\] |
CHEM-050 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Oxide A is a pale yellow-green solid, and the mass fraction of oxygen is about 17%. A reacts with gas B at high temperature to produce C and D. When the temperature drops, A is regenerated. C is a white volatile solid at room temperature and is the main raw material for preparing the negative conductive adhe... | A is In2O3, B is HCl, C is InCl3, D is H2O |
CHEM-051 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound A is a yellow-green solid that reacts with water to form an acid B. Passing the gaseous compound C into B produces a precipitate D. It is known that the cation and anion in D have the same configuration, but the molar mass of the cation is more than 10 times that of the anion. Please write the chemi... | [NH4]ReO4 |
CHEM-052 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A signaling molecule (regarded as a sphere with a radius of 2.0 nm) starts from the endoplasmic reticulum 2.0 μm away from the cell membrane and diffuses in the cytoplasm (with an effective viscosity η = 0.0030 Pa·s, T = 37℃). Calculate the average time (in seconds) the protein needs to reach the cell membra... | 0.070s |
CHEM-053 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "A group uses cyclohexene as a raw material to react with peroxyacid to obtain epoxide A in order to synthesize steroid compounds, and then uses the Grignard reagent PhCH2CH2MgBr to react with the epoxide to obtain B. However, in fact, their product is a five-membered ring compound C. Please write the name of... | 1-Cyclopentylphenylpropanol |
CHEM-054 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Compound A has extremely strong oxidizing properties and is obtained by the reaction of elemental X and gaseous elemental Y at low temperatures. The decomposition of A can also produce Y, while in a humid environment, it produces another toxic and corrosive gas B. It is known that the mass fraction of elemen... | HgF4 |
CHEM-055 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "14 grams of nickel sulfate heptahydrate ($\\ce{NiSO4·7H2O}$) is dissolved in water. With thorough stirring, it is poured into an aqueous solution prepared from 10 grams of potassium bicarbonate. The precipitated nickel carbonate mixture is boiled until no more bubbles are formed, followed by suction filtrati... | Ni(NO2)2(NH3)4 |
CHEM-056 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Turing patterns can be described by a dimensionless set of dynamic equations:\n1. \\(\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial t} = c\\Delta u + f(u, v)\\)\n2. \\(\\frac{\\partial v}{\\partial t} = d\\Delta u + g(u, v)\\)\nwhere \\(u\\) and \\(v\\) are system variables, representing the concentrations of two substances ... | κ>0.0093 |
CHEM-057 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Potassium bifluoride has relatively strong acidity, but after adding a certain common weak acid to the solution, the solution exhibits alkalinity. Please write the reaction equation.",
"zh": "二氟氢化钾具有较强的酸性，但在溶液种加入某常见弱酸后，溶液呈现出碱性。请写出反应方程式。"
} | \(2KHF_2+B(OH)_3=KBF_4+KOH+2H_2O\) |
CHEM-058 | Chemistry | null | {
"en": "Organic compound A has a molecular weight of 89. It is converted into organic compound B under acidic conditions, and two inorganic substances C and D are produced. Among them, molecule C belongs to the $C_{\\infty v}$ point group, molecule D belongs to the $C_{2v}$ point group, and B contains only one type ... | A:2-nitropropane B:acetone C:nitrous oxide D:H20 |
CHEM-059 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-059.png | {
"en": "As shown in the scanning tunneling microscope image of the silicon surface, write its corresponding crystal plane indices.",
"zh": "如图为硅表面扫描隧道显微镜图，写出其对应的晶面指标。"
} | {111} |
CHEM-060 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-060.png | {
