# Media

url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vXoI7lUroQ
title: How I use Reddit and AI to find winning startup ideas
type: video
author: Greg Isenberg
ingestion_date: 2024-09-03
transcription_model: large-v2
content:
  {
    "webpage_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vXoI7lUroQ",
    "title": "How I use Reddit and AI to find winning startup ideas",
    "description": "In this episode, we dive deep into the process of finding validated startup ideas from Reddit using AI tools. I share my 4-step process and demonstrate how to use www.gummysearch.com/community to discover trending subreddits, identify problems and solutions, find creators in the niche, and create content that resonates with the audience.\n\n1) Use Gummy Search to find trending subreddits\n\n\u2022 Focus on 10k-100k member communities\n\u2022 These answer the \"why now\" question\n\u2022 Look for niches where you have an unfair advantage\n\u2022 Pro tip: Check daily/weekly/monthly growth trends\n\n2) Analyze subreddit for problems & solutions\n\n\u2022 Add chosen subreddit to a Gummy Search \"audience\"\n\u2022 Examine \"pain and anger\" section for common patterns\n\u2022 Check \"advice requests\" for what people are asking\n\u2022 Review \"solution requests\" for competitive landscape\n \u2022 Key: Look for recurring themes and write them down!\n\n3) Identify creators in the niche\n\n\u2022 Use Perplexity.ai to find top influencers\n\u2022 Search YouTube for their most popular videos\n\u2022 Read comments to understand audience needs\n\u2022 Do this for 20-25 videos to get deep insights\n\u2022 This helps you think like your target audience\n\n4) Wireframe your solution\n\n\u2022 Based on insights, sketch out your product/service\n\u2022 Use tools like Framer to quickly prototype\n\u2022 Come up with a catchy, relevant name\n\u2022 Example: DesignScientist.com for conversion-focused design\n\n5) Bonus: Creating content that resonates\n\n\u2022 Use Gummy Search's \"top content\" feature\n\u2022 Analyze what performs well in the community\n\u2022 Ask AI about content preferences (e.g., \"Do they love memes?\")\n\u2022 Remember: Treat AI tools as your \"entrepreneurial assistant\"\n\nWant more free ideas? I collect the best ideas from the pod and give them to you for free in a database. Most of them cost $0 to start (my fav)\n\nGet access: [gregisenberg.com/30startupideas](http://gregisenberg.com/30startupideas)\n\n\ud83d\ude80  My FREE 5 day email course to learn how to build a business of the future using the ACP funnel:\nhttps://www.communityempire.co/free-course\n\n\ud83c\udfaf To build your own portfolio businesses powered by community you might enjoy my membership.\n\nYou'll get my full course with all my secrets on building businesses, peer-groups to keep you accountable, business ideas every single month and more!\n\nSpots are limited.\n\nhttps://www.communityempire.co/\n\n\ud83d\udcec Join my free newsletter to get weekly startup insights for free:\n\nhttps://www.gregisenberg.com\n\n70,000+ people are already subscribed.\n\nFIND ME ON SOCIAL\n\nX/Twitter: https://twitter.com/gregisenberg\nInstagram: https://instagram.com/gregisenberg/\nLinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/gisenberg/\n\n\nTo improve your rankings your business on Google and using AI for SEO, sign up to\n\nhttp://boringmarketing.com/\n\nLinks Mentioned: \nGummy Search: gummysearch.com/community\n\nEpisode Timestamps: \n\n0:00 Intro\n01:29 Step 1: Use Gummy Search to find trending subreddits\n04:49 Step 2: Analyze subreddit for problems & solutions\n13:26 Step 3: Identify creators in the niche\n16:18 Step 4: Wireframe your solution\n18:14 Bonus: Creating content that resonates",
    "channel_url": "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPjNBjflYl0-HQtUvOx0Ibw",
    "duration": 1279,
    "channel": "Greg Isenberg",
    "uploader": "Greg Isenberg",
    "upload_date": "20240726"
  }

  This text was transcribed using whisper model: large-v2

   Okay, you're in for a treat today.  I'm going to share my entire process,  all the AI tools I use to come up  with startup ideas from Reddit.  How to find gold within Reddit.  I don't know why more people aren't doing this.  I've come up with startup ideas from Reddit  that have built me multi-million dollar businesses.  There's just so many validated ideas out there  and it's the place I go to when I'm looking  for a startup idea, but I'm really looking  for a validated startup idea.  I'm looking for an idea that I know that  with a good chance, if I go and build this,  people will resonate with it.  ♪ The startup mind is podcast ♪  ♪ It's sipping time baby ♪  So, without further ado, I'm going to share exactly  how to find new ideas that are validated,  how to find gold, the four step process I use.  And if you stick around to the end,  I'll also show you how to create content people will love.  Because it's not about just building a product anymore.  You need to attract an audience,  you need to build a community,  and content is so key with that.  So, I'll show you how I use Reddit  to actually come up with content ideas.  So, I'll just go ahead and share my screen.  So, the first thing I do is,  I use a tool called Gummy Search.  It's free to sign up, they also have a paid plan.  I'm using the paid plan.  And where I go is, I go to the trending section  within Gummy Search.  Now, I could see here the top subreddits,  sorted by largest, sorted by active,  sorted by growing.  And what I'm generally looking at is,  how fast is this thing growing daily,  weekly, monthly, yearly?  So, I can see Galaxy Ring, the rich subreddit,  India Sports, so I get a good sense of it.  But the mistake people make here is,  they focus just on these big subreddits.  What I like to do is actually go to the 10,000  to 100,000 member subreddits.  These aren't the massive subreddits,  but they're the ones that,  it answers the why now question.  Why should I go and build something for this community?  Well, it's generally a newer community,  it's trending, it's in people's minds,  it's in the zeitgeist.  So, as you can see here, it's starting to sort  by 10 to 100,000.  And I'll just scroll it, I'll just scroll it,  and just see what I find interesting.  And I'll ask myself, okay, autistic with ADHD,  is there something here?  Do I have an unfair advantage in that subreddit?  Maybe I know someone who suffers,  or am someone who suffers from that,  and I can go and build something for them.  So I just go and I start looking and scrolling,  and I ask myself, is this interesting?  Do I have an ability to create something here?  And I just start taking notes.  Pull out a notebook, pull out a Google Doc,  and just saying, is there anything here  that's really interesting to me?  You can also change the time frame.  So you can say, I only want the top growing subreddits  that are growing a lot daily.  And sometimes you get some interesting responses to that,  that you wouldn't otherwise get in sort of the monthly  or the larger ones.  So I tend to play around with these,  the daily, there's weekly, and there's monthly.  So if you're looking for a niche,  I would check something like Gummy Search like this  every few weeks to see what's new.  And they also have a curated section  where you can go in and you can say,  okay, they've already curated the 26 subreddits  for software engineers or software developers,  and you can go and add that to your audience.  And this is something I look at too,  but I'm more interested in seeing what's growing  and why is it growing, because those, again,  those are the opportunities.  And the 10 to 100,000 is the range  where you want to look at.  So that's step one.  Go and see what's trending within Reddit.  The next step is once you've picked a subreddit  that you think's interesting,  it's about how do you find the problems  and potentially solutions to that subreddit.  So that's going to help give you,  I mean, you need to come up with a startup idea, right?  Because you're going to charge money for it.  And these are agency businesses that you can start.  They're SaaS businesses that you can start.  They're marketplace businesses, software businesses,  brick and mortar businesses, CPG businesses.  You're going to see through the problems and solution.  And the beauty is Gummy Search allows you  to find that pretty easily.  So let's go pick a subreddit that we think is interesting.  So we're in the 10 to 100,000.  Let's say in the growing.  And what's something that, okay, plastic surgery.  Too big, too big.  265,000, no, let's go to 10 to 100,000.  Okay, dog food.  So we're going to go and add to audience.  So you create, the way Gummy Search works  is you create these audiences.  So you can see in the past I've created like dentists  and designers.  It's kind of like what is the community?  So people into dog food.  And then you can include similar subreddits  into what's called an audience.  Has added eight communities to the audience.  People into dog food, beautiful.  Now I have all these people into dogs.  And this is where the magic happens.  What they do is I could go,  they basically organize it into pain and anger,  hot discussions, top content, advice requests,  solution requests, money talk, all this stuff here.  And when I'm looking for a problem solution,  I want to see what's the pain and anger, right?  So I go and click the pain and anger.  And one of the things I really love to do  is see what are the common patterns within this community.  So it uses AI to basically go through,  here you can see 53,949 words.  And it summarizes all these submissions.  It's going to find common patterns.  And this is going to help me basically come up with ideas  for people into dog food and dog communities.  It takes about 20 seconds.  I'll take this brief moment to say,  like, subscribe, and comment on this video.  I'm giving away all my secrets here.  So if you want more of this type of content,  please like, subscribe, and comment.  It's the only way I know I should  continue creating content like this.  So, wow, all right, we're all set.  So now you can see a bunch of different patterns.  So you can see potty training challenges  with newer re-homes.  So there seems to be a bunch of interest  around dogs struggling with potty trains.  Dogs reluctant to walk outside.  Loss of a dog, loss of a best friend.  Eating habits, loss of appetites.  Are you not coming up with ideas right now?  Because that's how my brain works.  You start reading this, and you're like,  wait, maybe there's something I can build here  to help dogs with potty training.  Maybe there's content I can create  that is just all about this topic.  Dogs reluctant to walk outside as they get older,  or just being stubborn, stubborndogs.com.  Just thinking of, you start reading through this,  and it gives you ideas.  It's wonderful.  You start writing it down.  Again, you go to your Google Doc,  and you start writing it down.  What would be an idea here?  What would be an idea there?  And I know there's people listening to this  that are gonna say, well, there already exists  dog potty training businesses.  And that might be true.  And you definitely need to go and do some research  and be like, okay, what's the competitive landscape  in this space?  But more often than not, you'll notice  that the marketing is bad,  and they're not doing anything on social,  and there's an opportunity to partner with creators.  And you can create a pretty simple MVP nowadays  that you can create a nice small business.  Maybe you already have a full-time job,  but you can create a business that doesn't take much work,  that starts producing cash flows  that ultimately could become something  that you go do full-time.  Or you're just looking for a startup idea,  and you go all in.  So anyways, I digress.  Going back to the patterns,  you can just sort of go and you can read it,  and it does a really good job at just summarizing  some of the biggest pain and anger.  The next thing I generally click  is the advice and requests category.  So this is beautiful.  So this actually, it's gonna summarize  what are the advice that people are asking for  in all these communities?  There's so many times that there's thousands of people  that are asking about, hey, what product should I buy here?  What should I do here?  These are people screaming.  They're screaming.  They want these products to exist,  and it's your job to go and figure out how to build it.  How do you build it efficiently?  And how do I market it efficiently to these people?  But the ideas are out there.  So here you can see people,  there's some patterns around dog breeding recommendations.  I always sort of look to see how many upvotes  and comments these things are getting.  There are times sometimes that Gummy Search  isn't 100% accurate,  so you want to double-check these things.  But yeah, it gives me a directional,  okay, a lot of people are asking for dog breeds, okay?  What breed of dog would you recommend?  What's best for us?  Maybe there's a website you can go and create that,  there's a survey, and based on who you are,  and which trips you like to go on, and which music.  Maybe it's, you log in with your Spotify,  and based on that, it gives you a dog breed.  These will give you ideas.  So you just start reading through  all the advice here that people are giving,  and there's other ideas here, and other advice requests.  You can see dog food recommendations.  Interesting, our Poodle Mix is losing his teeth  due to old age.  So there might be an opportunity to build something,  a way softer dog food, focused on senior dogs.  So you just, I just scroll through it,  and I start, again, writing down mental stimulation  for dogs, how to keep my dog mentally stimulated,  ways to entertain not such a clever dog.  And you just go, and you scroll, and you write notes.  And then, there's another piece on Gummy Search  which I love checking out, is the solution requests.  And I always check this out last.  The solution requests is basically people saying,  you should do this, here's what I use.  And this will give you a sense around competitive landscape,  different products that people are using,  how people are dealing with all their problems.  And this is super worthwhile to get a sense  of just the lay of the land.  So dog food recommendations, you can just scroll here  and see what are the products here.  So this will help you, basically just give you  a good competitive landscape.  And you can go ahead and write that down  on your Google Doc, that will serve as a one-pager  for your business idea.  Once I've figured out the problems and solutions,  then what I do is, and I've written out this one-pager,  I go and say, who are the creators in this niche?  So generally what I do is, I use perplexity.ai,  it's free to sign up.  Usually what I'll prompt is something like,  who, actually I'll say, give me the 25 most popular  dog influencers on YouTube.  And it'll list it out.  I'll put this usually in a Google Sheet  or something like that.  And the reason I do that is, you're asking yourself,  okay, why are you doing this?  Why do I care about the creators?  Well, generally what I do here is,  I'll go and find these creators.  So I'll go to YouTube, there's someone named Doug the Pug.  I'd land on Doug the Pug,  and I don't think this is gonna be super valuable.  Sometimes you have to go back to perplexity  and be like, I don't want funny YouTubes.  I'm talking about the top YouTubers  that are educational for dogs.  Here we go, now we're getting dog trainers,  dog training tutorials, now we're talking.  So let's just say, okay, we're gonna go to Kiko Pup.  So I pull up Kiko Pup, 403,000 subscribers, perfect.  So I'll go to her videos.  Usually I like to sort by most popular.  So I can see here, complete guide to puppy training,  what to train first.  So I get to her puppy training tutorial.  And then what I like to do here is,  with 741 comments, I like to go to the top comments.  And of course, there's gonna be people joking  about the comment, about the video.  But when you start reading some of these comments,  you get a sense to what people want.  You get a sense of, what are they thinking about?  And you just, I put myself in their shoes.  You know, you can just whistle like this,  proceed to do the most melodious whistle of all time.  You know, you just go through it.  Go through it and start reading.  You just start reading this.  And, you know, it just helps you to put,  yeah, again, put yourself in their shoes.  And I do this with about, you know,  maybe 20 or 25 videos.  And I start writing, what am I learning on my one pager?  Then what I do is I wireframe out the website.  So I'll give you an example.  I found in one of the niches for startup entrepreneurs  using Gummy Search that people were upset with designers.  That people, designers, there's just artists  and my website might look beautiful,  but it doesn't convert or it doesn't actually do anything.  So I started wireframing out what a design agency  would look like that actually cared about copy  and conversion and getting people to click  and get you cash.  And basically, this mix between copywriter  and marketer and designer.  And I just like, I mean, made a Framer website  and wireframed out what this would look like  based on the insights that I gathered from Reddit.  And I just put it up.  So I wireframed it up, put it up in a few hours on Framer  and just started posting about it.  So this is, that's my process to find ideas.  It's just finding trending subreddits,  see what's validated, see what their problems are,  see what their solutions are.  Start writing this down, wireframing it out.  Come up with a catchy name.  So when you go through all these subreddits,  sometimes what you can do is actually,  you can create a company with the same name  as the subreddit.  So it's not just about coming up with a validated,  catchy startup idea.  It's about what's a validated, catchy name  that's gonna resonate with people.  As you can see here, designscientist.com.  It's a new category, it's different.  And I got this insight when some people were like,  I wish a designer was more like a scientist,  less art, more science.  So you're gonna get these insights  from just going through this.  And last but not least, I'll be true to my word,  how to create content people will love.  Well, here I use Gummy Search.  What I do here is, let's go back to the dog food here.  Go to top content.  And you just look at what's the best performing content.  You're gonna get, again, the common patterns.  You're gonna get the common patterns  and you see what's working and you can iterate from there.  You see the types of formats that work.  Long stories, is it memes?  What does this audience care about?  What does this community care about?  You can see loss of beloved pet, seeking attention.  Today I saved a dog's life, like stories like this.  So again, you go through this and the same process  that you come up with startup ideas,  you come up with content ideas through here.  It works absolutely brilliantly.  And you can even ask questions.  And you can do this with solution requests  and pain and anger on Gummy Search too,  but you can also ask it a question  about top content in this audience.  Do they love memes?  And again, just really fun to play with.  You'll learn stuff.  So here you can see that comments like snuggle puddle,  a literal dog pile, it's a meme-like community.  It's not like people are saying they love memes,  but again, you start asking a question.  I use Gummy Search and products like this  as kind of like an entrepreneurial assistant.  It's your co-founder, except you don't have to pay them,  or you have to pay for Gummy Search  if you want access to this.  But you don't have to pay them a salary.  You don't have to give them equity.  So you just ask them questions  and it'll connect dots within your brain.  So there you have it.  I hope this was interesting to you.  To me, what I love so much about using Reddit  and social, YouTube and TikTok,  to come up with startup ideas  is it's like you're teleporting to different communities.  And your job is to just observe and write  and come up with ideas that are gonna resonate with them.  And I've seen this work time and time again  where designscientist.com, it's a seven-figure business  from this methodology, it's doable.  And I'm happy to create more content like this,  more videos like this showing you how I cook in the kitchen.  But just let me know in the comments if you enjoyed it.  And let me know what you end up building.  Happy building, everyone, and I'll see you later.  ♪ It's sipping time, baby ♪  ♪ With three guys in bed ♪  ♪ It's sipping time, baby ♪


url: self_recorded
title: Live recording test
type: audio
author: self-recorded
ingestion_date: 2024-09-04
transcription_model: self-recorded
content:
  This text was transcribed using whisper model: medium

   This is a test of transcription and making sure that I can save files to the database.


url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFk0XtHfuSg
title: Attacking organizations with big scopes: from zero to hero
type: video
author: Positive Events Eng
ingestion_date: 2024-09-06
transcription_model: large-v2
content:
  {
    "webpage_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFk0XtHfuSg",
    "title": "Attacking organizations with big scopes: from zero to hero",
    "description": "This presentation delves into the crucial role of reconnaissance in bug bounty hunting, providing strategies to uncover vulnerabilities efficiently. Participants learn to understand program scopes, map web applications, and prioritize targets within expansive organizational scopes. Through the utilization of automation tools and open-source intelligence platforms, attendees gain practical insights to enhance their bug hunting endeavors.\n\nReal-world examples demonstrate the benefits of strategic reconnaissance in securing organizations against cyberthreats, empowering participants to become formidable adversaries in the field. Specialized tools such as FFuf and Linkfinder are highlighted for gathering actionable intelligence and targeting elusive vulnerabilities with precision.\n\nHussein Daher\nWeb Immunify",
    "channel_url": "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9hnMfdwfLd8V5qEc-6MXXQ",
    "duration": 3050,
    "channel": "Positive Events Eng",
    "uploader": "Positive Events Eng",
    "upload_date": "20240528"
  }

