好吧，我要讲个故事， 是关于我们如何了解自己所知的事物。

So, this is a story about how we know what we know.


这个故事是关于这位女性， 娜塔莉娅·丽琴斯基。

It's a story about this woman, Natalia Rybczynski.


她是一位古生物学家， 她的专长就是到处挖掘古老的东西。

She's a paleobiologist, which means she specializes in digging up really old dead stuff.


娜塔莉娅·丽琴斯基： “是的，有些人叫我'死东西'博士。"

Natalia Rybczynski: Yeah, I had someone call me "Dr. Dead Things."


我觉得她特别有意思， 因为她挖东西的地方， 都是在高纬度的北极圈， 遥远的加拿大冻土带里。

Latif Nasser: And I think she's particularly interesting because of where she digs that stuff up, way above the Arctic Circle in the remote Canadian tundra.


2006年夏季的一天， 她在一个叫做法尔斯叶床的考古挖掘场， 那里离地磁北极 只有不到10纬度的距离。

Now, one summer day in 2006, she was at a dig site called the Fyles Leaf Bed, which is less than 10 degrees latitude away from the magnetic north pole.


NR: “说真的， 这听起来其实没什么意思。” “你一整天都要背着包， 带着GPS导航仪和笔记本，” “一直长途跋涉， 见到可能是化石的东西就捡起来。”

NR: Really, it's not going to sound very exciting, because it was a day of walking with your backpack and your GPS and notebook and just picking up anything that might be a fossil.


然而在某一刻，她注意到了些东西。

LN: And at some point, she noticed something.


“一片铁锈色的小东西，’ ”大概有我的手掌心那么大。“

NR: Rusty, kind of rust-colored, about the size of the palm of my hand.


她第一反应是，这只不过是木头碎片罢了， 因为这是人们在法尔斯叶床曾经发现过的东西—— 史前的植物体。

LN: And at first she thought it was just a splinter of wood, because that's the sort of thing people had found at the Fyles Leaf Bed before -- prehistoric plant parts.


但是那天晚上，回到营地……


NR: “……我拿出手持显微镜，” ’我观察得更仔细了，我突然发现，“ ‘这东西看上去好像没有年轮啊。”

NR: ... I get out the hand lens, I'm looking a little bit more closely and realizing it doesn't quite look like this has tree rings.


"有可能是因为保存的问题，" "但是它看起来真的好像……"

Maybe it's a preservation thing, but it looks really like ...


于是在接下来的四年里， 她反反复复去到那个地点， 最终收集到了30片碎片， 都是来自同一块骨头， 其中很多碎片都非常微小。

LN: Huh. So over the next four years, she went to that spot over and over, and eventually collected 30 fragments of that exact same bone, most of them really tiny.


"其实并不算很多。 一个小拉链袋就装得下。"

NR: It's not a whole lot. It fits in a small Ziploc bag.


然后她尝试像拼拼图一样把碎片都拼在一起。

LN: And she tried to piece them together like a jigsaw puzzle.


"它碎裂成 好多细小的碎片，" "我们尝试用沙土和油灰复原， 但是看上去很糟糕。"

NR: It's broken up into so many little tiny pieces, I'm trying to use sand and putty, and it's not looking good.


"最后，我们就用了一个三维表面扫描仪。"

So finally, we used a 3D surface scanner.


喔喔！ "很帅，对吧？"


最后发现， 用虚拟的方式复原要简单多了。

LN: It turns out it was way easier to do it virtually.


"当它们全部拼在一起时， 感觉真的好神奇。"

NR: It's kind of magical when it all fits together.


你有多大把握把它拼对了， 就是拼成它原本的样子？

LN: How certain were you that you had it right, that you had put it together in the right way?


有没有可能你按照另一种方式去拼， 最后拼出来……一个小鹦鹉什么的？

Was there a potential that you'd put it together a different way and have, like, a parakeet or something?


"呃，不会啦。我们肯定拼对了。"


她发现她拼出来的，是一根胫骨，也就是小腿骨， 而且这根胫骨来自一种偶蹄目的哺乳动物， 例如说牛、羊之类的。

LN: What she had, she discovered, was a tibia, a leg bone, and specifically, one that belonged to a cloven-hoofed mammal, so something like a cow or a sheep.


但是这绝对不可能是牛或羊。

But it couldn't have been either of those.


“这东西的尺寸真的太大了。 这是个庞大的动物。“

NR: The size of this thing, it was huge. It's a really big animal.


现在遇到了瓶颈，于是她把其中一片碎片 展示给她在科罗拉多州的一些同事， 然后他们有了想法。

Having hit a wall, she showed one of the fragments to some colleagues of hers in Colorado, and they had an idea.


“我们用了把小锯子， 然后在碎片边角刮了一点点，“ ”然后从那里传出了一些非常神奇的气味。“

NR: We took a saw, and we nicked just the edge of it, and there was this really interesting smell that comes from it.


它闻起来有点像烧焦的皮肤。

LN: It smelled kind of like singed flesh.


这是一个娜塔莉娅认识的气味， 她在大体解剖实验室切割头骨时闻过， 那就是胶原蛋白。

It was a smell that Natalia recognized from cutting up skulls in her gross anatomy lab: collagen.


胶原蛋白让我们的骨头具有硬度。

Collagen is what gives structure to our bones.


一般来说，经过了那么多年， 它会自然分解。

And usually, after so many years, it breaks down.


然而对这个情况， 北极好像一个天然冰柜将其保存。

But in this case, the Arctic had acted like a natural freezer and preserved it.


过了一两年时间， 娜塔莉娅去布里斯托参加一个大会， 她看到她的一个同事， 名叫麦克·巴克利， 在演示一种新技术， 他称之为“胶原蛋白指纹技术”。

Then a year or two later, Natalia was at a conference in Bristol, and she saw that a colleague of hers named Mike Buckley was demoing this new process that he called "collagen fingerprinting."


事实上，不同物种的胶原蛋白， 其结构有微小的差异， 所以如果你有 一个未知骨头的胶原蛋白信息， 你可以跟已知物种的 胶原蛋白信息进行比对， 所以谁知道呢， 也许你就找到了匹配的的信息。

It turns out that different species have slightly different structures of collagen, so if you get a collagen profile of an unknown bone, you can compare it to those of known species, and, who knows, maybe you get a match.


所以她给麦克寄了一片碎片， 用联邦快递。

So she shipped him one of the fragments, FedEx.


“当然啊， 你要紧盯配送进度。它很重要的啊。”

NR: Yeah, you want to track it. It's kind of important.


然后他处理了样本， 把它与37个当代已知的 哺乳动物物种相比较。

LN: And he processed it, and compared it to 37 known and modern-day mammal species.


最后的结论是，娜塔莉娅 在高纬北极圈发现的 这块具有350万年历史的骨头， 是来自……

that Natalia had dug out of the High Arctic belonged to ...


”我就在想了， 开什么玩笑啊？“ “如果我们没搞错，这真是太神奇了。”

NR: And I'm thinking, what? That's amazing -- if it's true.


所以他们测试了一大堆碎片， 对每个碎片都得到了相同的结果。

LN: So they tested a bunch of the fragments, and they got the same result for each one.


然而，根据他们发现的 那块骨头的大小来判断， 这意味着这匹骆驼比现代骆驼大了30%。

However, based on the size of the bone that they found, it meant that this camel was 30 percent larger than modern-day camels.


那么这匹骆驼大概2.7米那么高， 而且重达一吨。

So this camel would have been about nine feet tall, weighed around a ton.


娜塔莉娅发现了一匹“北极巨驼”。


现在你听到“骆驼”一词， 脑海里浮现的是这样的画面： 东亚和中亚地区的双峰驼。

Now, when you hear the word "camel," what may come to mind is one of these, the Bactrian camel of East and Central Asia.


但更有可能的是，你脑海里的图像 画风更像这样：单峰骆驼， 典型的沙漠动物， 常常出没在炎热沙漠地带， 例如说中东或撒哈拉地区， 背上有一个超大的驼峰， 让它为沙漠中的长途跋涉储存水分， 还有宽大的脚掌，帮助他们踏过沙丘。

But chances are the postcard image you have in your brain is one of these, the dromedary, quintessential desert creature -- hangs out in sandy, hot places like the Middle East and the Sahara, has a big old hump on its back for storing water for those long desert treks, has big, broad feet to help it tromp over sand dunes.


所以这些家伙们到底是怎么 跑到高纬北极圈去的呢？

So how on earth would one of these guys end up in the High Arctic?


其实科学家早就知道了， 在娜塔莉娅的发现之前就知道， 骆驼最早是从美洲发源的。

Well, scientists have known for a long time, turns out, even before Natalia's discovery, that camels are actually originally American.


（音乐：美国国歌《星条旗之歌》） 他们发源于这里。


骆驼们所存在的4500万年里，有4000万年的时间 你只可能在北美洲找到它们， 总共有20种不同的物种，或许比这更多。

For nearly 40 of the 45 million years that camels have been around, you could only find them in North America, around 20 different species, maybe more.


“如果我们把它们排成一列， 它们看上去会有不同吗？”

LN: If I put them all in a lineup, would they look different?


“会啊，他们的身体大小差异很大。”

NR: Yeah, you're going to have different body sizes.


”有一些的脖子特别长，“ ”所以它们功能上很像长颈鹿。“

You'll have some with really long necks, so they're actually functionally like giraffes.


有些还有长鼻子，像鳄鱼一样。


“它们特别原始， 最早的一些可能非常小，” ”几乎像一只小兔子了。“

NR: The really primitive, early ones would have been really small, almost like rabbits.


”那些你可能都认不出来了。“

So those ones you probably would not recognize.


我的天啊， 我好想要只“兔骆驼”做宠物！

LN: Oh my God, I want a pet rabbit-camel.


“我知道啊， 这一定会很棒的吧？”


然后大约300万到700万年前， 骆驼的一个分支 向南迁徙到了南美洲， 它们在那里演化成美洲驼或者羊驼， 另外一个分支跨过了白令陆桥， 到达了亚洲与非洲。

LN: And then about three to seven million years ago, one branch of camels went down to South America, where they became llamas and alpacas, and another branch crossed over the Bering Land Bridge into Asia and Africa.


大概在最后一个冰川纪的末尾， 北美的骆驼彻底灭绝了。

And then around the end of the last ice age, North American camels went extinct.


那么，科学家早都知道这些了， 但是这并不能完全解释娜塔莉娅 怎么在那么北的地方发现骆驼的。

So, scientists knew all of that already, but it still doesn't fully explain how Natalia found one so far north.


这里，从温度的角度来说， 简直就是撒哈拉的反义词。

Like, this is, temperature-wise, the polar opposite of the Sahara.


实话实说， 350万年以前的时候， 当时平均气温比现在高了22摄氏度。

Now to be fair, three and a half million years ago, it was on average 22 degrees Celsius warmer than it is now.


所以那里可以算是一个北部森林， 有点像今天的育空河流域 或者是西伯利亚。

So it would have been boreal forest, so more like the Yukon or Siberia today.


但是，它们还是有六个月长的冬天， 所有的池塘都会被冰封。

But still, like, they would have six-month-long winters where the ponds would freeze over.


你会遇到连续24小时的黑夜。

You'd have 24 hours a day of straight darkness.


这些撒哈拉沙漠的超级明星 怎么可能在这种严寒条件存活的？

How is it that one of these Saharan superstars could ever have survived those arctic conditions?


娜塔莉娅和她的同事们 觉得他们找到了答案。

Natalia and her colleagues think they have an answer.


假如说骆驼的这些特性 不像我们所认为的那样， 是为了适应撒哈拉 那样的环境而产生， 而是因为要度过严冬 才演化出来的呢？

What if the very features that we imagine make the camel so well-suited to places like the Sahara, actually evolved to help it get through the winter?


假如说那些宽大的脚掌 不是为了踏过沙丘， 而是像雪地靴一样，踏过雪原呢？

What if those broad feet were meant to tromp not over sand, but over snow, like a pair of snowshoes?