"en": "The crystal projection of a certain metal-organic framework is shown as follows. The green spheres are Zr atoms, the red spheres are O atoms, the black spheres are C atoms, and hydrogen is not shown. Given that this crystal contains no water of crystallization, please write its chemical formula.",
"zh": "某... | C84H52O32Zr6 |
CHEM-061 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-061.png | {
"en": "Please write down the corresponding numbers of carbon atoms A-G on the ring in the product to those in the reactant in the conversion shown in the figure in sequence.",
"zh": "请按顺序依次写出如图所示的转化中，产物环上碳原子A-G在反应物中对应的编号。"
} | 7342165 |
CHEM-062 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-062.png | {
"en": "The molecular weight of a certain compound is 176, and its infrared spectrum is as shown in the figure. Please write its name.",
"zh": "某化合物的分子量为176，其红外光谱如图所示，请写出其名称"
} | 1,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,3-dione |
CHEM-063 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-063.png | {
"en": "The figure shows the adsorption curve of CO gas on charcoal at 273 K. Please use the Langmuir adsorption model to estimate the ratio of the adsorption rate constant \\(k_a\\) to the desorption rate constant \\(k_d\\).",
"zh": "图为273 K下，CO气体在木炭上的吸附曲线，请使用Langmuir吸附模型，估算吸附速率常数ka与脱附速率常数kd的比值。"
} | 7.51x10^-3 kPa^-1 |
CHEM-064 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-064.png | {
"en": "The number of chiral carbon atoms in the compound shown in the figure is",
"zh": "如图所示的化合物中手性碳原子数目为"
} | 8 |
CHEM-065 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-065.png | {
"en": "The binary phase diagram of Pb-Bi is shown as follows. Please write the phases that form partially miscible solid solutions.",
"zh": "Pb-Bi的二组分相图如图所示，请写出其中形成部分互溶固溶体的相。"
} | 2, 5, 9 (Look at the three-phase horizontal lines) |
CHEM-066 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-066.png | {
"en": "The reaction yields an ionic compound A. Please calculate the ratio of the molar masses of its cation and anion (accurate to three decimal places).",
"zh": "反应得到离子化合物A，请计算其阴阳离子摩尔质量之比（精确到小数点后第三位）。"
} | 0.689 (corresponding chemical formula is [C20H28Br]Br3, incorrect chemical formulas will not receive points) |
CHEM-067 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-067.png | {
"en": "Write the chemical formula of the key organic reagent for the following transformation. It is known that the by-product of this reaction is a common organic solvent with a molecular weight of 78.",
"zh": "写出实现下面转化的关键有机试剂的化学式，已知该反应副产物为某分子量78的常见有机溶剂。"
} | CH2=SO(CH3)2 |
CHEM-068 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-068.png | {
"en": "Write the structural formula of the other reactant in this transformation (using R to represent).",
"zh": "写出该转化的另一个反应物的结构简式（用R表示）"
} | CH3N=CHR |
CHEM-069 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-069.png | {
"en": "The diffraction pattern of 18Cr2Ni4W under a transmission electron microscope is shown in the figure. The camera constant is 2.008 mm·nm. Determine the unit cell parameter a of this substance.",
"zh": "18Cr2Ni4W在透射电镜下衍射花样如图所示，相机常数为2.008mm·nm，求该物质的晶胞参数a。"
} | 0.284nm |
CHEM-070 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-070.png | {
"en": "Write the main reaction conditions required for the following transformation.",
"zh": "写出下面转化所需的主要反应条件"
} | \( h\nu \) |
CHEM-071 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-071.png | {
"en": "Write the structural formulas of the key organic reagents for the following transformation.",
"zh": "写出实现下面转化的关键有机试剂的结构简式。"
} | CH3C≡CN(C2H5)2 |
CHEM-072 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-072.png | {
"en": "A certain complex of Yb has the structure shown in the figure, and the number of its stereoisomers is",
"zh": "Yb的某配合物具有如图所示的结构，其立体异构体的数量为"
} | 5 |
CHEM-073 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-073.png | {