  This text was transcribed using whisper model: large-v2

   Hello, everyone. So bug bounty has grown so much in the past years. 10 years ago, we didn't  hear much about bug bounties. Five years ago, it was way more spread. And today, I guess  everyone in cybersecurity knows a lot about bug bounties. In bug bounty, there is around  more than 1 million hackers doing actively hunting on platforms such as HackerOne, Bug  Crowd, and new ones coming up. And so out of this 1 million approximately 1 million  people doing bug bounty, only around 5% of the people actually doing and finding good  bugs and earning good incomes every month. So what's the difference? What makes some  hackers being great at doing bug bounties and some hackers being less great and finding  less bugs? I think that the main thing and the most important thing in bug bounty is  finding the good assets, finding this hide and games where you are going to be able to  find these critical vulnerabilities and like other people say, some easy wins. So how do  you find those interesting assets and how do you find those hidden subdomains, IPs,  vhosts and everything else that might be related to an organization? This is all done via reconnaissance  and this is all done via recon and a lot, a lot, a lot, a lot of time that you have  to spend to be able to find everything that is hidden. So to start, a little introduction  about me. I'm Usain Daher, CEO of WebMunify. I have over a decade in cybersecurity field  and precisely in the bug bounty field and pen testing field. I do have a business master's  degree but we are doing cybersecurity nowadays. I have over 1,000 vulnerabilities found altogether  on platforms. I have won a couple awards and I have also a course which is called an  advanced kit to finding good bugs which counts around 1,800 students. So we'll jump right  into the subject and we'll try to answer the questions in the end. If you have anything,  please keep it for the end and we will try to go through everything. So the importance  of reconnaissance. Reconnaissance is the first and one of the bug bounty process. It involves  gathering as much information as possible about the target to identify potential weaknesses  and entry points. Is it good? So reconnaissance is what is going to determine if your hacking  session is going to be good or not. The most assets you have for an organization, the  most attack surface you have which allows you to find some stuff that you might not  be able to find if you haven't done recon in a good and precise way. So identifying  potential attack surfaces. Attack surfaces are the very points in a system where an unauthorized  user can try to enter data or to extract data from. Identifying these surfaces involves  yeah. So I've been able to take over FIS one spot in under six months with perseverance  of recon. When I started hacking, there was around 1,000 vulnerabilities which were reported  to the company. And one might say, oops, this is too much coded. I'm not going to be able  to find any vulnerability on this specific program. But once you start doing some good  recon reconnaissance and you have some good web application hacking skills, I think that  everything is possible and you are going to be able to find some interesting findings.  So how did this happen? When I started hacking on FIS, I spent around one month only doing  recon, just trying to find some very hidden assets and trying to know more and more about  the company before starting hacking on them actually. FIS, Fidelity National, is a large  organization and their bug bounty program is about everything they own. This gives us  this huge attack surface to look at. But when you have that, most of the time you say, oops,  scope is too big. I don't know where to start, what I should do, how I should approach this  specific target. And so this is where some people just give up and just cancel hacking  on this kind of big scope organization. The methodologies which I have are very simple  and this is things that are mostly known. But the problem is that today and nowadays,  people try to over-complicate things. They are going to tell you, okay, you have to have  this specific tool and tens of tools to try to do recon. We need enumeration tools for  subdomain enumeration tools nowadays, as much as there is so much subdomain enumeration tools  nowadays. So the main thing that you have to know is doing is subdomain enumerating,  the host identification, as in mapping, web foozing, dorking, and other tips and tricks  which might help you combine stuff from here on here to try to find more and more assets  and endpoints to hack on. Subdomain enumeration, we are going to go very quick on these little  things and then we will focus mostly on dorking for today. But let's go. So identifying subdomains  will give you a bigger attack surface, that's for sure. Look for pre-prod slash environment  subdomains, so subdomains that are not yet deployed on the internet or maybe something  which contains some codes which the main domains, the production domains, don't have. And perform  recursive brute forcing. This is very important. So fuzz.host, if you find some subdomains,  are going to again recursive brute force this specific subdomain.  The good old script, we all know about amass, we all know about sublister, but there is this tool  which was shared maybe not too long ago, which is called bbot. And I have tried this script,  this subdomain enumeration tool, and it's likely going to find around 25 or 50% more results  than other back-bounty tools to enumerate subdomains. So this tool has, right, so if you  try on ebay.com, for example, with bbot, you are going to have 5,000 results. And other  subdomain enumeration scripts such as oneforall, subfinder, and others are going to have way less  subdomains found. So I urge you, if you want, you can try this tool and try to see the  difference with your current tools. So vhost identification. Less people deep into vhost.  Most of the time, people will just do subdomains and start hacking on some organization,  but that's not how it works on very big organization. When I speak about very big  companies, so you have FIS, you have Yahoo, for example, which also accepts all kind of assets  they own. So you can hack on very big scoops. But most of the time on these big companies,  what has been a huge success for me was identifying the vhosts. Because the vhosts  on the right IPs are going to lead you to a lot of hidden stuff which most of the people are not  seeing on subdomains and other things. So identifying this will give you targets most  people haven't seen yet. And you have to be able to spot the differences very quick to be able to  know which is a good vhost and what is not. So, for example, in this specific screenshot,  what we do is that I love doing Burp Suite and Twitter with some IPs. So I'm just going to get  the IPs of some companies. And then I'm just going one by one to throw it on Burp and Twitter.  And brute force the host header and try to find something interesting within the IP.  And most of the time with the host header, it's just going to be all the subdomains that I have  discovered from that specific company against the IP of that specific company in one of their ISN  branches. So the results that we can see that we have, the first one is 302 and all the others are  404. So that we know that we have identified a good vhost around this IP with this specific  domain name. So something some people don't know and haven't yet seen and tried is that most of  the time there are some IPs which might not resolve. You think that it doesn't resolve.  But once you send it to, for example, Burp Suite and Twitter, you are going to see connection reset.  So it's not loading. It's not going to show any error or any 403 message or anything. It just  says connection reset. And some people will just think, oh, this IP is not going to work with me.  However, if you send the right host header, this IP is going to respond with actually  good message. So if you ever see connection reset on some targets, some IPs or some domains,  don't assume that the host is not reachable, that you can't reach the host. You can reach the host  with the right header and the right parameters that you have to send it. This is just some kind  of protection some companies put in place so people can just access some data without having  the right host header and authorization to do so. So when I sent this specific IP to Twitter  and I have brute forced with the right subdomains on the host header, I can see that some  subdomains on the host header responded with some valid response and some other timed out.  So the connection reset are the not valid ones and the ones upside are the ones which were actually  valid. And this gives us way big attack surface again because most of the time some other hackers  are not going to look into this kind of things. So most people don't know what is happening.  ASN mapping. What I like doing a lot is on big organizations again is mapping out the whole  ASN of the organization, finding all the IPs that they own and from there we can easily try to  reverse and find some really interesting subdomains. So for that I like using bgp.she.net  which when you send it some organization name, for example Facebook here, you are going to get  all the IPs which Facebook owns in its ranges. And so we can copy all the ranges from the  specific list that we had from bgp.she.net. We put it inside a text file and then we send it to  Prips which is print IPs where you're just going to print all the IPs that are owned by Facebook.  And once we have all the IPs we can now start gathering subdomains for the organization.  So you can gather subdomains organization using subdomain enumeration tools or other  things that you might know of. But keep the IPs list in one file and keep the subdomains list  in one file. And once you have both of them you can now try to put first IPs and subdomains  together. So what do I mean by that is that you are going to take every IP and you are going to  take the subdomain word list that you have gathered and you are going to put every of that  inside the host header and send it to the IPs of the organization. And we can do it very quickly  by using fuf which is a very good tool to fusing. And then you can just do it in one line like this  and wait for the results. And most of the time you are going to find some subdomains which are  going to resolve on some IPs which might not be working if you open it from the internet itself  directly. So what I love doing is brute forcing using fuf. I love crawling using katana tool  and also I love such as Wayback Machine and URL shorteners.  So why do I use fuf to brute force directories of assets that I have? Back in the days we were  using Deer Buster and then there was some tool Deer Search which came up and now there is fuf.  Fuf is a very fast tool in Golang which is very customizable. You can just customize  as you want. You can filter by size, filter by lines, you can filter by regex. So it gives you  a whole lot of possibilities to find the valid deers and file names and extensions over target.  So using katana we can crawl. So this is very fast. Also I think it's in Golang too. It's very  quick. So you give it a list of links and it's going to crawl the whole things and give you back  all the links found inside the things that you asked it to crawl. We also use archives such as  Wayback Machine to find some links on that specific host too which were archived by internet  in the past. And also most of you know URL shorteners. So you're going to reverse those  to find actual links of the company which were shortened in the past.  So we have to create custom word lists of applications. So when we gather all links  you can find all the targets using katana, GAU and other. We're going to save all in one file  and sort unique. So that's what we do here. We have for example used GAU tool which is used to  gather all data from Wayback Machine and AlienVault and etc. And then we save it inside one file.  And then we're going to run link finder on that specific list. Link finder which is a tool  helps you find some links and some endpoints inside javascript files. But you can also run  it on HTML files and every kind of file to try to find some endpoints and some HTTP links inside  some links. And so what we do here is that we are using one tool which is of a parallel tool  to launch link finder instances of it to find some interesting links using the list of subdomains  that we had. And so after doing that link finder is going to give us back a list of links and  endpoints that we found. And so now we have a custom word list made for the application  that we made out of katana, link finder and other sources. And so finally sort unique  from link finder and calling and create the word list that you're going to use  on all of the assets of the organization. So fuse the subdomains IPs of the org with this word list  and keep adding new passes such file endpoints you have found to your word list. Your word list  should always be updated. It's just not one thing that you have one time and you don't update it  anytime. You just use the same word list every time. Every time you find some interesting  endpoints, interesting passes, you have to add them to your word list again and again  so that you keep having some fresh and good things in your word list.  So one of the main topics that I wanted to speak about is dorking.  So we are going to speak about dorking. Dorking is something that is really, really overlooked by  most of the hackers doing bug bounties. You can't know how much dorking is powerful if it's done in  a very good way. You can't imagine. You can't imagine. Most of the people will just go for  site and try to find some endpoints on that using dorking. But if you do it well, you are going to  find so much things that you can't imagine about. So obviously, dorking is not going to  get you vulnerabilities. But what it's going to do is that it's going to find for you some  very good endpoints or maybe some passes that are going to lead you to finding vulnerabilities  if you dig deeper. So don't see dorking as a vulnerability finder. But you have to see it like  a bridge. It just gives you a bridge between the assets and the vulnerabilities that you are going  to find. Because it's going to give you some really interesting things to look into.  So be creative using your dorks. Have you said sometimes and said, okay, let me create some  dorks? I think most of the people haven't done that. So if you actually try, you can create some  dorks which are going to be useful for you in the long term and that you can use every time.  Use multiple search engines. Some people limit to Google, but you have to go for Google, Bing,  Dork, Yandex, and every other search engine that you know of. Don't just stick to one specific  search engine, but try to use everything. And create your own dorks. So dorking, this is some  dorks which I have spent time finding and I have spent time doing. And I'm giving it to you today.  This is so powerful. Less known dorks. People mostly don't know about. So if you put some  brackets inside the dorks, you are going to find some results on Google that you might be  not able to find if you don't put the brackets. So site operator restricts the search results to  a specific site or domain. And the brackets with example and asterisks. The asterisks are wildcards  that match any character. In this case, the dork will match any domain or subdomain that contains  the word example. So inside the screenshot that we have here, we have tried this on Dyson.  And we can see that the first result is Dyson.gp. The second one is Dyson.my. And so the third one  is Dyson.shop with some things on the start. So just like this, if an org accepts everything they  own, they are mostly likely going to have one word which is on mostly all of their domain names. For  example, if we go for Yahoo, you might find Yahoo in every other domain that they own and they have.  So you can also use, for example, this one, Atlassian with a bracket and an asterisk at the  end. And this is going to give you also some assets. Like, for example, we have Atlassian.com,  but we have also Atlassian.design, and we have also Atlassian.net and .io.  And you can also use this specific dork, which is also going to give you some results  if you don't put the brackets, you will get less results or maybe no results at all.  We have also this dork, which leads to a lot, a lot, a lot of results if used correctly. So  you also know about this one, I think. This operator restricts the search  results. And so the idea here is that you have to create your own dorks  so that you can find some interesting things on big targets.  When dorking, as we said, we have to use multiple search engines. We have seen Google now. Now we  are going to explore Bing and some features people might not know on Bing most of the time.  Bing, the IP list, we got an IP list from the ASN in the first slides. And what we can do with  Bing is that we can use Bing to find all the domains hosted on the web server using the dork  IP and followed by the IP. And what this is going to do is that, for example, if we send it  this specific IP, we are going to find some interesting hosts owned by that company which  are on that specific IP. So just by sending IP with the IP followed on Bing, you are going to  get all the DNS names that are hosted on that specific IP or host, if you like. And sometimes  opening directly the subdomains we found here is going to give connection reset or not found or  it's just not loading. However, if you send the IP inside the target and you send back the  subdomain we found on Bing in the host header, then it's magically going to load.  So this is something that you might want to look into when you have the big list of IPs  owned by a company. Go to Bing, use the dork, get back the hosts that are hosted on that specific  IP. This is also something you can do using reverse DNS lookup. But I think that  Bing has been very well successful to do that for me in the past years.  So on Bing, you can also use in body or in set. This is going to give you way more and way more  also results than if you just use, for example, site example login. Or if you use site example  in stream or in body login, you are going to get way more results. You can see here  that just for in body login, we found around 4,000 results. So this is mostly going to give  you a way bigger attack surface that you have to spend time on to find vulnerabilities.  Tips and tricks. Gather all the links of targets using all techniques discussed.  Send them to a trader and mass test. So when you have finally a good list of big  IPs and subdomains of an org, now it's time for you to mass test. You can just,  let's say you have 100,000 assets of that specific company. You can just open one by one to look  inside. This is not something that you can do. So most of the people, what they will do is that  they will use Nuclei tool to find some quick wins. But the problem is that most people I know  use Nuclei nowadays and what you are going to find is mostly going to end up being duplicate.  What I love doing is that I love visualizing what I have. So I love using Bobstreet and Trudr and  trying my payloads on that. So, for example, here what I did is that I'm going to send this specific  payload which is in server side request forgery payload inside the big list of subdomains and  IPs we have. And just by sending it, this is some Apache misconfiguration. I can see that one of  them popped up and I could see SSH protocol being returned inside the response. So this is something  that is very useful to know. You can just try sometimes server side request forgery  inside the first line of the request. So now, finally, we're going to have a case study so that  we can try to see what we have learned today. When I started to hack on the FIS program,  I found tons of domain names they own by using reverse whiz. And by doing that, reverse whiz  using Woxy, we've got around 100,000 domain names which returns FIS inside their whiz information.  So, obviously, we can't go one by one and try to test everything. It would be impossible for me to  talk also on all these domains together manually. And what I did is that I decided to take the hard  way and code a tool to bypass search engine captures and read limits and others so that we  can effectively use docking on the whole list of domains that I have now. So, as it was impossible  to go and do it one by one, we decided to code a tool which is going to do that for us automatically  and give us back all the results. To do that, we have to take care of bypassing captures, read  limits. So, for that, we have coded a tool that works very well. And after spending a couple of  days coding my tool, I finally came up with a tool to dock on Google, Baidu, Bing, and other search  engine that they go to. And what this tool expects is just engines and the dock that you want to run  against the specific search engine. So, my tool would take as input the dock and the engines to  search on. So, for example, here, we sent it bash dock.sh. And we can see that we got some results  back. So, now that we have that and we have a huge list of domains owned by FIS, what comes to mind  is that we have to launch the docking tool with a combination of different docks on that big and  huge attack surface that we have. This way, we find so much that is so good to hack on in the  future. So, now we have a dock tool working. What next? Dock with all sites. So, we can use a bash  for loop or parallel or any other things. For IE in CatList, we run the docking with the website  and the term that we're searching for, which is login, for example, here. And we are going to find  100,000 results. So, instead of just using, for example, site example and login only,  I have done some permutations. For example, site example signup, site example upload,  admin, password request, password forgot, PHP. So, we are rinsing and repeating again and again  on the same list of domains that we have. And we finally have 100 unique links.  And just like this, we have a ton and a ton and a ton and a ton to look into. So, we started with  just the domain names that we had of some orgs. And now we have, like, look at admin panels for  parameters. So, we have way more things to look into now.  All the links can be, again, Katana to discover more and more endpoint spaces. And then, again,  send to link finder. And then, again, back to Katana. And then, again, to link finder.  It's a rinse and repeat process. So, you find some links using docking. You send it back to Katana.  And then, you are going now for directory freezing. You find some new passes, some new folders,  some new files. Sending again back to Katana to crawl again. And keep doing that again and again  to find endless and infinite options of new attack surface on some platforms. And this process of  rinsing and repeating again and again is going to bring you so much new subdomains, so much new  domains, so much new endpoints, so much new login panels, so much new attack surface that you  haven't seen in the past. So, that's what I personally do. Every time I go back to my specific  targets, I rinse and repeat. So, I'm going to crawl again, freeze again, crawl again, freeze  again, and keep doing that in a loop until, like, I'm tired and I haven't found anything.  Do not forget directory freezing on all subpasses. For example, here inside the link that we have  found from the docking tool here on this specific line. And then, we can brute force every folder,  not just the web root. So, it's not just, for example, google.com slash fuzz and you just  fuzz here. No. If you found some interesting things using docking, some interesting folders  and passes, you have to take into consideration to fuzz the specific passes on the end. So,  for example, in this instance here, we have fuzzed the investor slash login and slash authorization  path as this is some valid folder on that specific website. So, case study. During  mass docking on my target, which says host slash archive.zip.  Okay. So, during mass docking on my target, I found a link similar to this,  which says documentation slash archive.zip. Upon downloading the archive, I found some  credentials inside the file. So, we found the zip file using docking. We downloaded the zip file.  And then, here we have after decompressing the archive, we have found a file which contains  some username and password binded inside of it. So, we can see here credentials,  value equal client upload SVC and the password which is redacted here.  Great. We have credentials. But what end point to hit with these credentials? Because even though  we have found credentials, we don't know yet where to use those. So, archive contained an  installer. And after installing the software on my VPS, we were left with some GLL files.  And what we can do, obviously, with the GLL files is that we can decompile them using some  decompiler. And then, after doing that, and here, after saving the source code we got from the GLL  files, we finally end up finding some localhost links inside the source code of it, which says  localhost on some ports. And we have some web service that we found. And so, what to do now?  What to do now is that we're going to take that specific path and we're going to take the whole  list of domains and IPs we have of that specific organization. And we're going simply to brute  force to be able to find some entry points for our credentials that we found with the end point.  And luckily, we found some subdomains with the password we're looking for.  We sent the right parameters it accepts. It accepted XML content type. And we sent the  credentials which we found inside the file before, the zip file. And luckily, we got back all the  data of the company on that specific end point. So, this is the end. And the takeaways that we have  here is don't be afraid to try new things. If you have some ideas, maybe you can think that it won't  work. But if no one is dead when trying. So, you can just try and actually try what you have in  mind. It might work. Maybe it's a new path for a new research that some people might not have  discovered yet. So, don't be afraid to try new things. Nothing is sure. Nothing is unsure.  Try what you have in mind and hope for the best. Spend a lot of time gathering and tell about the  organization. And hack when you feel like hacking. Don't obligate yourself to hack or you might get  not so good results. Thank you so much for being here. And I'm happy to be here today with you.  Thank you. Hello. Okay. Thank you so much for an amazing talk today.  So, if any of you guys have questions. So, we have eight minutes right now. Okay.  Thanks for a nice talk. I have a question about the methodology of which you described.  As we see, hacking is quite a process. You need to keep up with all the things which are published.  What would you recommend the person who don't keep up with this pace and maybe can't sometimes  feel that there is an overflow of information and I just feel like tired. What would you  recommend to such person? Maybe switch to management or  do some business around cybersecurity or maybe find some motivation inside. What do you see?  So, Alexander here is going to have a great talk on fusing later on in the day.  So, thank you for the question. What I do, I personally do because I can't speak for everyone,  but I think that I stick to what I love doing. I love doing docking and this kind of recon,  which is old school things. Some people nowadays like doing some new tools,  doing some new techniques. I love sticking to what I love doing. I really want to enjoy the process.  I don't want to just learn some new things. No, if I don't enjoy it, I'm not going to do it.  So, I just keep stuck to what I enjoy doing. And it's working very well, you know, because  the old methods are what the new methods are consisted of. This is what they get inspired  from to make the new tools and stuff. So, I keep doing what I love, which is basic recon.  And I try once a week or twice a week to try to read some new blogs and some  new exploits, like on the PT Swarm websites. And also from Asset Notes with my friend Shubz,  which publishes a lot of new CVEs and exploits that they found. And so, that's how I like keeping  up to date with the actual cybersecurity base.  Thanks a lot.  Thank you.  Okay. Thank you for your question. Any others? Okay.  The brackets in the site doc, is that a documented feature?  No, it's not. I've just found it by trying a lot.  Okay. And they go after the colon or after the asterisk?  So, I can come back to it so you can take a picture.  Oh, I think it's off.  So, if we go back to the docs.  Yeah. So, if anyone wants to take notes of the docs that are here, I'll let you know.  In five seconds, it's gone.  Okay. So, you were just, were you sort of like running Intruder with some characters and stuff  to test that out? Or was it just completely?  Sorry, can you repeat?  To discover the brackets. Is that your discovery?  Yeah.  Okay. So, you were just, were you sort of like running Intruder with some characters and stuff  to test that out? Or was it just completely?  Sorry, can you repeat?  No, no. It was just manual, no Intruder. So, I just like, I've had a day off and I said,  okay, so today I'm going to try to find some things on Google that other people might not  have found yet. So, I just kept trying, trying some stuff using Dorking and I finally found  that this specific thing was working. It's not documented, but yeah, it's here.  Now,  other ones, if you want to take some notes.  Anyone is taking some note of that?  Yeah, good. So, this one is, yeah. Do you have another question? No?  There's someone in the back, I think. Someone there?  Okay. Someone in the back? All right.  Yeah.  First of all, thank you for the great talk. So, I have some questions. The first one,  you mentioned one case study about Twitter and you found like secret header that if you  insert that secret header, the application will return the result instead of the connection  reset. So, I would like to know how do you know that secret header? Is it a common IP spoofing  header? And I also have another question about your process. You mentioned that the bug bounty  process, the repeated process after you get access to some information, you add up into your work  list and repeat the process again and again. So, do you have the method that you store the  information in a way that you can systematically check the older version or you just simply store  it in a take file? Okay. Thank you for the question. That's a great question.  So, for the IP thing, as we have seen inside the slides, is that when we sent the  IP inside bug repeater, we got first connection reset. So, if I understand well, you're asking  how I knew that this specific IP was going to return that. Yes. So, let's go back to  the tool. So, anyways, there is a tool, yeah. So, there's a tool called Angry IP Scanner on  Windows. Some other people might use Nmap on Linux, too, which is kind of the same. But I love  doing Angry IP Scanner because I can have some VPS of mine and then I can visualize I like seeing  stuff in front of me. And so, by doing that, it shows that the domain is online with a host name.  But when you open the IP without the host name, it's just going to give you back connection reset.  And when you put the right domain name with that IP, it's then going to give you back the good  results that it should. So, I suggest that you download Angry IP Scanner. And if you have any  questions to try to set it up later, you can hit me up on Twitter and I will try to help you with  that. And for the second question about how I store the information of bug bounty programs,  I'm a text file guy. So, I save everything text file inside some directories that I have made  from my target. So, for example, let's say I'm going on FIS. It's just going to be inside the  FIS folder. And I have, for example, 13th of May folder. You go inside, you find the data. And if  I want some old data, I'm just going to put the other folders, other dates. And that's how I can  easily also grab for anything that I want to see if I need to remember something. I hope this helps.  Yes? I'm going to put that in a GPT or something. There's a lot of information, rinse and repeat,  as you mentioned. It sounds like ideal to put this in a private own GPT to help you speed up  the process. Is this something you've considered? Yeah, I think this is something that I should  think about, which is very doable. I have to run it then offline because I'm really afraid  for anything to get leaked later on. Yeah, no, that's why I said private GPT. Don't put it out there.  Yeah, we have to do it. I think if all the hackers put all their work together and retrain  some GPTs, it's going to be some crazy things to have. It's a great weapon.  There's someone in the back. Yeah.  Thank you for the talk. Well, would you mind sharing about how can you bypass the Google and  maybe search engine late limit and capture? Yeah, so this is a complicated thing. About  the Google things, you have to I think this one needs a talk itself, if you have to dip deeper  into that. So to shorten things, we use a lot of proxies, which is very expensive. And also  you have to code some tools so that you don't always send the same header. So for example,  the user agent has to change on every request that you make. And you have to add some bunch of  garbage data when sending the request. So Google knows or doesn't know that you're a bot. So it's  a combination of techniques that I have found that they have done on several search engines.  So Google has some, Bing has some other things, Dr. Go has some other methods, and I've combined  all of that together. Thank you so much. Thank you.  Would be nice if you have another talk about this. I hope so. We will see with the team.  First of all, thank you for the great talk. Welcome. I would like to ask about the host  identification, about the proof of the host header. Does that method work on the Cloudflare  protected host? Oh, so what that, so that we find actual hosts, which are behind the Cloudflare  and Acame WAFs. So this won't work if you try it on IPs that are on Cloudflare, it won't work. But  if you get all the IPs of the organization using the AESN, then you can brute force and maybe you  can get the origin IP of the thing that you're looking for. So yeah. So here, when we get the  whole IP range owned by a company, from here, if you brute force everything with the subdomains,  you are likely going to find the origin IP of the subdomain that you had, which was behind  Cloudflare. So that's the main point of these techniques. Thank you. Welcome.  Okay.  Okay. Thank you for your great talk. My pleasure. I have a question about your methodology.  As far as I understand, you're talking about Katana and LinkFinder, and you training in  between each other and send data between each other again and again. And I'm just curious,  why are you doing this? Because as far as I know, those tools do the same things.  And I just want to get the idea. So can you repeat the last phrase?  I mean, you're sending data between Katana and LinkFinder. So as far as I know,  both tools are doing the same things. And what's the idea behind doing this?  Yes. So LinkFinder is going to run mostly on the JavaScript files.  And Katana is mostly going to crawl the website. So what Katana does is that it's going to follow  back the links. So if there is example.com and there is a login link on that, it's going to  follow the login link. And from there, it's going again to follow all the other links.  However, what LinkFinder is going to do is that when we pipe it some things, it's going to just  give you back the passes. And inside these passes, there is mostly JavaScript files, which you can  pipe again to LinkFinder to find endpoints which are inside the JavaScript files. So do you get  the idea of what I'm saying? So you can parse JavaScript files using Katana as well.  Okay. So I haven't tried the JavaScript thing on Katana, but I've been sticking with LinkFinder  for a long time. It has been working for me. So that's why I'm keeping it simple and doing that  again and again. But, however, what I love doing again, as we said, is that when I find some  specific passes and directories, I'm going to directory foos using foof and then send it back  again to Katana and other tools. So just keep the main concept is not only about Katana and  LinkFinder here, but it's about the rinse and repeat process that you have to do. It's the  same process. Let it be for subdomain enumerations or anything else. Subdomain enumeration, if you  find, for example, a dev.example.com, rinse and repeat, brute force, foos.dev.example.com. And  then again and again and again, keep doing some permutations until you find some hidden things  that other people don't know about.  Right. Guys, you will have an opportunity to ask some additional questions during the coffee break.  So let's thank Hussain for his great speech. And then we'll be welcoming the next speaker.  Thank you so much. Thank you.


url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v6t6O0LMiY
title: This is The Fastest Hacking & Recon Tool
type: video
author: NahamSec
ingestion_date: 2024-09-06
transcription_model: large-v2
content:
  {
    "webpage_url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v6t6O0LMiY",
    "title": "This is The Fastest Hacking & Recon Tool",
    "description": "LIKE and SUBSCRIBE with NOTIFICATIONS ON if you enjoyed the video! \ud83d\udc4d\n\n\ud83d\udcda If you want to learn bug bounty hunting from me:  https://bugbounty.nahamsec.training\n\ud83d\udcbb If you want to practice some of my free labs and challenges: https://app.hackinghub.io\n\n\n\ud83d\udcb5 FREE $200 DigitalOcean Credit:\nhttps://m.do.co/c/3236319b9d0b\n\n\ud83d\udd17 LINKS:\n\ud83d\udcd6 MY FAVORITE BOOKS:\nBug Bounty Bootcamp: The Guide to Finding and Reporting Web Vulnerabilities -https://amzn.to/3Re8Pa2\nHacking APIs: Breaking Web Application Programming Interfaces - https://amzn.to/45g4bOr\nBlack Hat GraphQL: Attacking Next Generation APIs - https://amzn.to/455F9l3\n\n\ud83c\udf7f WATCH NEXT:\nIf I Started Bug Bounty Hunting in 2024, I'd Do this - https://youtu.be/z6O6McIDYhU\n2023 How to Bug Bounty - https://youtu.be/FDeuOhE5MhU\nBug Bounty Hunting Full Time - https://youtu.be/watch?v=ukb79vAgRiY\nHacking An Online Casino - https://youtu.be/watch?v=2eIDxVrk4a8\nWebApp Pentesting/Hacking Roadmap - https://youtu.be/watch?v=doFo0I_KU0o\n\n\nMY OTHER SOCIALS:\n\ud83c\udf0d My website - https://www.nahamsec.com/\n\ud83d\udc68\u200d\ud83d\udcbb My free labs - https://app.hackinghub.io/\n\ud83d\udc26 Twitter -  https://twitter.com/NahamSec\n\ud83d\udcf8 Instagram - https://instagram.com/NahamSec  \n\ud83d\udc68\u200d\ud83d\udcbb Linkedin -  https://www.linkedin.com/in/nahamsec/\n\nWHO AM I?\nIf we haven't met before, hey \ud83d\udc4b! I'm Ben, most people online know me online as NahamSec. I'm a hacker turned content creator. Through my videos on this channel, I share my experience as a top hacker and bug bounty hunter to help you become a better and more efficient hacker. \n\nFYI: Some of the links I have in the description are affiliate links that I get a a percentage from.",
    "channel_url": "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCZDt7MuC3Hzs6IH4xODLBw",
    "duration": 602,
    "channel": "NahamSec",
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  This text was transcribed using whisper model: large-v2

   You can now run all of your Recon tools directly within your browser using an AWS Lambda  and honestly just playing around with this tool in the past couple of days, it has been a game changer.  If you're not familiar with Lemma by DefParam, it actually allows you to create a different approach to Recon  by just using a Lambda function and invoking that Lambda function to run your tools against a target  or a list of targets, which is very, very cool and I'll get into that just in a bit  or you can just directly right click on your browser and invoke that tool and have it scan  whatever tool and host that you're hacking on at the moment.  But before we do that, before I show you all the fun that we can have with this tool,  do me a favor and drop me a comment.  Let me know what are the different Recon tools that you want to see on this channel  because honestly, I've been making a little bit of Recon content.  I've been doing some more live streams around Recon and I've been enjoying it  but I also want to make content that you are going to enjoy.  So drop me a comment whether it's a tool framework or an online application  that is Recon based that you want me to cover.  That could be something like Bebot, it could be your next pen test tools,  Trickist, whatever it is, drop me a comment and I will try and make a video of it  in the upcoming weeks.  Before I show you all the cool things about this tool and how to use it,  we got to set it up very quickly, which is super, super easy.  All you need is an AWS account and some Ubuntu machine to use as your command center  just to be able to interact with the interface of this tool.  So what you want to do is quickly go to IM dashboard, go to your groups,  create a brand new group and within that group you want to create your policy  and give it the permissions.  You can give it the right permissions if you're good with AWS  or you can just be an animal like me and give it administrative access.  I know it's not secure but it gets the job done.  And then you want to go and add that user to that group,  go into the access keys and create an access right here,  which is going to give you the code and the access keys for that users  to import to your box with the export command to be able to interact with AWS  and be able to build this as a Lambda function.  And now that we have done that, all we have to do is type in the build.sh command  after we have pulled this entire code into it.  But before I do that, I want to show you something really, really quickly  that might be helpful.  And within this entire folder, you have the tools folder  and you can see that in tools right here I have added templates  and a couple of other things.  But these are all the tools that come in by default.  So if you want to add something new to it, like a Go tool that you use,  maybe it is your smuggler, maybe it is something like Nuclei  or it could be something different.  All you want to do is just put that in here and make sure that you have it set up.  So in this case, I have added templates also, which are my Nuclei templates.  If I do an lstools and do templates, you can see there is a bunch of templates  that I have put in here.  Some of them are custom and some of them are just defaults  for the sake of this video.  Installing the tool is super easy.  As you can see on the screen right here, it just has every step that you need to do.  We have already created on AWS key and our AWS access key.  We have to export it.  Once we have just done all this, we can go into our machine right here,  type in build.sh.  It's going to build it and it's going to ask you for a region  where you want to install this.  You can leave all these as default just like I have,  but the most important part here is to make sure we grab this URL.  And before we do anything, I'm just going to show you also the CLI for Lima.  You can also install that very easily.  All that is here in the readme file right here.  All you have to do is I think it's a pipx or a pip3,  install the CLI, and it just works super, super easy.  But now that we have done all that, I'm just going to quickly just do a dash L.  This is where you provide the URL for our Lambda URL.  I'm just going to put that in here.  Now that it's specified, we're good to go.  I'll show you what all that means in just a sec.  So now if we go in here and open up our instance,  you can see this beautiful tool that opens up  and you can do a lot of cool stuff with it.  But at a first glance, these are all the tools that are available.  And honestly, I think for somebody like me, this is a good enough starting point.  And now I can show you some of the cool use cases of using this amazing tool.  So the first thing we want to take a look at is  how do we just use this as a tool within our browser?  And the cool thing with TamperMonkey is  they can actually create scripts that do specific things for you.  I'm going to show you a couple of these that I already have created.  You can see this one, for example, is actually the default for FF.  This is actually created by DevParam himself.  But I'm just going to copy this in here  and we're going to go back and create a new one.  And with this one, I want to just invoke and run our short scan.  And I'm going to just do short scan.  The tool that's going to look for ISLD vulnerabilities.  If you're not familiar with it, look it up.  Amazing tool by BitQuark.  But this is what it's going to do is  it's just going to grab the URL in our browser  when we right click on it and it's going to perform a short scan.  But we have to make sure we put our URL right here for our lemos.  We're going to put that in here and do cmd equals to.  So what it's going to take is it's just going to take this URL  and feed this command into it and just run it for us right away.  We're going to call this one Lima short scan.  And now we can have some fun with this.  As soon as we have this done,  what we can do is we're going to look for a IIS website.  So let's say hypothetically you were just looking at a website,  whether it's if you want to do an FF on it or you want to use short scan.  In this case, I'm going to use short scan.  With having this script right here, now that it's ready,  I'm going to toggle it on. It should be on now.  If I go right click on here and click on tamper monkey tab,  I can just click short scan and it would immediately just launch that short scan  on this application and do it within my browser,  which now saves me a lot of time where I want to just right click on something  and run a scan.  I no longer have to just go into my command prompt right here,  grab the URL for this website and type in short scan and do this.  It's a lot of time to be spent and wasted, honestly,  where you can just use this and have it do it.  And you can see immediately it scanned it.  It says it's vulnerable on this site for Equifax.com.pe  and it's going to give me the outputs of this file right within my browser.  The bonus points with this is if you get very creative,  you can also just invoke these to be accessible within your browser,  on your mobile device, and just be scanning things on the fly  as you think about it, which, honestly,  I don't know if that's healthy for me to do it on my programs  or on my phone to always be hacking,  but that's also another option you have with this.  So that was just one of the use cases that I've created for myself.  And you can see right here, if I right-click, I have a few more.  I have FF and I have a Nucleotemplate for Jolokia.  I'm going to add a couple more of these that I have not imported yet,  but there's going to be a couple that it's going to look for Tomcat,  for example, it's going to look for path traversals  and things that I have created within my Nucleotemplate  that I know I'm always going to be scanning for.  And it just makes it easier for me to right-click and go to TamperMonk  and just say, hey, scan this for me and get it done  and show me the results within my screen right away.  So that's just one of the really cool use cases of this tool.  But there is more to this and it gets way cooler.  Now let me show you the second use case that I've been using a lot  in the last 24 hours that this tool has came out.  So the first thing I showed was all about efficiency.  How do we just quickly run a scan or run a Nucleotemplate  on something that we're looking at within our browser?  Super, super cool.  But this one is more about being fast and about speed  when it comes down to recon.  So what you can see right here is a bunch of different domains  that I've scanned for, just a very easy sub-finder.  I just throw it at a couple of domains  and it's just given us all these files.  But what we can do with this now is we can actually have Lima  take all of these different domains or sub-domains  and run a Nucleotemplate by distributing the workload  within 200 workers.  Actually, for the sake of this video, I'm going to make it 50 workers.  And it's going to take 50 of them, all their hosts right here,  and run the Swagger YAML on it.  And it's going to write the output of it all within final.txt.  And the cool thing about this is it's no longer that we have to wait  for just Nucleotemplate itself to do it.  This is going to distribute the entire workload  within 50 different workers.  And it's going to give us the outputs of this tool immediately.  And the reason why I use Swagger YAML as an example for all of my videos  is it's just one of the easiest things to scan for,  not because it's a vulnerability.  Well, obviously, if there is an older version of Swagger,  we can use it for XSS, but not something I report myself.  But it's just easier for the video to show something  that could lead up to finding vulnerabilities  because it gives us documentation on the API.  And for those of you who have watched my channel for a while,  you know I love API hacking.  And this is an easy way for me to just create a list of leads  that could potentially give us vulnerabilities.  And you can see now it's coming back with a bunch of different outputs  from domains like Equifax, Disney, Ford,  and a couple of other companies that I've put in here.  And it's just giving us all these different Swagger files  that we could have scanned manually ourselves,  but it would have just been a lot slower.  And using this, now we have a ton of results  and a lot of outputs that is coming out immediately.  The cool thing with this is you don't have to just do  one particular YAML file or a Nuclear template.  You can do multiple or just give it an entire folder  and have it distribute all of that within the number of workers  that you have included with your command.  So this has been the thing that I've been using this the most with  is just finding different vulnerabilities or files  or maybe just identifying one mistake on a specific asset  for a bug bounty program and just quickly writing a template for it  and running it against every single bug bounty program  that I have in my inventory.  So the next time you find a CVE  or you just find a very interesting folder  or maybe in a file on a bug bounty program  and you want to quickly just scan the entire equity  sum of bug bounty programs that you have access to,  this is probably the best way and easiest  and most efficient way to do all of it all in one tool.  And honestly, this tool has just gotten me  way, way more excited about doing recon.  And it's been just very enjoyable to just use it on the fly.  And honestly, the results that I've gotten with this tool so far  has been amazing.  All right, that's it.  Do me a favor.  If you haven't already, hit that subscribe button,  drop me a comment and like this video.  And if you want to go a step further,  you can actually go and enroll and become a member on this channel.  All the proceeds that we make goes towards upkeeping this channel  and making weekly content.  So if you haven't already, become a homie  and also drop a like and comment.  Do all the liking, do all the commenting.  I will see you all next week's video.  Peace.  Ben said we need four more seconds.  So two, three, bye.