假如说那些驼峰—— 这简直是天大的新闻！ 储存的不是水分而是脂肪， 驼峰实际上是为了让骆驼 度过食物稀缺的、 六个月长的寒冬？

What if that hump -- which, huge news to me, does not contain water, it contains fat -- was there to help the camel get through that six-month-long winter, when food was scarce?


假如说远在那以后， 它们跨越大陆桥之后， 才将这些冬季特性改造， 使其适应炎热的沙漠环境？

And then, only later, long after it crossed over the land bridge did it retrofit those winter features for a hot desert environment?


就比如说，那些驼峰 可能在炎热地带对骆驼有好处， 因为当你的脂肪堆积在同一处， 你懂的，像一个“脂肪背包”， 意味着你身体的隔热层 不必覆盖全身。

Like, for instance, the hump may be helpful to camels in hotter climes because having all your fat in one place, like a, you know, fat backpack, means that you don't have to have that insulation all over the rest of your body.


就是这个疯狂的想法， 让骆驼身上看似典型的沙漠特性， 突然变成它们 起源于高纬北极的证据了。

It's this crazy idea, that what seems like proof of the camel's quintessential desert nature could actually be proof of its High Arctic past.


其实我不是第一个讲这故事的人。

Now, I'm not the first person to tell this story.


其他人已经讲过， 以此赞叹生物进化之神奇， 或者以此瞥一眼 未来的气候变化情况。

Others have told it as a way to marvel at evolutionary biology or as a keyhole into the future of climate change.


但我超爱这个故事 有另一个不同的原因。

But I love it for a totally different reason.


对我来说，这是一个关于我们的故事， 关于我们如何认知世界， 关于这种认知如何改变。

For me, it's a story about us, about how we see the world and about how that changes.


我发现，其实 很多科学家也是历史学家。

And I've learned that, actually, a lot of scientists are historians, too.


他们把过去的事情搞明白。


他们讲述宇宙、 地球和地球生物的历史。

They tell the history of our universe, of our planet, of life on this planet.


作为一个历史学家， 你的脑海里要有个思路， 思考这个故事怎么进行下去的。

And as a historian, you start with an idea in your mind of how the story goes.


“我们编故事， 然后我们就顺着思路说下去，” “就好像沙漠的骆驼，对吧？”

NR: We make up stories and we stick with it, like the camel in the desert, right?


“这是个超棒的故事！ 骆驼简直是非常适合沙漠。”

That's a great story! It's totally adapted for that.


”显然，骆驼一直就住那里。“


但是在任何时候， 你都可能发现些细小的线索。

LN: But at any moment, you could uncover some tiny bit of evidence.


你可能发现一些小东西， 迫使你重塑你自认为知道的一切。

You could learn some tiny thing that forces you to reframe everything you thought you knew.


就像这个例子， 这一个科学家发现这一片碎片， 她还以为这是木头， 正因为这个发现，科学界诞生了 一个全新的、反直觉的理论， 解释为什么这个奇怪的、长得像 长毛怪的生物， 长成现在的样子。

Like, in this case, this one scientist finds this one shard of what she thought was wood, and because of that, science has a totally new and totally counterintuitive theory about why this absurd Dr. Seuss-looking creature looks the way it does.


对我来说，这彻底颠覆了 我对骆驼的看法。

And for me, it completely upended the way I think of the camel.


它从一种只针对这一特定环境 而存在的生物 变成了一个环球旅行家， 只是恰好出现在了撒哈拉沙漠， 而且随时可能出现在任何地方。

It went from being this ridiculously niche creature suited only to this one specific environment, to being this world traveler that just happens to be in the Sahara, and could end up virtually anywhere.


OK, here, I've got one of these for you here.


阿祖力刚刚完成她的特约演出， 从纽约无线电城音乐厅过来。

So Azuri is on a break from her regular gig at the Radio City Music Hall.


随便啦…… 说真的，阿祖力在这里 作为一个鲜活的例子， 说明这个世界的故事是瞬息万变的。

Anyway -- But really, Azuri is here as a living reminder that the story of our world is a dynamic one.


我们要有主动性， 去大胆做出改变、重新想象。

It requires our willingness to readjust, to reimagine.


真的，我们与看待世界的全新视角， 只有一片碎骨头的距离罢了。

And, really, that we're all just one shard of bone away from seeing the world anew.


现今的电脑是如此的神奇， 我们甚至忽略了 它们实际上有多么糟糕。

Today's computers are so amazing that we fail to notice how terrible they really are.


今天我要和你们讨论一下这个问题， 以及我们如何用神经科学来解决它。

I'd like to talk to you today about this problem, and how we can fix it with neuroscience.


首先，我要将你们带回2011年哈莱姆的 一个寒冷的夜晚， 那个夜晚对我有着深远的意义。

First, I'd like to take you back to a frosty night in Harlem in 2011 that had a profound impact on me.


我坐在哥伦比亚大学旁边的一个酒吧里， 在那里我主修计算机和神经科学， 我正和一个同学进行一段很有趣的对话， 关于全息摄影的力量， 会在某一天取代电脑。

I was sitting in a dive bar outside of Columbia University, where I studied computer science and neuroscience, and I was having this great conversation with a fellow student about the power of holograms to one day replace computers.


就在我们的对话达到精彩之处时， 不出所料，他的电话响了。

And just as we were getting to the best part of the conversation, of course, his phone lights up.


他拿起手机，低头开始打字。

And he pulls it towards himself, and he looks down and he starts typing.


然后他时不时抬头瞄着我说， “继续说啊，我听着呢。”

And then he forces his eyeballs back up to mine and he goes, "Keep going. I'm with you."


但是很明显他的眼神并没有集中， 一个绝妙的时刻就这么转瞬即逝了。

But of course his eyes were glazed over, and the moment was dead.


同时，在吧台的对面， 我注意到另一个学生 正在拿着他的手机， 这次屏幕前围着一群人。

Meanwhile across the bar, I noticed another student holding his phone, this time towards a group.


他正在翻看着 Instagram上的照片， 这些孩子们正在放声大笑着。

He was swiping through pictures on Instagram, and these kids were laughing hysterically.


面对同样的技术，他们感到如此开心， 而我却觉得无比沮丧，这种强烈的对比 立刻引起了我的思考。

And that dichotomy between how crappy I was feeling and how happy they were feeling about the same technology, really got me thinking.


随着我更加深入地思考， 我越来越意识到 很明显这里的问题 不是电子信息， 而仅仅是展现信息的位置 把我和我的朋友隔开了， 却使这些孩子团聚在了一起。

And the more I thought of it, the more I realized it was clearly not the digital information that was the bad guy here, it was simply the display position that was separating me from my friend and that was binding those kids together.


很明显他们正被某种事联系在一起， 就像我们的祖先进化了他们的社会认知， 比如围绕着篝火讲故事。

See, they were connected around something, just like our ancestors who evolved their social cognitions telling stories around the campfire.


我认为，这正是工具应该做的。

And that's exactly what tools should do, I think.


它们应该延伸我们的身体功能。


我认为在当今，电脑 正在做着截然相反的事情。

And I think computers today are doing quite the opposite.


无论你是发一封邮件给你的太太， 还是在给交响乐谱曲， 或者仅仅是安慰一个朋友， 你几乎都是在用同样的方式。

Whether you're sending an email to your wife or you're composing a symphony or just consoling a friend, you're doing it in pretty much the same way.


你弯腰对着这些方块， 玩弄着按钮和菜单， 更多的方块出现了。

You're hunched over these rectangles, fumbling with buttons and menus and more rectangles.


我觉得这是一个错误的方式， 我觉得我们可以开始使用 一个更加自然的机器。

And I think this is the wrong way, I think we can start using a much more natural machine.


我们使用的机器应该能将 我们的工作带回到现实生活中。

We should use machines that bring our work back into the world.


我们应该用那些能够 使用神经科学原理的机器， 去延伸我们的感官， 而不是起限制作用。

We should use machines that use the principles of neuroscience to extend our senses versus going against them.


现在我这里正好有一个这样的机器。

Now it just so happens that I have such a machine here.


现在我可以看到观众， 还可以看见我的手。

Now in front of me right now, I can see the audience, and I can see my very hands.


在数到3，2，1， 我们将看到一个 全息摄影的影像出现， 一个非常真实的全息摄影 出现在我面前， 出现在我现在戴着的眼镜面前。

And in three, two, one, we're going to see an immersive hologram appear, a very realistic hologram appear in front of me, of our very glasses I'm wearing on my head right now.


当然这个可以是 任何我们正打算购买的， 或者要学习的东西， 而且我可以用我的手 很轻松地控制它的移动。

And of course this could be anything that we're shopping for or learning from, and I can use my hands to very nicely kind of move it around with fine control.


而且我认为钢铁侠会很自豪。


We're going to come back to this in just a bit.


（观众鼓掌） 如果你们跟我想的一样， 就应该已经在想着 用这种技术都能干点儿什么， 我们来看看一些例子吧。

Now if you're anything like me, your mind is already reeling with the possibilities of what we can do with this kind of technology, so let's look at a few.


我妈妈是一个建筑师， 所以很自然的我想象的第一件事 是绘出一个立体的建筑， 而不是用这些平面的楼层规划图。

My mom is an architect, so naturally the first thing I imagined was laying out a building in 3D space instead of having to use these 2D floor plans.


事实上她现在正在触摸着设计图 想选择一个内部的装饰。

She's actually touching graphics right now and selecting an interior decor.


这些都被我眼镜中的GoPro拍摄下来了。

This was all shot through a GoPro through our very glasses.


下一个使用案例对我来说很私人化， 是亚当·哥泽雷教授的玻璃大脑项目， 在此感谢UCSF的授权。

And this next use case is very personal to me, it's Professor Adam Gazzaley's glass brain project, courtesy of UCSF.


作为一个神经科学专业的学生， 我总会为 能够用一个真实的机器来学习和记忆这些 复杂大脑结构的 能力而感到惊叹， 这样我就可以触摸和摆弄 不同的大脑结构了。

As a neuroscience student, I would always fantasize about the ability to learn and memorize these complex brain structures with an actual machine, where I could touch and play with the various brain structures.


现在你们正看到的叫做增强现实， 但是对我来说，这只是 一个更重要故事的一部分—— 这个故事是关于我们如何开始 使用数码装置来延伸我们的身体， 而不是限制我们的身体机能。

Now what you're seeing is called augmented reality, but to me, it's part of a much more important story -- a story of how we can begin to extend our bodies with digital devices, instead of the other way around.


在接下来的几年， 人类将经历一个转变，我认为。

in the next few years, humanity's going to go through a shift, I think.


我们将开始在真实的世界中覆盖上 一整片数码信息层。

We're going to start putting an entire layer of digital information on the real world.


花点时间想象一下， 这对于讲故事的人来说意味着什么， 对于画家来说， 对于脑外科医生来说， 对于室内装饰者来说， 也许对于我们今天在这里的所有人来说， 到底意味着什么。

Just imagine for a moment what this could mean for storytellers, for painters, for brain surgeons, for interior decorators and maybe for all of us here today.


我认为我们作为一个团体 所要做的事， 是真正去尝试以及努力 去想象我们如何创造这个新的现实， 以一种延伸人类体验的方式， 而不是把我们的现实游戏化， 或者使现实和数码信息搅在一起。

And what I think we need to do as a community, is really try and make an effort to imagine how we can create this new reality in a way that extends the human experience, instead of gamifying our reality or cluttering it with digital information.


那就是我非常有兴趣做的。

And that's what I'm very passionate about.


现在，我想要告诉你们一个小秘密。

Now, I want to tell you a little secret.


在大约五年之内—— 这个不会是最小的设备—— 在大约五年之内， 这些都会看起来像 放置在眼前的条状眼镜， 能够投射全息摄影图像。

In about five years -- this is not the smallest device -- in about five years, these are all going to look like strips of glass on our eyes that project holograms.