"en": "The following is the XRD characterization diagram of the system at different stages during the reaction process. The \"■\", \"●\", \"○\", \"▽\", \"◆\" represent five different substances: TiC, Al, Al₃Ti, Ti, and C. Please write the chemical formulas of the substances they represent in the order of \"■\", \"●... | TiC，C，Ti，Al，Al3Ti |
CHEM-074 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-074.png | {
"en": "Write the name of each step of the reaction in the conversion process (write as many as there are).",
"zh": "写出转化过程中每一步反应名称（有几个写几个）"
} | Two [3,3] σ migrations ([3,5] σ migration is the wrong answer) |
CHEM-075 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-075.png | {
"en": "Write the structural formula of the reaction product (stereochemistry is not required)",
"zh": "写出反应产物的结构简式（不要求立体化学）"
} | nBu3SnCH=CHCH(OMe)CH2C≡CTMS |
CHEM-076 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-076.png | {
"en": "The elements represented by the red, yellow, and blue spheres are to be written in sequence. For two anions of valence one formed by elements A, B, and C as shown in the diagrams. In the compound corresponding to the left diagram, the element represented by the blue sphere has a mass fraction of 17.6%.",
"... | O, S, N |
CHEM-077 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-077.png | {
"en": "The unit cell of the BaCuO6 crystal is shown as follows. Its unit cell parameters are a = 9.249 Å, b = 10.399 Å, c = 14.400 Å, α = 110.463°, β = 108.576°, γ = 90.503°. Please calculate its density.",
"zh": "BaCuO6晶体的晶胞如图所示，其晶胞参数分别为a=9.249 Å, b=10.399 Å, c=14.400 Å, α=110.463°, β=108.576°, γ=90.503°, 请计算其密度... | 3.24g/cm^3 |
CHEM-078 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-078.png | {
"en": "The gold atomic cluster \\(Au_n\\) has the structure shown in the figure for each face. Please write the chemical formula of the atomic cluster.",
"zh": "金原子簇\\(Au_n\\)的每个面具有如图所示的结构，请写出原子簇的化学式。"
} | Au_20 |
CHEM-079 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-079.png | {
"en": "The transformation shown in the figure yields two products, A and B, where the molecular weight of A is 44 greater than that of B. Please write the name of A.",
"zh": "下图所示的转化得到了两种产物A和B，其中A的分子量比B大44。请写出A的名称。"
} | 2-bromo-3-(bromomethyl)quinoline |
CHEM-080 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-080.png | {
"en": "The two reactions in the figure yield products that are isomers of each other. Please write their molecular formulas.",
"zh": "图中两个反应得到产物互为异构体，请写出其分子式。"
} | C6 |
CHEM-081 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-081.png | {
"en": "The figure shows the CV curve of polycrystalline platinum in sulfuric acid measured by the staircase signal voltammetry method. Compared with the results of the simulated ramp signal, given that the scan rate is 100 mV/s and the charge density of hydrogen monolayer adsorption on Pt is approximately 210 μC/cm... | 160μF/cm^2 (involves estimation, answers between 130 - 200μF/cm^2 are considered correct) |
CHEM-082 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-082.png | {
"en": "As shown in the figure, a microorganism-semiconductor hybrid system (*X. autotrophicus* coupled with CdTe quantum dots) is used for light-driven biomass synthesis.\n\nThe rate of establishment of the proton gradient ($P$, defined as the difference between the extracellular and intracellular proton concentrat... | P(1800)≈1.2 units
A(1800)≈0.0065 mM
B(1800)≈0.69 g/L
(Error within 20% is acceptable) |
CHEM-083 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-083.png | {
"en": "As shown in the figure, when the compound is added with trifluoroacetic acid in an ethanol solvent, products A and B are formed, where the molecular weight of A is 2.03 times that of B. Write the name of B.",
"zh": "如图所示的化合物在乙醇溶剂中加入三氟乙酸，生成产物A和B，其中A的分子量为B的2.03倍。写出B的名称。"
} | Benzofuran |