url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKCW4D67u8U
title: No. 3 Texas Longhorns vs. No. 10 Michigan Wolverines Highlights | FOX College Football
type: video
author: CFB ON FOX
ingestion_date: 2024-09-08
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  This text was transcribed using whisper model: large-v2

   From the legendary Big House in Ann Arbor, Michigan, we've got  the biggest game of this young college football season.  Here's yours with time. Fires down the field, open receiver  and he's got him at the 45. What a throw and what a great  protection by the offensive line. And how about this throw  outside shoulder right there for Isaiah Bond, just before the  safety, McCary Page.  Blue in motion, empty backfield. They dump it down on the short  blast and it's caught for first down, Isaiah Bond.  Ewers, pocket collapsing, wants to run it, turns it up, picks up  the first down as he slides forward.  You've been able to do it.  Quick snap, Ewers swings it out. Nothing doing, Jaden Blue.  Ridden down this time by Derek. Third down and 11, Ewers  standing strong now, bounces it out, tries to square on the  move. Touchdown, Texas. What a play.  Ewers sets up, sideline and it's caught. It's Helm and Helm  goes down quickly for Auburn. Clean snap, good hold, got it up  and he pushed it wide right. So the Michigan defense holds.  First and 10 of the 44. Ewers over the middle, that ball  deflected and gobbled up. Helm gets upfield two yards.  Look at Kenneth Grant get his hands on this football and yet  Gunnar Helm, terrific concentration to go from regular  catch to the tip.  Blue in the pistol. They give it to him straight ahead and he'll  pick up the first down.  Oh man.  And Ewers pulls it down on the move. Touchdown, Texas. Gunnar  Helm, the tight end.  He'll settle through the middle of the field. And when you watch  Gunnar Helm, look at him just kind of settle into the end zone  and then a beautiful job by Quinn Ewers.  He's the pistol back right now. Play fake. Warren wants to throw  on the move and does. And he finds Colston Loveland, Mullings  and Edwards in the backfield. And this time they give it to  Donovan Edwards. Plowing forward, he dives. Edwards, the  pitch back to Warren looking over the middle. Caught and a  first down at the 40 yard line. This time 22. Beautiful little  flea flicker here. Donovan Edwards pitches it back to Davis  Warren and that is a really good throw right down the middle of  the field. At the 38.  And they'll hand it straight ahead. Donovan Edwards. And  partner, that's what you were talking about. Opportunity and  Orji looking to run it and goes nowhere. Texas ready for it. No  gain on the play. Vernon Broughton.  Got this one up. And good. The Michigan players and coaches  during the preseason when they will watch Ewers with trouble.  Finds his tight end. Gunnar Helm threw right into the blitzing  player. First down at the 35. Now Ewers hands it off. Wiesner  trying to get outside. Cuts it back up inside and gets close to  a 10 yard gain. 9. Second and short. First down Texas. When  you look at Quinn Ewers, you just have to think back.  Here's Wiesner. Breaks it inside and another first down. Here's  Ewers. Steps up in the pocket, wants a run and goes down behind  the line of scrimmage. This time Mason.  Play fake. Ewers drops it off. Wiesner in space. First down and  more as he goes out of bounds. As he goes out of bounds. Beautiful  job. And this is what Wiesner gives you. You fake the ball to  the running back. Normally the defense loses the guy that you  fake. Texas. They give it to him straight ahead. All sorts of  room just plowing through the Michigan defense. Second and  goal. Here's a handoff. Gibson turns. Touchdown Texas.  Outside leading the running back into the end zone and there's  nobody there. Gunner Helm, terrific block. Michigan is  heavily. Warren to throw it. Over the middle. And intercepted  by the Longhorns. Andrew McCuba. The Clemsons. They're not going  to get any depth because that's where the first down marker  is. So they sit. There's no threat deep. Ewers steps up on  the move. Caught and a first down. At the 15. Ewers on the  play action fake. Sideline throw. Caught by Helm again.  Straight ahead handoff. First down UT. Gibson. Here's Ewers  looking, pumping, dancing, turning. And incomplete. Smart  throw from 26 yards away. He missed a 43 yarder and this one  is good. 17 to 3. Emotion. Warren over the middle and it's  caught. It's Samaj Morgan as he gets up. Warren looking for  Edwards over the middle. He's got his man. Oh, Colson Loveland.  Dropped the football. And Texas has it. And then fumbled it. So  here's the catch. He needs to secure, then have an element of  time with it secured. He definitely seems to control that  ball and start moving up the field. You know, that second  left. Ewers swings it out. Blue. First down. Burst of speed and  no go down. Insultion. Ewers sprinting out. Squares. Throws.  Touchdown Texas. Matthew Golden. Watch him get his body in a  position to throw this ball with pace in the perfect spot. That  is arm talent. That's a different. Second down and long.  Ewers rolling. Throws. Caught. First down. First down at the  41-yard line. Ewers. Another quick strike. But Michigan ready  for the play. Matthew Golden. Ewers. And he'll just dump it.  Here's Warren scrambling. Stops. Looks. Delivers. Oh, in traffic  and caught by Loveland. Will get to carry it on first down.  Nice cut. And make it second. Michigan trying to run it up the  gut. No luck. Zaveda from 52 yards. This kid is terrific.  Zaveda. 24-6. Love seeing your success in the NFL and you're  exactly right. Ewers over the middle underneath a tight end  again. Gunner Helm has been the difference. His career high in  catches. Here's the reverse and it's Wingo. Still running. Ryan  Wingo down inside the foul. First and goal at the three-yard  line. And Ewers takes a knee. Looks like it may have been a  busted play. Not sure. But Wingo got, excuse me, Ewers got hit.  There's the knee. Play is over and then Brant 91 takes the shot  and then look at these linemen. They are immediately in there to  protect their guy. Gives himself up. Now Brant goes in. Ewers  swings it out. Nearside. Blue. Touchdown, Texas. Jayden Blue.  How simple can it get? And so at the snap, they're totally out  leveraged on the outside. Ewers just steps back. 1-2. Ball out.  It's right on his face so he can run through that pass. It's  accurate. In college football coming out of the University of  Texas and this ball is intercepted. Wow. Lack of  development reps for a guy like Davis Warren. When you're having  to share those reps with Alex Orji in the preseason, the fact  that he's so inexperienced. Yeah, I think we were in the same  recruiting class. Here's a run for Donovan Edwards at the 18-yard  line. Davis Warren underneath and it's caught for first down.  Colston Loveland. Warren under pressure over the middle and  it's caught. Nice. Bang. There's Tyler Morris running through the  ball. First down and 10 at the 40 over the middle. Loveland  again. In at running back for Michigan. Davis Warren quick  throw this time. There it comes. Warren in trouble. Warren lost  it. Incomplete. That's right. I wasn't going to say our  director. Second down and eight. Here's Gibson. Close to a first  down. I think Tom is going to be fine. Gibson. First down.  Man, I tell you. Immediately still be great. That ball  deflected. Incomplete. And we go all the way back. Playing a  complete game on the road this afternoon. All great teams do.  Number one, they love each other and number two, they love to  work. Warren. Sideline throw here from Davis Warren. Good  adjustment there. Gets that left foot down. Here's Warren over  the middle and another completion. Remember, Davis  Warren is a cancer survivor. Great for this young quarterback.  The middle again and it's hard. And that should take us to the  two-minute timeout. Michigan trying to put something together  to feel good about themselves. Warren. Long throw. Caught at  the goal line. Is it a touchdown? Samaj Morgan.  Easy decision. After reviewing the runner scored, it is a  touchdown. It is. Davis Warren in the end zone. Incomplete.  Third up. North. And there was a great picture that came with  that as well. He grew up and one of the things that he  realized and that he learned is that he was going to need to


url: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2PdnJWxFhI
title: Family Guy - Brian immediately falls in love with Emma
type: video
author: Mr. Rupert
ingestion_date: 2024-09-09
transcription_model: medium
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    "title": "Family Guy - Brian immediately falls in love with Emma",
    "description": "00:03 - Yeah! Playin' Ed Sheeran through my dog!\n01:02 - There's your spot.\nSeason: 22 Episode: 15 - Faith no more",
    "channel_url": "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQbLAKb20pndIfjK-YQ2Zrw",
    "duration": 95,
    "channel": "Mr. Rupert",
    "uploader": "Mr. Rupert",
    "upload_date": "20240504"
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  I even pride myself on being able to find every dog's spot, right behind the ears.  I'd be tempted to ask you to coffee, but I'm sure a girl like you is already seeing someone.  I'm practically a fire hydrant.  I keep hitting the balls over the fence and have no one to retrieve them.  Sorry, I interrupted you. You were saying?  Well, him and whoever fired Bob Barker. Neuter yourself, dick.


url: local:1725930125:546305b1:CWL-Payloads-pwndrop.mp4
title: CWL-Payloads-pwndrop.mp4
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transcription_model: large-v2
trash_date: 2024-09-10 23:08:35.139644
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  This text was transcribed using whisper model: large-v2

   Hello all, welcome to cyber warfare labs modern red team infra mini course.  So we will be starting with module D that is payload server.  So this is a very interesting part where we will be setting up our payloads and where  we will be hosting our implants etc.  And we will see various ways how we can make it OPSEC safe as well.  So let's quickly start with one of the most used tool during hosting the payloads and  serving it to the end users.  That is open source tool called own drop.  So this is one of the most widely used tool during red team operations.  Because this is a one stop solution for hosting payloads and it provides a lot of things that  we will be viewing in the next section.  So first of all, it's open source.  And it's a payload hosting service used during the RTO red team operations.  It's very easy to deploy, we can directly download the binary and install it as well  as point to the domain so that it will be up on a specific domain.  And we can serve the files or deliver our payload via multiple protocols like HTTP or  HTTPS as well as web dev.  So we can have various restrictions like who can access our own drop instance, and  we can also customize this open source setup.  So one of the restrictions that we can set up is the geo based destruction.  So it can be applied in so that it is only and only accessible by the attacker and the  victim infrastructure that we are targeting.  So when we are actually doing operations on on any organization, let's say any phishing  assessment or any initial access assessment or or any specific, you know, full fledged  RTO.  So in these cases, the proper setup of the payload server is very important, right?  So it should be restricted to the victim infrastructure.  And during recon activities, we can easily identify the domains, the IP ranges, etc,  that are used or in use by the organization.  Also, the admin portal where we will be uploading the payloads, etc, is accessible with the  hidden directory.  So let's have a quick demonstration of how we can set up the own drop instance.  So it's pretty much simple.  There are a couple of ways how we can set up the things.  And one of the way is to set up directly locally, okay, that is on your own machine.  And the other way is to deploy it on a VPS server.  So we will be looking at a couple of things in here.  So it's very simple.  Okay.  So if you look at the installation part, before that there are some prerequisites.  So let's say if we want to install this own drop instance locally on a VM environment,  so we can easily do that there is no need of any domain pointing, no, you know, any  point to name service or any A record, etc.  All of these things are not required.  That is first setup and it can generally be used for testing purposes and for customization  in our own development environment.  And the second setup is hosting it in the production that is either in the VPS server  beside the redirectors, right.  So for in that case, as it is mentioned in the prerequisite that we need to have a DNS  A record, which points to our VPS IP.  So let's say if we have our instance hosted on AWS, Azure or GCP in any of these cloud  service providers, we can point the DNS A record directly to the public IP, right.  And it works pretty much smooth, right.  So it can run with very least specification, right.  So that is the thing.  And the important thing is there are various ways of installation.  You can either compile it, you can either use the complete proper compiled binary, right  of this own drop, but okay.  So there are various ways of doing that.  The interesting thing of this particular open source tool is the faceted file.  That is, we can set up the faceted files which will be served instead of the original file  whenever you feel like it, okay.  So this is an important part.  And we have a next exercise where we will be custom creating our own part of this particular  thing that is set up automatic redirects to spoof the file extension in a shared link.  So that is our next exercise.  One who have the researcher who has created this particular toolkit has already inbuilt  in the go, you know, it's all set up in the go.  So we will not be looking at the things.  But instead of this, we will be utilizing nginx for custom setup and for file extension  spoofing, etc, right.  So that works pretty much smooth.  And the other thing that we will be taking and will be used in the later section is protect  your admin panel behind a custom secret URL.  So we will be looking at a directory based redirection that we will also set up and see  in the configuration.  So there are a couple of use cases that we will be recreating instead of directly using  this onDrop instance.  So it's pretty much as all the information is available here.  So there is no need of any demonstration for how we will be setting up.  It's pretty much easy.  Just install, run your spin your VPS server, and whatever domain you prefer, point it to  the IP address of the VPS server, install this binary and it works pretty much smooth.  Okay, so it's as easy as this thing.  And let's see in the next videos how we can deep dive into the customization as well as  setting up our payload server using nginx.  So that's all for this specific video.  Have a good day.


# Keywords

keyword:
  \textbullet  information systems $\rightarrow $ -1information integration.\textbullet  computing methodologies $\rightarrow $ -1natural language generation.


# MediaVersion

created_at: 2024-08-16 18:34:08
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                                          - Surrounded by **bold** formatting 
                                          - Not listed as bullet points
                                          - No space between headings and list items underneath
                                          
                                          **Emphasis**:
                                          - **Important terms** set in bold font
                                          - **Text ending in a colon**: also bolded
                                          
                                          **Review**:
                                          - Ensure adherence to specified format
                                          - Do not reference these instructions in your response.</s>[INST] {{ .Prompt }} [/INST]
                                      

summary:
  ## **Module 1: File Format Basics**
  - **VBA**: Visual Basic for Applications
  - **OLE**: Object Linking and Embedding
  - **OLE Tools**: Tools for analyzing OLE files
  - **P-Code**: Pseudo-code, intermediary language for VBA
  - **X-Code**: Intermediary language for VBA
  - **VBA Stomping**: Manipulating VBA code to bypass AV detection
  - **Mark of the Web**: Metadata indicating a file was downloaded from the internet
  - **Zone Identifier**: Metadata stream indicating a file's origin
  - **SmartScreen**: Windows security feature that uses Zone Identifier
  - **Compound File**: Container format for Microsoft Office files
  - **Container Format**: File format that can contain other files
  - **OpenXML**: XML-based container format for Microsoft Office files
  - **VBA Project**: Contains VBA code and project information
  - **Project Stream**: Contains project information for VBA editor GUI
  - **VBA Project Stream**: Instructs the VBA engine
  - **Deere Stream**: Contains project layout for the VBA engine
  - **Modules**: Contain the actual code of macros

  ## **Manipulating File Formats**
  - **Project Stream**: Can be manipulated to remove modules from VBA editor inspection
  - **Custom UI Editor**: Allows adding custom UI parts and events to XML-based Office files
  - **Auto-Open Event**: Subroutine executed automatically when a file is opened
  - **Malware Creators**: Use custom UI to bypass auto-open-based detections

  ## **Abusing Ambiguity in Specifications**
  - **Specifications**: Complex and ambiguous, providing opportunities for exploitation
  - **ASCII and Unicode Name Fields**: Pointing to the same module tree, can be abused
  - **Must Be Ignored/Must Not Be Present**: Features often present in file formats, useful for deviation from specs
  - **OLE Tools**: Crash or show unexpected behavior when specs are deviated from

  ## **Lab Exercise: Creating a Malicious Macro**
  - **Goal**: Create a malicious macro that is invisible in the VBA editor, has no auto-open trigger, and is not parsed by OLE VBA and PicoDone
  - **Steps**:
    1. Remove auto-open event from macro
    2. Edit vbadata.xml: Rename subroutine to "auto-open" to create an auto-open event
    3. Edit vbaproject.bin: Remove reference to module 1 from project stream
    4. Mess up the compound file format of vbaproject.bin to crash OLE VBA and PicoDone

  ## **Module 2: Evasion on Dynamic Execution and Breaking Trust**
  - **Mark of the Web (MotW)**: Metadata indicating a file was downloaded from the internet, used by Microsoft Office for security checks
  - **Trusted Locations**: Locations configured in Office where files are trusted and security measures are disabled
  - **Execution Flow**: The process Office follows to check and execute macros:
    1. Check if the file originates from a trusted location
    2. Check if the file is signed by a trusted publisher
    3. Check if the file is a trusted document
  - **Code Execution Flow**: The flow of code execution when a file with macros is opened
  - **Social Engineering**: Convincing users to bypass MotW by copying files from certain locations
  - **Trusted Sites**: Sites configured in Internet Explorer, do not have the MotW flag
  - **XL4 Macros**: Legacy macros in Excel, also known as XLM, built into Excel.exe
  - **P-Code**: Pseudo-code interpreted and executed by the VBA engine
  - **Evil Clippy**: Tool for bypassing antivirus using VBA stomping and P-Code
  - **MD5**: Default hashing algorithm for macro code signing, prone to collisions

  ## **Hijacking Execution Flow of Signed Files**
  - **Assumption**: Obtaining a signed file and using it to perform attacks or lateral movement
  - **Opportunities**: Exploiting how signed files load and execute code from unsigned files
  - **Office File Loading Other Office Files**: Exploiting how Excel loads Word files, bypassing security settings
  - **VBA Code Abusing Cell Contents**: Signed VBA code relying on cell contents, which can be manipulated by attackers
  - **DLL and Declares**: Signed VBA code using external functions from DLLs, can be exploited by loading malicious DLLs
  - **XLL File Loading**: XLL (Excel add-in) loading a malicious DLL, exploiting function forwarding

  ## **Breaking Code Signing**
  - **Content Normalized Data**: Algorithm input for code signing of macros, includes project references and module stream code
  - **Project References**: Type libraries, sensitive and not properly taken into account for code signing
  - **Component Object Model (COM)**: Standard for interface communication between code components
  - **IDISPATCH Interface**: Standardized interface for late binding, used by scripting languages
  - **Early Binding**: Using type libraries to define com interfaces, improving performance
  - **Type Libraries**: Microsoft proprietary file format for defining com interfaces, can be embedded or standalone
  - **Newline Injection**: Exploitation of code signing algorithm by removing new line characters before hashing
  - **Network Type Libraries**: Type libraries loaded from network locations, now blocked by default
  - **MD5**: Default hashing algorithm for macro code signing, prone to collisions

  ## **Lateral Movement**
  - **Templates**: Using Word templates with macros on Trusted Locations for lateral movement
  - **Custom UI**: Using custom UI in Excel to reference a workbook from a Trusted Location
  - **Excel 4 Macros**: Legacy macros in Excel, built into Excel.exe and enabled via COM and DECOM
  - **Register XLL**: Method exposed by COM and DECOM for loading XML/DLL files into Excel, useful for lateral movement

  ## **Module 3: Beyond Code Execution**
  - **Fields**: Archaic Word feature for creating wizards and interfaces, useful for social engineering
  - **Protected Word File**: Using fields to create dropdown buttons and other interactive elements
  - **CVEs in Word**: Security vulnerabilities found in how Word parses fields
  - **Power of Python**: Microsoft's announcement of Python support in Excel, allowing formulas to connect to a machine running at Microsoft
  - **Power BI and Excel**: Offering features to manipulate data using M formula language, useful for reconnaissance
  - **Get Data**: Button in Excel for connecting to various data sources, including files, folders, databases, and online services
  - **Power Query M Formula**: Programming-like language for manipulating data in Power BI and Excel
  - **WebService Formula**: Allows making GET and POST requests to URLs from Excel
  - **Active Content**: Warning displayed when a file contains formulas or external data, can be enabled by the user


created_at: 2024-08-26 14:26:36
prompt:
                                      <s>You are a bulleted notes specialist. [INST]```When creating comprehensive bulleted notes, you should follow these guidelines: Use multiple headings based on the referenced topics, not categories like quotes or terms. Headings should be surrounded by bold formatting and not be listed as bullet points themselves. Leave no space between headings and their corresponding list items underneath. Important terms within the content should be emphasized by setting them in bold font. Any text that ends with a colon should also be bolded. Before submitting your response, review the instructions, and make any corrections necessary to adhered to the specified format. Do not reference these instructions within the notes.``` 
  Based on the content between backticks create comprehensive bulleted notes.[/INST]
                                          **Bulleted Note Creation Guidelines**
                                          
                                          **Headings**:
                                          - Based on referenced topics, not categories like quotes or terms
                                          - Surrounded by **bold** formatting 
                                          - Not listed as bullet points
                                          - No space between headings and list items underneath
                                          
                                          **Emphasis**:
                                          - **Important terms** set in bold font
                                          - **Text ending in a colon**: also bolded
                                          
                                          **Review**:
                                          - Ensure adherence to specified format
                                          - Do not reference these instructions in your response.</s>[INST] {{ .Prompt }} [/INST]
                                      

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Webpage URL**: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8gqBTphMJk
  - **Title**: Half in the Bag - Alien: Romulus
  - **Channel URL**: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrTNhL_yO3tPTdQ5XgmmWjA
  - **Channel**: RedLetterMedia
  - **Uploader**: RedLetterMedia
  - **Duration**: 1829 seconds
  - **Upload Date**: 20240817

  **Description Highlights**
  - **Key Elements**: Aliens, Facehuggers, The Nostromo, Weyland Yutani, The Engineers, black goo, MU/TH/ER, Reebok shoes, CGI deepfake dead actor deepfakes, Evil android that's loyal to the company, People in Alien Queen wall cocoons, Protagonist getting into underwear then having to get into space suit, Opening hole in the ship to shoot the alien out of the ship.
  - **Quotes**: "Get away from her, you b*tch!", "Every day is an endless nightmare."

  **Film Discussion**
  - **Opening Comments**: 
    - The film is part of the Alien franchise and brings back familiar elements.
    - Initial excitement turned to disappointment as the film progressed.
  - **Director**: Fede Alvarez
  - **Initial Impressions**:
    - Started off strong with good aesthetics and a promising setup.
    - Set on a Weyland-Yutani mining planet, 20 years after **Alien**.
    - Focus on the struggle of miners living in poor conditions.
  - **Main Characters**:
    - **Rain**: Protagonist
    - **Andy**: Android buddy, standout performance, switches between good and bad android roles.
    - **Supporting Characters**: Mostly one-dimensional, serve as alien fodder.

  **Plot and Themes**
  - **Main Plot**:
    - Miners on a Weyland-Yutani planet face harsh living conditions.
    - Rain wants to escape to a better planet but is under contract with Weyland-Yutani.
    - A plan to steal cryopods and escape leads to conflict and alien encounters.
  - **Key Scenes**:
    - Facehugger sequence
    - Android Andy's transformation
    - CGI deepfake of Ian Holm as Ash
  - **Callbacks and References**:
    - Numerous callbacks to previous Alien films.
    - Iconic lines and scenes recreated without context, e.g., "Get away from her, you bitch."
    - Visual and thematic references to Alien, Aliens, Prometheus, Alien Covenant, and Alien Resurrection.

  **Critique**
  - **Positive Aspects**:
    - Strong first 30 minutes
    - Effective horror elements and set design
    - Good performances, especially by the actor playing Andy
  - **Negative Aspects**:
    - Over-reliance on fan service and callbacks
    - CGI deepfake was distracting
    - Film became a pastiche of previous Alien movies
    - Felt like a fan film or AI-generated script
    - Overly long and exhausting to watch

  **Overall Assessment**
  - **Conclusion**:
    - Mixed feelings due to strong start but disappointing execution.
    - Prefer Ridley Scott’s Prometheus and Alien Covenant for their originality.
    - Film felt like it was heavily influenced by studio notes and lacked a distinct directorial voice.


created_at: 2024-08-26 22:53:38
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  ## Building Our Nemesis
  - A webinar about the release of Nemesis 1.0, an offensive-focused data enrichment pipeline.

  ## Introduction
  - **Lee Chigoye-Christensen** (Tifkin): Researcher at SpecterOps with a background in penetration testing, red teaming, and application security. Co-developer of the ADCS research.
  - **Max**: AdSim consultant at SpecterOps with expertise in software engineering and Kubernetes. Author of tools like Satellite, Jot3 Transport, and GoFish Notifier.
  - **Will Schroeder** (Harmjoy): Researcher at SpecterOps with experience in red teaming, training, and tool development. Co-developer of PowerShell Empire, PowerSploit, Bloodhound, and Ghostpack. Co-author of the ADCS research.

  ## Red Team Challenges and Data Analysis
  - File triage and system analysis are time-consuming and inefficient, often involving multiple tools and VMs.
  - Tradecraft is difficult to scale across a large team with varying skill sets.
  - Data from different C2 frameworks is siloed, making it challenging to model and analyze the target network.
  - Tedious and inconsistent analysis due to the volume of data and human factors.
  - Temporal aspects: the relevance of data may change over time, making it important to have a centralized and searchable data store.

  ## Nemesis' Vision and Architecture
  - **Nemesis' Vision**: A centralized data processing platform that ingests, enriches, and performs analytics on offensive security assessment data.
  - **Architecture**: Data flows from C2 platforms to the Nemesis Web API, then to a message queuing system (RabbitMQ). Analysis components process the data and send it back to the queue, which then feeds into data sinks (Elasticsearch and Postgres). Operators can view the data through the Nemesis dashboard or Kibana.
  - **Tool Integrations**: Nemesis supports connectors for major C2 platforms (Cobalt Strike, Mythic, Metasploit, OST Stage 1, Sliver) and other tools (Chrome plugin, BoF for registry collection).