就像我们不怎么关心不同手机的 硬件参数一样——我们买哪一款手机 考虑的是操作系统—— 作为一个神经科学家， 我总是希望建造一种基于大脑的iOS， 如果可以的话。

And just like we don't care so much about which phone we buy in terms of the hardware -- we buy it for the operating system -- as a neuroscientist, I always dreamt of building the iOS of the mind, if you will.


非常非常重要的 是我们要保证它能正常运行， 因为这些东西陪伴我们的时间也许不会比 我们接触Windows 图像用户界面的时间更短。

And it's very, very important that we get this right, because we might be living inside of these things for at least as long as we've lived with the Windows graphical user interface.


我不知道你们怎么想， 但是住在Windows系统里面这种事儿 使我觉得有点儿吓人。

And I don't know about you, but living inside of Windows scares me.


为了把单个最直觉性的 接触界面隔离到无限远处， 我们用神经科学来指导我们的设计， 而不是让一帮设计师 在设计室里争论不休。

To isolate the single most intuitive interface out of infinity, we use neuroscience to drive our design guidelines, instead of letting a bunch of designers fight it out in the boardroom.


我们进化的原理 叫做“最小阻力神经管道”。

And the principle we all revolve around is what's called the "Neural Path of Least Resistance."


在每个变化的时刻，我们把大脑iOS系统与 我们的大脑连接起来， 第一次的时候，用我们的大脑语言。

At every turn, we're connecting the iOS of the brain with our brain on, for the first time, our brain's terms.


换句话说，我们在尝试着创造 一个零学习曲线的电脑。

In other words, we're trying to create a zero learning-curve computer.


我们在建造一个你们一直都知道 怎么使用的系统。

We're building a system that you've always known how to use.


这些是我们用在这个新的 用户体验形式中的 最早的三个设计指南。

Here are the first three design guidelines that we employ in this brand-new form of user experience.


First and foremost, you are the operating system.


传统文件系统是复杂和抽象的， 它们使你们的大脑要 多绕几道弯才能解码它们。

Traditional file systems are complex and abstract, and they take your brain extra steps to decode them.


我们走的是与 “最小阻力神经管道”相反的路线。

We're going against the Neural Path of Least Resistance.


同时，在增强现实中， 你当然可以把你的全息摄影的 TED显示屏放到这里， 把你全息摄影的邮件 放在桌子的另一侧， 你的空间记忆力进化得正好可以 准确地提取这些信息。

Meanwhile, in augmented reality, you can of course place your holographic TED panel over here, and your holographic email on the other side of the desk, and your spatial memory evolved just fine to go ahead and retrieve them.


你可以把正在网购中的Tesla的 全息摄影放在这里—— 或者我的合法团队 在上台之前告诉我的任何模式。

You could put your holographic Tesla that you're shopping for -- or whatever model my legal team told me to put in right before the show.


（观众笑声） 很好，你们的大脑确实知道 如何回到现实中来。

Perfect. And your brain knows exactly how to get it back.


第二个界面指南 被我们称做“接触可视”。

The second interface guideline we call "touch to see."


当婴儿看到它们感兴趣的事的时候 它们会怎么做？

What do babies do when they see something that grabs their interest?


自然机器也是这样工作的。

And that's exactly how the natural machine should work as well.


实际上视觉系统 得到一个很基本的推动力， 我们可以称作本体感觉—— 那是一种我们的身体各部分 处于空间里的感觉。

Turns out the visual system gets a fundamental boost from a sense we call proprioception -- that's the sense of our body parts in space.


通过直接接触我们的工作对象， 我们不仅仅将它控制得更好， 也能更深层次地了解它。

So by touching our work directly, we're not only going to control it better, we're also going to understand it much more deeply.


但是我们自己去体验事情 是不够的。

But it's not enough to experience things ourselves.


这一点让我想起了我们的第三个指南， 来自于我们第一个故事的 “全息摄影的篝火”：

And this leads me to our third guideline, the holographic campfire from our first story.


我们的镜子——神经分系统显示 我们可以更好地和每一个人 以及我们的工作联系在一起， 如果我们可以看到每个人的 脸和手的立体图像的话。

Our mirror-neuron subsystem suggests that we can connect with each other and with our work much better if we can see each other's faces and hands in 3D.


所以， 如果你看着我身后的录像， 就能看到两个Meta使用者 正在操作着同一个全息摄影图像， 建立了眼神的接触， 聚焦在这个东西上， 而不是被外界的设备分散了注意力。

So if you look at the video behind me, you can see two Meta users playing around with the same hologram, making eye contact, connected around this thing, instead of being distracted by external devices.


让我们带着神经科学的概念再试一次。

Let's go ahead and try this again with neuroscience in mind.


再来一次，我们最喜欢的界面， 大脑的iOS系统。

So again, our favorite interface, the iOS of the mind.


我现在将往前一步， 走到前面抓起这对眼镜。 然后就放在桌子这里。

I'm going to now take a step further and go ahead and grab this pair of glasses and leave it right here by the desk.


我现在是和你们处在一个时刻， 我们正连接在一起。

I'm now with you, I'm in the moment, we're connecting.


我的空间记忆正在运作， 我可以过去抓住它， 然后把它带回到这里，提醒我自己 我是一个操作系统。

My spatial memory kicks in, and I can go ahead and grab it and bring it right back here, reminding me that I am the operating system.


现在我的本体感觉正在工作， 我可以过去使这些 玻璃爆裂成上千块碎片， 然后触摸此时此刻正在扫描 我的手的传感器。

And now my proprioception is working, and I can go ahead and explode these glasses into a thousand parts and touch the very sensor that is currently scanning my hand.


但是仅仅看到这些是不够的， 所以很快，我的合作创始人瑞恩 将会打一个3D电话给我—— 瑞恩？

But it's not enough to see things alone, so in a second, my co-founder Ray is going to make a 3D call -- Ray?


各位，我可以看到这个人 以三维投影的形式出现在我面前。

Guys, I can see this guy in front me in full 3D.


我的镜子—神经分系统显示 这将在不久的将来 替代电话。

My mirror-neuron subsystem suggests that this is going to replace phones in not too long.


瑞恩：我很好。 我们终于可以现场演示了。


（观众鼓掌） 瑞恩，给大家一个我们之前 在短片看到的 全息摄影的脑作为小礼物。

MG: Ray, give the crowd a gift of the holographic brain we saw from the video earlier.


各位，这不仅将改变打电话的方式， 这也将改变我们合作的形式。

Guys, this is not only going to change phones, it's also going to change the way we collaborate.


（观众鼓掌） 麦龙·格里贝兹：那么各位， 这是我2011年在那个酒吧里发现的信息： 电脑的未来不是锁在 这些屏幕的里面的。

MG: So folks, this is the message that I discovered in that bar in 2011: The future of computers is not locked inside one of these screens.


而是在这里，在我们身体里。


（观众鼓掌） 所以如果我今天可以留给你们 一个想法， 那就是自然机器不是 只存在于未来的想象， 它就在这里，存在于2016年。

So if there's one idea that I could leave you with here today, it's that the natural machine is not some figment of the future, it's right here in 2016.


这就是为什么在Meta的上百名员工， 包括行政管理人员， 执行人员， 设计师，工程师—— 在TED2017之前， 我们将会扔掉我们的外接显示设备， 然后用一个真正的 更加自然的机器代替它。

Which is why all hundred of us at Meta, including the administrative staff, the executives, the designers, the engineers -- before TED2017, we're all going to be throwing away our external monitors and replacing them with a truly and profoundly more natural machine.


克里斯·安德森：我有个问题， 去年就已经出现了很多 关于全息摄影的展示。

Chris Anderson: So help me out on one thing, because there've been a few augmented reality demos shown over the last year or so out there.


有时候有在科技领域会出现一种争论， 关于我们是不是真的在屏幕上 看到了真实的事物？

And there's sometimes a debate among technologists about, are we really seeing the real thing on-screen?


这是这个领域存在的一个问题， 在某种程度上来说科技 正在展现一个比你实际上 戴着眼镜看到的更广阔的视角。

There's this issue of field of view, that somehow the technology is showing a broader view than you would actually see wearing the glasses.


我们刚才是不是 看到了真实的效果？


麦龙·格里贝兹： 绝对是真实的效果。


不仅如此， 我们还使用了额外的测量技术，用GoPro 通过真正的镜片去拍摄， 就得到了你们在这里看到的 各种不同的短片。

Not only that, we took extra measures to shoot it with a GoPro through the actual lens in the various videos that you've seen here.


我们想通过透着眼镜看到的事物 去试着真实化这个世界的体验， 而不仅仅是看到局部。

We want to try to simulate the experience for the world that we're actually seeing through the glasses, and not cut any corners.


CA：非常感谢你的展示。

CA: Thank you so much for showing us that.


我来自美国最自由、宽容和 最具发展潜力的城市之一， 华盛顿西雅图。

I come from one of the most liberal, tolerant, progressive places in the United States, Seattle, Washington.


我成长于很棒的西雅图家庭。

And I grew up with a family of great Seattlites.


我的母亲是一位艺术家， 父亲是一名大学教授， 对他们的养育我满怀感激， 因为我完全可以按照 自己觉得合适的方式 自在地规划我的人生。

My mother was an artist, my father was a college professor, and I am truly grateful for my upbringing, because I always felt completely comfortable designing my life exactly as I saw fit.


而实际上， 我的选择和父母心中所想的不太一样。

And in point of fact, I took a route that was not exactly what my parents had in mind.


在我19岁的时候， 我从大学退学了—— 辍学了， 或者更准确点说，是被开除了。

When I was 19, I dropped out of college -- dropped out, kicked out, splitting hairs.


我踏上了成为一名 专业法国号手的道路， 那是我毕生的梦想。

And I went on the road as a professional French horn player, which was my lifelong dream.


我在全美和欧洲表演室内乐， 我巡回演出了几年， 和很优秀的爵士吉他手 查理·伯德一起。

I played chamber music all over the United States and Europe, and I toured for a couple of years with a great jazz guitar player named Charlie Bird.


在我二十几岁的时候， 我为自己加入西班牙 巴塞罗那交响乐团兴奋不已。

And by the end of my 20s, I wound up as a member of the Barcelona Symphony Orchestra in Spain.


而且我的父母从没抱怨过，

And you know, my parents never complained.


They supported me all the way through it.


他们过去常跟邻居和朋友们讲， “咱儿子要‘休整’个十年”

They used to tell their neighbors and friends, "Our son, he's taking a gap decade."


以及 有一段关于我生活的尴尬谈话 我想要分享给你们。

And -- There was, however, one awkward conversation about my lifestyle that I want to tell you about.


那时候我27岁， 我从巴塞罗那回到家， 那天是圣诞节， 我回家看望父母， 当时我在帮母亲做晚饭时， 厨房里就我们两个人。

I was 27, and I was home from Barcelona, and I was visiting my parents for Christmas, and I was cooking dinner with my mother, and we were alone in the kitchen.


她当时沉默着，一言不发。


我就问我母亲： “妈，你在想什么呢？”

And so I said, "Mom, what's on your mind?"


她说：“我和你爸爸真的很担心你。”

And she said, "Your dad and I are really worried about you."


我很惊讶：“什么嘛？ 你们现在有什么好担心？”

And I said, "What?" I mean, what could it be, at this point?


她答道： “我希望你诚实地回答我的问题： 你是不是投票给共和党了？”

And she said, "I want you to be completely honest with me: have you been voting for Republicans?"


事实是， 我对政治没什么兴趣， 我只是个法国小号吹奏者。

Now, the truth is, I wasn't really political, I was just a French horn player.


但我有点明白了， 他们察觉到了一些事， 所以有些困惑。

But I had a bit of an epiphany, and they had detected it, and it was causing some confusion.


那时我成了资本主义的狂热追捧者， 让我告诉你缘何如此。

You see, I had become an enthusiast for capitalism, and I want to tell you why that is.