CHEM-084 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-084.png | {
"en": "The reaction yields a five-membered cyclic product. Please write its systematic name (the catalyst is palladium(II) acetate).",
"zh": "反应得到五元环状产物，请写出其系统名称（催化剂为醋酸钯）"
} | 3-(2-oxotetrahydrofuran-4-yl)propanoic acid |
CHEM-085 | Chemistry | images/CHEM-085.png | {
"en": "Add a certain spongy substance to a sulfuric acid solution, heat and react at 40 degrees, then add a white powder, let it stand overnight to obtain the crystals shown in the figure. Their molar mass is 597 g/mol. Please write its chemical formula.",
"zh": "将某海绵状物质加入硫酸溶液，在40度下加热反应，随后加入白色粉末，静置过夜，获得如图所示的晶体，其摩... | CsTi(SO4)2·12H2O |
PHY-001 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A spaceship is doing variable linear motion, and the acceleration felt by the crew members of the spaceship is constantly \\(a\\). At a certain moment, the spaceship launches two missiles forward. At the moment of launch, the velocities of the two missiles relative to the spaceship are \\(u\\) and \\(\\lambd... | (1)$\frac{c*ln(\frac{(c+\lambda u)(c - u)}{(c-\lambda u)(c + u)})}{a}$
(2)$\delta M = M((\frac{c - u}{c+\lambda})^{\frac{c}{2v}}-(\frac{c-\lambda u}{c+\lambda u})^{\frac{c}{2v}})$
$m=(1 - \frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}})^{\frac{1}{2}}*M((\frac{c - u}{c+\lambda})^{\frac{c}{2v}}-(\frac{c-\lambda u}{c+\lambda u})^{\frac{c}{2v}})$ |
PHY-002 | Physics | null | {
"en": "There is now a spherical shell with inner and outer radii $R_1$, $R_2$ and temperatures $T_1$, $T_2$ respectively. Inside the spherical shell is a uniform thermal medium with specific heat capacity $c$, mass volume density $\\rho$, and Fourier heat conduction coefficient $k$, and the medium has reached therm... | (1)T = $(T_{2})^{(B^3+\frac{(R_2)^3}{(R_2)^3-(R_1)^3})}*(T_{1})^{(-B^3-\frac{(R_1)^3}{(R_2)^3-(R_1)^3})}*(R_2/R_1)^{B_3}*\exp(1/3-\frac{1}{3*A^3*((R_2)^3-(R_1)^3)})*(\frac{(T_2*R_2)^3-(T_1*R_1)^3}{3}+\frac{3B((T_2*R_2)^2-(T_1*R_1)^2)}{2}+3B^2*((T_2*R_2)-(T_1*R_1)))$
where A=$\frac{R_1*T_1-R_2*T_2}{R_1-R_2}$,
B=$\frac{R... |
PHY-003 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A ring with radius \\(R\\) is stationary, and a disk with radius \\(r\\) rolls without slipping along the inside of the ring. Given that the angular acceleration of point \\(C\\) (the center of the disk) around point \\(O\\) (the center of the ring) is \\(\\alpha\\) (with an initial angular velocity of \\(\\... | (\omega_0+\alpha t)^2(R-r)\frac{R}{r} |
PHY-004 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A uniform thin rod of length \\(l\\) has a linear mass density of \\(\\lambda\\) and a constant specific heat \\(C\\). Initially, one end (\\(x = 0\\)) has a temperature of \\(T_1\\), the other end (\\(x = l\\)) has a temperature of \\(T_2=4T_1\\), and the temperature in between is distributed according to a... | (1)T_f=2T_1
(2)\Delta S=C\lambda l(2-\ln2-\frac{2\pi}{3\sqrt{3}}) |
PHY-005 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A single slit has a width of \\(a\\) and is covered with an amplitude-type mask. Taking the center of the slit as the origin and the direction perpendicular to the slit as the \\(x\\)-axis. Suppose the amplitude transmittance after passing through the mask is \\(t(x)=\\exp(-|x|/a)\\). A monochromatic paralle... | \[I=\frac{I_0}{(1+a^2K^2\sin^2\theta)^2}[1-e^{-1/2}[\cos(\frac{aK}{2}\sin\theta)+aK\sin\theta\sin(\frac{aK}{2}\sin\theta)]]^2\] |
PHY-006 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A planet of mass \\(m\\) orbits a star of mass \\(M\\). Throughout the entire space between the planet and the star, there is a uniformly distributed thin cosmic dust. It is known that the density of the dust is \\(\\rho(r)=\\rho_0\\frac{r_0^2}{r^2}\\) and is very small, such that the direct collision effect... | $r_1=\frac{M}{8\pi\rho_0r_0^2}(\sqrt{1+\frac{16\pi\rho_0r_0^2L^2}{Gm^2M^2}}-1)$ |
PHY-007 | Physics | null | {