  ## Nemesis 1.0 Features
  - **Host Modeling**: Nemesis solves the problem of uniquely identifying hosts by collapsing data from multiple sources into a single host representation. It handles temporal data, differentiates between local and remote host data, and allows for manual or automatic remapping of hosts.
  - **Streamlined Installation**: Nemesis now uses Helm for configuration and K3s for Kubernetes deployment, making the installation process much simpler and faster. Docker images are published, and documentation is improved and dynamically updated.
  - **Text Search Back End**: Text extraction and indexing for searchable and analyzable documents. This enables semantic and fuzzy text search, as well as NLP-driven features like the Ragnarok LLM-powered chatbot.
  - **Hasura API**: Provides a GraphQL and REST API on top of the Postgres database, allowing for easy data exploration, scripting, and subscriptions for new data.
  - **Dashboard Features and Fixes**: Improved UI, ability to add comments and mark files as triaged, built-in Monaco editor for syntax highlighting, and more.
  - **Improved File Processing and Document Search**: YAR rules are checked for all files, and text extraction and indexing allow for document-by-document and semantic snippet searching.

  ## Benefits and Future Work
  - Automate boring and tedious tasks, freeing up time for more interesting analysis.
  - Offline analysis reduces the footprint of tooling on the host.
  - Analyze relationships between data sources, enabling the discovery of privilege escalation opportunities and other attack paths.
  - Provide feedback and suggestions to operators based on the data model and existing playbooks.
  - Support future research efforts by collecting and modeling data from multiple networks.
  - Evade defensive products by minimizing the footprint and performing analysis offline.

  ## Conclusion
  - Nemesis provides advantages such as updated analysis workflows, retroactive analysis, minimized tooling footprint, and assistance with evasion of defensive products.
  - The team is excited to explore future research directions and improve the platform based on real-world usage.
  - Nemesis will be presented at Black Hat Arsenal, and the team will have a booth at the conference.
  - For questions or more information, reach out on Twitter or join the Nemesis channel in the Bloodhound Slack.


created_at: 2024-08-29 19:18:18
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Opening Remarks at SLEUTHCON 2024:**
  - John Hultquist thanks the audience for their attendance and acknowledges the importance of their work in tracking dangerous individuals.
  - Expresses gratitude towards:
    - The virtual audience, promising them swag.
    - CFP submitters and the CFP board for their high-quality contributions and difficult decisions, respectively.
    - Volunteers for their service.
    - Digital Project Masters, specifically Chris Peterson and his family.
    - Sponsors: Vertex, Rubric, VMRay, Microsoft, Silent Push, and CrowdStrike.
    - His own family for their support.
    - Selena, who assisted with the event's commencement.
  - Apologizes for any technical difficulties and assures a smooth proceeding henceforth.


created_at: 2024-08-29 19:22:41
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Selena Larson, a **senior threat intelligence analyst** at **Proofpoint**, presents at **SLEUTHCON 2024** in **Arlington, VA**.
  - The talk centers on the rise of **e-crime** and its increasing sophistication, posing a significant threat to organizations and critical infrastructure.

  **The Bias Towards APTs:**
  - The **cybersecurity industry's** focus is often biased towards **Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs)** and **state-backed hackers**, while **e-crime** is relatively overlooked.
  - This bias is influenced by the backgrounds of many industry professionals, who come from **government and national security** sectors, bringing their focus on **state-sponsored threats**.
  - However, **e-crime** poses a greater threat to the average organization and can have more direct and severe impacts on people's lives and communities.

  **A Brief History of Cyber Crime:**
  - Early 2000s: Focus on **consumer-facing ransomware** and **malware**.
  - Mid-2000s: Rise of **banking Trojans** (e.g., **Zeus**, **Gozi**), targeting personal and business financial data.
  - 2009: Introduction of **Bitcoin**, facilitating **crypto-based ransomware** and reducing the need for money mules.
  - 2014-2016: Emergence of notorious **botnets** like **Emotet** and **Tridex**, initially as bankers, then pivoting to **ransomware loaders**.
  - 2017: **WannaCry** ransomware attack by a **DPRK Threat Actor**, demonstrating the potential for disruptive ransomware.
  - 2018: Rise of **big game hunting** with **Reuke** as the gold standard.
  - 2019-2020: Introduction of **double extortion**, stealing and leaking data in addition to encryption.
  - 2021: **Colonial Pipeline** ransomware attack brings attention to the threat of ransomware on critical infrastructure.
  - 2022: **Conti leaks** expose the inner workings and relationships within the cybercriminal ecosystem, leading to the creation of new threat actors and shifting alliances.
  - Present: Increased **sophistication** across the landscape, with initial access brokers utilizing **zero-days**, expanding **TTPs**, and targeting **edge network devices**.

  **The Sophistication of E-Crime:**
  - **E-crime** actors, particularly initial access brokers, have resources to test **TTPs** on thousands of targets daily, forcing defenders to constantly adapt.
  - They embrace a "move fast and break things" mentality, with dynamic development cycles, A/B testing, and iterating at scale.
  - **E-crime** has the financial means to develop or acquire **novel exploits**, outpacing some **government or espionage groups**.
  - They exhibit **persistence** by repeatedly targeting the same organizations, adapting their tactics, and leveraging their financial and technical resources to overcome disruptions.

  **The Human Impact of E-Crime:**
  - **Ransomware** attacks have led to hospitals closing, job losses, and disruptions in critical industries like manufacturing and logistics, with a significant economic impact.
  - Schools and educational institutions have also been affected, disrupting children's education.
  - Personal anecdote: The presenter's sister, a healthcare worker, has been impacted by ransomware multiple times, causing stress and frustration in her work and daily life.

  **The Blurring Lines Between E-Crime and APTs:**
  - **E-crime** actors are adopting sophisticated techniques, blurring the lines between criminal and intelligence agency operations.
  - They are using similar **tools and techniques** as **APTs**, and their disruptions can have immediate and significant impacts on both organizations and individuals.
  - By focusing primarily on **APTs**, the industry may have missed opportunities to disrupt **e-crime** and contributed to its strength.

  **Why It Matters:**
  - The **cool factor** associated with **APTs** influences decision-makers and researchers, leading to a bias in attention and resource allocation.
  - Words matter: How we communicate threats shapes how organizations, law enforcement, and defenders prioritize and respond to them.
  - Reframing **APTs** and shifting the focus to risk and impact can help bridge the gap between **e-crime** and **APTs**, ensuring a more balanced approach to cybersecurity threats.


created_at: 2024-08-29 19:28:09
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Presented by **Azim Khodjbaev**, a senior threat intelligence analyst from **Cisco Talos**.
  - The talk centers on a notorious cybercriminal known as **"Dziadka/Dydka"** or **"Uncle"**, and their involvement in various ransomware groups and attacks.

  **Background of "Uncle":**
  - **Native Russian speaker** with strong coding skills, particularly in **Python, C++, and Java**.
  - Started with video games, cheating, and forum discussions, eventually developing obfuscators and encrypting payloads.
  - Self-taught, they refined their skills and ventured into creating info-stealers and then ransomware.
  - Born in the **early 2000s** in **Russia**, with a typical upbringing during a stable political and economic period.
  - Has a **lavish lifestyle** fueled by ransomware earnings, including frequent parties, expensive meals, and recreational drug use, with a preference for **ecstasy**.
  - Claims to have **tricked "Baster Lord" into donating for healthcare** by pretending to have stage four cancer.
  - Accused the presenter of being part of **Conti** and targeted them in a leak.
  - May have been involved in **turning off a hospital's life support system during an attack**.
  - A **tough negotiator** who takes things personally and has a **vindictive nature**.
  - Relies on **psychic tarot readers** for decision-making, influenced by their mother's superstitions.

  **Involvement in Ransomware Groups:**
  - Confirmed involvement in multiple ransomware families: **Conti, Black Matter, Donut, LockBit, Avos, Goga, SunCrypt, and Hive**.
  - Created and ran **Babuk and Monty ransomware**.
  - Collaborated with **"Wazawaka"** and **"Khajiit"** to undermine **Black Matter**.
  - Had a fall-out with **LockBit** over money and ego issues.
  - **Monty was created in April 2023**, based on **Conti's source code**.

  **Babuk and Monty Ransomware:**
  - **Babuk**: Predominantly created by "Uncle," with modifications to encryption algorithms and enhanced obfuscation.
  - Targeted the **DC Metropolitan Police Department**, causing significant disruptions and leading to the leak of Babuk's source code to muddy the waters and avoid attribution.
  - **Monty**: Created after the Conti leaks, with a version modification.

  **Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs):**
  - Loves targeting **ESXi hosts and Linux servers**.
  - Focuses on **zero-days and proof-of-concepts for VPN providers and platforms**.
  - Has dedicated usernames for significant attacks, including **Fortnit and SonicWall**.
  - Targets **Cisco** due to its prevalence and known zero-days.
  - Immediately encrypts data upon intrusion and applies pressure on victims through constant contact and social engineering.
  - Targets **municipalities, governments, schools, and hospitals**, knowing the pressure to restore services is high and backups may be lacking.
  - Emphasizes the value of **Personally Identifiable Information (PII)**, especially regarding children and healthcare patients.

  **Relationship with "Wazawaka":**
  - A **hot-and-cold relationship** marked by emotional immaturity, manipulation, and backstabbing.
  - Worked together on various projects, including the creation of a ransomware malware platform forum called **GRAMP**.
  - **"Wazawaka" allegedly locked "Uncle" out of the forum**.
  - **"Uncle" introduced "Wazawaka" to recreational drugs**, particularly ecstasy, to address their body image issues.
  - Plotted to physically harm the presenter, demonstrating their vindictive nature.
  - **"Uncle's" wallet contains approximately $1 million** in Bitcoin and Ethereum, with sophisticated crypto practices, including NFT transactions and swaps.

  **Mitigation and Countermeasures:**
  - Stay vigilant against **zero-day vulnerabilities** and **proof-of-concepts**.
  - Understand their **targeting preferences**, including virtual environments, municipalities, and PII-rich organizations.
  - Strengthen **backup strategies** and **data protection measures** to reduce the impact of potential attacks.
  - **Publish information exposing their untrustworthiness** to sow distrust within the ransomware community.

  **Conclusion:**
  - "Uncle" and "Wazawaka" continue to cause disruption and panic in the ransomware ecosystem, with their actions leading to splintering and the rise of new ransomware groups.
  - Law enforcement and private partnerships are expected to grow stronger, with increased budgets and improved interdiction capabilities.
  - Infighting within ransomware groups is anticipated, providing opportunities for further disruption and intelligence gathering.


created_at: 2024-08-29 19:50:14
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**:
  - Presentation by **Jono Davis**, senior analyst from **PwC's Threat Intelligence Team** at **SleuthCon 2024** in Arlington, VA.
  - Focuses on the unique **tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs)** of **ransomware** groups in the **Asia-Pacific** region, with a comparison to Western groups.

  **Asia-Pacific vs. Western Ransomware**:
  - Key differences in ransomware operations between the two regions.
  - Asia-Pacific region exhibits distinct TTPs that set it apart from Western ransomware groups.

  **Case Study 1: White Vellus**:
  - Eastern European threat actor successfully breached an Asian organization.
  - Initial access gained through a **cracked software** called **PTC Creo**, which included malicious files with similarities to later ransomware extensions.
  - Suggests a potential insider threat or a carefully placed trap by the threat actor.
  - Emphasizes the importance of basic security measures like **network segmentation**, **allow/deny lists for websites**, and **Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)**.

  **Case Study 2: LockBit Builder's Misuse**:
  - Asian-Pacific based actor misused the **LockBit ransomware builder** but did not follow the group's usual TTPs.
  - Actor pretended to be LockBit, demanding payment and providing a leak site, but no data exfiltration occurred.
  - Communication was in **English**, which is an unusual development.
  - Basic security measures like **patching vulnerabilities** and **regular password changes** could have prevented this intrusion.

  **Case Study 3: Black Turtle**:
  - Actors targeted **Veeam servers** first, indicating a potential trend in the region to prioritize rebuilding over paying ransoms.
  - Used a **FortiGate SSL VPN vulnerability** to gain initial access, despite the victim being notified about this vulnerability four years ago.
  - Emphasizes the need for **network segmentation**, **MFA**, and **vulnerability scanning**.

  **WhiteDev173**:
  - An open directory containing a suite of tools, including the **LockBit builder**, was discovered, indicating a potential Asia-Pacific-based actor.
  - Tools mapped to the **MITRE ATT&CK framework** for analysis:
     - **Recon and Initial Access**: Used tools like **web scan logic**, **volmap**, **Xeon**, **XeonDXP** targeting IPs in **Korea**, **Taiwan**, **Iran**, and **mainland China**.
     - **Cobalt Strike**: Actor left an open directory, revealing usernames and passwords, with successful connections from **Hong Kong**.
     - **Privilege Escalation and Defense Evasion**: Custom scripts and tools, some written in **Chinese**, to bypass defenses and gain higher privileges.
     - **Command and Control**: Custom scripts and tools to communicate with C2 servers.

  **Defenses**:
  - Overlap in defenses across case studies:
     - **MFA** on accounts, both local and remote.
     - **User entity-based analytics** to detect abnormal user activities.
     - Extensive **Anti-Virus (AV)** solutions and regular **vulnerability scanning**.

  **Conclusion**:
  - Ransomware in the Asia-Pacific region exhibits unique TTPs and targeting compared to Western groups.
  - Basic security measures and quick wins can prevent or mitigate many of these attacks.
  - The presentation highlights the importance of understanding regional differences in ransomware operations and adapting defenses accordingly.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:04:15
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Presented by **Zack Allen**, Senior Director of Security Detection Research at **Datadog**.
  - Talk covers:
      - Buzzword bingo on **cloud service providers**
      - How Datadog models **cloud threats** for detection
      - Case studies on:
          - Using the cloud for external attacks
          - Cloud as the primary target

  **Understanding Hyperscalers:**
  - **Hyperscalers** include **AWS**, **Azure**, and **GCP**, according to **Wall Street**.
  - These companies offer **hundreds of services** for developers, creating a **homogenous environment**.
  - **Shared responsibility model**:
      - Cloud providers and users share responsibility for securing different aspects of the environment.
      - This model creates an **information asymmetry**, which cybercriminals exploit.

  **Describing Cloud Service Attacks:**
  - Datadog focuses on answering **where, what, who, and how** questions to precisely describe cloud service attacks.
  - **Where**: Identifying the specific location of the attack within the **cloud, cluster, container, or code**.
  - **What**: Analyzing **data on the wire**, including **control plane** and **data plane** information.
  - **Who**: Determining if the actor is a **bot or human** by baselining identity and access management behavior.
  - **How**: Utilizing **MITRE ATT&CK Cloud** to understand the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used in cloud attacks.

  **Case Studies:**
  - **Resource Hijacking Attack**:
      - Threat actor used stolen **AWS keys** to access victim environments and send **SMS-based phishing** messages.
      - Detection opportunity: Spikes in data plane events and associated phishing websites.
      - Initial access: Scanning for **misconfigured code repos** and **environment files** containing access keys.
  - **Developer Targeting**:
      - Compromising popular **Python** and **PHP** packages to shim in malware and steal **AWS access keys**.
      - Detection opportunity: Monitoring package registries (e.g., **PyPI**) for malicious code uploads.
      - Initial access: Phishing kits targeting developers, leveraging compromised packages to gain access.
  - **Cloud as Primary Target**:
      - **Scattered Spider** and **Muddled Libra**: Groups targeting cloud environments for **intellectual property** and **secrets**.
      - **Exfiltration** is a key focus, moving away from double extortion.
      - **Sisense breach**: Exploiting a misconfigured **GitLab server** to access source code and AWS keys, potentially pivoting to customer environments.
      - **Team TNT**: Group targeting cloud-native technologies like **Kubernetes** and **Docker**.
      - Leaked **tooling** and **hands-on keyboard activity** suggest **Hildegard**, the main actor, is still active.

  **Conclusion:**
  - Cloud environments are complex and require a nuanced understanding of the various components for effective security.
  - Threat actors are increasingly targeting the cloud, adapting their TTPs, and focusing on exfiltration.
  - Detection and response strategies must evolve to address these evolving threats.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:10:35
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Androxgh0st: An Open-Source Malware**
  - Androxgh0st is a **Python-based** **malware** discovered on **GitHub** in **2020**.
  - It parses **web server environment files** for **secrets**, used by **cloud info stealers** like AlienFox, FBot, and Predator.
  - Despite **cybercriminals'** attempts to hide their tools, the **source code** is distributed on **open-source platforms**.

  **Introduction and Overview**
  - Presented by **Alex Delamotte**, a **threat researcher** at **Sentinel Labs**.
  - Delamotte discusses **attribution** in an **open-source malware ecosystem** and explores how **actors** trademark and distribute tools.
  - She also delves into the **balance** between **marketing** and **anonymity** for **actors**.

  **What is Androx Ghost?**
  - Androx Ghost is **Python code** that **scrapes environment and config files** for **secrets**, using **regular expressions**.
  - It targets **web servers** using the **Laravel PHP framework** and has a **comorbidity** with **WordPress**.
  - The earliest reference is from **December 2020**, with **activity** in **2022** and beyond.

  **How is it Used?**
  - Androx Ghost is rolled into **Python tools** and **malware families**, targeting the **cloud**.
  - It performs **credential harvesting** and is used for **spamming attacks** or **selling sensitive information**.
  - It also **locks out** users from their web servers to **hinder incident response** and **establish persistence**.

  **Targeted Technologies**
  - Androx Ghost targets a range of **cloud service providers** and **email services**, with a focus on **spamming**.
  - It also targets some **SMS services** and **content management frameworks** like Drupal and Prestashop.

  **Origins of Androx Ghost**
  - Variable names in the code are often in **Indonesian** or other **regional languages** like **Bahasa** or **Malay**.
  - There is a **nexus** between **cloud tools** and **Indonesia**, with multiple reports of **crypto mining attacks** originating from Indonesian IP addresses.

  **Attributing the Tools**
  - Actors often include a **contact method** and their **handle** or **distribution channel** within the tool.
  - These handles are often **recycled across platforms** and can be found on **Telegram**, **TikTok**, **Twitter**, and **YouTube**.

  **Alien Fox Cloud Info Stealer**
  - Alien Fox is a **multi-purpose cloud attack tool** with a focus on **spamming** and **cryptocurrency wallet takeover**.
  - There are numerous **handles** associated with this tool, and **actors** frequently **cycle through** or **rebrand** them.
  - Handles may be abandoned due to **increased attention** or used for an **exit scam**.
  - The tool is maintained by an actor with the handle **Jaguar**, who advertises on **Telegram** and **Snapchat**.
  - Indicators suggest the actor is based in **Western Africa**, likely **Nigeria**, based on **pop culture references** and **accent analysis**.

  **FBOT: A Multi-Purpose Cloud Attack Tool**
  - FBOT runs on **infrastructure hosted** by the developer, unlike other cloud attack tools that use API calls to identify vulnerable websites.
  - It shares code with the **Legion Info Stealer** and uses a **Lithuanian fashion designer's website** to **validate PayPal accounts**.
  - FBOT is Indonesia-centric, and the known samples contain references to **idevexploit.io**.

  **Who Made FBOT?**
  - The core code contains references to **idevexploit.io**, indicating a possible connection to older malware families.
  - The current maintainer uses the handle **rep** or **callmerep**, with associations to the **Indonesian Darknet Telegram group**.
  - Rep's website is down, but their **GitHub account** indicates they work at **Google**, are based in **Russia**, and identify as a **hacktivist**.

  **Rep's GitHub Connections**
  - A removed commit on GitHub included social handles, including a **Facebook account** created in **2018** but inactive until **December 2022**.
  - The Facebook account is used to market tools, and GitHub references a handle called **Replicant**, linking to an **Indonesia-based high school CTF team**.

  **Who Maintains FBOT?**
  - The handle "call me rep" is associated with a **TikTok account** featuring a young woman with no speaking, only captions.
  - Videos suggest a possible **breakup** or **difficult past**, with references to dark stories and mafia movies.
  - The actor also has a **YouTube channel** used to distribute and advertise their tools, indicating they are likely based in **Indonesia**.

  **Predator: A Cloud Info Stealer with AI and GUI**
  - Predator has integrated **chat GPT-powered user help mode** and multiple unique handles, making attribution challenging.
  - It is related to the **Gray Hat Hackers** Telegram group, adminned by **MR0X01**, who is also referenced in the tool.
  - A **GitHub handle** (L4GTR4) leads to a **Twitter account** with posts about **bug bounty** and a location of **Meknes, Morocco**.

  **Predator Developer**
  - The developer's **profile** and **posts** are in **Arabic**, with a niche language choice of **Moroccan Arabic** in the tool.
  - Their **Twitter account** contains political posts, condemning **Western countries** and supporting **Hamas**.
  - The developer is likely based in **Morocco**, possibly Meknes, and their **sloppy OPSEC** may lead to further identification.

  **Outlook and Conclusion**
  - Cloud tools offer a unique window into the world of cybercriminals due to their open-source nature.
  - Actors are incentivized to **sell their tools** and may have **lower OPSEC standards** compared to other cybercriminals.
  - Most actors are based in **developing countries**, and local law enforcement involvement could impact their operations.
  - Cloud attack tool developers often **burn and rotate channels/handles**, making attribution challenging.
  - A reminder to **document research** and **develop solutions** as the services relied on by threat intelligence professionals are disappearing.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:12:24
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Arguments Against Banning Ransom Payments:**
  - It will **cause pain** to affected companies.
  - It will **force companies** to make illegal payments.

  **Rebuttal to Arguments:**
  - **Ransomware attacks** already cause significant pain and disruption.
  - Companies **already make illegal payments** to avoid reporting requirements.

  **Precedent for Banning Ransom Payments:**
  - **Italy banned ransom payments** for kidnappings in 1991, claiming success in reducing kidnapping cases.
  - However, **kidnapping cases were already declining** before the ban, calling the impact into question.

  **U.S. State-Level Bans:**
  - **Florida and North Carolina** have banned public entities from paying ransoms.
  - **Reported ransomware attacks** in these states have not shown a significant decrease, indicating limited effectiveness.
  - The assumption that **ransomware actors target specific states** is misleading, as they primarily target weaknesses.
  - **Lack of transparent data** on the effectiveness of these bans makes it difficult to assess their true impact.

  **Why Ban Ransom Payments?**
  - The number of **ransomware attacks** is increasing, and current disruptions may not be enough to curb this trend.
  - Banning payments could **disincentivize threat actors** from entering the ransomware business by reducing profitability.
  - Ransomware is unique in that **threat actors publicly brag about their attacks**, unlike other forms of cybercrime.
  - **Mandatory reporting of ransomware attacks** is proposed as a potential solution, providing better data for analysis.
  - The UK is considering **mandatory reporting** and a licensing regime for payments, a step in the right direction.
  - **Chain Analysis data** suggests a recent decrease in ransom payments, indicating that current efforts are having some impact.
  - An outright ban on ransom payments, while extreme, may be the **least bad option** to address the growing problem of ransomware.

  **Conclusion:**
  The speaker advocates for banning ransom payments, arguing that it could be an effective measure to combat the increasing ransomware threat. While recognizing the potential pain and challenges associated with such a ban, the speaker believes that the current approach is not working, and more drastic action is needed.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:14:21
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Presenter is a **threat analyst** on the **financial crime team** at **Mandiant**.
  - Topic of discussion: **Cryptors**, a group of malware used by cybercriminals to keep their payloads **undetected**.

  **What is a Crypter?:**
  - A **builder** that takes a **malware payload** as input, modifies it with **obfuscation** and **encryption** mechanisms, and outputs a **cryptid payload**.
  - Cryptid payloads consist of a **stub** and an **embedded payload**.
  - Mandiant tracks these as **droppers**.
  - Focus is on **publicly available cryptors**, not commercially available services.

  **Where to Get a Crypter?:**
  - Available on **underground forums**, with significant longevity compared to other tools/services.
  - Ads for crypters have been found as far back as **2006**.
  - One prominent example, **VIP Crypt**, has been active for **13 years**.

  **Crypter Business Models:**
  - Fall into two main categories: **self-service** and **managed**.
  - In self-service, customers get access to the builder and can encrypt payloads themselves.
  - In managed, the service provider encrypts the customer's malware and sends it back.

  **Pricing Factors:**
  - **Availability of the stub**: Private vs. Public.
  - **Timeframe of subscription**.
  - Inclusion of **premium offers**.

  **Malware Encrypted by Crypters:**
  - Analysis of four major public crypters revealed that over **40%** of encrypted malware samples were **information stealers**.
  - Interestingly, **25%** of the payloads were **ransomware**, mostly from the **Stop ransomware** family (**Deja Vu**).
  - The use of crypters ensures these payloads remain undetected when distributed via **SEO poisoning**.

  **Using Crypters for Analysis:**
  - Identifying whether a crypter is **publicly or privately available** is crucial for **attribution**.
  - Public crypters are advertised on forums and used by various actors, making them less significant for attribution.
  - Private crypters are used by specific threat clusters or groups, suggesting **relationships between actors** and aiding attribution.
  - Mapping crypted payloads to specific advertisements can be challenging but is aided by **publicly available tools** and **research**.

  **Example: Storm Shadow:**
  - A recently discovered **Rust-based credential stealer**.
  - Earliest versions appeared in **May 2023**, mostly using a **publicly available crypter** (**VIP Crypt**, or **Longfall**).
  - In **July 2023**, a brief shift to another public crypter, **MassCrypt** (**Bad Mood**), was observed.
  - In **March 2024**, a transition to a suspected **private crypter**, **DryRotv2**, was detected, along with more **sophisticated distribution techniques**.
  - This suggested a potential partnership between the Storm Shadow actor and actors with access to DryRotv2 and advanced distribution methods.
  - Analysis was facilitated by tracking and identifying the crypters used and understanding their availability.

  **Conclusion:**
  - Understanding crypters and their usage provides valuable insights into threat activity and can enhance attribution and analysis.
  - Special thanks to a **teammate** whose technical expertise enabled granular tracking of crypters.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:15:56
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**:
  - Presentation by **Eric Loui**, a **Principal Intelligence Analyst** from **CrowdStrike**, at **Sleuthcon 2024** in **Arlington, VA**.
  - Focuses on the **increase in threat actors** using **Remote Management and Monitoring (RMM)** tools while **evading security controls**.
  - Discusses **case studies**, **popular RMM tools**, and provides **recommendations** for **detection and mitigation**.

  **Background on RMM Tools**:
  - **Legitimate remote administration software** offered by **commercial vendors**.
  - Used by **IT teams, MSSPs** for **monitoring endpoints**, **deploying patches**, and **troubleshooting**.
  - **Free versions** available from **multiple vendors**, including **common** and **obscure options**.
  - **Key advantages**: remote administration, **free access**, and **evasion of security software** due to **legitimate enterprise use**.
  - **Falcon Overwatch telemetry** shows a **near doubling of incidents** involving RMM tools in **2023** compared to **2022**, with a further **increase in 2024**.

  **Case Studies**:
  - **Scattered Spider**: Aggressive adversary known for **phishing campaigns** and **defeating MFA**.
    - Frequently drops a **variety of RMM tools**, including **uncommon options**.
    - Compromises **admin panels of legitimate EDR tools** to exploit native **remote shell capability**.
    - May also use **web browsers** to access vendor websites and download installers.
    - Deploys RMM tools using **Microsoft Azure run commands** and **Intune**.
  - **Chef Spider**: Lower-volume adversary using a **targeted approach**.
    - Contacts companies via **public sales leads or contact forms**, pretending to be a **potential customer**.
    - Sends an **email with a link to a page hosting an installer** for **Screen Connect** (both **Windows** and **macOS** installers observed).
  - **Callback Phishing Campaigns**:
    - Adversaries send **emails with imminent charges** for services and a **customer service phone number**.
    - When **contacted**, operators send a **second email** with a link to an **RMM tool** (**Zoho Assist** observed).
    - Used to **download additional RMM tools** (**Super Ops**) and **utilities** (**WinSCP**) for potential **data exfiltration**.