不管你信不信， 它根源于我一直以来 对贫穷的研究。

It stems from a lifelong interest of mine in, believe it or not, poverty.


在西雅图当我还是个孩童的时候， 我记得那是第一次 我接触了真正的贫穷。

See, when I was a kid growing up in Seattle, I remember the first time I saw real poverty.


我的家庭属于中产阶级的下层， 但那当然不是真正的贫穷。

We were a lower middle class family, but that's of course not real poverty.


我第一次看到贫穷的真面目， 是在20世纪70年代初， 我还只有六、七岁

The first time I saw poverty, and poverty's face, was when I was six or seven years old, early 1970s.


像我们中很多人一样， 这个例子很平凡普通。

And it was like a lot of you, kind of a prosaic example, kind of trite.


那是《国家地理》中的一幅画 画中是东非一个国家的 跟我差不多大的孩子， 苍蝇在他脸上飞，肚子膨胀着。

It was a picture in the National Geographic Magazine of a kid who was my age in East Africa, and there were flies on his face and a distended belly.


我知道他挺不过去了， 我知道的，而我却无能为力。

And he wasn't going to make it, and I knew that, and I was helpless.


你们当中或许有人记得那样一幅画， 不一定完全一样， 但很相像的一幅画。

Some of you remember that picture, not exactly that picture, one just like it.


它向西方世界展现了 世界其它地方令人难以忍受的贫穷。

It introduced the West to grinding poverty around the world.


那样的图景在我的脑海中挥之不去， 伴随着我成长、上学、 退学、开始组建 我自己的家庭。

Well, that vision kind of haunted me as I grew up and I went to school and I dropped out and dropped in and started my family.


我很想知道， 那个孩子后来怎么样了？

And I wondered, what happened to that kid?


或者说世界其他地方的 像他一样的人怎么样了？

Or to people just like him all over the world?


我开始研究这个问题， 即便那时我已不在大学了， 我仍在寻找答案： 世界上最贫穷的人们 身上都发生了什么？

And so I started to study, even though I wasn't in college, I was looking for the answer: what happened to the world's poorest people?


是变糟了，还是变好了？ 到底怎么样了？

Has it gotten worse? Has it gotten better? What?


我最终找到了答案， 并改变了我的人生。 我想与你们分享。

And I found the answer, and it changed my life, and I want to share it with you.


其实 大多数美国人觉得从孩童时代、 从他们看到那景象至今，

See -- most Americans believe that poverty has gotten worse since we were children, since they saw that vision.


贫困变得更严重了。 如果你问美国人：“世界贫困问题是 更严重了还是有所好转？” 70%的人会说自20世纪 70年代初饥饿问题更严重了。

If you ask Americans, "Has poverty gotten worse or better around the world?", 70 percent will say that hunger has gotten worse since the early 1970s.


这是使我改变想法、 让我顿悟的一个时刻。

Here's the epiphany that I had that changed my thinking.


自1970年至今， 世界处于饥饿水平的 通过通货膨胀校正后 每天的生活费 不多于1美元的人口百分比 下降了 80%。

From 1970 until today, the percentage of the world's population living in starvation levels, living on a dollar a day or less, obviously adjusted for inflation, that percentage has declined by 80 percent.


从我小时候至今 世界最穷困的人数百分比 减少了80%。

There's been an 80 percent decline in the world's worst poverty since I was a kid.


我的朋友们，这是一个奇迹！


这是值得我们庆贺的事情。


这是人类史上反贫穷的最大成就， 而且就发生在我们的有生之年。

It's the greatest antipoverty achievement in the history of mankind, and it happened in our lifetimes.


当我知道这一事实时，我想， 是什么使得脱贫变得可能呢？

So when I learned this, I asked, what did that? What made it possible?


因为若你不知道原因， 这将只是昙花一现。

Because if you don't know why, you can't do it again.


我们要复制成功， 要使得仍在贫困中挣扎 的2亿人民摆脱现状， 因为那是我们一直在谈论的问题： 从我还是个孩子的时候， 20亿最贫穷的人， 我们的兄弟姐妹， 脱离了贫穷。

If you want to replicate it and get the next two billion people out of poverty, because that's what we're talking about: since I was a kid, two billion of the least of these, our brothers and sisters, have been pulled out of poverty.


我希望拯救其余的20亿人， 所以我必须知道原因。

I want the next two billion, so I've got to know why.


它不是政治性的答案， 因为我根本不在乎政治的解答。

And it wasn't a political answer, because I didn't care.


我渴求从主流经济学家们 那里得到最佳的答案 无论是左派的，右派的 和中间派的经济学家们。

I wanted the best answer from mainstream economists left, right and center.


从孩提时代到现在， 20亿人民脱离贫困

have been pulled out of poverty since I was a kid.


有五点原因。 第一：全球化


这些是1970年后席卷全球的 自由市场经济体系促成的。

It was the free enterprise system spreading around the world after 1970 that did that.


我知道自由市场经济并不完美， 我也知道自由市场经济 并不能满足我们 建设更美好的世界的全部需求。

I know that free enterprise isn't perfect, and I know that free enterprise isn't everything we need to build a better world.


这是我学到并且顿悟的一点。

Here's what I learned. This is the epiphany.


资本主义不仅仅是资本的积累

Capitalism is not just about accumulation.


它的绝佳之处在于：它与抱负相关， 这是这个台上的许多人都曾讲过的， 是由梦想而生的抱负， 它根植于自由市场体系。

At its best, it's about aspiration, which is what so many people on this stage talk about, is the aspiration that comes from dreams that are embedded in the free enterprise system.


我们必须要让更多人明白这一点。

And we've got to share it with more people.


现在，我要谈谈我的第二个顿悟 它与第一个有关 我相信它不仅仅会促进世界的发展， 也促进我们这个国家的发展。

Now, I want to tell you about a second epiphany that's related to that first one that I think can bring us progress, not just around the world, but right here at home.


用别人的一句话 概括刚刚 关于使人们脱离贫穷的观点 就是： “自由市场创造了史上最多的财富

The best quote I've ever heard to summarize the thoughts that I've just given you about pulling people out of poverty is as follows: "Free markets have created more wealth than any system in history.


并使得数以亿计的人们摆脱贫困。”

They have lifted billions out of poverty."


像是米尔顿·佛里德曼 或者罗纳德·里根的。

It sounds like Milton Friedman or Ronald Reagan.


我当时说："哈利路亚！"


不仅如此，我还说， “多么绝佳的机会。”

But more than that, I said, "What an opportunity."


你们知道我当时在想什么嘛？


2015年五月 我们在乔治城大学做一场 有关我们所做课题的活动，

It was at an event that we were doing on the subject at Georgetown University in May of 2015.


那时我想到了解决 当今美国面临的最大问题的方案。 那是什么呢？

And I thought, this is the solution to the biggest problem facing America today. What?


就是无论是 自由主义者还是保守主义者， 聚集到一起讨论这些想法 帮助最需要我们帮助的那些人。

It's coming together around these ideas, liberals and conservatives, to help people who need us the most.


不必我说，在场的每一位 都知道我们身处危机， 在美国以及世界其它 有政治分歧的国家中，

Now, I don't have to tell anybody in this room that we're in a crisis, in America and many countries around the world with political polarization.


去年， 在西方最具影响力、 最前沿的科学杂志之一的 国家科学院院刊上 发表了一篇文章

There was an article last year in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, which is one of the most prestigious scientific journals published in the West.


那是2014年的一篇 有关政治动因非对称的文章。

And it was an article in 2014 on political motive asymmetry.


那是什么？ 心理学家将这种现象描述为 假定你的思想观念建立在爱之上 而对方的思想观念却建立在恨之上。

What's that? That's what psychologists call the phenomenon of assuming that your ideology is based in love but your opponents' ideology is based in hate.


这在世界争端中是很常见的。


比如巴勒斯坦和以色列人之间。

You expect to see this between Palestinians and Israelis, for example.


这篇文章的作者发现的是 在当今美国， 很大一部分共和党人和民主党人 在政治动因上存在着分歧。

What the authors of this article found was that in America today, a majority of Republicans and Democrats suffer from political motive asymmetry.


如今我们国家政治上 活跃的大部分人认为 他们是为爱所驱使， 而其余人是为恨所驱使。

A majority of people in our country today who are politically active believe that they are motivated by love but the other side is motivated by hate.


多数人总是说着： “我的思想基础是仁爱， 我想要帮助人们， 而另一部分人， 他们是邪恶的，他们试图打倒我。”

Most people are walking around saying, "You know, my ideology is based on basic benevolence, I want to help people, but the other guys, they're evil and out to get me."


存在这样的分歧的社会 是无法进步的。

You can't progress as a society when you have this kind of asymmetry.


我们要怎么解决这一问题？


首先，让我们诚实面对吧： 分歧是存在的。

Well, first, let's be honest: there are differences.


我们无法减小分歧， 因为那是幼稚的行为。

Let's not minimize the differences. That would be really naïve.


对此有相当多深入的研究。


我的朋友乔纳森·海特 是TED的常客了。

A veteran of the TED stage is my friend Jonathan Haidt.


他是纽约大学的心理学教授。

He's a psychology professor at New York University.


他对不同人的思想、 价值观和道德观进行研究， 研究他们有着怎样的不同。

He does work on the ideology and values and morals of different people to see how they differ.


他证明了保守派和自由派 对于他们认为重要的事 有很不同的见解。

And he's shown, for example, that conservatives and liberals have a very different emphasis on what they think is important.


比如，乔纳森·海特说明了 自由主义者关心贫穷 比关心经济自由超出59%。

For example, Jon Haidt has shown that liberals care about poverty 59 percent more than they care about economic liberty.


而保守主义者关心经济自由 比关心贫穷多28%。

And conservatives care about economic liberty 28 percent more than they care about poverty.


看上去不可调和的分歧，对么？


我们不可能走到一起？不！


我们的力量恰恰在于分歧之中。

That is diversity in which lies our strength.


是对贫穷问题的痴迷和关注， 和全世界范围内的 自由经济秩序。

It was the obsession with poverty, accompanied by the method of economic freedom spreading around the world.


我们彼此需要，换句话说， 如果我们想要帮助人们， 想要帮助另外2亿人民脱离贫困。

We need each other, in other words, if we want to help people and get the next two billion people out of poverty.


这是很微妙的事情，不是么？


很多的创新思想就在这个舞台。


是的！那些非凡的 社会的企业家精神。

Social entrepreneurship. Yeah. Absolutely. Phenomenal.


我们要投资海外， 以可持续的、负责的、 符合伦理道德的方式投资。

We need investment overseas in a sustainable, responsible, ethical and moral way. Yes. Yes.


但你们知道我们 真正需要的是什么吗？


我们需要打开灵活思维的新天地，


我们需要少一些的“可以预见”，


你们是否曾感到自己的 思想开始变得可预见？

Do you ever feel like your own ideology is starting to get predictable?


你们是否感到自己 总是听信与自己意见一致的人的话？

Do you ever feel like you're always listening to people who agree with you?


因为当我们在这个国家谈论经济的时候， 一边是保守主义者， 谈论的总是税、规则和大政府统治。

Because when we talk in this country about economics, on the right, conservatives, you're always talking about taxes and regulations and big government.


而另一边是自由主义者，谈到经济 总是关于收入不平等。

And on the left, liberals, you're talking about economics, it's always about income inequality.


是吧？那些确实都很重要， 对我很重要，对你们也很重要。

Right? Now those are important things, really important to me, really important to you.


但那些正在挨饿的人 需要我们的帮助时， 这些都只是让人分心的问题。

But when it comes to lifting people up who are starving and need us today, those are distractions.


我们应当 在最好的方法面前团结起来， 尽我们的可能减少贫困, 只有当保守派意识到 他们需要自由主义者 对贫穷的忧虑， 并且自由主义者也需要 保守派对自由市场的痴迷时，

We need to come together around the best ways to mitigate poverty using the best tools at our disposal, and that comes only when conservatives recognize that they need liberals and their obsession with poverty, and liberals need conservatives and their obsession with free markets.