"en": "n large conducting thin plates with the same area \\(S\\) are placed parallel to each other, with a distance of \\(\\sum_{i = 1}^{n}d_{i}\\) between them. There are \\(n\\) parallel dielectric blocks between the plates, each with an area of \\(S\\), thickness \\(d_{i}\\), permittivity \\(\\epsilon_{i}\\) and... | $A_n =T_n +U_n$
where
$$
T_n =
\begin{bmatrix}
-1/(\epsilon_1*\rho_1) & 1/(\epsilon_1*\rho_1) & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
1/(\epsilon_1*\rho_1) & -1/(\epsilon_1*\rho_1)-1/(\epsilon_2*\rho_w) & 1/(\epsilon_2*\rho_2) & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 1/(\epsilon_2*\rho_2) & \ddots & \ddots & 0 \\\vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & 1/(\ep... |
PHY-008 | Physics | null | {
"en": "In a uniform one-dimensional crystal composed of the same kind of atoms, only the closest neighboring atoms interact with each other (all others can be neglected), and the potential energy of interaction is \\(V(x)=-\\frac{A}{x^{5}}+\\frac{B}{x^{13}}\\), where \\(x\\) is the distance between adjacent atoms, ... | (1)x_0=(\frac{13B}{5A})^{1/8}
(2)k=40A(\frac{5A}{13B})^{7/8}
(3)x_c=(\frac{91B}{15A})^{1/8} |
PHY-009 | Physics | null | {
"en": "In space, there is a dielectric spherical shell with radius \\(R\\). The permittivity inside the spherical shell is \\(\\epsilon_{1}\\), and outside the spherical shell is \\(\\epsilon_{2}\\). At the center of the spherical shell, there is an electric dipole with its direction pointing along the positive \\(... | (1)σ(θ) = $3ε_{0}*\frac{ε_{1}-ε_{2}}{ε_{1}+2ε_{2}}*(p/(2\pi*ε_{1}*R^3)+E)cos(θ)$
(2)If \(r < R\), then:
\(B=\frac{3ωμ_{1}*μ_{2}*ε_{0}*\frac{ε_{1}-ε_{2}}{ε_{1}+2ε_{2}}*(p/(2\pi*ε_{1}*R^3)+E)}{R(2μ_{1}+3μ_{2})}*(r(3(\cosθ)^2 - 1)\hat{r}-3r\cosθ\sinθ\hat{θ})\)
If \(r > R\), then:
\(\frac{3ωμ_{1}*μ_{2}*ε_{0}*R^4*\frac{ε_{1... |
PHY-010 | Physics | null | {
"en": "Two infinitely large grounded conducting planes A and B are placed parallel and vertically, separated by a distance of \\(3d\\) (\\(d = 10\\ \\mathrm{cm}\\)). Between the two plates, a small pendulum bob is suspended. The suspension point is at a distance \\(d\\) from plate A and \\(2d\\) from plate B. The b... | 2.0708s |
PHY-011 | Physics | null | {
"en": "Calculate the exact magnetic field at a point \\( (d, 0, z) \\) located a distance \\( z \\) above the \\( xy \\)-plane and a horizontal displacement \\( d \\) along the \\( x \\)-axis from the center of a square loop of side \\( w \\), carrying a current \\( I \\). In order to verify your answer, suppose $z... | \[\alpha=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}-\frac{\sqrt{6}}{60},\beta=\frac{7\sqrt{6}}{60}.\] |
PHY-012 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A conducting spherical shell with inner and outer radii $R_2$ and $R_3$ respectively carries a charge $Q$. It concentrically encloses a grounded conducting sphere with radius $R_1$, where $R_1 < R_2$. Find the electric potential at various points in space and the induced charge on the conducting sphere. (Hin... | When \(r > R_3\)
\(V=\frac{Q}{(1 + R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))*4\pi*\epsilon_0*r}\)
When \(R_2<r<R_3\)
\(V=\frac{Q}{(1 - R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))*4\pi*\epsilon_0*R_3}\)
When \(R_1<r<R_2\)
\(V=\frac{Q}{(1 - R_1*R_2/(R_3*(R_1 - R_2)))*4\pi*\epsilon_0*R_3}+\frac{Q*R_1*R_2}{4\pi*\epsilon_0*(-R_1*R_2 + R_1*R_3 - R_3*R_2)}*... |
PHY-013 | Physics | null | {
"en": "1. If the interaction force between particles can be written as $\\frac{c}{r^z}$, where $c$ and $z$ are constants independent of the state variables of the system, $z > 3$, and $r$ is the distance between two particles. Assuming the particle radius is $b$, use the Boltzmann distribution law to derive the equ... | 1.$(p-\frac{N^2*k*T*2*\pi*(c\(kT))^{3/n}*\Gamma{1 - 3/n}}{V^2*3})(V-N*\frac{4*\pi*b^3}{3})=NkT$
2.(1).