  **Hunting Recommendations**:
  - **Monitor for typical artifacts** of RMM tools, including **default installer or client names** and **file paths**.
    - Example: AnyDesk writes a file called **GCAPI.dll**, but **other binaries dropped** should be investigated.
  - **Network perspective**: Some RMM tools send **DNS requests** to **vendor-associated domains**.
    - Example: **NetSupportManager** sends a request to **geo.netsupportsoftware.com**.
    - **ScreenConnect** connects to a **subdomain** of the **official ScreenConnect.com domain**.
  - **Advanced level**: Adversaries may **rename binaries** or **change file paths**.
    - Monitor for **process behavior** and **artifacts on the command line**.
    - Example: **ConnectWise ScreenConnect** launches with a **verbose series of parameters** (**E, Y, H**, etc.).
    - **Manual shell commands** in ScreenConnect may manifest as **run.cmd** files.
    - **AnyDesk** is often installed with the **install** and **silent** flags to **suppress user notifications**.
    - **TeamViewer** may run with **configuration** or **DRE flags**, and its **helper binaries** may appear with **action** or **log parameters**.

  **Conclusion**:
  - **ECRM adversaries** will likely **continue to use legitimate RMM tools** due to their **remote administration capabilities**, **ease of availability**, and **evasion of detections**.
  - To detect and mitigate, it is crucial to **baseline your network**, **know expected RMM tools**, and **write detections** for **hosts**, **network artifacts**, and **process behaviors**.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:17:20
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - **Daniel Gordon**, a Cyber Threat Intel Analyst and contractor at the **Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3)**, presents on the "Catching the Contagious Interview" topic.
  - **Contagious Interview**: **Hacking activity** linked to or conducted by **IT workers**, with potential links to **North Korea**.

  **IT Workers:**
  - North Korea sends thousands of **IT workers** to various countries.
  - These workers apply for **remote jobs** in the **tech sector**.
  - North Korea takes up to **90%** of their salary, generating **hundreds of millions** for their **weapons program**.

  **Contagious Interview Activity:**
  - **Social engineering** tactics are employed on **gig sites** like Upwork, Fiverr, Freelancer, and LinkedIn.
  - IT recruiters approach potential victims with lucrative job offers and coding challenges.
  - Malicious **repositories** are sent to victims, leading to self-infection.

  **Infection Stages:**
  - **Beavertail** (first stage): Written in **JavaScript** and uploaded to platforms like Google Drive, GitHub, Bitbucket, and GitLab.
  - **Invisible Ferret** (second stage): Includes a **browser stealer** and another component.
  - **AnyDesk** (third stage).

  **Invisible Ferret Details:**
  - Searches for files and folders related to **cryptocurrency** and **software development**.
  - Cryptocurrency developers may leave sensitive information in their software, such as **wallet addresses**, **passcodes**, and **private keys**.
  - Victim wallet address posted in a blog post, allowing for **cryptocurrency tracing**.

  **Heists and Targeting:**
  - Funds laundered through **Tornado Cash**, a service popular among **North Korean threat actors**.
  - Intermingled funds stolen from the **Mural** cryptocurrency project and linked to other major heists.
  - Total stolen funds in the **millions**, indicating an ongoing and successful campaign.
  - Targeting the **cryptocurrency sector** and projects with **blockchain** and **AI** themes.

  **GitHub OpSec:**
  - Victims open issues against malicious repositories, warning others about the malware.
  - The actors' response is to **close the issue** and make no further changes, suggesting they are less experienced or less concerned about **operational security (OpSec)**.

  **Malware Analysis:**
  - Ability to write a **malware config parser** for this family, allowing rapid analysis at scale.
  - Utilization of an **open-source framework** to automatically extract information like **C2** details and **XOR keys**.

  **Infrastructure and Attribution:**
  - Clear preferences for infrastructure, such as registering IP addresses with the same **hosting provider**, making tracking easier.
  - Multiple **circumstantial attribution** data points suggest links to North Korean threat actors.
  - **Direct connections** found between Contagious Interview and IT worker GitHub repositories or accounts, providing stronger evidence for attribution.

  **Takeaways:**
  - **Contagious Interview** involves hacking activity linked to or conducted by North Korean IT workers.
  - Gig platforms and malicious software are used to infect victims, with the primary intent of **stealing cryptocurrency**.
  - The campaign has been active since at least **December 2022** and continues to the present day.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:19:13
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**
  - Presenter: **Jason Killam**, Senior Detection Engineer at Red Canary
  - Topic: Revoking code-signing certificates to disrupt malicious activities

  **Code-Signing Certificates**
  - Purchased from **certificate signers** like SSL.com or Sectigo
  - Prevents **smart screens** and **security warnings** from flagging untrusted software
  - **EV certificates** cost $1,500 to $3,000, requiring significant investment from malicious actors

  **Examples of Malicious Signers**
  - **Vidar**: Stealer pretending to be an installer for home automation software "Notion"
  - Left: Malicious binary with generic information and signer "AndresDS"
  - Right: Legitimate binary (MSBuild) with specific metadata and signer "Microsoft"

  **Code-Signing Certificate Anatomy**
  - **Name**: Friendly name identifying the developer
  - **Certificate Authority**: Entity that issued the certificate (e.g., Cictego)
  - **Valid From/To**: Timeline of certificate's validity, useful for incident response
  - **Thumbprint**: Unique identifier for the certificate
  - **Serial Number**: Another identifier, harder to spoof than the thumbprint

  **Inconsistencies in Malicious Binaries**
  - Shorter timeline from creation to detection compared to legitimate software
  - Generic or misleading information in the binary details
  - Unnecessary network connections to platforms like Telegram, Steam, or random IP addresses

  **Example: Yellow Cockatoo**
  - Signed by "Heart Craft Brewery," inconsistent with expected software developers
  - Short timeline from creation to detection, indicating potential malicious activity
  - Twitter post from "Squiggly Doo" highlighting the suspicious signer

  **Call to Action**
  - Example: **Russian Panda**'s team revoked certificates for "Defact Loader," disrupting the malware's operation
  - Certificate revocation can be requested through email or web forms provided by signers like SSL.com and Sectigo
  - **Squiggly Doo**'s tool on **GitHub** automates the process by generating emails with relevant information

  **Revocation Process**
  - Include contact info, binary details, and certificate identifiers (thumbprint, serial number)
  - Explain the reason for revocation, providing attack chain details if necessary
  - Emphasize the impact of revocation, especially for MSIX files, where it completely disrupts the installer

  **Conclusion**
  - Revoking code-signing certificates incurs financial and operational costs for malicious actors
  - By disrupting their activities and establishing trust, revocation helps improve security for everyone


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:23:16
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Speaker: **Carlos Borges**, an intel analyst from Intel 471.
  - Topic: **Bassterlord**, a cybercriminal with ties to LockBit, and his manuals.

  **Bassterlord's Background:**
  - **Initial Access Broker**: Facilitates access to compromised networks for ransomware operations.
  - **Hands-on Operator**: Directly involved in hacking and malware spamming campaigns.
  - **Public Handles**: National Hazard Agents, Bastard Lord, Fishy Eye, Buster, Alexo, and Seener.

  **Timeline:**
  - **2016-2018**: Engaged in optimization, carding, and hacking websites.
  - **2019**: Joined XSS forum and started malware spamming campaigns.
  - **End of 2019**: Joined Lelartus, a reputable affiliate, and learned hands-on operations.
  - **June 2020**: Participated in a summer article contest by LockBeat gang, disclosing background and techniques.
  - **June 2020**: Published a spamming tutorial, revealing tools and methods.
  - **2020**: Released a 10-minute video illustrating a breach, a precursor to the first manual.
  - **February 2021**: Interviewed by Yashichka, revealing personal details and affiliations.
  - **August 2021**: Published the first manual, reflecting underground activities and tools.
  - **November 2021**: Announced retirement from hands-on operations but continued under the fisheye handle.
  - **March 2022**: Updated first manual with additional pages, including comments on Russia-Ukraine war and crypto trading.
  - **December 2022**: Offered the second manual for $10,000, with a focus on initial access and privilege escalation.
  - **May 2023**: Leaked a redacted version of the second manual due to conflicts with Prudapt.
  - **Q1 2023**: Provided interviews, returned to LockBit, and announced another retirement.
  - **Present**: New persona, Mason, offers a third manual focused on target identification.

  **Bassterlord's Techniques:**
  - **Initial Access**: Brute-forcing corporate VPNs, exploiting vulnerabilities (e.g., Blue Keep).
  - **Lateral Movement**: Using Soft Perfect Network Scanner, RDP, and privilege escalation techniques.
  - **Target Identification**: Focusing on domain controllers, using common red-team techniques, and dumping credentials.
  - **VMware Breaching**: Gaining access to VMware re-centre and ESX, changing root passwords, and controlling virtual disks.

  **Conclusion:**
  - Bassterlord's manuals provide effective and fast methods for hands-on operations, offering valuable insights for both attackers and defenders.
  - The presentation covers the actor's timeline, techniques, and impact, with additional details available upon request.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:27:17
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Russia's Cybercrime Ecosystem:**
  - Russia has one of the **oldest and largest cybercrime undergrounds** globally, fueled by a **technically skilled population** and a **failing economy**.
  - **System language checks** in malware indicate an **unspoken agreement** between cybercriminals and the Russian government, where certain countries are exempt from attacks.
  - Russia's **permissive stance** on cybercrime and its **refusal to collaborate** with international law enforcement enable cybercriminals to operate with impunity.
  - The **Budapest Convention**, which Russia did not sign, is an example of Russia prioritizing its **national sovereignty** over addressing cybercrime.
  - A **cybercrime index** by the University of Oxford ranks Russia as the top country for cybercrime, followed by Ukraine.
  - The **FBI's Cyber Most Wanted list** further highlights the prevalence of Russian cybercriminals.

  **Russian Intelligence Services' Involvement:**
  - The **GRU**, **FSB**, and **SVR** interact differently with the cybercrime underground:
    - **GRU**: Utilizes crimeware and buys malware/services from cybercriminals, taking advantage of **plausible deniability**.
    - **FSB**: Recruits cybercriminals for joint operations and leverages their capabilities/infrastructure. The **Yahoo hack** is an example of this collaboration.
    - **SVR**: Observes the cyber underground, leveraging opportunities (e.g., **buying access** from credential marketplaces) without direct engagement.

  **Case Studies:**
  - **TURLA**: A GRU-affiliated group that exploited USB malware infections to regain access to targeted organizations.
  - **The Da Vinci Group**: A company offering **information access services**, likely connected to the FSB, as indicated by Ukrainian advisories.
  - **SVR's Infostealer Cookie Attack**: SVR used a stolen cookie from an infostealer malware to gain access to a **Microsoft 365 environment**.
  - **SVR's Use of Commercial Offensive Security Tools**: SVR leverages cracked tools shared on Russian-speaking telegram channels and forums.
  - **GRU's Co-optation of a Cybercriminal Botnet**: GRU monitored and repurposed a cybercriminal botnet for its own campaigns.

  **Cybercriminals and Russia's Agenda:**
  - Cybercriminals are often **on-call** to support the Russian government, as seen in the case of **defacement attacks** and **data leaks** against Ukraine before the war.
  - The **current ransom war** targets Western countries, with Russia making selective arrests to signal and distract, maintaining its image.
  - Cybercriminals from Ukraine have shifted their focus to exclusively target their own country, indicating their alignment with Russia's interests.

  **Conclusions and Further Reading:**
  - Cybercrime is **intertwined** with Russian intelligence services, and analysts should consider this when investigating intrusions, especially for **high-value targets**.
  - The relationship between cybercrime and espionage blurs, and the financial incentives for cybercriminals ensure the cycle continues.
  - Recommended readings include the **Recorded Futures dark covenant paper** and articles by the **Atlantic Council**.


created_at: 2024-08-29 20:28:56
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1955 characters]

summary:
  **Raffle Prizes**:
  - **Pillow**: Derrick
  - **T-shirt**: Bobby Preston
  - **License Plate**: Megan
  - **Skateboard**: Megan
  - **Coffee Cup**: Ben Coon
  - **Pickleball Set**: David Oxley
  - **Nintendo Switch**: Trayvon Smith

  **Acknowledgments**:
  - Volunteers
  - Digital Project Masters
  - **Sponsors**: Vertex, Rubric, VM Ray, Microsoft, Silent Push, CrowdStrike

  **Closing Remarks**:
  - **Sleuth Con in the Dark**: Attendees are invited to stay for drinks and continue networking.


created_at: 2024-08-31 15:14:48
prompt:
                                      <s>You are a bulleted notes specialist. [INST]```When creating comprehensive bulleted notes, you should follow these guidelines: Use multiple headings based on the referenced topics, not categories like quotes or terms. Headings should be surrounded by bold formatting and not be listed as bullet points themselves. Leave no space between headings and their corresponding list items underneath. Important terms within the content should be emphasized by setting them in bold font. Any text that ends with a colon should also be bolded. Before submitting your response, review the instructions, and make any corrections necessary to adhered to the specified format. Do not reference these instructions within the notes.``` 
  Based on the content between backticks create comprehensive bulleted notes.[/INST]
                                          **Bulleted Note Creation Guidelines**

                                          **Headings**:
                                          - Based on referenced topics, not categories like quotes or terms
                                          - Surrounded by **bold** formatting 
                                          - Not listed as bullet points
                                          - No space between headings and list items underneath

                                          **Emphasis**:
                                          - **Important terms** set in bold font
                                          - **Text ending in a colon**: also bolded

                                          **Review**:
                                          - Ensure adherence to specified format
                                          - Do not reference these instructions in your response.</s>[INST] {{ .Prompt }} [/INST]
                                      

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Title**: I Tried Every Seat on the Most Expensive Train
  - **Author**: Ryan Trahan
  - **Channel**: Ryan Trahan
  - **Webpage URL**: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye-VZFF0qLE
  - **Channel URL**: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnmGIkw-KdI0W5siakKPKog
  - **Uploader**: Ryan Trahan
  - **Upload Date**: 2024-08-31
  - **Duration**: 1617 seconds
  - **Description**: Baguettes were eaten

  **Trip Background**
  - **Private room amenities**: Private bathroom, king-sized bed, personal assistant
  - Personal story: Used to buy postcards with dad from places never traveled
  - Purpose: Recreate postcards during the train journey

  **Train Rides and Experiences**
  - **First Train (Basic Seat)**:
    - Start location: Rome
    - Features: Fold-out table, trash can, outlet, free Wi-Fi, small television
    - Activities: Explored the train, used the toilet, ordered pizza and cappuccino
    - Stop in Milan before arriving in Venice

  - **Second Train (VIP Seat)**:
    - Features: Reclining options, personal table, outlet
    - Activities: Ordered dinner, explored VIP bathroom, used business room
    - Arrival: Venice, explored city by boat taxi

  **Venice Experience**
  - **Activities**:
    - Recreated postcard, breakfast, dad decided to stay in Venice
    - Ryan continued journey alone

  **Third Train (Suite Seat)**
  - **Features**: Private suite, table, couch that converts to bed, wooden shades, cabinet, safe, robe, slippers, shower, frosted window, toilet
  - **Meals**: Swordfish, tuna, pie, bread
  - **Special moments**: Personal steward (Eleonora), tea and pastries, 24-hour train ride through Italy, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, France
  - **Challenges**: Dress code confusion, missing dad

  **Paris Experience**
  - **Activities**: Recreated postcard, explored city, stayed in hotel with Eiffel Tower view
  - **Personal reflections**: Missed dad, contemplated 2024 Paris Olympics

  **Final Train (Grand Suite)**
  - **Features**: Grand couch, table, chair, bathroom, woodwork, fruit bowl, lampshades, full bed
  - **Steward**: Lino, provided exceptional service
  - **Meals**: Variety of fancy dishes, cappuccino, full-size cake with "Enjoy ride" message
  - **Activities**: Explored the train, enjoyed piano performance

  **Conclusion**
  - **Reflection**: Enjoyed the experience, missed dad, appreciated the journey
  - **Final night**: Spent in Venice with dad, eating pizza
  - **Promotion**: Joyride candy at Target, encouragement to support the brand

  **Personal Insights**
  - **Trains and tunnels**: Developed a love for trains and tunnels
  - **Scenery**: Admired the beautiful countryside and towns during the journey
  - **Emotional moments**: Reconnected with dad, shared special moments in Venice

  **Call to Action**
  - **Joyride promotion**: Encouraged viewers to buy Joyride candy at Target and follow Joyride Sweets on Instagram


created_at: 2024-08-31 18:31:23
prompt:
                                      <s>You are a bulleted notes specialist. [INST]```When creating comprehensive bulleted notes, you should follow these guidelines: Use multiple headings based on the referenced topics, not categories like quotes or terms. Headings should be surrounded by bold formatting and not be listed as bullet points themselves. Leave no space between headings and their corresponding list items underneath. Important terms within the content should be emphasized by setting them in bold font. Any text that ends with a colon should also be bolded. Before submitting your response, review the instructions, and make any corrections necessary to adhered to the specified format. Do not reference these instructions within the notes.``` 
  Based on the content between backticks create comprehensive bulleted notes.[/INST]
                                          **Bulleted Note Creation Guidelines**

                                          **Headings**:
                                          - Based on referenced topics, not categories like quotes or terms
                                          - Surrounded by **bold** formatting 
                                          - Not listed as bullet points
                                          - No space between headings and list items underneath

                                          **Emphasis**:
                                          - **Important terms** set in bold font
                                          - **Text ending in a colon**: also bolded

                                          **Review**:
                                          - Ensure adherence to specified format
                                          - Do not reference these instructions in your response.</s>[INST] {{ .Prompt }} [/INST]
                                      

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Title**: I Tried Every Seat on the Most Expensive Train
  - **Author**: Ryan Trahan
  - **Description**: baguettes were eaten
  - **Channel**: Ryan Trahan
  - **Uploader**: Ryan Trahan
  - **Upload Date**: August 31, 2024
  - **Duration**: 1617 seconds
  - **Webpage URL**: [YouTube Link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye-VZFF0qLE)
  - **Channel URL**: [Channel Link](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnmGIkw-KdI0W5siakKPKog)

  **Introduction**
  - Private room on a European train with a **private bathroom**, **king-sized bed**, and **personal assistant**
  - Nostalgic reference to buying postcards with his dad

  **Train Journey Start**
  - **First Train**: Basic seat from Rome
    - **Amenities**: Table, trash can, outlet, free Wi-Fi, small television
    - **Experience**: Comfortable seats, spacious, more enjoyable than flying
    - **First Postcard**: Colosseum in Rome

  **Exploring the Train**
  - **Train Bathroom**: Hand soap, water, hand dryer
  - **Snack Car**: Ordered pizza and cappuccinos
    - **Food Quality**: Affordable, tasted good

  **Travel Stops**
  - **Milan**: Transition to next train
  - **Venice**: Recreate postcards, travel by boat taxi

  **VIP Seat Experience**
  - **Second Seat**: VIP seat with extensive legroom
    - **Amenities**: Reclining options, outlet, private table, served dinner
    - **VIP Bathroom**: Small but functional

  **Business Room**
  - **Purpose**: For business meetings and discussions
  - **Venice Arrival**: Boat taxi ride, admiration of Venice's beauty

  **Next Train Segment**
  - **Luxury Suite**: Private room, table, couch that converts to a bed, wooden shades
    - **Bathroom**: Full shower, mirror, frosted window, toilet
    - **Lunch**: Swordfish, tuna, pie, and bread

  **Final Train Segment**
  - **Grand Suite**: Most expensive train seat
    - **Amenities**: Grand couch, table, chair, spacious bathroom, full bed
    - **Steward**: Lino, known for excellent service
  - **Dinner**: Multiple courses with fancy dishes

  **Overall Experience**
  - **Reflection**: Missed his dad, enjoyed the train journey
  - **Final Thoughts**: Love for trains and tunnels, admiration for the beautiful scenery

  **Conclusion**
  - **Mission**: Recreate postcards
  - **Final Destination**: Paris and Budapest
  - **Return to Venice**: Spent last night with his dad eating pizza
  - **Promotion**: Joyride candy brand, goal to be the number one selling candy at Target

  **Call to Action**
  - **Encouragement**: Buy Joyride at Target, follow Joyride Sweets on Instagram
  - **Final Note**: Thanking viewers and promoting another video to watch


created_at: 2024-08-31 18:37:42
prompt:
                                      <s>You are a bulleted notes specialist. [INST]```When creating comprehensive bulleted notes, you should follow these guidelines: Use multiple headings based on the referenced topics, not categories like quotes or terms. Headings should be surrounded by bold formatting and not be listed as bullet points themselves. Leave no space between headings and their corresponding list items underneath. Important terms within the content should be emphasized by setting them in bold font. Any text that ends with a colon should also be bolded. Before submitting your response, review the instructions, and make any corrections necessary to adhered to the specified format. Do not reference these instructions within the notes.``` 
  Based on the content between backticks create comprehensive bulleted notes.[/INST]
                                          **Bulleted Note Creation Guidelines**

                                          **Headings**:
                                          - Based on referenced topics, not categories like quotes or terms
                                          - Surrounded by **bold** formatting 
                                          - Not listed as bullet points
                                          - No space between headings and list items underneath

                                          **Emphasis**:
                                          - **Important terms** set in bold font
                                          - **Text ending in a colon**: also bolded

                                          **Review**:
                                          - Ensure adherence to specified format
                                          - Do not reference these instructions in your response.</s>[INST] {{ .Prompt }} [/INST]
                                      

summary:
  **Video Details**
  - **Title:** I Tried Every Seat on the Most Expensive Train
  - **Author:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Webpage URL:** [YouTube Video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye-VZFF0qLE)
  - **Channel URL:** [Ryan Trahan's Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnmGIkw-KdI0W5siakKPKog)
  - **Duration:** 1617 seconds (approximately 27 minutes)
  - **Uploader:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Upload Date:** 2024-08-31
  - **Description:** Baguettes were eaten

  **Video Journey Overview**
  - **Starting Point:** Rome
    - Captured first postcard at the Colosseum
    - First train ride in a basic seat
    - Basic seat amenities: table, trash can, outlet, free Wi-Fi, small television playing the Lego movie

  - **First Train Ride**
    - **Experience:** More fun than flying, plenty of space
    - **Bathroom Check:** Hand soap, water, hand dryer
    - **Food:** Snack car with pizza and cappuccino

  - **Second Train Ride**
    - **Location:** Milan to Venice
    - **Seat:** VIP seat, lots of leg room, personal table, reclining options
    - **Food:** Ordered dinner, VIP bathroom
    - **Business Room:** Used for board meetings

  - **Venice Arrival**
    - **Experience:** Boat taxi to the hotel
    - **Activities:** Recreate Venice postcard, breakfast before next train ride
    - **Father's Decision:** Decided to stay in Venice

  - **Third Train Ride**
    - **Dress Code:** Business professional
    - **Transportation:** Boat to train station
    - **Suite Amenities:** Private room, table, couch that turns into a bed, wooden shades, shower
    - **Lunch:** Swordfish, tuna, pie, and bread
    - **Personal Steward:** Eleonora
    - **Milk and Cookies:** Special request fulfilled

  - **Paris Arrival**
    - **Postcard:** Recreated Paris postcard
    - **Hotel:** View of Eiffel Tower, 4-hour power nap

  - **Final Train Ride to Budapest**
    - **Suite:** Grand Suite, most expensive train seat in the world
    - **Amenities:** Grand couch, table, chair, bathroom, fruit bowl, full bed
    - **Dinner:** Fancy dishes, multiple courses
    - **Personal Steward:** Lino
    - **Cake Surprise:** "Enjoy Ride"

  - **Reflection**
    - **Experience:** Magical, felt like a movie
    - **Final Thoughts:** Love for trains and tunnels, scenic countryside views
    - **Decision:** Returned to Venice to spend time with his dad

  **Joyride Candy**
  - **Mission:** To make Joyride the number one selling candy at Target
  - **Strategy:** Encouraging viewers to buy Joyride and support the climb
  - **Social Media:** Follow Joyride Sweets on Instagram

  **Conclusion**
  - **Final Moments:** Spending time in Venice with his dad, enjoying pizza
  - **Call to Action:** Watch recommended videos and support Joyride candy.


created_at: 2024-08-31 19:41:42
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Title**: I Tried Every Seat on the Most Expensive Train
  - **Author**: Ryan Trahan
  - **Duration**: 1617 seconds
  - **Upload Date**: 2024-08-31
  - **Channel**: Ryan Trahan
  - **Description**: baguettes were eaten
  - **Webpage URL**: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye-VZFF0qLE
  - **Channel URL**: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnmGIkw-KdI0W5siakKPKog

  **Train Journey Overview**
  - **Initial Location**: Rome, Italy
  - **Final Destination**: Paris, France
  - **Stops**: Milan, Venice, and Budapest (planned but not executed)
  - **Travel Companions**: Initially with his dad, later alone

  **Train Seats and Amenities**
  - **Basic Seat**:
    - **Features**: Table, trash can, outlet, free Wi-Fi, small TV playing the Lego movie
    - **Experience**: Comfortable, spacious, more enjoyable than flying
    
  - **VIP Seat**:
    - **Features**: Reclining options, personal table, menu with food service
    - **Experience**: Luxury, delicious dinner, access to VIP bathroom, business room for meetings
    
  - **Private Suite**:
    - **Features**: Private cabin, table, couch that converts to bed, wooden shades, robe and slippers, complimentary water and toiletries, full shower, mirror, frosted window, toilet
    - **Experience**: Served by personal steward Eleonora, 24-hour train ride through five countries
    
  - **Grand Suite**:
    - **Features**: More space, grand couch, table, chair, full bed, luxurious woodwork, fruit bowl, lampshades, private bathroom
    - **Experience**: Served by steward Lino, fancy dinner, received a cake with "Enjoy ride" written on it

  **Activities and Experiences**
  - **Rome**:
    - **Activity**: Capturing a photo for a postcard at the Colosseum
    
  - **Venice**:
    - **Activity**: Boat taxi ride, exploring the city, capturing a photo for a postcard
    - **Dad's Decision**: Stayed in Venice instead of continuing to Budapest
    
  - **Paris**:
    - **Activity**: Recreating a postcard photo in front of the Eiffel Tower, exploring low-key spots, reflecting on the journey and memories with his dad

  **Special Moments**
  - **Dad's Influence**: Fond memories of buying postcards with his dad, emotional connection to the journey
  - **Personal Reflections**: Missing his dad during the trip, realization of the significance of spending time together
  - **Food and Drink**: Enjoyed various meals, cappuccinos, and desserts on the train, including a special cake

  **Business Promotion**
  - **Joyride Candy**:
    - **Promotion**: Encouraging viewers to buy Joyride candy at Target to make it the number one selling candy
    - **Social Media**: Mentioned Joyride Sweets on Instagram for non-US viewers

  **Conclusion**
  - **Final Thoughts**: Emphasized the importance of spending time with loved ones, sharing the experience with his dad in Venice, and promoting Joyride candy


created_at: 2024-08-31 19:42:28
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Video Overview**
  - **Title:** I Tried Every Seat on the Most Expensive Train
  - **Author:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Channel:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Duration:** 1617 seconds (approximately 27 minutes)
  - **Upload Date:** August 31, 2024
  - **Description:** baguettes were eaten

  **Trip Initiation**
  - Ryan finds old postcards that inspire the trip.
  - First train ride starts in Rome with his dad.
  - **Basic seat amenities:** Fold-out table, trash can, outlet, free Wi-Fi, small television playing the Lego movie.

  **First Train Ride**
  - Ryan and his dad enjoy the spacious basic seats.
  - Captured their first postcard at the Colosseum in Rome.
  - Ryan explores the train's bathroom.
  - **Snack car menu:** Ryan orders pizza and cappuccinos.