我们才会成功。 只有我们选择这条路，这种多样性才会 孕育未来国家强大的力量。

That's the diversity in which lies the future strength of this country, if we choose to take it.


我们要怎么达成这一目的呢？ 怎样共同达成呢？

So how are we going to do it? How are we going to do it together?


我有一些行动上的建议， 对你们，也是对我自己。

I've got to have some action items, not just for you but for me.


行动准则第一条： 切记，仅仅容忍别人的 不同意见是不够好的，

Number one. Action item number one: remember, it's not good enough just to tolerate people who disagree.


我们要铭记我们需要 与我们意见不合的人， 因为有一群人 需要我们所有人的帮助， 他们仍在等待。

We have to remember that we need people who disagree with us, because there are people who need all of us who are still waiting for these tools.


你们准备怎么做呢？怎么表现呢？

Now, what are you going to do? How are you going to express that?


从哪里开始呢？就从这里！


在座的所有人，我们都是幸福的。

You know, all of us in this room, we're blessed.


We're blessed with people who listen to us.


我们很成功， 我们拥有领导力。

We're blessed with prosperity. We're blessed with leadership.


当人们听到了 我们未知意识形态的思想， 或许他们才会倾听我们。

When people hear us, with the kind of unpredictable ideology, then maybe people will listen.


Maybe progress will start at that point.


第二点：我在请你们，也请我自己 成为模糊界限的特定个人， 成为一个含糊的，难以界定的人。

Number two: I'm asking you and I'm asking me to be the person specifically who blurs the lines, who is ambiguous, who is hard to classify.


如果你是保守派， 那就做一个 把贫困问题常常挂在嘴边的保守派， 和坚持遵守为穷人而战的 道德义务的战士。

If you're a conservative, be the conservative who is always going on about poverty and the moral obligation to be a warrior for the poor.


如果你是自由派， 就做一个常常赞扬 在我们负责任地运行下的 自由市场的魅力的自由派。

And if you're a liberal, be a liberal who is always talking about the beauty of free markets to solve our problems when we use them responsibly.


如果我们那样做了，两个目标指日可待。


第一：我们开始致力于 帮助接下来的20亿人 像以前解决那么多问题那样 帮助他们解决问题 未来我们还会解决更多。 这是我们可以做到的。

Number one: we get to start to work on the next two billion and be the solution that we've seen so much of in the past and we need to see more of in the future. That's what we get.


第二是我们或许能够 战胜这场令我们遭受苦难的 可怕的意识形态的战争， 将它转变成基于 团结一致和互相尊重 的思想观念的竞争。

And the second is that we might just be able to take the ghastly holy war of ideology that we're suffering under in this country and turn it into a competition of ideas based on solidarity and mutual respect.


也许到时候可能，只是可能 我们会发现我们所谓的分歧 并不是那样的不可调和。

And then maybe, just maybe, we'll all realize that our big differences aren't really that big after all.


上大学那会儿， 我是学政务专业的， 意味着我得写很多论文。

So in college, I was a government major, which means I had to write a lot of papers.


当一名普通的学生写论文时， 他们也许会像这样， 把任务分摊开。

Now, when a normal student writes a paper, they might spread the work out a little like this.


所以，你明白 开始可能有点慢， 但是一个星期过后已经写了不少， 接下来有时写的更多一些， 最后一切搞定，事情不会搞砸。

So, you know -- you get started maybe a little slowly, but you get enough done in the first week that, with some heavier days later on, everything gets done, things stay civil.


我准备好开始， 然而，事实上，到写论文的时候， 我是这么做的。

I would have it all ready to go, but then, actually, the paper would come along, and then I would kind of do this.


And that would happen every single paper.


最后到了写90页毕业论文的时候， 本应该花一年时间去写的论文。

But then came my 90-page senior thesis, a paper you're supposed to spend a year on.


我知道对于这样一篇论文来说， 我平常的做法行不通。

And I knew for a paper like that, my normal work flow was not an option.


于是我计划好， 决定这么去做。

So I planned things out, and I decided I kind of had to go something like this.


起初少干点儿， 中间几个月持续干多一点儿， 最后高速档全力以赴 就像小台阶一样。

So I'd start off light, and I'd bump it up in the middle months, and then at the end, I would kick it up into high gear just like a little staircase.


How hard could it be to walk up the stairs?


但是接下来，有趣的事发生了。


来了又走， 我基本没干什么。

They came and went, and I couldn't quite do stuff.


于是就有了这个 很棒的修改计划。


再然后...... 中间几个月竟然就这么过去了， 我基本上没写几个字， 所以变成了这样。

And then -- But then those middle months actually went by, and I didn't really write words, and so we were here.


然后从还有两个月到还有一个月， 再到只剩两星期。

And then two months turned into one month, which turned into two weeks.


然后有一天我突然意识到 离截止期只剩三天了， 而我还一个字都没写呢， 于是我做了我唯一能做的事： 我花了72小时写出90页， 通宵整整两天赶工 人不应该连续熬两个通宵 全速穿过校园， 慢动作潜入， 赶在截止期之前交了论文。

And one day I woke up with three days until the deadline, still not having written a word, and so I did the only thing I could: I wrote 90 pages over 72 hours, pulling not one but two all-nighters -- humans are not supposed to pull two all-nighters -- sprinted across campus, dove in slow motion, and got it in just at the deadline.


我以为一切就这么结束了。

I thought that was the end of everything.


结果一个星期之后我接到一通电话， 是学校打来的。

But a week later I get a call, and it's the school.


他们问：“你是蒂姆·尔班吗？”


他们说：“我们得和你 谈一下论文的事儿。”

And they say, "We need to talk about your thesis."


对方接着说, "这是我们看过最棒的一篇论文。“

And they say, "It's the best one we've ever seen."


这篇论文写得非常非常烂。


我只是想享受一下这个时刻， 当你们全部以为， “这家伙太牛了！“

I just wanted to enjoy that one moment when all of you thought, "This guy is amazing!"


不是这样的，那篇论文超级烂。


不管怎么样，我现在是个博文作者。


我为“打破砂锅问到底”写博文。


几年前我决定 写一篇关于拖延的文章。

And a couple of years ago, I decided to write about procrastination.


我的拖延行为总是让 我身边那些不拖延的人感到困惑， 所以我想向不拖延的人解释一下 拖延者脑袋里到底是怎么想的， 还有为什么我们这些拖延者会这样。

My behavior has always perplexed the non-procrastinators around me, and I wanted to explain to the non-procrastinators of the world what goes on in the heads of procrastinators, and why we are the way we are.


我的假设是 拖延者的大脑 和不拖延者的大脑是不同的。

Now, I had a hypothesis that the brains of procrastinators were actually different than the brains of other people.


为了证明这一点， 我找到一个核磁共振实验室 让我可以扫描自己的大脑 和一个经证实不是拖延者的大脑， 然后我就可以对比这两种大脑。

And to test this, I found an MRI lab that actually let me scan both my brain and the brain of a proven non-procrastinator, so I could compare them.


I actually brought them here to show you today.


我希望大家能认真比较 这二者之间是否有什么差别。

I want you to take a look carefully to see if you can notice a difference.


我知道大家 不是受过训练的脑科专家， 看起来可能不明显， 但是让我们来看一下，好吗？

I know that if you're not a trained brain expert, it's not that obvious, but just take a look, OK?


这是一个不拖延者的大脑。

So here's the brain of a non-procrastinator.


两种大脑里头 都有一个理性的决策制定者， 但是拖延者的大脑里， 还有一只叫即时满足的猴子。

Both brains have a Rational Decision-Maker in them, but the procrastinator's brain also has an Instant Gratification Monkey.


对拖延者来说这意味着什么呢？

Now, what does this mean for the procrastinator?


它意味着在这件事 发生之前一切都挺好的。

Well, it means everything's fine until this happens.


[现在是开始干活的最佳时机.] [才不是呢!] 于是当理性的决策制定者 做出理性的决策， 想做一些富有成效的事时， 猴子不想这么做， 于是他开始掌控方向盘， 而且他说：“实际上， 让我们来读一下维基百科上关于 南茜·克里根/汤妮·雅哈丁 的丑闻案吧， 因为我刚想起来这件事。

[This is a perfect time to get some work done.] [Nope!] So the Rational Decision-Maker will make the rational decision to do something productive, but the Monkey doesn't like that plan, so he actually takes the wheel, and he says, "Actually, let's read the entire Wikipedia page of the Nancy Kerrigan/ Tonya Harding scandal, because I just remembered that that happened.


然后 然后让我们走到冰箱， 翻翻看这10分钟以来 有没什么新东西。

Then -- Then we're going to go over to the fridge, to see if there's anything new in there since 10 minutes ago.


之后，让我们继续 在视频网站上浏览， 从理查德·费曼 谈磁性的视频开始看， 一直看到 对贾斯汀·比伯老妈的采访 看到地老天荒。

After that, we're going to go on a YouTube spiral that starts with videos of Richard Feynman talking about magnets and ends much, much later with us watching interviews with Justin Bieber's mom.


“这一切都花时间, 所以我们今天的日程安排 没办法抽空干活。

"All of that's going to take a while, so we're not going to really have room on the schedule for any work today.


即时满足猴子似乎不是那个 你想让他操控方向盘的人。

The Instant Gratification Monkey does not seem like a guy you want behind the wheel.


He lives entirely in the present moment.


他没有过去的记忆， 没有对未来的认识， 他只关心两件事： 简单和快乐。

He has no memory of the past, no knowledge of the future, and he only cares about two things: easy and fun.


在动物世界里，这样没问题。

Now, in the animal world, that works fine.


如果你是一条狗， 你简单、快乐地度过这一生， 就已经是巨大的成功！

If you're a dog and you spend your whole life doing nothing other than easy and fun things, you're a huge success!


而对于猴子来说， 人类是另外一种动物。

And to the Monkey, humans are just another animal species.


你睡好、吃饱、繁殖下一代， 这么做在部落时代或许没问题。

You have to keep well-slept, well-fed and propagating into the next generation, which in tribal times might have worked OK.


但是，假如你还没注意到， 我们现在不是生活在部落时代。

But, if you haven't noticed, now we're not in tribal times.


我们处于一个先进的文明， 而猴子根本不懂那是什么。

We're in an advanced civilization, and the Monkey does not know what that is.


这就是为什么我们脑袋里还有另外一个家伙， 理性的决策制定者， 他让我们有能力去做 其他动物无法做到的事情。

Which is why we have another guy in our brain, the Rational Decision-Maker, who gives us the ability to do things no other animal can do.


而且他想把这些都考虑进去。

And he wants to take all of that into account.


他想让我们做 任何值得现在去做的事儿。

And he wants to just have us do whatever makes sense to be doing right now.


有时做简单快乐的事 是有意义的， 比如吃饭、睡觉 或者享受应得的休闲时光。

to be doing things that are easy and fun, like when you're having dinner or going to bed or enjoying well-earned leisure time.


这就是为什么即时满足猴子 和理性的决策制定者之间有重合。


但是有时，更有意义的是 去做那些比较难 而且不那么让人享受的事情， 这是出于全局的考虑。

But other times, it makes much more sense to be doing things that are harder and less pleasant, for the sake of the big picture.


此时二者之间会产生冲突。


对于拖延者来说， 每次冲突都以这种方式结束， 就是他在橙色区域 花费了大量时间， 这是那个简单又快乐， 但是又没有意义的那个区域。

And for the procrastinator, that conflict tends to end a certain way every time, leaving him spending a lot of time in this orange zone, an easy and fun place that's entirely out of the Makes Sense circle.


我把这片区域称为黑暗的操场。


黑暗的操场是一个 所有拖延者都很了解的地方。

Now, the Dark Playground is a place that all of you procrastinators out there know very well.