α = $\frac{\frac{Nk}{V-4*\pi*N*b^3}+\frac{N^2*k*2*\pi*(c\(kT))^{3/n}*\Gamma{2 - 3/n}}{V^2*3}}{\frac{NkT}{(V-4*\pi*N*b^3)^2}+\frac{N^2*k*T*4*\pi*(c\(kT))^{3/n}*\Gamma{1 - 3/n}}{V^3*3}}$
(2)c_p-c_v = p*α
(3)$S_{2}$−$S_{... |
PHY-014 | Physics | null | {
"en": "A particle of mass \\(m\\) is moving in a central potential energy field \\(V(r)=-\\frac{\\alpha}{r}+\\frac{\\beta}{r^{2}}\\), where \\(\\beta\\) is a small quantity. The angular momentum of the initial state is given as \\(M\\), and the energy of the initial state is given as \\(E\\). Find the precession an... | $$\Omega = \underbrace{\frac{m\alpha \beta}{M^3} (1 - e^2)^{3/2}}_{\text{Potential field correction term}} + \underbrace{\frac{3m^2\alpha^3}{2M^3 c^2} (1 - e^2)^{3/2}}_{\text{Relativistic correction term}}
$$
where $e = e &= \sqrt{1 + \dfrac{2EM^2}{m\alpha^2}} \quad \text{Orbital eccentricity} \\$ |
PHY-015 | Physics | null | {
"en": "At a paraxial height $y_{0}$ there is a particle. Lenses are periodically placed on an optical bench. The convex lenses all have a focal length of $f_1$ and are located at a horizontal distance of $s + 2kf$ ($k = 0,1,\\ldots,N - 1$) from the particle on the optical bench; the concave lenses all have a focal ... | x = s+2Nf-\frac{as+b}{cs+d}
y = y_0/(cs+d)
where, the definitions of a, b, c, d are:
a = $\frac{\frac{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}-f/f_1-f/f_2}{2}}{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}*(\frac{2+f/f_2-f/f_1+\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}{2})^N+$\frac{\frac{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}+f/f_1+f/f_2}{2}}{\sqrt{(2-f/f_1+f/f_2)^2-4}}*(\frac... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
ScienceOlympiad: Challenging AI with Olympiad-Level Multimodal Science Problems
Dataset Description
The ScienceOlympiad dataset is a meticulously curated benchmark designed to test the limits of current AI models in scientific reasoning. It comprises elite, competition-level problems in physics and chemistry. Addressing the need for more diverse and realistic challenges, ScienceOlympiad introduces multimodal integration as a key dimension. Unlike purely text-based datasets, a significant portion of problems requires models to analyze and interpret visual information from diagrams and figures—a critical skill for real-world scientific problem-solving. Our objective is for ScienceOlympiad to serve as a pivotal evaluation tool, accelerating progress in domain-specific reasoning for the physical and chemical sciences while advancing the frontier of integrated text and visual understanding.
Data Fields
Each entry in the dataset represents a single problem and contains the following fields:
problem_id: (string) - A unique identifier for each problem.discipline: (ClassLabel) - The scientific discipline of the problem (PhysicsorChemistry).problem: (A dictionary ofstring) - A dictionary containing the problem statement in both English (en) and Chinese (zh).answer: (string) - The correct answer or solution.image: (Image) - An image or diagram associated with the problem, stored in theimages/directory. This field will beNoneif no image is present.
Data Splits
This dataset consists of a single test split, provided in the test.parquet file.
Dataset Creation
The dataset is composed of a curated collection of problems from three sources: classic problems, adaptations of established problems, and original compositions. Each problem has been meticulously reviewed to ensure rigorous difficulty and unambiguous wording.
How to Use
You can load the dataset using the Hugging Face datasets library:
from datasets import load_dataset, Image
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import datasets
# Force a redownload to get the latest metadata
features = datasets.Features({
'problem_id': datasets.Value('string'),
'discipline': datasets.ClassLabel(names=['Physics', 'Chemistry']),
'problem': {
'en': datasets.Value('string'),
'zh': datasets.Value('string'),
},
'answer': datasets.Value('string'),
'image': datasets.Image(decode=True),
})
ds = load_dataset("ByteDance-Seed/ScienceOlympiad", features=features)
test_ds = ds['test']
example = test_ds[60]
image_data = example['image']
if image_data:
plt.imshow(image_data)
plt.show()
Citation
If you use the ScienceOlympiad dataset in your research or work, please consider citing it:
@misc{bytedance_seed_2025_scienceolympiad,
author = {[Bytedance-Seed]},
title = {ScienceOlympiad: Challenging AI with Olympiad-Level Multimodal Science Problems},
year = {2025},
publisher = {Hugging Face},
journal = {Hugging Face repository},
howpublished = {\url{[https://huggingface.co/datasets/Bytedance-Seed/ScienceOlympiad](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Bytedance-Seed/ScienceOlympiad)}},
}
License
ScienceOlympiad is released under the CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication.
This means the work has been dedicated to the public domain by waiving all rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute, and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. For more details, see the LICENSE file or the full legal text of the CC0 license.
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