  **Second Train Ride (VIP Seat)**
  - **VIP seat amenities:** Reclining options, personal private table, served dinner.
  - Ryan explores the VIP bathroom.
  - **Business room:** Used for meetings and business discussions.
  - Arrives in Venice, enjoys a boat taxi ride with his dad.

  **Venice Stay**
  - Ryan and his dad recreate a Venice postcard.
  - Dad decides to stay in Venice, while Ryan continues the journey alone.

  **Third Train Ride (Private Suite)**
  - **Suite amenities:** Private room, table, couch that converts to a bed, wooden shades, cabinet for clothes, safe, robe, slippers, complimentary water, toiletries.
  - **Bathroom amenities:** Full shower, mirror, frosted window, toilet.
  - Ryan enjoys a lunch of swordfish, tuna, and pie.
  - Reflects on missing his dad.

  **Journey Through Europe**
  - Travels through Italy, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and France.
  - **Personal steward:** Eleonora provides tea and pastries.
  - Ryan enjoys the countryside views, spends time in tunnels.

  **Dinner and Night on the Train**
  - Changes into slacks for dinner.
  - **Dinner menu:** Lagustin, sea bass with caviar, lemon snow cone.
  - Receives a surprise cake with "Enjoy ride" written on it.
  - Promotes his candy brand, Joyride.

  **Final Train Ride to Budapest**
  - **Grand Suite amenities:** Grand couch, table and chair, spacious area, bathroom similar to previous suite, full-size bed.
  - **Steward:** Lino, known as the "goat of stewards".
  - Ryan enjoys a grand dinner and a surprise cake.

  **Conclusion**
  - Reflects on the journey and his love for trains and tunnels.
  - Decides to spend his last night in Europe with his dad in Venice.
  - Thanks viewers and promotes Joyride candy.
  - Encourages viewers to watch another recommended video.


created_at: 2024-08-31 19:52:21
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Video Details**
  - **Title:** I Tried Every Seat on the Most Expensive Train
  - **Author:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Webpage URL:** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye-VZFF0qLE
  - **Channel URL:** https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnmGIkw-KdI0W5siakKPKog
  - **Duration:** 1617 seconds
  - **Channel:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Uploader:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Upload Date:** 20240831

  **Overview of Train Journey**
  - **Initial Inspiration:** Childhood memories with dad, buying postcards of places never visited
  - **First Train Ride:**
    - **Location:** Rome
    - **Seat Type:** Basic seat
    - **Features:** Fold-out table, trash can, outlet, free Wi-Fi, small television
    - **Highlights:** Spacious, more comfortable than flying, bathroom amenities
  - **Snack Car:** Ordered pizza and cappuccinos

  **VIP Train Ride**
  - **Next Stop:** Milan, then Venice
  - **Seat Type:** VIP seat
  - **Features:** Reclining options, personal private table, outlet
  - **Dinner:** Ordered and enjoyed a meal
  - **VIP Bathroom:** Smaller but functional

  **Venice Exploration**
  - **Postcard Recreation:** Took photos in Venice
  - **Dad's Decision:** Dad decided to stay in Venice
  - **Next Train Ride:** Noted the dress code requirement, traveled to the train station via a boat

  **Private Suite Experience**
  - **Suite Features:** Private, table, couch that converts to bed, wooden shades, cabinet with safe, robe, slippers, toiletries
  - **Bathroom:** Full shower, mirror, frosted window, toilet
  - **Meals:** Swordfish, tuna, pie, and bread
  - **Personal Steward:** Eleonora
  - **Overnight Train Ride:** 24-hour journey through five countries

  **Final Train Ride to Paris**
  - **Morning Routine:** Breakfast, admiring the countryside
  - **Postcard Recreation:** Took a photo near the Eiffel Tower
  - **Reflection on Journey:** Noted the coincidence with the 2024 Paris Olympics

  **Grand Suite Experience**
  - **Suite Features:** Couch, table and chair, spacious, similar bathroom, full bed
  - **Steward:** Lino
  - **Dinner:** Enjoyed a variety of fancy foods
  - **Surprise Cake:** "Enjoy ride" message, noted the similarity to his candy brand, Joyride

  **Journey Conclusion**
  - **Final Exploration:** Explored the train, enjoyed a fun drink
  - **Final Thoughts:** Reflected on the experience, the beauty of the journey, and the importance of spending time with his dad
  - **Reunion with Dad:** Decided to spend the last night in Europe with his dad in Venice, enjoying pizza together

  **Joyride Candy Promotion**
  - **Goal:** Make Joyride the number one selling candy at Target
  - **Call to Action:** Encouraged viewers to buy Joyride at Target and follow Joyride Sweets on Instagram


created_at: 2024-08-31 19:53:08
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Title:** I Tried Every Seat on the Most Expensive Train
  - **Author:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Channel:** Ryan Trahan
  - **Upload Date:** 20240831
  - **Duration:** 1617 seconds
  - **Webpage URL:** [YouTube Link](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye-VZFF0qLE)
  - **Channel URL:** [Ryan Trahan's Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnmGIkw-KdI0W5siakKPKog)
  - **Description:** Baguettes were eaten

  **Train Journey Overview**
  - **Starting Point:** Rome, Italy
  - **First Seat:** Basic Seat
    - **Amenities:** Table, trash can, outlet, free Wi-Fi, small television
    - **Experience:** Comfortable, spacious, similar to first class on an airplane
    - **Activity:** Used train bathroom, ordered snack (pizza and cappuccino)
    - **Stop:** Milan, Italy
  - **Next Destination:** Venice, Italy
    - **Experience in Venice:** Enjoyed a boat taxi ride, captured postcard

  **VIP Seat Experience**
  - **Second Seat:** VIP Seat
    - **Amenities:** Reclining options, outlet, personal table
    - **Experience:** Served dinner, used VIP bathroom
    - **Business Room:** Designed for meetings

  **Venice to Paris**
  - **Third Seat:** Private Suite
    - **Amenities:** Private room, table, couch, wooden shades, bathroom with shower
    - **Meals:** Swordfish, tuna, pie, bread
    - **Personal Steward:** Eleonora
    - **Activities:** Explored countryside, ordered milk and cookies
    - **Experience:** Slept in a bed on the train, admired Swiss Alps

  **Paris to Budapest**
  - **Fourth Seat:** Grand Suite
    - **Amenities:** Couch, table, grand bathroom, full bed
    - **Personal Steward:** Lino
    - **Experience:** Dinner, enjoyed cappuccino, received a cake

  **Final Thoughts**
  - **Reflection:** Missed father, enjoyed train experience, loved tunnels
  - **Conclusion:** Decided to spend the last night in Europe with his dad in Venice, eating pizza together

  **Additional Notes**
  - **Promotion:** Joyride candy brand, aiming to become the number one selling candy at Target
  - **Postcards:** Recreated postcards in Rome, Venice, and Paris


created_at: 2024-09-03 12:04:26
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**
  - Dr. Silvio Cesare is the founder and director of InfoSect, a vulnerability research company.
  - The talk focuses on the challenges of building and running a successful VR company.

  **Challenges of Vulnerability Research**
  - **Defining Vulnerability Research:** Distinguishing VR from pentesting or code auditing, focusing on discovering and exploiting zero-days in ubiquitous targets like OS kernels, browsers, and embedded devices.
  - **Relevant Targets:** Emphasizing the importance of targeting widely-used software with default configurations to ensure the impact of vulnerability research.
  - **Transitioning to VR:** Dr. Cesare's journey from hobbyist bug hunting to professional VR, highlighting the need for domain-specific knowledge and target-specific bug-hunting strategies.

  **Building a VR Company**
  - **Founding Team:** The importance of having generalist specialists as founders, with a mix of business, technical, and sales skills.
  - **Hiring:**
     - Challenges of hiring in VR, including the decision between senior and junior researchers.
     - Sources of talent: CTF players, university graduates, pen testers, software developers, forensics specialists, and electronic engineers.
     - The value of a trial process to assess candidates' skills and fit with the team culture.
  - **Target Selection:** Starting with realistic targets based on the founding team's specialties and expanding as the company grows, emphasizing depth and specialization over breadth.

  **Team Culture and Collaboration**
  - **Knowledge Sharing:** Encouraging a collaborative team culture through internal documentation, presentations, and a comfortable environment for asking and receiving help.
  - **Confidence Building:** The role of founders and senior researchers in building confidence among juniors by demonstrating their own confidence and providing meaningful tasks with real impact.
  - **Regular Outputs:** The need for consistent and impactful research outputs to maintain team morale and customer relationships.

  **Engineering and Exploit Development**
  - **Engineering Support:** The role of engineering in VR, including the development of tools and automation to support research efforts.
  - **Exploit Reliability:** Striving for 100% reliability, avoiding long runtimes and version-specific ROP chains.
  - **Technical Glass Ceiling:** VR offers continuous learning and impact, with proportional salary increases and bonuses, unlike traditional tech jobs.

  **Infrastructure and Costs**
  - **Complex Infrastructure:** The need for specialized infrastructure, including on-premises networks, lab equipment, and embedded device analysis tools.
  - **Hiring Challenges:** Finding good infrastructure specialists who understand the unique requirements of a VR company.

  **Q&A Session**
  - **EEs in VR:** The increasing popularity of embedded systems and the importance of hiring engineers who can work with firmware and hardware.
  - **Consistent Output:** Monitoring researchers' daily progress and providing feedback to ensure consistent output and manage uncertainty.
  - **Disclosure Debate:** Navigating the complexities of vulnerability disclosure and NDAs with target companies.
  - **Staff Retention:** Creating a positive culture, paying competitively, and fostering a sense of community to retain key talent.
  - **University Education:** The applicability of university cybersecurity courses to VR, and the value of internships for both employers and interns.
  - **Age Limit:** The tendency for older hackers to move into management roles, but the satisfaction of remaining hands-on with code and research.
  - **Skill Shortage:** Encouraging juniors to enter VR through initiatives like CTFs, university collaborations, and internships.
  - **Exotic Targets:** A lighthearted discussion about challenging targets faced by the speaker.


created_at: 2024-09-03 12:08:30
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**:
  - **Fan Peng** from **WeSecure Label** discusses **hacking services**, their **prerequisites**, and **methods** for accessing them.

  **Hacking Services**:
  - Services in a car are compared to an asparagus, with only a small portion accessible to users.
  - **Front-end services** include entertainment systems, dash cameras, and driver assistance systems.
  - **Hidden services** are reserved for maintainers or debuggers and are not easily accessible to normal users.
  - Examples of hidden services include IPC in ECU, RPC in ECU, and RPC between ECUs.

  **Accessing Hidden Services**:
  - Three main entrances to access hidden services: disk environment, Spark interface, and hardware interface.
  - Disk environment: VLAN, Qt, Twilio, and QSCS are used for Linux-based head units.
  - Spark interface: ADB for Android, SSH for process systems, and Qualcomm for instructor clusters or ADAS.
  - Hardware interface: UART for SoC, GTAC for MSU, and ODB for home card.

  **Intelligent Context**:
  - Large screen in intelligent context serves as the main entry point for user interaction.
  - Each cluster manufacturer has its own human interface, known as **IVI**, which can be based on Linux, QSCS, or Android.
  - Android allows car makers to customize the home screen, start applications, and perform other tasks.
  - Customization provides a tailored experience but also introduces differences in user interfaces and settings.

  **Launcher Differences**:
  - Standard setting app is often missing from the launcher, replaced by a specific setting function.
  - User is typically unable to enable developer mode.
  - Car makers use their own frameworks and launchers, leading to differences between generations and manufacturers.
  - Some car launchers don't display third-party applications on the desktop.

  **Analyzing Hidden Applications**:
  - Comparison of displayed and hidden applications revealed the presence of an **interface category** in the Android manifesto.
  - Applications with the "launcher" category will appear on the top-level launcher, while those without are hidden.
  - Car makers maintain their own whitelists of applications that will appear on the launcher.

  **Accessing Hidden Apps**:
  - Hidden apps can be made visible through system build functions, such as enabling developer mode.
  - Current launcher can be bypassed to access hidden apps with default icons.
  - Breaking down the launcher is the first step to accessing more hidden services.

  **Unlocking Hidden Services**:
  - 18 methods to unlock hidden services, including password protection, direct code input, voice control, and USB commands.
  - Password protection can be bypassed using brute force methods, such as Beta USB, with certain restrictions.
  - Voice control is a new type of entrance, while USB over Diagnostic allows for command usage.

  **Click and Motion Events**:
  - Click actions are defined by **MotionEvent**, which describes motion in terms of action codes and values.
  - Press and release actions are specified by action codes, with pointer values indicating position and movement.
  - Lampress, for example, checks the current time and resets if less than 2 seconds or enables the hidden service if bigger.

  **Android Panic Codes**:
  - Android uses panic codes to show **MEI**, and vendors can create hidden services using similar codes.
  - By providing the correct code, the hidden service can be started.
  - Some vendors use alternative methods, such as checking for a predefined value using **getString**.

  **Android-Safe Code Usage**:
  - Four ways to use Android-safe codes: DARP, DeepLink, VHL access, and BroadRaw or WebView.
  - DARP uses a specific URI to open the hidden service, while DeepLink employs a different schema.
  - VHL access uses "M" to open the hidden service, and BroadRaw or WebView provide additional access methods.

  **Scanning Secret Codes**:
  - Open-source applications like **SecretCode** can scan for secret codes on the device.
  - In some cases, the register can be used to obtain secret codes without installing additional apps.

  **Voice Assistant Usage**:
  - Voice assistants like WAZE are used for various functions, such as controlling air conditioning or opening windows.
  - Voice commands can also be used to access hidden functions, such as engineer mode.
  - There are risks associated with voice commands, as they can influence unsafe operations.

  **USB Access**:
  - Maintenance engineers use USB keys to access cars, but a lost key could provide unauthorized access.
  - Backdoors have been discovered through USB stick plug-ins, executing specific commands automatically.

  **UDS Routing**:
  - UDS (Unified Diagnostic Service) is used for vehicle diagnosis and programming.
  - By obtaining the unlocked algorithm and security concept, the head service can be enabled.
  - This provides access to functions like the SSU debug port and CS5 jobs.

  **Password Protection Bypass**:
  - Users can break down password protection services through brute force methods or escaping to native settings.
  - Beta USB can be used to correct passwords, but it requires checking for extension device compatibility.
  - Fingerprint authentication can also be used to bypass password protection.

  **Deep Link Usage**:
  - Android and SQL codes are types of deep links, but they are challenging to bypass.
  - Deep links with the "bloatable" category can be triggered from a bloatable web view.
  - This provides access to hidden services, such as enabling ADB and accessing log files.

  **Real-Car Testing**:
  - Successful testing of deep links in real cars, allowing access to hidden activities and settings.
  - Method is effective even without "bloatable" availability, as most cars have a web view.

  **Disabled Activity, Property, Permission, and Test Boundary**:
  - Scanning for disabled activities can reveal hidden services and sensitive interfaces.
  - Some car makers have a large number of **hack properties**, allowing access to sensitive data and functions.
  - Normal property settings often lack permission restrictions, allowing any app to utilize them.
  - Test binaries may be available in RISC-V, providing access to WCAG HAL tools for interacting with hardware.

  **Unlocking Hidden Services**:
  - Card makers define various methods, including dial codes, voice commands, and automation through path restrictions.
  - Accessing hidden services allows for further exploration, data collection, and automation.

  **HAL Case Study**:
  - HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) serves as a bridge between the Android framework and hardware.
  - By analyzing deep links and exploiting vulnerabilities, the hidden service engine mode was accessed.
  - This provided control over the card, with potential risks to data security.

  **Visualizing Relationships**:
  - A user diagram illustrates the relationship between Android application activities and services.
  - The diagram helps visualize data flow and identify entrances to hidden services.
  - It also aids in bug hunting by providing an overview of app relationships.

  **Project Source Code**:
  - Will be made available on **GitHub**, but it may take some time to detach from the project.

  **Q&A**:
  - The speaker used open-source tools like JEDX to decompile classes to DEX files and analyze data workflows.
  - Brute forcing passwords is generally safe, but there are limitations on the number of attempts.
  - Analyzing binary files can help retrieve passwords and bypass protection measures.


created_at: 2024-09-03 12:12:08
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Presentation at BionConference by **Quan Jin**, **Yingqi Shi**, and **Guoxian Zhong** from **DBAPPSecurity WeBin Lab**.
  - Topic: "Ghost in the DLM": A 2-year journey of testing in-the-wild LPX roads in the North Commonwealth Fire Sector.

  **Agenda:**
  - Journey of testing in-the-wild LPX roads.
  - Review of Pandora's box of the North Commonwealth Fire Sector X-roads and comparison with other vendors' work.
  - Discussion of samples overlooked by other vendors.
  - Insights into transport in-the-wild Windows LP0 days.

  **Previous Research:**
  - **Death Note of Microsoft Windows Kernel** by Ken Lam.
  - **Commonwealth Fire System Internals** by Alex.
  - **Tracking the Commonwealth Fire System** by 360.
  - **Windows Commonwealth Fire System and File X-roads used by ransomware operators** by Kaspersky.

  **Presentation Outline:**
  - **Start:** Discuss how they began their work.
  - **Hunt:** Explain the process of hunting the first eight Commonwealth Fire System X-roads, providing an overview of each, including basic information and vulnerability root cause.
  - **Analyzing:** Share their experience in analyzing the first Commonwealth Fire System X-roads and the tools they developed to speed up the process. Also, share two unpublished Commonwealth Fire System X-roads.
  - **Variant:** Discuss two Commonwealth Fire System vulnerabilities discovered through variant analysis.
  - **Summary:** Provide relations between different Commonwealth Fire System X-roads and conclude.

  **Start:**
  - Journey began in October 2021 by catching the first Commonwealth Fire System X-road, which triggered a YARA report for Pipe Tribute.
  - **P container** pointer exploitation: Achieving control flow hijacking by modifying the P container pointer.
  - Refer to the Black Hat USA 2022 presentation for more details.
  - **P container** is a key pointer exploited by all subsequent Commonwealth Fire System X-roads.

  **Hunt:**
  - **First X-road** (October 2021): Modified the P container by performing a 1-bit flip inside the Commonwealth Fire System logSVB physical FlashMatterData function.
  - **Second X-road** (May 2022): Triggered the pipe tribute work. The author believed they were writing an X-road for CVE-2022-24521, but they were not. Kaspersky labeled it as X-road 1.
  - **Third X-road** (In-the-wild stamper of CVE-2022-24521): Vulnerability originated from a lack of proper validation on the signature's movie set of CLFS log block header.
  - **Fourth X-road** (In-the-wild zero day, CVE-2022-37969): Used a different technique, employing NTSC set access state generate matching and the CLFS earlier LSN function. Modified the P container in CLFS base file persisted a log symbol by using memory set.
  - **Fifth X-road** (New Commonwealth Fire System one-day X-road): Detected by the pipe tribute row. Introduced new X-road techniques, including hijacking virtual function codes and using functions such as CLFS, MGMT, NTPOFX processor notification, and NTRK or clear read. Kaspersky labeled it as X-road 2.
  - **Sixth X-road** (Similar technique to the previous one): Kaspersky labeled it as X-road 3. Modified the P container in the CLFS log FCP physical flush meter data function using the LSTM restart number.

  **Analyzing:**
  - **Analysis process:** Debugging, reverse engineering, and developing tools (010 enter template and common log file system structure header file) to facilitate analysis.
  - **Sample analysis:** Determining if a sample is a 0-day, 1-day, or N-day; finding the root cause of a common log file system vulnerability; classifying a new X-road under a specific CVE.
  - **Interesting samples:** In-the-wild X-roads of CDE-2023-23376 and CDE-2023-28252 with obfuscation techniques and samples that cause BSOD.

  **Analyzing (cont.):**
  - **Ninth X-road** (November 2023): Significantly different code style, low code quality, and incompatibility with Windows 11. Indicates a non-professional developer.
  - **Tenth X-road** (November 2023): Similar X-road techniques to the second X-road, suggesting the same developer (Developer B).
  - **Root cause analysis:** Understanding how malicious samples work and how they construct the P-file.

  **Variant:**
  - **Importance of variant analysis:** Identifying vulnerabilities that may have been accidentally blocked or not completely fixed.
  - **CVE-2022-24481** (1-bit flip at a specific location blocked by added validation in the September 2021 patch).
  - **CVE-2022-35803** (Common Log File System driver added a new function in the April 2022 patch, but there was still no check for CIDNode.ctype).

  **Summary:**
  - From October 2021 to November 2022, 10 different Common Log File System in-the-wild exploits were caught over 2 years.
  - During the journey, 2 Windows in-the-wild zero-days were discovered, and 2 Common Log File System zero-days were independently found through variant analysis.
  - All four vulnerabilities received acknowledgments from Microsoft.
  - Prediction: The battle with the Windows Common Log File System is nearing its end, while vulnerabilities in Desktop Window Manager and other models will increase.


created_at: 2024-09-03 12:16:37
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**
  - **Vignesh S Rao**: A vulnerability researcher at Exodus Intelligence with a focus on web browsers and JavaScript engines.

  **JavaScript Engines and JIT Compilation**
  - **JavaScript**: An untyped and interpreted language.
  - **Bytecode**: A lower-level representation of JavaScript code executed by the JavaScript virtual machine (interpreter).
  - **JIT compilers**: Solve performance issues with the interpreter by compiling bytecode into native assembly.

  **Interpreter and Baseline JIT**
  - **Interpreter**: Executes JavaScript bytecode through a switch-case structure, but is slow and inefficient.
  - **Baseline JIT**: Compiles bytecode into native assembly, removing the need for a fetch-resolve-update cycle, and optimizing common cases with fast and slow paths.

  **Optimizing Compilers**
  - **Optimizing compilers**: Focus on generating highly efficient code, but are slower to generate.
  - **Multiple compilers**: Browsers use multiple compilers, each doing more optimizations than the previous one, to offset the slow compilation.
  - **Speculation on types**: Optimizing compilers work with their own representation of code and speculate on types since JavaScript is untyped.

  **JavaScriptCore (JSC) Execution Tiers**
  - **JSC**: WebKit's JavaScript engine with four tiers of execution: interpreter, baseline JIT, DFG, and FTL.
  - **DFG and FTL**: Optimizing compilers that emit faster code but take longer to compile.
  - **Speculation failure**: Shifts control flow back into the baseline tier.

  **DFG Typing and Abstract Values**
  - **DFG**: Uses speculated types and abstract values to represent variable types in JavaScript.
  - **Speculated type**: Indicates the most probable type, requiring runtime checks.
  - **Abstract value**: Indicates a proven type at compile time, trusted by the compiler.
  - **DFG AI**: Abstract Interpreter used to calculate abstract values and for constant folding.

  **Bug in Abstract Interpreter**
  - **Property accesses in DFG**: Split into "check structure" and "get by offset" opcodes.
  - **GetByStatus**: Tracks property access and contains a vector of GetByVariant, which groups structures with similar property offsets.
  - **Bug**: Incorrectly accessing property offsets in a for loop, leading to incorrect abstract values and potential type confusion.

  **Constant Folding and Check Structure Elimination**
  - **Constant folding**: An optimization in DFG IR.
  - **Check structure opcode**: Eliminated if the abstract value of an object reports a single structure, indicating a definite type.
  - **Bug impact**: Incorrect abstract value leads to incorrect elimination of check structure, resulting in a direct pointer access without checks.

  **Integer Overflow Bug**
  - **JS Value representation**: Upper 15 bits are null for pointers, set for numbers, and IEEE 754 format for floats.
  - **Float 64 arrays**: User-controlled and hold raw floats, not JS values.
  - **Bug**: Failure to check the top bits during compilation leads to an integer overflow and arbitrary pointer dereference.

  **Conclusion and Takeaways**
  - **Complex bugs**: Can remain in the compiler for years, providing avenues for exploitation.
  - **Bug hunting strategies**: Hunt for assumptions, compare implementations, and look for variants and depth in the code.
  - **Demo**: Nan exploit running on an iPhone, reading password information.


created_at: 2024-09-03 12:21:48
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**
  - Speaker: **Rafie Muhammad**, security researcher at Patchstack
  - Focuses on **web application security** and **WordPress security**
  - WordPress is a **popular Content Management System (CMS)**

  **Why Target CMS?**
  - CMS is a **go-to solution** for managing content without technical knowledge
  - Used by **non-technical people** to create websites
  - In 2022, over **67% of websites** utilized a CMS
  - CMS often has **many features** that can be checked for vulnerabilities

  **Why Target WordPress?**
  - WordPress covers **around 43% of all websites**
  - Has a **34% share** of the top 1 billion websites
  - Holds a **63% CMS market share** in 2024
  - Is **open-source** and **easy to familiarize** with for beginners

  **WordPress Components**
  - **Core**: The CMS platform itself
  - **Plugins**: Additional software installed on WordPress, extending functionality
  - **Themes**: Similar to plugins but focused on visual appearance

  **WordPress Research**
  - Vulnerabilities are often found in **plugins** due to their additional features
  - Some **premium themes** may also have many features to check
  - The **WordPress free repository** has about 60,000 plugins and 12,000 themes

  **Scanning WordPress Plugins and Themes**
  - Use tools like **wp-directory.net** to search for potentially affected plugins or themes
  - These tools allow searching by **word or regex pattern** in the free repository
  - The **GitHub repository** is also available for manual deployment

  **Research Targets**
  - For effective research, choose **plugins or themes** with the right characteristics
  - Plugins/themes with **high popularity** and **active installations** may have minimal critical vulnerabilities
  - Lower-installation plugins may offer **better chances** of finding decent vulnerabilities

  **Initial Approach for WordPress Research**
  - For **free versions**, fetch plugins/themes via the WordPress core installer
  - For **premium versions**, try to find a **null/cracked version** on websites like "wayadone.com" or "wplocker.net"
  - **Analyze the code** and use dynamic analysis tools like "xvbuffers"

  **Choosing Priority for Tools in WordPress Environment**
  - Prioritize finding vulnerabilities like:
    - **Privilege escalation**
    - **Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)**
    - **SQL injection**
    - **PHP object injection**
    - **Remote Code Execution (RCE)**
    - **Local File Inclusion (LFI)**
    - **Arbitrary file read/write**

  **Case Studies**

  ## Overlooked XSS Case Studies in WordPress

  ### Site-Wide Prefetched XSS in a Free News Library
  - Vulnerable library introduced in **version 1.0.8** and patched in **version 2.5.10**
  - Vulnerable code page existed for **8 years and 1 month**
  - Library used in **approximately 1,300 free plugins** and some themes, impacting ~7 billion installations
  - Vulnerability found while looking for vulnerabilities in the **TablePress** plugin, which used this library
  - Vulnerability exists due to lack of input sanitation in the **admin notice** feature
  - Vendor patch added input sanitation using the **sanitizeTextField** function to strip HTML tags
  - Exploit:
    - Opt-in case: Admin opts-in for email notifications, receives confirmation link, and visits the link
    - XSS payload included in the confirmation link triggers XSS in the admin account

  ### Side-Wide Unauthorized Source XSS in MySQL Cache
  - Introduced in **version 5.7.0.1**, vulnerable code page existed for **1.3 months**
  - Initial search was for **broken access control API**, but also found unauthorized XSS
  - Vulnerability exists due to lack of proper access control and input sanitation in custom API endpoint
  - Vendor patch added a **hash tag** and used **santize_text_field** function to escape user input
  - Exploit:
    - Unauthenticated user performs a pull request with XSS payload in specific parameters
    - Admin requests any page on the HW admin, triggering XSS in the admin area

  ### XSS in WordPress Core Function
  - Introduced in **version 6.1.0** and patched in **version 6.1.6**, existed for **one month**
  - Active installations: **2.0**
  - Unique vulnerability involving a **vulnerable WordPress core function**
  - Vulnerability found while looking for XSS in the **trans-customer-first** file
  - Exists due to insufficient input sanitation in the **current_screen** function, allowing XSS in HTML attributes
  - WordPress core patch used the **esc_html** function to properly escape input
  - Exploit:
    - Specific endpoint: **wp-admin-edit.jsp** with **post type** set to **SACF__**
    - XSS payload included in the **post status** parameter, triggering XSS in the admin account

  ### WordPress Core Dedicated XSS
  - Introduced in **version 5.9** and patched in **version 6.5.5**, existed for **2.5 months**
  - Active installations: Any active WordPress core instance
  - Vulnerability found while searching for issues in the **register to debug** process
  - Exists due to insufficient input validation in the **template part** block feature
  - WordPress core patch implemented a **whitelist of allowed tags** to prevent XSS
  - Exploit:
    - Contributor role user drafts a post
    - XSS payload included in the **content** parameter, with a link to an external .js file
    - Previewing the post triggers the XSS

  ## Privilege Escalation Case Studies

  ### Unauthenticated Account Takeover in Elementor Plugin
  - Introduced in **version 5.4.0**, patched in **version 5.7.0.1**, kernel reportage: **7.9**
  - Active installations: **5 million+**
  - Initial search was for vulnerabilities in the **custom registration process**, but found in a different feature
  - Vulnerability exists in the **password reset** functionality due to lack of proper checks
  - Vendor patch added a check for a **unique password reset key** sent to the user's email
  - Exploit:
    - Admin tries to log in but fails due to incorrect password
    - Attacker executes a script to change the admin's password
    - Admin gets logged out, and the attacker can log in with the new password

  ### WordPress Exploitation in HTML5
  - Vulnerable webpage: **Roundcube**
  - Initial search was for issues in the **WordPress explanation process**, found in a tool for WordPress explanation
  - Custom function **html.address.register** allows users to register with a **role field** directly supplied by the user
  - Insufficient validation of user data allows arbitrary roles to be set
  - Vendor patch removed the **role field** from the user data, restricting users to the default role
  - Exploit:
    - Attacker executes a script to register a new user with administrator role
    - Successful registration grants administrator privileges to the attacker

  ### Unauthorized Account Takeover in Jupyter Xcode Plugin
  - Premium plugin, version information unavailable, patched in **version 3.1.2**
  - Initial focus was on the **registration process**, but the vulnerability was found in the social login feature
  - Vulnerability exists due to lack of proper checks and input validation in social login functionality
  - Vendor patch added a requirement for a **Facebook access token**, directly retrieving user data from Facebook API
  - Exploit:
    - Authenticated user executes a script with the target admin's email and a custom FBID value
    - The script generates a link that, when visited, logs the user in as the target admin

  **Conclusion**
  - WordPress remains a **fertile ground** for security research, especially open-source research
  - Most critical bugs are **simple but overlooked** issues
  - Lack of attention to common actions and processes in plugins and themes
  - Need for more research on **popular components** in the WordPress ecosystem
  - Potential for further research on **libraries** and **South plugin core**


created_at: 2024-09-03 12:25:41
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - **Billy** and **Peter** from Star Labs present their research on Android security.
  - Their work focuses on the **Linux kernel** and **Android kernel**, respectively.
  - The presentation covers two main areas: **ARP analysis** and a **GPU-UoF exploit**.