这里是在本来不应该休闲的时候 的休闲娱乐的活动场所。

It's where leisure activities happen at times when leisure activities are not supposed to be happening.


在黑暗的操场得到的快乐 其实并不是快乐， 因为它完全是不劳而获的， 这会带来内疚、恐惧、 焦虑、自我憎恨 这是所有拖延者的感受。

The fun you have in the Dark Playground isn't actually fun, because it's completely unearned, and the air is filled with guilt, dread, anxiety, self-hatred -- all of those good procrastinator feelings.


而且问题是，在这种情况下， 由猴子掌控着方向盘， 怎么能让拖延者把自己 带去蓝色区域那边呢， 那边虽然没那么舒适， 但是有很多重要的事情要做。

And the question is, in this situation, with the Monkey behind the wheel, how does the procrastinator ever get himself over here to this blue zone, a less pleasant place, but where really important things happen?


其实拖延者有个守护天使， 总是看不起他并且看守着他， 在那些最黑暗的时刻 它被称为恐慌怪兽。

Well, turns out the procrastinator has a guardian angel, someone who's always looking down on him and watching over him in his darkest moments -- someone called the Panic Monster.


恐慌怪兽大部分时间都在冬眠， 但是截止期很靠近的时候 或者处于在公众面前出丑的危险中时， 或面临事业灾难时， 或有其他可怕的后果时， 它就会突然醒来。

Now, the Panic Monster is dormant most of the time, but he suddenly wakes up anytime a deadline gets too close or there's danger of public embarrassment, a career disaster or some other scary consequence.


而且重要的是， 他是猴子唯一害怕的东西。

And importantly, he's the only thing the Monkey is terrified of.


最近在我的生活里， 恐慌怪兽变得相当重要， 因为TED的工作人员 6个月之前联络过我， 邀请我做一次演讲。

Now, he became very relevant in my life pretty recently, because the people of TED reached out to me about six months ago and invited me to do a TED Talk.


我以前一直梦想着 可以做一次TED演讲。

It's always been a dream of mine to have done a TED Talk in the past.


（鼓掌） 但是在这种兴奋中， 理性的决策制定者 似乎在想别的事。

But in the middle of all this excitement, the Rational Decision-Maker seemed to have something else on his mind.


他会说： “我们清楚刚才答应了什么吗？

He was saying, "Are we clear on what we just accepted?


我们现在具有完成 将来那个任务所需的能力吗？

Do we get what's going to be now happening one day in the future?


我们得坐下来开始干活。”

We need to sit down and work on this right now."


而猴子说：“完全同意， 但是让我们打开谷歌地球 把镜头推进到印度地下200尺， 然后花两个半小时 向上滚动到这个国家的地表， 让我们更好地感受一下印度。“

And the Monkey said, "Totally agree, but let's just open Google Earth and zoom in to the bottom of India, like 200 feet above the ground, and scroll up for two and a half hours til we get to the top of the country, so we can get a better feel for India."


当6个月变成4个月， 然后2个月，然后1个月时， TED工作人员开始发布演讲者。

As six months turned into four and then two and then one, the people of TED decided to release the speakers.


我打开网站看到自己的脸 盯着自己看。

And I opened up the website, and there was my face staring right back at me.


于是恐慌怪兽开始发疯， 几秒钟之后，整个系统一片混乱。

So the Panic Monster starts losing his mind, and a few seconds later, the whole system's in mayhem.


而猴子，还记得吗？他害怕恐慌怪兽 嘣的一声，他爬到树上去了！

And the Monkey -- remember, he's terrified of the Panic Monster -- boom, he's up the tree!


于是终于， 理性的决策制定者 终于可以操控方向盘， 我可以开始准备这次演讲。

And finally, finally, the Rational Decision-Maker can take the wheel and I can start working on the talk.


在恐慌怪兽看来 所有那些相当愚蠢的拖延行为 就比如我这样的人花了两个星期 还没办法开始写论文的开头语， 然后奇迹般地又拥有了 令人难以置信的工作热情 整晚熬夜写了8页。

Now, the Panic Monster explains all kinds of pretty insane procrastinator behavior, like how someone like me could spend two weeks unable to start the opening sentence of a paper, and then miraculously find the unbelievable work ethic to stay up all night and write eight pages.


这整个情况，加上那三种角色 就是拖延者的系统。

And this entire situation, with the three characters -- this is the procrastinator's system.


不美好，但是至少还有用。

It's not pretty, but in the end, it works.


这是我几年前决定在博客写的东西。

This is what I decided to write about on the blog a couple of years ago.


发布之后， 收到的回应让我大吃一惊。

When I did, I was amazed by the response.


我收到几千封邮件， 来自世界各地不同地方的人， 他们做着各种不同的事儿。

Literally thousands of emails came in, from all different kinds of people from all over the world, doing all different kinds of things.


有护士、银行家、画家、工程师 还有很多很多博士生。

These are people who were nurses, bankers, painters, engineers and lots and lots of PhD students.


内容基本上差不多： “我也有这个问题。”

And they were all writing, saying the same thing: "I have this problem too."


但是让我印象深刻的是那种反差， 帖子的轻松口吻 和那些邮件的沉重语气的反差。

But what struck me was the contrast between the light tone of the post and the heaviness of these emails.


这些人有强烈的挫败感 因为拖延影响到他们的生活， 因为猴子控制了他们的想法。

These people were writing with intense frustration about what procrastination had done to their lives, about what this Monkey had done to them.


思考之后，我的问题是 如果拖延者的系统可以运转， 那么到底是怎么回事？

And I thought about this, and I said, well, if the procrastinator's system works, then what's going on?


为什么这些人 都有一个如此黑暗的角落？

Why are all of these people in such a dark place?


结果我发现原来有两种拖延。

Well, it turns out that there's two kinds of procrastination.


我今天谈到的，上面举过的例子 都有截止期。

Everything I've talked about today, the examples I've given, they all have deadlines.


有截止期的时候， 拖延的影响 被限制在一个较短的期限内 因为恐慌怪兽会介入。

And when there's deadlines, the effects of procrastination are contained to the short term because the Panic Monster gets involved.


但是对于第二种拖延来说 它发生在没有截止期的情况下。

But there's a second kind of procrastination that happens in situations when there is no deadline.


比如你想自己创业 或者从事艺术类的工作， 起初并没有截止期， 因为在你还没有开始努力干活之前 不会有任何事情发生 没有产生推进力让事情继续进行。

So if you wanted a career where you're a self-starter -- something in the arts, something entrepreneurial -- there's no deadlines on those things at first, because nothing's happening, not until you've gone out and done the hard work to get momentum, get things going.


除了事业之外那些重要的事情 也没有截止期， 比如看望你的家庭， 或者锻炼身体保持身体健康， 努力改善恋人关系 或者离开一段不满意的关系。

There's also all kinds of important things outside of your career that don't involve any deadlines, like seeing your family or exercising and taking care of your health, working on your relationship or getting out of a relationship that isn't working.


如果拖延者做这些困难的事 只有一种机制 即恐慌怪兽，那么问题来了， 因为在这些没有截止期的情况下， 恐慌怪兽根本不会出现。

Now if the procrastinator's only mechanism of doing these hard things is the Panic Monster, that's a problem, because in all of these non-deadline situations, the Panic Monster doesn't show up.


他没有需要醒来的时候， 于是拖延的后果是不受限制的， 他们只会无限延期。

He has nothing to wake up for, so the effects of procrastination, they're not contained; they just extend outward forever.


而这种长期的拖延 比起更有趣、更短期、 基于截止期的那种拖延来说， 不那么明显，也不经常被谈论。

And it's this long-term kind of procrastination that's much less visible and much less talked about than the funnier, short-term deadline-based kind.


它通常是安静地、悄悄地影响我们。

It's usually suffered quietly and privately.


它可能是 大量长期不快乐、内疚的来源。

And it can be the source of a huge amount of long-term unhappiness, and regrets.


我觉得，这才是那些人 发来邮件的原因， 这才是他们处于 如此糟糕状况的原因。

And I thought, that's why those people are emailing, and that's why they're in such a bad place.


不是因为他们为了某个项目狂赶，

It's not that they're cramming for some project.


而是这种长期拖延 使他们感觉在他们自己的生活中 有时好像只是一个旁观者。

It's that long-term procrastination has made them feel like a spectator, at times, in their own lives.


他们的沮丧不是因为 他们无法实现自己的梦想； 而是他们甚至无法开始 去追逐自己的梦想。

The frustration is not that they couldn't achieve their dreams; it's that they weren't even able to start chasing them.


所以读完这些邮件之后， 我有一点领悟 我认为不存在不拖延的人。

So I read these emails and I had a little bit of an epiphany -- that I don't think non-procrastinators exist.


没错，我认为大家都是拖延者。

That's right -- I think all of you are procrastinators.


你也许并不是像我们这样， 每方面都一团糟， 也许有些人可以 很好的面对截止日期， 但是请记住：猴子最卑鄙的伎俩 在于没有截止日期的部分。

Now, you might not all be a mess, like some of us, and some of you may have a healthy relationship with deadlines, but remember: the Monkey's sneakiest trick is when the deadlines aren't there.


现在我想给大家最后看一样东西。


假设一个人可以活到90岁， 每个星期是一个格子。

That's one box for every week of a 90-year life.


其实没多少格子， 尤其是我们已经活了这么多年。

That's not that many boxes, especially since we've already used a bunch of those.


我认为我们都需要花些时间， 认真看一下这个生命日历。

So I think we need to all take a long, hard look at that calendar.


我们需要认真思考 我们真正拖延的是什么， 因为每个人都在拖延某件事。

We need to think about what we're really procrastinating on, because everyone is procrastinating on something in life.


我们得时刻意识到 即时满足这个猴子的存在。

We need to stay aware of the Instant Gratification Monkey.


这是我们所有人都应该做的事儿。


而且因为格子并不多， 这项工作也许应该从今天就开始。

And because there's not that many boxes on there, it's a job that should probably start today.


好吧，也许不是今天，但是...


我们就在那儿。 灵魂和躯体挤在 一个德克萨斯州的教堂里， 那是我们人生最后一晚。

There we were, souls and bodies packed into a Texas church on the last night of our lives.


就像现在我们这个房间， 只不过那里都是吱呀响的木长凳， 挂着破烂的红布条， 风琴在我的左边， 唱诗班在我的背后， 还有个洗礼池建在后面的墙上。

Packed into a room just like this, but with creaky wooden pews draped in worn-down red fabric, with an organ to my left and a choir at my back and a baptism pool built into the wall behind them.


同样强烈的悬疑之感， 同样深刻的对救赎的渴望， 掌心里同样酸涩的汗水， 后排还有同样一帮心不在焉的人。

With the same great feelings of suspense, the same deep hopes for salvation, the same sweat in the palms and the same people in the back not paying attention.


那是1999年的12月31日， 那一晚，就我所知， 基督复临人间，世界将临末日。

This was December 31, 1999, the night of the Second Coming of Christ, and the end of the world as I knew it.


那时我12岁， 到了要负责任的年龄。

I had turned 12 that year and had reached the age of accountability.


我发觉耶稣这时候回来 是如此不公平， 我正要为我之前所做的一切负责。 但当我停止抱怨的时候， 我想我最好赶紧把家里收拾整齐了。

And once I stopped complaining about how unfair it was that Jesus would return as soon as I had to be accountable for all that I had done, I figured I had better get my house in order very quickly.


So I went to church as often as I could.


我害怕四周一片寂静， 就像人害怕噪声一样， 只为反复地确认上帝没有耍我， 提早回来却把我给落下了。

I listened for silence as anxiously as one might listen for noise, trying to be sure that the Lord hadn't pulled a fast one on me and decided to come back early.


但是万一他真的早来了， 我也有个后备方案， 是从风靡一时的 《末日迷踪》书里读到的。

And just in case he did, I built a backup plan, by reading the "Left Behind" books that were all the rage at the time.