  **ARP Analysis:**
  - Modern Android kernels employ various security measures to prevent **privileged escalation attacks**:
    - **Privileged Access Network** and **Privileged Execution Network** protect kernel space from user space access and execution.
    - **UAO** (Unprivileged Address Override) and **PSE** (Pointer Secure Enforcement) address common address limit override issues.
    - **MTE** (Memory Tagging Extension) is a hardware-based security feature that adds memory tags to detect and prevent memory-based vulnerabilities.
    - **KSALR** (Kernel Space Address Layout Randomization) randomizes kernel memory layout to prevent memory-based attacks.

  **GPU-UoF Exploit:**
  - **GPU-UoF** (GPU-Patch-Level-Use-After-Free) is an exploit technique targeting the PSoS kernel.
  - The researchers demonstrate how a limited vulnerability in the GPU can be transformed into a full exploit.
  - They focus on three main types of GPUs and their drivers: **MediaTek's Mali**, **Qualcomm's KGSL**, and **Apple's GPU driver**.
  - The exploit leverages the **shrinker interface** within the memory management subsystem to free cached items and repurpose their memory.
  - By manipulating memory allocation and freeing, they can create a **Page-Use-After-Free (PUAF)** primitive, allowing them to fake kernel objects and page tables.
  - This enables them to bypass virtual memory-based mitigations and gain arbitrary read-write access to the kernel.
  - The researchers provide a detailed explanation of the exploit process, including memory allocation, structure manipulation, and reusing pages for GPU PGD (Page Global Directory).
  - They also discuss alternative exploit methods, such as reusing pages as kernel objects and modifying page table entries.

  **Bug Analysis:**
  - The researchers discovered multiple vulnerabilities in the Android system:
    - A **denial-of-service** vulnerability in the **LWIS IOControlHandle** command packing function due to improper handling of IOControlMessaging links.
    - An **IntegerOverflowVulnerability** in the **prepareResponseLock** function related to maximum integer representation.
    - An **outbound SS** vulnerability in the **LWIS InitializedTransactionBase** function caused by improper initialization of transaction structures.
    - A **type confusion** vulnerability in the **LWIS AccomplishedFetch** function due to insufficient file type verification.
    - Additional integer overflow, type confusion, and uninitialized bugs in various functions.
  - Patches and mitigation strategies are discussed for each vulnerability.

  **Exploit Techniques:**
  - The researchers demonstrate how to exploit one of the bugs to gain physical memory read-write access on Pixel devices.
  - They explain the process of allocating and freeing memory regions, manipulating structures, and triggering the shrinker function to create a PUAF primitive.
  - They also discuss the use of **OpenCL** and **GPU instructions** to read and write to UAM (Unaligned Memory Access) pages.
  - The exploit can be used to modify critical kernel variables, disable security features, and execute arbitrary code.
  - Alternative exploit methods are presented, including reusing pages as GPU PGD or kernel objects, and modifying page table entries.
  - The researchers provide a device demo showcasing the GPU technique exploit for an integer overflow vulnerability.

  **Conclusion:**
  - The researchers emphasize the importance of comprehensive security measures and the potential for targets to be part of the exploit path.
  - Despite increasing software and hardware mitigations, well-crafted exploits can still succeed.
  - They provide references and encourage further exploration of the topic during the Q&A session.


created_at: 2024-09-03 12:30:09
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**
  - Eugene Lim: Security researcher and white hat hacker with a range of experience, from Amazon to Zoom.
  - His work has been featured at prominent conferences and industry publications.
  - Lim's talk focuses on browser extensions and the potential for "universal code execution."

  **Browser Extensions**
  - **Manifest**: Tells the browser how to interpret the extension, including **content scripts** and **background scripts**/**service workers**.
  - **Content scripts**: Injected into web pages, allowing extensions to interact with the DOM.
  - **Background scripts/service workers**: Run in the browser extension context and communicate with content scripts.

  **From postMessage to sendMessage**
  - **postMessage**: Used to communicate between a web page and its extension, despite not being designed for this purpose.
  - Weak extension matches allow bypassing typical origin validation methods, creating a security risk.
  - Lim presents a case study of an extension with weak matchers, demonstrating how it can be exploited to access cookies.

  **From sendMessage to sendNativeMessage**
  - **Native messaging**: Allows browser extensions to communicate with native desktop applications.
  - **sendNativeMessage**: Used to send messages from the browser extension context to the native application context.
  - If the native application handles messages dangerously, it can lead to code execution outside the browser.
  - Lim outlines a step-by-step process for exploiting this vulnerability.

  **Extension Hunting at Scale**
  - Lim describes a method for identifying potentially vulnerable extensions at scale.
  - He uses existing databases of browser extension manifests and applies filters to find extensions with specific characteristics.
  - Custom sender code and tools like SendRep are used to analyze the extensions for potential vulnerabilities.

  **Case Study: Extension B**
  - Extension B is a popular extension with over 2 million users, adding PKI smart card support to browsers.
  - By design, it requires a wildcard extension match, making it vulnerable to exploitation.
  - Lim demonstrates a two-stage proof-of-concept exploit that triggers the download of a malicious DLL and sends a postMessage payload.

  **Conclusion**
  - Manifest V3 was intended to improve extension security but has not eliminated these vulnerabilities.
  - Powerful browser extensions are a feature of the current web ecosystem, and they are challenging to secure.
  - There is a poor understanding of the risks posed by extension permissions and messaging chains.
  - Further research is needed into Manifest V3 APIs and their potential security implications.


created_at: 2024-09-03 13:47:29
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Eduardo works in the Information Security Engineering team at Google.
  - His work involves making Google products safer, with a recent focus on CPU and Firefox.
  - The discussion will center on how Google approaches security for their products and open-source hardware dependencies.

  **Goal:**
  - To explore how keeping exploit information secret makes **offense** cheaper and **defense** more expensive.
  - Google aims to reverse this trend by engaging with the security community and sharing knowledge.

  **Information Asymmetry Example:**
  - **Scenario:** Four cars are for sale, one of which has hidden problems.
  - **Price Variation:** The seller of the problematic car can ask for a higher price because buyers lack information about the car's issues.
  - **Market Collapse:** As more sellers with faulty cars enter the market, the average price drops, discouraging honest sellers.

  **Reacting to Security Problems:**
  - Treating security issues as **emergencies** leads to higher costs and negative impacts on reputation and products.
  - A better approach is to view security as a **medical problem**, focusing on prevention and long-term solutions.
  - This involves adopting secure practices, languages, and verifiable legal systems, which can be challenging and time-consuming.

  **Developer Considerations:**
  - Developers must balance multiple factors: development time, feature maintenance, latency, bugs, performance, and capacity.
  - Implementing additional security measures adds to these complexities and costs.

  **Technical Example:**
  - A simple bug in a code snippet is identified, involving a **use-after-free** vulnerability.
  - A potential fix is suggested, but it would lead to memory issues if used repeatedly.
  - The question arises: Is it worth fixing this type of bug?

  **Calculating the Worth of Fixes:**
  - One approach is to examine the costs of responding to incidents, such as lost sales or partnerships.
  - By comparing the hypothetical maximum spend, actual spend, and potential spend with security obligations, organizations can assess the impact of different security measures.
  - This data can inform decisions about investing in specific mitigations.

  **Chrome Security Team Example:**
  - The team compares the effectiveness of disabling JIT compilation and V8 sandbox escape mitigations.
  - By analyzing data from V8's bug bounty program and Pwn2Own, they gain insights into the prevalence of different exploit types.
  - This information guides their investment decisions and defense strategies.

  **The Offensive Landscape:**
  - Technology's pervasive influence has led to a diverse range of actors, including law enforcement, intelligence agencies, military, cybercriminals, and more.
  - The demand for offensive capabilities has increased competition and driven up costs.

  **The Defender's Challenge:**
  - Defenders need as much information as offenders to mount an effective defense, but the supply of information is limited and expensive.
  - Increasing transparency and sharing solutions can attract offenders to use specific techniques, allowing defenders to quantify their mitigations.

  **The Role of Artificial Intelligence:**
  - AI can be a tool for both offense and defense, but its impact depends on how it's used and the availability of data.
  - Increasing transparency and attracting more researchers can help level the playing field.

  **The KernelCTF Impact:**
  - Google's KernelCTF has significantly increased the number of public kernel exploits, providing valuable data for defense strategies.
  - The long-term goal is to make offense less profitable and defense more accessible and effective.

  **Conclusion:**
  - Transparency empowers buyers to demand better products and enables defenders to quantify their mitigations.
  - By increasing the cost of offense and lowering the cost of defense, we can improve overall security.
  - Google's efforts, like KernelCTF, aim to disrupt the offensive market and encourage collaboration.


created_at: 2024-09-03 13:56:17
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**
  - **Alfredo Ortega**: Security researcher, bug hunter, and founder of Neuroengine.ai.

  **AI-Powered Bug Hunting**
  - **Crash-Benchmark**: Standardized evaluation framework for AI-driven static analysis tools.
  - **AK1**: Simple bug-hunting AI agent with a model-agnostic design.
  - AI-bughunting challenges: Early models lacked sophistication and privacy concerns limited the use of commercial AI models.

  **Previous Work**
  - Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to their application in various fields.
  - **Black Hat Presentation**: Generic view of tasks, including vulnerability detection and protection.
  - **Google Project Zero**: Focused on exploiting vulnerabilities, concluded that LLMs have very basic exploitation capabilities.

  **Crash Bench**
  - An Infosec event where different AI models are evaluated on their bug-finding capabilities.
  - Various examples, including real vulnerabilities, are given to the AI to identify bugs and generate reports.
  - **Model**: Each AI company releases its own models, some open-source and others closed-source.
  - **Local Open-Source AI**: Preferred for bug hunting to maintain privacy and avoid sharing code with third parties.

  **AI Model Comparison**
  - **Lambda3**: One of the most recent and best-performing models.
  - **Lambda2**: Previous state-of-the-art model with limited understanding of code.
  - **GPT-4**: Powerful model but not the best at bug finding, possibly due to strong alignment.
  - **Mistral**: Another high-scoring model in the benchmark.
  - **AI Model Alignment**: Models with strong alignment may deny providing answers related to bugs or exploits due to ethical constraints.

  **Real-World Bug Example**
  - **Integral Overflow Bug**: AI model successfully identified and reported the bug, replicating the human report.

  **Demonstration**
  - Live demo using a complex code example to showcase bug-finding capabilities.
  - **QBD4**: Fuzziness allows it to find bugs even in challenging cases.
  - **Cloud**: One of the best models, successfully identified a heap overflow vulnerability in the kernel.
  - **OpenVC**: Developers fixed the vulnerability identified by the AI model.

  **AI Limitations and Challenges**
  - **False Positives**: AI may report non-exploitable vulnerabilities, requiring manual verification.
  - **Exploit Development**: AI models currently struggle with this aspect, often requiring human intervention.
  - **Business Logic Vulnerabilities**: LLMs may not understand business logic, limiting their effectiveness in certain domains.

  **Automatic Patching**
  - **Auto-Patching Software**: Extends auto-hacking by not only discovering but also patching vulnerabilities automatically.
  - **Closed-Loop Confirmation**: Ensures that the generated patch doesn't break existing functionality.
  - **JattyBD**: Tool used for automatic patching, generating multiple patches and tests for a library.
  - **Obfuscation and Randomization**: Techniques applied to create a unique, harder-to-exploit version of the code.

  **Key Takeaways**
  - LLMs can assist in reviewing and discovering vulnerabilities, but human intervention is still necessary.
  - AI-powered bug hunting will significantly reduce the number of bugs found and exploited.
  - Custom versions of software with added security checks and obfuscation can be created, making exploitation challenging.
  - Exploit development is not yet fully automated and may require additional training and information.

  **Conclusion**
  - AI-powered bug hunting and automatic patching show promising results, but further development is needed.
  - The impact on the job market is uncertain, but adapting to new technologies is essential.


created_at: 2024-09-03 14:03:55
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**:
  - **Ethan** and **Yang** from **CyberConnect** present their research on Win32k vulnerabilities.
  - Win32k is a well-known **attack surface** in the **Windows system** that has caused significant **security issues** in the past.
  - Despite **Microsoft's efforts** and the implementation of **security mitigation measures**, the presenters have found ways to bypass these protections.

  **Win32k Overview**:
  - Introduced in **Windows 24** to enhance **web performance** and **memory usage**.
  - **CSRSS2** became a **standalone kernel module**, with **backend Windows NDE 3.5 CSRSS** handling **graphic rendering** and **user interface management**.
  - **Insertive key** comprises three main components: **GDI (Graphic Device Interface)**, **USBR (User Interface Management)**, and **SANS (Auxiliary Routines)** for **DirectX API**.
  - The **window manager** handles UI elements like **Windows Display**, **Screen Output**, **Input Collection**, and **Mass Processing**.
  - **GDI** is responsible for **graphic rendering**, **GDI objects**, **color matching**, **mathematical libraries**, and **phone support**.
  - Each user session has a **separate map copy** of insertive key voices for **session isolation** and **security**.
  - **User Interface Privilege Isolation** prevents **low-privilege processes** from interfering with **high-integrity processes**.
  - The insertive key **rejects multiple callback functions** to interact with the **community executive** and exports **GUI-oriented objects** like **desktops**, **windows stations**, and **defined structures**.

  **Classical CVE-2021-1332**:
  - A vulnerability in the insertive key allowing **privilege escalation**.
  - Involves carefully defining the **neural state callback function**, causing the **kernel** to misinterpret **arbitrary neural state values** as **kernel addresses**.
  - Bypassing normal **memory access checks** and achieving **out-of-bounds real-time values**.

  **Uncovering New Vulnerabilities**:
  - Every window in the insertive key driver is divided by the **tagwind structure**, which includes a **function ID field (fnid)**.
  - The **fnid** specifies the **Windows class** (e.g., Scrollable, Manual, Desktop)**, and allows modification of the **request of the Windows value** written after the output.
  - The vulnerability lies in the **tagwind to function ID attribute** and the **transformation relationship** corresponding to the **RTL key** and **desktop**.

  **Microsoft's Mitigation Mechanisms**:
  - **Type Isolation**: Implemented through interconnected structures (**C-type isolation**, **C-section entry**, **C-section bitmap allocator**, **RTL bitmap**) to prevent **kernel exploitation** techniques using **bitmaps**.
  - **KD-SLR (Kernel Address Based Layout Optimization)**: Remaps the **base address** of the **kernel** on boot, making it harder for exploits to **jump into the kernel**.
  - **KCFG**: A **security feature** that places **time registration** on code execution locations, combating **memory corruption vulnerabilities**.
  - **Kernel Data Execution Prevention (DEP)**: Enables the system to mark memory pages as **non-insertable**, making **buffer overflow exploitation** more difficult.

  **CVEs Related to M32T**:
  - **CVE-2021-41357**: Vulnerability based on a **twin-structure UVFM** and **lambda function**.
  - **CVE-2023-2274**: Involves using a **multiplexed CVE callback** to reduce **if-view-windows** and **truncated-function segregation**.
  - The remaining three CVEs are related to **patch bypass** and **vulnerabilities caused by segmented addressing** through **FNID** and **RTLP sending extra address**.

  **CVE-2021-41357 Analysis**:
  - The vulnerability is a **type-association bypass** triggered when the **M32T** function calls **R3** using **window.js**.
  - A **lambda function** is invoked, which returns the **window's primary address** and performs **read-pull operations** and **dereferencing**.
  - The function can be exploited by setting up a **callback** to **R3** and manipulating the **parent window** of the **child window**.
  - By creating multiple **exploited windows**, the **kernel address** of the initial parent window can be overridden.
  - Using **console.control**, a **small RTL kit** is created to perform a **desktop login function**.
  - The **stash** can be hijacked, and the **parent window** of the **child window** can be modified, triggering a **UEF (Unhandled Exception Filter)**.
  - Due to **type oscillation**, tool injection is not possible, requiring the creation of numerous **type window structures** to occupy the initial type window structure.
  - The **PIST desktop pointer** in the type window structure can be modified to achieve **kernel pool auto-bounce** and **arbitrary address conversion**.

  **CVE-2003-28274**:
  - The exploit process involves creating a window and adjusting the **check TLS structure** with **extended window memory**.
  - The window is then set as a **DDE server**, and **console control** is used to manage window memory as a **RTL heap**.
  - The **KLDB function** provides an opportunity for an **R3 callback**, and a **code snippet** handles **DDE messages** in a **Windows application**.
  - By copying the **DDE callback**, the vulnerability is triggered, providing access to the data structure stored in **RTL-HEAP**.

  **CVE-2021-1732**:
  - A **bypass vulnerability** in the **VSWP framework**, allowing **kernel calls** by invoking relevant **QI APIs** (e.g., **Windows Probe**, **Switch Windows Probe**).
  - The **tagger** can interpret the **callback** by cooking a function named **allocateWindowClassAdvice** in the **kernel**.
  - The **Linux tag** is modified by setting the **console window flag** of the tagging key object using the **NTUserConsoleControl method**.
  - After the **callback**, the system fails to check if the **window tag** has changed due to the **tag computation**.
  - By offsetting the **kernel**, the tagger gains control and can modify the **tagged key structure** of the **window table**.
  - The **CS progress value** of the window table must be smaller than the **offset to the desktop heap** to ensure successful exploitation.

  **CVE-202.4.1.1.3**:
  - Triggering the vulnerability involves opening the **process internal kernel callback table** and invoking a specific function.
  - The **class and size function** is triggered, and the **WAN message** is passed.
  - The **user motorbook** is invoked through a **vulnerability attack**, changing the **window FID** to **FID-dialog** and adding the **WF-dialog-wint** flag.
  - The code replaces the **first field** with a **controllable value**, leading to a potential **information disclosure** by leaking the **kernel address** of the **TechWin structure**.

  **Summary and Q&A**:
  - The presenters provide a critical commentary on the **Windows operating system**, highlighting its **graphical performance**, **user interface management**, and frequent **vulnerability discoveries**.
  - The methods for finding vulnerabilities are **universal**, involving techniques like **fuzzing**, **static or dynamic analysis**, and **symbolic explanation**.
  - The presented vulnerabilities can be used to **escape sandbox environments** in browsers and other systems, even in the future (**2034**).
  - The presenters found the bugs primarily through **static analysis** and believe that **artificial intelligence** methods can be effective in finding and addressing Win32k vulnerabilities.


created_at: 2024-09-03 14:12:51
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Speakers: **Hangyu Hua** (@HBh25Y) and **Juntao Wu** (@Dawuge3)

  **Overview:**
  - Despite the efforts of powerful fuzzers, **longstanding vulnerabilities** have been exposed, indicating the presence of secrets beyond their reach.
  - Manual code audits and investigation of fuzzer pain points led to the discovery of **dozens of high-value vulnerabilities**, which existing fuzzers struggle to detect.

  **Speaker Background:**
  - **Hangyu Hua**: Security researcher at **numen cyber** and co-founder of **Shuffle Team**, focusing on low-level security.
  - **Juntao Wu**: Security researcher and founder of **Shuffle Team**, specializing in mobile/web3 vulnerability discovery and exploitation. Inducted into the **Samsung Mobile Security Hall of Fame** (2021-2023).

  **Agenda:**
  - Why forgotten trash appears.
  - Review of targets.
  - Mobile RCE and the parsing logic of HEAP.

  **Why Forgotten Trash Appears:**
  - Web 3 project audits aim to find all vulnerabilities, but their large size makes it nearly impossible to guarantee comprehensive detection.
  - Some vulnerabilities are overlooked as they reside in code that has been extensively tested and manually audited.
  - A recent example is a vulnerability in the lowest-biased PNG, affecting projects using 3 types, with a wide impact.
  - This vulnerability was not detected by black box fuzz tools or the OASIS fuzz platform due to a gap in their testing coverage.

  **Recent Vulnerability in WebP Parsing Code:**
  - Occurred in September last year and affected Android, Chrome, macOS, and other platforms.
  - Caused by a problem in the auto-bounce writing of the Kafka encoding algorithm.
  - The decoder constructs a Huffman encoding table based on prefixed encoded data, but a vulnerability exists in the default picture's Huffman coding table.
  - The core premise is that the encoded data must conform to parametric Huffman coding, ensuring a complete binary tree structure.
  - However, as the Huffman coding table data comes from the on-chess, it may be manipulated by an attacker, leading to excessive memory allocation and a deep backflow.
  - The key points of this vulnerability lie in the **counter area** and the **root table**.

  **Linux Kernel as a Target for Bug Bounty:**
  - Google's bounty program and Hongjiong's Ubuntu LTE project have revealed numerous exploitable vulnerabilities in the Linux core.
  - Popular modules for bug hunting include **EPF**, **IOUMI**, and **Netfilter**, with the latter attracting many well-known security researchers.
  - The **network package scheduler** is a promising target due to its completeness, lack of vulnerabilities, and minimal attention.
  - Techniques for utilizing NetScheduler are discussed, including creating an SD and calling sendMessage with ASConnect link, along with various RTM options.

  **Mobile RCE and HEAP Parsing Logic:**
  - HEAP files are a special case of ISO-based media file formats, supporting both still images and image sequences.
  - HEAP parsing involves two parts: HEAP file parsing and parsing of the file content inside HEAP.
  - The highly inclusive nature of file content leads to the parsing of other file formats, requiring specialized testing tools.
  - Initial attempts to test function libraries through QMU were rejected due to complex gen-line interface elements.
  - A fuzzer was developed using Vreda to write a completely code coverage calculation, utilizing the underlying hooking framework directed through the QMU object.
  - The final effect allowed direct fuzzer execution on a mobile phone, resulting in the discovery of 16 manipulations, including 5 critical and 1 high.
  - A notable finding was CVE-2021-39804, which proved that platforms like OASIS Fuzz cannot achieve 100% success, even with extensively tested modules.

  **Enhancing Fuzzers:**
  - A comparison of existing fuzzing test flow methods, including closed-source and binary fuzzing, Android J9 fuzzing, and closed-source library testing.
  - For mobile testing targets, code coverage is the most effective fuzzing testing method.
  - Various tools and techniques are discussed for collecting code coverage in different scenarios, such as native libraries, shared libraries, and native network processes.
  - Attention is drawn to vulnerabilities missed by fuzzing test operations due to complex conditionals, deep travel paths, and seed source limitations.
  - Common issues with fuzzing testing tools, such as instability, slow testing speed, and challenges with multi-line process parallel fuzzing, are highlighted.

  **Conclusion:**
  - A comprehensive overview of the talk, covering the existence of vulnerabilities beyond the reach of fuzzers and the importance of manual code audits.
  - The speakers provided insights into their backgrounds, the agenda, and the discovery of high-value vulnerabilities.
  - The discussion centered on why forgotten trash appears, Linux kernel as a target for bug bounty, mobile RCE, and enhancing fuzzers.
  - The notes provide a structured summary of the key points presented during the talk, offering a valuable reference for further exploration and research.


created_at: 2024-09-03 14:20:01
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - The presentation discusses the creation of an **N-Day** full-chain exploit, showcasing the power of chaining multiple vulnerabilities.
  - The exploit targets a **Chrome browser** running in a **VMware guest**, ultimately achieving **SYSTEM privileges** in the **Windows host**.
  - The research team from **Theori** demonstrates their exploit, which includes six unique vulnerabilities, three of which were exploited in the wild and two during **Pwn2Own 2023**.

  **Speakers:**
  - **JeongOh Kyea**: Researcher at Theori Korea with an interest in automatic vulnerability detection, binary analysis, and exploit techniques. Recipient of the **Most Valuable Researcher** award from Microsoft in 2020, 2021, and 2022.
  - **Gwangun Jung**: Security researcher at Theori with a focus on operating systems, virtualization, and red teaming. Winner of the **Pwn2Own Vancouver 2024 Virtualization** category by targeting **VMware Workstation**.
  - **Yeonghun Kim**: Security researcher at Theori specializing in web browsers and JavaScript engines, particularly **Chrome** and **V8**.

  **Fermion Service:**
  - Theori's threat intelligence service, which is a database of vulnerability reports since 2019.
  - As of 2023, the service contains **486 reports**, with **half of them** having working exploits.
  - Some of these vulnerabilities have been exploited in the wild or in competitions like **Hunter-Hunter**.

  **Ingredients for the Exploit:**
  - The team wanted to showcase a practical scenario, so they chose a situation where a **security analyst clicks on a malicious link in a virtual machine**.
  - The exploit starts from the **renderer in the guest** and aims to achieve **SYSTEM privileges in the host**.
  - They used **six unique vulnerabilities**: three exploited in the wild, two from Pwn2Own 2023, and one variant of a Pwn2Own 2023 vulnerability.

  **Vulnerabilities and Exploits:**
  - **CVE-2023-3079**: A type confusion bug in the inline cache for JSStrictArgument objects in **V8**, allowing for arbitrary code execution in Chrome Renderer.
  - **Windows Kernel Vulnerability**: CVE-2023-21674, affecting **ALPC** (Advanced Local Procedure Call), enabling privilege escalation within the guest.
  - **CVE-2023-29360**: A logic bug allowing attackers to map arbitrary addresses, including kernel addresses, leading to privilege escalation within the guest.
  - **CVE-2023-34044**: A variant of a Pwn2Own 2023 vulnerability, an uninitialized bug in handling **URB** (USB Request Block) for virtual Bluetooth, used to leak address information.
  - **CVE-2023-20869**: A vulnerability in processing **SDP** (Service Discovery Protocol) of Bluetooth, enabling a buffer overflow and arbitrary code execution within VMware.
  - **CVE-2023-36802**: A type confusion bug in the same driver as CVE-2023-29360, allowing for final privilege escalation to SYSTEM on the host.

  **Chaining the Exploits:**
  - The team discusses the challenges of chaining the renderer and sandbox escape exploits, requiring the use of a helper class to embed the sandbox escape exploit code as JavaScript.
  - They chose the **file picker process** as the target for privilege escalation due to its medium integrity and fewer mitigations.
  - To achieve arbitrary code execution, they overwrote a **global variable** with a **fake object**, triggering the exploit when the global object returned.
  - The fake object was constructed using specific gadgets to connect function calls and invoke desired functions.
  - To overcome the limited space for commands, they utilized the physical memory of the guest OS, which is treated as mapped memory from the host OS perspective.

  **Conclusion:**
  - The presentation highlights the power of chaining multiple vulnerabilities, making them more powerful and fun.
  - The research team learned a lot about each system and plans to continue their research with the ingredients in their vulnerability database.


created_at: 2024-09-03 14:28:49
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction:**
  - Speaker: **Zou Xiaochen**, Ph.D. candidate at the University of California, Riverside, advised by Professor Zhiyun Qian.
  - Topic: Linux kernel bug exploitability assessment, exploring the gap between fuzzing-exposed bugs and real-world exploits.

  **Linux Kernel Security:**
  - Continuous fuzzing has become integral to the Linux kernel ecosystem, discovering thousands of bugs.
  - However, only a small fraction of these bugs are exploited in downstream distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora).
  - This talk aims to understand and bridge the gap between bug discovery and exploitation.

  **Fuzzing and Exploitability:**
  - Fuzzing is a dynamic approach to finding bugs, generating test cases based on randomness.
  - While efficient, fuzzing is blind and may not focus on security bugs, leading to a gap between discovered bugs and exploits.
  - Sysbot, a fuzzing platform by Google, has found over 10,000 kernel bugs in 6 years, with thousands still unfixed.
  - Despite the large number of unfixed bugs, there are relatively few kernel exploits, indicating a need for better understanding.

  **Upstream vs. Downstream:**
  - Linux has **upstream** (development) and **downstream** (stable, daily-use) kernels.
  - Upstream fuzzing exposes bugs that may not exist in downstream kernels due to differences in compilation and environment.
  - The structure of the Linux community, with separate upstream and downstream kernels, contributes to the gap between bugs and exploits.

  **Reproducibility and Exploitability:**
  - An experiment was designed to understand the reproducibility of upstream bugs in downstream kernels (Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, SUSE).
  - Out of 200 bug-distro pairs, only 18 successfully triggered bugs, all requiring root privilege, indicating a lack of exploitability.
  - Failure reasons included logic missing, code context change, and environment change, with the latter being the main focus of the talk.

  **Environment Change:**
  - Preparation failure: Downstream kernels may not have virtual interfaces, causing POCs to fail during environment preparation.
  - Background noise: Downstream kernels have more background processes, making it harder for POCs to win data races and trigger bugs.
  - Missing module: Downstream kernels often compile modules separately, and if a desired module is missing, the POC may fail to trigger the bug.

  **Automated Solutions:**
  - Preparation failure: Minimize environment preparation steps to retain only necessary ones, ensuring POCs reach the core function and trigger the bug.
  - Background noise: Force data collision by allocating more resources (CPU cores, infinite loops, longer execution time) to the POC process.
  - Missing module: Use ftrace to compare execution traces and identify missing modules, then find ways to load them as an unprivileged user.

  **Privilege and Exploitability:**
  - All previously triggered bugs required root privilege, so the focus shifts to making them triggerable by unprivileged users.
  - Capability check: Kernel uses capabilities for fine-grained control, and some capabilities can be granted to unprivileged users in user namespaces.
  - Module loading: Request module kernel function allows unprivileged users to load certain modules, but not all, by calling mode probe as root.
  - Customized fuzzer: Built to identify modules loadable by unprivileged users, finding hundreds of such modules across all four distros.

  **Number Crunching:**
  - 282 likely exploitable bugs containing high-risk primitives were prepared for testing.
  - Without adaptations, only 15.6% of bugs could be triggered on downstream kernels, and only 0.7% were exploitable by unprivileged users.
  - After applying automated adaptations, the number of triggerable bugs increased to 25.8%, and exploitable bugs increased by 14 times.

  **Case Studies:**
  - Bug 1: Required an additional module, which could be loaded by an unprivileged user using a simple system call.
  - Bug 2: Needed the RDMA UCM module, requiring two system calls and a well-prepared data structure to load.
  - Bug 3: Involved loading IPv6 tables with a sophisticated data structure, using an alias (ICMP6) in the request module.

  **Key Takeaways:**
  - Upstream and downstream kernels have different environments, and fuzzing neglects privilege and environment factors.
  - Fuzzing-generated POCs often fail on real-world OS, but adaptations can improve triggerability and exploitability.
  - Techniques include removing unnecessary preparation steps, allocating more resources, finding missing modules, and downgrading privilege requirements.

  **Conclusion:**
  - Talk highlights the challenges of converting fuzzing-exposed bugs into real-world exploits, focusing on the gap between upstream and downstream kernels.
  - Automated solutions and privilege adaptations improve the exploitability of discovered bugs, enhancing the effectiveness of fuzzing in Linux kernel security assessments.


created_at: 2024-09-03 14:40:34
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Introduction**
  - Research focuses on **Samsung Galaxy A** family devices, particularly their **boot chain**
  - Utilizes a mix of **MediaTek** and **Samsung** code, with **Android** as the OS and **Tigris** as the **Trusted Execution Environment (TEE)**
  - Aims to present multiple 0-day vulnerabilities to gain access and leak secret keys

  **Speakers**
  - **Maxime Rossi Bellom**: Security Researcher and Tech Lead at Quarkslab, focusing on hardware and low-level software security of mobile devices and embedded systems
  - **Damiano Melotti**: Security researcher interested in systems security, especially in mobile platforms (Android) and automated vulnerability research
  - **Gabrielle Viala**: Security engineer specialized in vulnerability research and exploitation at Quarkslab, typically focused on desktop-based components but open to low-level technology

  **MediaTek Secure Boot Process**
  - Boot process involves **BootROM**, **Preloader**, **Arm Trusted Firmware (ATF)**, **Tigris**, and **Little Kernel**
  - Little Kernel is the main Android bootloader, running on VM1, and implements features like Android Verified Boot and broadband protection
  - Samsung modified Little Kernel to include custom features like Odin recovery protocol, Knox security bit, and a JPEG parser

  **JPEG Parser Vulnerability**
  - JPEGs are placed in a signed tar archive in the "app.params" partition, but the signature is never checked at boot
  - JPEG parser vulnerability allows for a heap overflow, which can be exploited to gain code execution in Little Kernel
  - By overwriting a pointer, such as the return address in the stack, with a shellcode placed in the JPEG buffer, they achieved code execution
  - This vulnerability is persistent and impacts multiple Samsung devices based on MediaTek system-on-chips

  **Odin Authentication Bypass**
  - Odin is Samsung's recovery protocol, implemented in Little Kernel, allowing flashing of partitions through USB
  - Images flashed through Odin must be authenticated with a signature, using the Partition Information Table (BIT) and a global array
  - However, images not included in the global array do not require authentication, providing an authentication bypass vulnerability
  - By flashing specific partitions without authentication, they can reshape the GeoID Partition Table (GPT) and modify the BIT to include their own partitions
  - This allows them to flash the "apparam" partition containing their malicious JPEG, enabling the previous vulnerability

  **Post-Exploitation and Android Control**
  - To control the Android system, certain partitions need to be modified, but this triggers ADB (Android Debug Bridge) verification failures
  - By patching the verification checks, they can bypass these failures and gain control over Android

  **Secure Monitor and Trusted Execution Environment (TEE)**
  - The Secure Monitor is a critical component facilitating communication between the non-secure world and the secure world
  - It includes SMC (Special Memory Call) headers that can be exploited to gain arbitrary read access to memory in the secure world
  - By combining this with another vulnerability that allows mapping of arbitrary memory, they can leak memory from the secure world, including keys
  - The raw key material is stored in the file system and sent to the trusted application or chip for encryption/decryption, without revealing the key
  - By intercepting the execution at the right moment, they can leak the key from the memory of the keymaster Trusted Application (TA)

  **Conclusion**
  - The presented vulnerabilities allow an attacker to bypass authentication, flash malicious images, execute code in the bootloader, and leak sensitive keys
  - These issues have been fixed, and Samsung was responsive in patching these vulnerabilities
  - The talk highlights the challenges in maintaining security features in low-end devices and the potential impact of seemingly simple vulnerabilities


created_at: 2024-09-03 15:23:07
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **The Game of Life:**
  - Unlike **video games**, life is an **infinite game** with no clear end goal.
  - The goal is to **keep playing as long as possible**, learning from failures and setbacks.
  - In life, you **design the quest** but are **given the character**, which requires self-knowledge.

  **Cheat Code 1: Focus on Your Main Quest:**
  - Avoid **side quests** that distract and waste time.
  - Stay focused and obsessed with your main quest to lead a happier, more fulfilling life.

  **Cheat Code 2: Gain Self-Knowledge:**
  - Experiment with different quests to discover your talents and interests.
  - Therapy, like **BetterHelp**, can help you understand your character and choose the right quests.

  **Choosing the Right Quest:**
  - Strong quests **reveal character and build skills**, while bad quests **obscure and waste skills**.
  - Avoid chasing **other people's quest lines**, like buying a fancy car or drinking all the beers.
  - Choose quests that suit your character and allow you to play the long game.

  **Boundaries and Relationships:**
  - You **cannot complete other people's quests** for them, nor can they complete yours.
  - Learn to say **"no"** and enforce boundaries to stay focused on your own path.

  **Advancing in Your Quest:**
  - Your progress depends on your **character traits**, **focus**, and **ability to stomach failure**.
  - Embrace failure as a way to gain experience and become stronger.

  **Aversion to Failure:**
  - Most people avoid big, meaningful quests out of fear of failure.
  - Learn to **enjoy failure** and the process of learning from it, and you will become unstoppable.

  **Enemies and Allies:**
  - Recognize that there will be **enemies** who try to divert you from your quest.
  - Stay focused on your own path, as envying others' progress makes no sense due to our different sacrifices and characters.
  - **Allies** will naturally align with your quest and help you advance, so take care of them.

  **The Charity Cheat Code:**
  - Helping others with their quests will **aid your own progress**.
  - It builds **alliances** and **goodwill**, and people will share information and protect you from diversions.

  **The Grand Illusion:**
  - We mistakenly believe we are the hero, when in fact, **we are each other's sidekicks**.


created_at: 2024-09-03 16:36:17
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Finding Startup Ideas on Reddit:**
  - Use **Gummy Search** to discover **trending subreddits** in the 10k-100k member range, which offer insights into emerging niches and answer the "why now" question.

  **Trending Subreddits:**
  - Focus on **daily/weekly/monthly growth trends** to identify up-and-coming communities.
  - Look for **niches** where you have an **unfair advantage**.

  **Analyzing Subreddits:**
  - Add chosen subreddits to a **Gummy Search "audience"** to gain deeper insights.
  - Examine the **"pain and anger" section** for common **patterns** and **recurring themes**.
  - Check **"advice requests"** to understand the community's needs and **"solution requests"** for the **competitive landscape**.

  **Identifying Creators:**
  - Utilize **Perplexity.ai** to find **top influencers** in the niche.
  - Search **YouTube** for their most **popular videos** and read **comments** to empathize with the **audience**.
  - Analyze 20-25 videos to gain **deep insights** and think like your target audience.

  **Wireframing Your Solution:**
  - Based on insights, **sketch out** your product/service using tools like **Framer**.
  - Come up with a **catchy and relevant name** that resonates with the audience (e.g., **DesignScientist.com**).

  **Creating Content That Resonates:**
  - Use Gummy Search's **"top content" feature** to understand what performs well in the community.
  - **Ask AI** about content preferences (e.g., memes).
  - Treat AI tools as your **"entrepreneurial assistant"** to generate ideas and connect dots.


created_at: 2024-09-06 10:57:41
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Webpage Information**
  - **Title:** Attacking organizations with big scopes: from zero to hero
  - **Author:** Hussein Daher
  - **Channel:** Positive Events Eng
  - **Uploader:** Positive Events Eng
  - **Upload Date:** 2024-05-28
  - **Duration:** 3050 seconds
  - **Webpage URL:** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFk0XtHfuSg](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFk0XtHfuSg)
  - **Channel URL:** [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9hnMfdwfLd8V5qEc-6MXXQ](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9hnMfdwfLd8V5qEc-6MXXQ)

  **Presentation Overview**
  - **Description:** Delves into the crucial role of reconnaissance in bug bounty hunting, providing strategies to uncover vulnerabilities efficiently.
  - **Objectives:** 
    - Understand program scopes
    - Map web applications
    - Prioritize targets within expansive organizational scopes
  - **Tools Highlighted:** FFuf, Linkfinder

  **Introduction to Bug Bounty**
  - Growth over the past decade
  - Platforms: HackerOne, Bug Crowd
  - **Key Statistic:** Only 5% of hackers find good bugs and earn well

  **Importance of Reconnaissance**
  - **Definition:** Gathering as much information as possible about the target to identify potential weaknesses and entry points
  - **Benefits:** Determines the success of hacking sessions by identifying attack surfaces
  - **Techniques:** 
    - Subdomain enumeration
    - Host identification
    - Web fuzzing
    - Dorking

  **Subdomain Enumeration**
  - **Importance:** Provides a larger attack surface
  - **Techniques:** Recursive brute forcing, using tools like amass, sublister, bbot
  - **Example:** bbot finds more subdomains compared to other tools

  **Vhost Identification**
  - **Importance:** Leads to finding hidden assets in large organizations
  - **Techniques:** Use Burp Suite and Intruder, brute force host headers

  **ASN Mapping**
  - **Tools:** bgp.she.net, Prips
  - **Process:** Map the entire ASN of an organization, gather IPs, and subdomains

  **Fuzzing and Crawling**
  - **Tools:** FFuf, Katana, Wayback Machine
  - **Process:** Brute force directories, crawl links, utilize archives

  **Creating Custom Word Lists**
  - **Process:** Gather links using tools like GAU, run Linkfinder, sort unique results
  - **Purpose:** Use custom word lists for fuzzing subdomains and IPs

  **Dorking**
  - **Definition:** Using search engines to find specific information
  - **Importance:** Overlooked but powerful technique
  - **Strategies:** 
    - Be creative with dorks
    - Use multiple search engines (Google, Bing, Yandex)
    - Create and use custom dorks

  **Case Study: FIS**
  - **Process:** 
    - Initial focus on reconnaissance
    - Used reverse WHOIS to find 100,000 domain names
    - Coded a tool to automate dorking and bypass search engine limits
  - **Outcome:** Found numerous endpoints and vulnerabilities

  **Tips and Tricks**
  - **Techniques:** 
    - Mass testing using Nuclei, Burp Suite, Intruder
    - Visualizing results
    - Rinse and repeat process for continuous discovery
  - **Example:** Server side request forgery payloads

  **Audience Q&A**
  - **Motivation and Methodology:** Stick to what you enjoy, keep up with blogs and new exploits
  - **Tools and Techniques:** Angry IP Scanner, text files for storing information
  - **Advanced Techniques:** Bypassing search engine limits, brute forcing behind Cloudflare

  **Conclusion**
  - **Key Takeaways:** 
    - Try new things
    - Spend time on reconnaissance
    - Continuous learning and adapting

  **Final Note**
  - **Speaker:** Hussein Daher
  - **Role:** CEO of Web Immunify


created_at: 2024-09-06 11:09:55
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Webpage URL**: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v6t6O0LMiY
  - **Title**: This is The Fastest Hacking & Recon Tool
  - **Description**: LIKE and SUBSCRIBE with NOTIFICATIONS ON if you enjoyed the video! 👍
    - **Bug Bounty Hunting**: https://bugbounty.nahamsec.training
    - **Free Labs and Challenges**: https://app.hackinghub.io
    - **FREE $200 DigitalOcean Credit**: https://m.do.co/c/3236319b9d0b
    - **Favorite Books**:
      - Bug Bounty Bootcamp: https://amzn.to/3Re8Pa2
      - Hacking APIs: https://amzn.to/45g4bOr
      - Black Hat GraphQL: https://amzn.to/455F9l3
    - **Watch Next**:
      - If I Started Bug Bounty Hunting in 2024: https://youtu.be/z6O6McIDYhU
      - 2023 How to Bug Bounty: https://youtu.be/FDeuOhE5MhU
      - Bug Bounty Hunting Full Time: https://youtu.be/watch?v=ukb79vAgRiY
      - Hacking An Online Casino: https://youtu.be/watch?v=2eIDxVrk4a8
      - WebApp Pentesting/Hacking Roadmap: https://youtu.be/watch?v=doFo0I_KU0o
    - **Other Socials**:
      - Website: https://www.nahamsec.com/
      - Free Labs: https://app.hackinghub.io/
      - Twitter: https://twitter.com/NahamSec
      - Instagram: https://instagram.com/NahamSec
      - Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/nahamsec/

  **Uploader Information**
  - **Channel URL**: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCZDt7MuC3Hzs6IH4xODLBw
  - **Channel**: NahamSec
  - **Uploader**: NahamSec
  - **Upload Date**: 20240722

  **Tool Description**
  - **Tool**: Lemma by DefParam
  - **Functionality**:
    - Allows running **Recon tools directly within your browser** using an **AWS Lambda**.
    - **Invoke Lambda function** to run tools against a target or list of targets.
    - **Right-click in your browser** to invoke the tool and scan the host or tool you are hacking on.

  **Setup and Usage**
  - **Requirements**:
    - **AWS Account**
    - **Ubuntu Machine** to use as a command center
  - **Setup Steps**:
    - Go to **IAM dashboard**, create a group, and assign a policy with the required permissions.
    - Add the user to the group and create access keys.
    - Use the **export command** to import these keys to your box.
    - **Run build.sh** command to build the Lambda function.
    - **Add tools** to the tools folder and configure them.
    - **Install CLI** for Lima using pipx or pip3.

  **Use Cases**
  - **Browser Integration**:
    - Create scripts with **TamperMonkey** to run specific scans by right-clicking in the browser.
    - Example: **Short scan for ISLD vulnerabilities**.
  - **Distributed Workload**:
    - **Distribute workload** among multiple workers to scan multiple domains or sub-domains.
    - Example: Running **Swagger YAML** scans on multiple domains.

  **Additional Features**
  - **Multiple Nuclear Templates**: Ability to run multiple Nuclear templates or an entire folder of templates.
  - **Mobile Device Compatibility**: Use the tool on mobile devices to scan on the go.

  **Conclusion**
  - **Efficiency and Speed**: The tool improves efficiency and speed for recon and scanning tasks.
  - **Multiple Use Cases**: From quick scans in the browser to distributing large workloads.
  - **Encouragement to Engage**: Subscribe, comment, like the video, and consider becoming a channel member.


created_at: 2024-09-08 14:52:59
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Webpage URL**: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKCW4D67u8U](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKCW4D67u8U)
  - **Title**: No. 3 Texas Longhorns vs. No. 10 Michigan Wolverines Highlights | FOX College Football
  - **Description**: Highlights from the "Big Noon Kickoff" match between No. 3 Texas Longhorns and No. 10 Michigan Wolverines.
     - **CFB on FOX**: Official home for college football on FOX
     - **Subscription Links**: Various FOX Sports YouTube channels and social media
  - **Channel URL**: [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpwix-O6ceqMgdxhqIynzFA](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpwix-O6ceqMgdxhqIynzFA)
  - **Duration**: 678 seconds
  - **Channel**: CFB ON FOX
  - **Uploader**: CFB ON FOX
  - **Upload Date**: 2024-09-07

  **Game Highlights**
  - **Opening Highlights**:
    - Quinn Ewers throws to an open receiver at the 45-yard line.
    - Isaiah Bond makes a crucial catch.
    - Ewers runs to pick up a first down.
    - Ewers swings out to Jaden Blue, stopped by Derek.
    - Ewers makes a touchdown play.

  - **Key Plays**:
    - Ewers connects with Gunnar Helm.
    - Michigan defense holds on a field goal attempt.
    - Kenneth Grant deflects a pass, caught by Gunnar Helm.
    - Donovan Edwards makes significant runs for Michigan.
    - Texas defense, led by Vernon Broughton, stops a Michigan play.

  - **Scoring Plays**:
    - Texas scores a touchdown with Gunnar Helm.
    - Michigan scores with a flea flicker play, Donovan Edwards to Davis Warren.
    - Texas scores another touchdown with Matthew Golden.
    - Texas scores again, Jayden Blue with a touchdown.
    
  - **Defensive Highlights**:
    - Michigan's Andrew McCuba intercepts a pass.
    - Texas' defense stops several Michigan attempts.
    - Texas' defensive line protects Quinn Ewers after a knee-down play.

  - **Special Teams**:
    - Michigan's kicker Zaveda scores from 52 yards.
    - Texas' kicker makes a 26-yard field goal after missing a 43-yard attempt.

  - **Final Moments**:
    - Michigan attempts a late comeback.
    - Davis Warren connects with several receivers, including Colston Loveland.
    - Michigan scores a touchdown with Samaj Morgan.
    
  **Player Highlights**
  - **Quinn Ewers**:
    - Key passes to Isaiah Bond and Gunnar Helm.
    - Runs for first downs.
    - Multiple touchdown passes.
    
  - **Isaiah Bond**:
    - Several important catches.
    - First down receptions.

  - **Gunnar Helm**:
    - Multiple receptions, including touchdowns.
    - Critical blocks leading to touchdowns.
    
  - **Donovan Edwards**:
    - Significant rushing yards.
    - Contributes to Michigan's flea flicker play.

  - **Matthew Golden**:
    - Scoring a touchdown for Texas.
    
  - **Andrew McCuba**:
    - Interception for Texas.

  - **Davis Warren**:
    - Effective passing under pressure.
    - Connects with various receivers, including a touchdown pass to Samaj Morgan.


created_at: 2024-09-09 01:23:34
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Webpage URL**: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2PdnJWxFhI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2PdnJWxFhI)
  - **Title**: Family Guy - Brian immediately falls in love with Emma
  - **Description**: 
    - **00:03**: Yeah! Playin' Ed Sheeran through my dog!
    - **01:02**: There's your spot.
    - **Season**: 22
    - **Episode**: 15 - Faith no more
  - **Channel URL**: [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQbLAKb20pndIfjK-YQ2Zrw](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQbLAKb20pndIfjK-YQ2Zrw)
  - **Duration**: 95 seconds
  - **Channel**: Mr. Rupert
  - **Uploader**: Mr. Rupert
  - **Upload Date**: 2024-05-04

  **Transcript**
  - **Opening**: 
    - "Okay, we're almost done. And you're all set."
  - **Conversation**:
    - "Yeah, playin' Ed Sheeran through my dog! I'm like a cool dentist!"
    - "Wow, I barely felt that. You're very gentle."
    - "Thanks. I love animals. It's why I do this."
    - "I even pride myself on being able to find every dog's spot, right behind the ears."
    - "Well, maybe you can find mine sometime."
    - "I'd be tempted to ask you to coffee, but I'm sure a girl like you is already seeing someone."
    - "I wish. Guys don't want a girlfriend who comes home smelling like dog pee. I'm practically a fire hydrant."
    - "Is that right?"
    - "Yeah, and my car's so filthy. I need someone to stick their head out the window to help navigate."
    - "Head out the window?"
    - "To be honest, all I like to do is play tennis, but I'm not even that good. I keep hitting the balls over the fence and have no one to retrieve them."
    - "Hey babe, babe, I'm in."
    - "Well, I'm going to a concert this Friday. Wanna come? It's at Kohog Church."
    - "Church? So is it Christian Rock?"
    - "Yeah, I'm an evangelical Christian. Is that a problem?"
    - "Well, I'm not really a big fan of-"
    - "There's your spot. Die!"
    - "Sorry, I interrupted you. You were saying?"
    - "Why, just that I'm not a big fan of anything, but Jesus. He's the best."
    - "Well, him and whoever fired Bob Barker. Neuter yourself, dick."
    - "I know, what a jerk. Wasn't he also accused of sexual harassment?"
    - "Yeah, yeah, yeah. The dog stuff, though. You know, come on."


created_at: 2024-09-09 01:25:28
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Video Information**
  - **Title**: Family Guy - Brian immediately falls in love with Emma
  - **Author**: Unknown author
  - **Webpage URL**: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2PdnJWxFhI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z2PdnJWxFhI)
  - **Channel URL**: [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQbLAKb20pndIfjK-YQ2Zrw](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQbLAKb20pndIfjK-YQ2Zrw)
  - **Season**: 22
  - **Episode**: 15 - Faith no more
  - **Channel**: Mr. Rupert
  - **Uploader**: Mr. Rupert
  - **Upload Date**: 20240504
  - **Duration**: 95 seconds

  **Video Description**
  - **00:03**: Yeah! Playin' Ed Sheeran through my dog!
  - **01:02**: There's your spot.

  **Quotes from the Video**
  - I even pride myself on being able to find every dog's spot, right behind the ears.
  - I'd be tempted to ask you to coffee, but I'm sure a girl like you is already seeing someone.
  - I'm practically a fire hydrant.
  - I keep hitting the balls over the fence and have no one to retrieve them.
  - Sorry, I interrupted you. You were saying?
  - Well, him and whoever fired Bob Barker. Neuter yourself, dick.


created_at: 2024-09-09 18:02:07
prompt:
[cell repeats an earlier one in this file: 1835 characters]

summary:
  **Cyber Warfare Labs Modern Red Team Infra Mini Course**

  **Module D: Payload Server**

  * **Introduction**:
  	+ Setting up payloads and hosting implants
  	+ Making it OPSEC safe
  * **Own Drop**:
  	+ Open-source tool for hosting payloads
  	+ Widely used in red team operations
  	+ Easy to deploy and customize
  	+ Supports multiple protocols (HTTP, HTTPS, web dev)
  	+ Can set up geo-based restrictions
  	+ Can be restricted to victim infrastructure

  **Setting Up Own Drop**

  * **Local Setup**:
  	+ No need for domain pointing or A record
  	+ Used for testing and development
  * **Production Setup**:
  	+ Hosted on VPS server with DNS A record pointing to VPS IP
  	+ Can be hosted on cloud service providers (AWS, Azure, GCP)
  	+ Requires minimal specifications

  **Features of Own Drop**

  * **Faceted Files**:
  	+ Serve alternative files instead of original files
  * **Customization**:
  	+ Can set up automatic redirects to spoof file extensions
  	+ Can protect admin panel behind a custom secret URL
  	+ Can use nginx for custom setup and file extension spoofing

  **Next Steps**

  * **Customizing Own Drop**:
  	+ Setting up automatic redirects to spoof file extensions
  	+ Protecting admin panel behind a custom secret URL
  * **Using Nginx**:
  	+ For custom setup and file extension spoofing
  	+ For directory-based redirection