我在文字中看到， 假如过了午夜的狂欢， 我却没有被带走， 我还有一次机会。

And I found in their pages that if I was not taken in the rapture at midnight, I had another shot.


我只需要不被冠以异教徒之名， 击败恶魔，克服瘟疫， 还要打倒反基督者。

All I had to do was avoid taking the mark of the beast, fight off demons, plagues and the Antichrist himself.


这会相当难—— 但是我相信自己能做到。

It would be hard -- but I knew I could do it.


但是做准备的时间早过了。


我们还剩10分钟， 牧师让我们从长凳上起身， 走到下面的圣坛， 因为他想让我们在 午夜来临的一刻一起祈祷。

We had 10 minutes left, and my pastor called us out of the pews and down to the altar because he wanted to be praying when midnight struck.


于是会众分成几批， 到了指定位置。

So every faction of the congregation took its place.


唱诗班还在小舞台上， 教堂执事和他们的妻子—— 其实我更喜欢叫他们 “浸会资产阶级” 在圣坛前的第一排坐下。

The choir stayed in the choir stand, the deacons and their wives -- or the Baptist Bourgeoisie as I like to call them -- took first position in front of the altar.


你们知道，在美国， 即使是基督复临之夜 都有VIP专座的。

You see, in America, even the Second Coming of Christ has a VIP section.


而就在浸会资产阶级后面的， 是老一辈的人—— 这些男人女人年轻的背脊， 在东德州的棉花田里 被炽烈的阳光晒弯了， 沟壑纵横的面庞 被灼成了高贵的棕色， 就像东德州的陶土一样， 他们对东德州外的生活和世界 那些美好的幻想和梦境， 有时比他们的背脊更加残破。

And right behind the Baptist Bourgeoisie were the elderly -- these men and women whose young backs had been bent under hot suns in the cotton fields of East Texas, and whose skin seemed to be burnt a creaseless noble brown, just like the clay of East Texas, and whose hopes and dreams for what life might become outside of East Texas had sometimes been bent and broken even further than their backs.


是的——这些男人女人， 才是我的偶像、明星。

Yes, these men and women were the stars of the show for me.


他们为了这一刻等了一辈子， 就像他们中世纪的先辈们 渴盼世界末日一样， 就像我的祖母渴盼 奥普拉脱口秀一样， 每天四点在第八频道准时播出。

They had waited their whole lives for this moment, just as their medieval predecessors had longed for the end of the world, and just as my grandmother waited for the Oprah Winfrey Show to come on Channel 8 every day at 4 o'clock.


当她走向圣坛时， 我悄悄溜到她身后， 因为我非常确信， 我的祖母是要上天堂的。

And as she made her way to the altar, I snuck right in behind her, because I knew for sure that my grandmother was going to heaven.


我想，假如我在这次祷告中 紧紧握住她的手， 我可能会跟她一起走。

And I thought that if I held on to her hand during this prayer, I might go right on with her.


于是我抓紧了， 我合上双眼， 倾听， 等待。

So I held on and I closed my eyes to listen, to wait.


回应祷告声的叫喊 同样的更大了。

And the shouts of response to the call of the prayer went up higher even still.


风琴响起，与挽歌的声音交织起来。

And the organ rolled on in to add the dirge.


热浪席卷，手心的汗水更加酸涩。

And the heat came on to add to the sweat.


我的手攥得更紧了， 我不想被上帝遗弃。

And my hand gripped firmer, so I wouldn't be the one left in the field.


我的眼睛闭得更紧了， 我不想看到精华被带走， 糟粕被落下。

My eyes clenched tighter so I wouldn't see the wheat being separated from the chaff.


突然一个声音在头顶回响： “阿门。”

And then a voice rang out above us: "Amen."


我看着长辈信徒们， 他们的救世主没来， 他们太骄傲，以至于 没有展现哪怕一丁点失落， 他们笃信得太深、太久， 现在再怀疑太迟了。

I looked at the elder believers whose savior had not come, who were too proud to show any signs of disappointment, who had believed too much and for too long to start doubting now.


他们被愚弄了， 被哄骗了，被迷惑了， 然而我还跟着他们一起受骗。

They had been duped, hoodwinked, bamboozled, and I had gone right along with them.


我做了他们做的祷告， 我努力地抵抗心中的欲望。

I had prayed their prayers, I had yielded not to temptation as best I could.


我不是一次，而是两次， 一头栽到那个让人感冒的洗礼池里。

I had dipped my head not once, but twice in that snot-inducing baptism pool.


我回家打开电视， 刚好赶上彼得·詹宁斯宣布新千年， 全世界都在欢庆新年。

I got home just in time to turn on the television and watch Peter Jennings announce the new millennium as it rolled in around the world.


我突然发觉，无论怎么想都很奇怪， 耶稣要一次又一次复临人间， 只是因为各地的时区不一样。

It struck me that it would have been strange anyway, for Jesus to come back again and again based on the different time zones.


这让我心里感觉更加难受了， 挺受伤的，真的。

And this made me feel even more ridiculous -- hurt, really.


但就在那一夜，我没有停止相信。

But there on that night, I did not stop believing.


我只是相信了另一件事： 就是“不相信也是可能的”。

I just believed a new thing: that it was possible not to believe.


很可能我所知的答案都是错的， 很可能问题本身就是错的。

It was possible the answers I had were wrong, that the questions themselves were wrong.


现在，曾经耸立着的信仰的山峰， 有一股泉水一直流到山脚， 一股质疑的清泉， 它注定会成为大江大河。

And now, where there was once a mountain of certitude, there was, running right down to its foundation, a spring of doubt, a spring that promised rivers.


我人生中所有的戏剧性故事， 都可以追溯回教堂里那一晚， 那时我的救世主没有到来； 我无比确信的事物， 如果不叫作“谎言”的话， 至少也不是什么真理。

I can trace the whole drama of my life back to that night in that church when my savior did not come for me; when the thing I believed most certainly turned out to be, if not a lie, then not quite the truth.


虽然你们大部分人 迎接千禧年的方式大不相同， 我相信你们在这里， 就是因为你们有些人 做过与我一样的事情， 新世纪的开端之后的事， 我的母亲去世， 父亲离家出走之后的事， 我的救世主没来之后的事。

And even though most of you prepared for Y2K in a very different way, I'm convinced that you are here because some part of you has done the same thing that I have done since the dawn of this new century, since my mother left and my father stayed away and my Lord refused to come.


我伸出双手， 苦苦搜寻一丝能够相信的东西。

And I held out my hand, reaching for something to believe in.


当我18岁时到耶鲁大学时， 我搜寻着， 我相信从德州的小镇一路走来， 我有机会摆脱一切 我所历经的困苦与艰难， 摆脱那些破碎的梦想、 残疾的躯体。

I held on when I arrived at Yale at 18, with the faith that my journey from Oak Cliff, Texas was a chance to leave behind all the challenges I had known, the broken dreams and broken bodies I had seen.


但当我在寒假回到家乡， 我的头被摁在地上， 双手被紧缚在身后， 强盗的手枪顶着我的脑袋， 我就知道，即使是 最好的教育也救不了我。

But when I found myself back home one winter break, with my face planted in the floor, my hands tied behind my back and a burglar's gun pressed to my head, I knew that even the best education couldn't save me.


当我2008年到雷曼兄弟实习时， 我也搜寻着。

I held on when I showed up at Lehman Brothers as an intern in 2008.


充满希望—— 我兴奋地打电话给家人， 说我们永远不会再贫穷了。

So hopeful -- that I called home to inform my family that we'd never be poor again.


但当我眼睁睁看着 这座金融的圣殿 就在我眼前化作断壁残垣， 我就知道，即使是 最好的工作也救不了我。

But as I witnessed this temple of finance come crashing down before my eyes, I knew that even the best job couldn't save me.


当我到华盛顿特区 做一个年轻记者时，我搜寻着， 我听见伊利诺伊州的一个声音： （指奥巴马竞选演说） “时间已经过了太久，” “但就在这次选举， 美国将迎来变革。”

I held on when I showed up in Washington DC as a young staffer, who had heard a voice call out from Illinois, saying, "It's been a long time coming, but in this election, change has come to America."


但当议会工作彻底停滞， 国家几乎分崩离析， 所谓希望和变革 都变成了残酷的冷笑话， 我就知道，即使是 政治的新生也救不了我。

But as the Congress ground to a halt and the country ripped at the seams and hope and change began to feel like a cruel joke, I knew that even the political second coming could not save me.


我在美国梦的圣坛前 虔诚地跪拜着， 向时代的伟人们祈祷， 祈求成功， 祈求金钱， 祈求权势。

I had knelt faithfully at the altar of the American Dream, praying to the gods of my time of success, and money, and power.


但是每一次， 午夜的钟声响起，我睁开双眼， 看见这些神话全都死去了。

But over and over again, midnight struck, and I opened my eyes to see that all of these gods were dead.


从这片坟墓里， 我再一次开始搜寻， 不是因为我很勇敢， 而是因为我知道，我如果没有信仰， 我就会死。

And from that graveyard, I began the search once more, not because I was brave, but because I knew that I would either believe or I would die.


所以我又到了另一处圣地去朝拜， 哈佛商学院—— 这一次，我知道 我不能简单地接受 学院所给予的救赎。

So I took a pilgrimage to yet another mecca, Harvard Business School -- this time, knowing that I could not simply accept the salvation that it claimed to offer.


不，我知道我有更多事要做。


一切始于拥挤的派对上的黑暗角落， 那是在麻省残酷的初冬的一个深夜， 我和三个朋友问了一个问题， 一些有真正追求的年轻人 长久以来都会问： “我们出去自驾游怎样？”

The work began in the dark corner of a crowded party, in the late night of an early, miserable Cambridge winter, when three friends and I asked a question that young folks searching for something real have asked for a very long time: "What if we took a road trip?"


我们不知道要去哪儿、怎么去， 但我们知道我们必须启程。

We didn't know where'd we go or how we'd get there, but we knew we had to do it.


因为我们一生都渴求的， 就像杰克·凯鲁亚克写的： “潜入无尽的暗夜， 消失在遥远的天际。” 出去看看全国各地的人 都在干些什么。

Because all our lives we yearned, as Jack Kerouac wrote, to "sneak out into the night and disappear somewhere," and go find out what everybody was doing all over the country.


所以即使有反对的声音， 说我们冒了太大的险， 也没什么收获， 我们还是启程了。

So even though there were other voices who said that the risk was too great and the proof too thin, we went on anyhow.


我们在2013年夏天 跨美国旅行了13000公里， 走过蒙大拿的奶牛牧场， 走过底特律的废弃都市， 走过新奥尔良的沼泽湿地， 我们在那找到一些人， 为他们打工， 他们创办的小生意， 把实现目标作为底线。

We went on 8,000 miles across America in the summer of 2013, through the cow pastures of Montana, through the desolation of Detroit, through the swamps of New Orleans, where we found and worked with men and women who were building small businesses that made purpose their bottom line.


在“资本主义的西点军校” 学习过后， 我们发觉这个想法简直是革命性的。

And having been trained at the West Point of capitalism, this struck us as a revolutionary idea.


这个想法在传播， 最终成长为一个非营利组织， 名叫“工管硕士走遍美国”， 这也是我今天能够 站在台上的主要原因。

And this idea spread, growing into a nonprofit called MBAs Across America, a movement that landed me here on this stage today.


它能传播是因为 我们在这代人中发现了强烈的渴望， 渴望实现目标、人生价值。

It spread because we found a great hunger in our generation for purpose, for meaning.


它能传播是因为我们在 美国的旮旯角落里， 发现了无数的创业者， 他们创造工作岗位、 改变他人生命， 他们还需要一点点帮助。

It spread because we found countless entrepreneurs in the nooks and crannies of America who were creating jobs and changing lives and who needed a little help.


但是说实话，它能够传播， 也因为我拼命地去传播。 为了传播这福音，

But if I'm being honest, it also spread because I fought to spread it.


没有什么我不去做的事， 为了让更多人相信， 我们可以治愈 这个破碎的国家的伤口， 就依靠一个个小型企业。

There was no length to which I would not go to get more people to believe that we could bind the wounds of a broken country, one social business at a time.


但是就是这个福音传道的过程， 引导我获得一个不太一样的福音， 今天我就要与大家一起分享。

But it was this journey of evangelism that led me to the rather different gospel that I've come to share with you today.


大概在一年前的一个晚上开始， 我们在纽约的自然科学博物馆， 参加哈佛商学院的校友晚宴。

It began one evening almost a year ago at the Museum of Natural History in New York City, at a gala for alumni of Harvard Business School.


在一头鲸鱼的全尺寸模型底下， 我与这个时代的巨擘并排而坐， 他们歌颂着他们的同伴， 还有他们的伟业。

Under a full-size replica of a whale, I sat with the titans of our time as they celebrated their peers and their good deeds.


房间里满是自豪的气息， 这些人名下的资产总额 加起来超过了五千亿美金。

There was pride in a room where net worth and assets under management surpassed half a trillion dollars.


我们俯看一切的造物， 觉得这是善的。

We looked over all that we had made, and it was good.


然而事情就这样发生了， 两天之后， 我去到纽约哈林区， 我坐在一个城市农场里， 那里曾是一片废弃停车场， 听一个名叫托尼的人 讲一些孩子的事， 他们每天都会到那儿去。

But it just so happened, two days later, I had to travel up the road to Harlem, where I found myself sitting in an urban farm that had once been a vacant lot, listening to a man named Tony tell me of the kids that showed up there every day.


他们所有人都在贫困线以下。

All of them lived below the poverty line.


很多人把自己一切的财物 都装在背包里， 生怕在收容所被别人偷走了。

Many of them carried all of their belongings in a backpack to avoid losing them in a homeless shelter.


有些人来到托尼的农场， 名字叫做“哈林成长”， 来获取他们每天唯一的一餐饭。

Some of them came to Tony's program, called Harlem Grown, to get the only meal they had each day.


托尼告诉我，他启动“哈林成长” 靠的都是自己的养老金， 他当了20年的出租车司机。

Tony told me that he started Harlem Grown with money from his pension, after 20 years as a cab driver.


他说他没给自己留一分钱， 因为虽然项目算是成功， 但资源还是极其匮乏。

He told me that he didn't give himself a salary, because despite success, the program struggled for resources.


他说，他所能找到的任何帮助， 他都会接受。

He told me that he would take any help that he could get.


但当我离开托尼时， 我心中一阵刺痛，泪水沾湿眼角。

But as I left Tony, I felt the sting and salt of tears welling up in my eyes.


我感受到了启迪的重担， 一天晚上我可以坐在房间里， 与价值五千亿美金的几百人 畅谈美好世界， 然而两天后的另一个房间里， 只有50个街区的距离， 一个没有薪水的男人 要为孩子提供每天唯一的一餐饭。

I felt the weight of revelation that I could sit in one room on one night, where a few hundred people had half a trillion dollars, and another room, two days later, just 50 blocks up the road, where a man was going without a salary to get a child her only meal of the day.


然而不是这种刺眼的社会不平等 令我热泪盈眶， 也并不是这些 饥饿、无家可归的孩子们， 也不是对于1%的人的怒火， 或是对99%的人的怜悯。

And it wasn't the glaring inequality that made me want to cry, it wasn't the thought of hungry, homeless kids, it wasn't rage toward the one percent or pity toward the 99.


不，我心中不能平静 是因为我终于意识到， 这个国家需要一次彻底变革， 而我只是小修小补而已。

No, I was disturbed because I had finally realized that I was the dialysis for a country that needed a kidney transplant.


我意识到，我的故事代表了一群人， 人们希望他们能够自力更生， 即使他们一穷二白； 我的组织所代表的， 是一切基础的、系统的帮助， 却从未到达哈林区， 或是阿巴拉契亚山区和 新奥尔良下九区； 我的呐喊代表了一些声音， 那些听起来毫无内涵、 未加修饰、格格不入的声音。

I realized that my story stood in for all those who were expected to pick themselves up by their bootstraps, even if they didn't have any boots; that my organization stood in for all the structural, systemic help that never went to Harlem or Appalachia or the Lower 9th Ward; that my voice stood in for all those voices that seemed too unlearned, too unwashed, too unaccommodated.


而这种羞耻感， 这种羞耻感洗刷了我， 就像那时坐在电视机前的羞耻感， 看彼得·詹宁斯宣布新千年， 一遍， 一遍， 又一遍。

And the shame of that, that shame washed over me like the shame of sitting in front of the television, watching Peter Jennings announce the new millennium again and again and again.


我被愚弄了， 被哄骗了， 被迷惑了，

I had been duped, hoodwinked, bamboozled.


但是这次，虚伪的救世主却是我自己。


你们知道，我从那个圣坛一路走来， 那个晚上我觉得世界要毁灭了， 从一个使用各种方言的小镇走来， 以为苦难是上帝给人类的恩赐， 还把它当作信条，当作永恒的真理。

You see, I've come a long way from that altar on the night I thought the world would end, from a world where people spoke in tongues and saw suffering as a necessary act of God and took a text to be infallible truth.


是的，我的旅程太长了， 以至于我一路兜回了原点。

Yes, I've come so far that I'm right back where I started.


因为我们不能简单概括， 说这个时代没有信仰。 不，我们与以往任何时候一样 都在相信一些东西。

Because it simply is not true to say that we live in an age of disbelief -- no, we believe today just as much as any time that came before.


有些人可能会相信 布琳·布朗或是 托尼·罗宾斯的预言。 我们可能会相信 《纽约客》或是 《哈佛商业评论》的箴言。

Some of us may believe in the prophecy of Brené Brown We may believe in the bible of The New Yorker or the Harvard Business Review.


我们可能无比的相信 我们在TED的教堂里 所崇拜的事物， 但我们极度地想得要信仰， 我们需要信仰。

We may believe most deeply when we worship right here at the church of TED, but we desperately want to believe, we need to believe.


我们模仿 魅力四射的领导者的言谈举止， 他们承诺解决人类一切问题。

We speak in the tongues of charismatic leaders that promise to solve all our problems.


我们觉得苦难是 资本主义“上帝”给我们的恩赐， 我们把科技发展当作信条， 当作永恒的真理。

We see suffering as a necessary act of the capitalism that is our god, we take the text of technological progress to be infallible truth.


但是我们从来没意识到 我们付出的人道的代价， 我们不会质疑一块砖头， 因为我们害怕整栋大楼都会倒塌。

And we hardly realize the human price we pay when we fail to question one brick, because we fear it might shake our whole foundation.


但如果你对我们习以为常的 这些违背天理的事情 感到心有不安， 质疑的时候就一定来临了。

But if you are disturbed by the unconscionable things that we have come to accept, then it must be questioning time.


所以我传布的福音 不是什么突破、创新， 或是可持续发展。

So I have not a gospel of disruption or innovation or a triple bottom line.


我甚至没有什么信仰的福音 要与大家分享。

I do not have a gospel of faith to share with you today, in fact.


我唯有的，就是质疑的福音。


质疑的福音不是让你停止相信， 它请求你相信一个新东西： “不相信也是可能的。”

The gospel of doubt does not ask that you stop believing, it asks that you believe a new thing: that it is possible not to believe.


很可能我们所知的答案都是错的， 很可能问题本身就是错的。

It is possible the answers we have are wrong, it is possible the questions themselves are wrong.


是的，质疑的福音可能意味着， 我们的存在，在这个舞台上， 在这个房间里， 全都错了。

Yes, the gospel of doubt means that it is possible that we, on this stage, in this room, are wrong.


因为它引出了一个问题： “为什么？”


我们手上拥有如此强大的力量， 为什么还有人在水深火热之中？

With all the power that we hold in our hands, why are people still suffering so bad?


这种质疑让我做出了一个决定， 我创立的组织， “工管硕士走遍美国”， 要停止运营了。

This doubt leads me to share that we are putting my organization, MBAs Across America, out of business.


我们已经解散了员工， 关门大吉了， 我们把这种模式向所有人开放， 只要他们觉得自己有能力去做， 就不需经过我们的批准。

We have shed our staff and closed our doors and we will share our model freely with anyone who sees their power to do this work without waiting for our permission.


这种质疑迫使我 摘掉别人扣在我头上的 “救世主”的帽子， 因为我们的人生太短，几率太低， 根本等不到基督复临， 事实就是，这世上是没有奇迹的。

This doubt compels me to renounce the role of savior that some have placed on me, because our time is too short and our odds are too long to wait for second comings, when the truth is that there will be no miracles here.


而这种质疑，它驱动着我， 它给予我希望， 当困难即将压垮我们， 当命运的道路看似 要将我们引入歧途， 当我们的救世主无法治愈创伤， 并不是我们盲目的信仰， 而是我们简单的质疑， 会向我们生命和世界的黑暗中， 洒下一点点光明。 让我们轻声细语，

And this doubt, it fuels me, it gives me hope that when our troubles overwhelm us, when the paths laid out for us seem to lead to our demise, when our healers bring no comfort to our wounds, it will not be our blind faith -- no, it will be our humble doubt that shines a little light into the darkness of our lives and of our world and lets us raise our voice to whisper


呐喊也行， 或是简单的说， 非常简单的说： “一定，还有另一条路。”

or to shout or to say simply, very simply, "There must be another way."


世界上的某些地方 食物太匮乏， 某些地方食物产量丰富。

Some places in the world it's too little food, maybe too much.


有些地方，转基因食物拯救了世界。


也许转基因食物是个问题？


太多的转基因农业废水 制造了污染的海洋、有毒的海水， 营养稀薄。

Too much agricultural runoff creating bad oceans, toxic oceans, attenuation of nutrition.


我发现，当今的讨论 实在是太没有影响力了。

And I find the current climate of this discussion incredibly disempowering.


我们要如何让这样的讨论 为大家所理解呢？

So how do we bring that to something that we understand?


我确定，在过去的一周里 你们每个人都吃了一个苹果。

You've all eaten an apple in the last week, I'm sure.


你认为苹果从采摘 到你手中花了多久呢？

How old do you think it was from when it was picked?


11个月 -- 这就是美国商场中售卖的 苹果从采摘到出售的平均时间。

Eleven months -- the average age of an apple in a grocery store in the United States.


我想，在欧洲应该也差不多 在世界各地都差不多。

And I don't expect it to be much different in Europe or anywhere else in the world.


我们采摘苹果， 把它们冷藏保存， 往冷藏柜中输入氧气-- 事实上有文件记录表明 曾有工人试图进入这样的环境 来取回一个苹果， 然后死亡， 因为身处这样环境下的冷藏库中 冷藏库里的空气对人来来说 是有毒性的。

We pick them, we put them in cold storage, we gas the cold storage -- there's actually documented proof of workers trying to go into these environments to retrieve an apple, and dying, because the atmosphere that they slow down the process of the apple with is also toxic to humans.


为什么你们中没有人知道这件事？


苹果中90%的养分-- 苹果中所有的抗氧化剂-- 在我们购买时全部流失完了。

Ninety percent of the quality of that apple -- all of the antioxidants -- are gone by the time we get it.


我们为什么不知道这些消息？ 要怎样改善这样的状况？

How did we get so information poor and how can we do better?


我认为我们缺少了一个平台。


我知道平台--我会使用电脑， 我很年轻的时候 就在网络上活动。

I know platforms -- I know computers, they put me on the Internet when I was young.


我做过很多非常怪异的事情-- 在这样的平台上。

I did very weird things -- on this platform.


但我也遇见了其他人， 我能够表达自己的想法。

But I met people, and I could express myself.


如果我们有一个平台， 我们也许会发现 这个问题非常有利 “假如？”

If we had a platform, we might feel empowered to question: What if?


我想问： 如果气候是民主的？

For me, I questioned: What if climate was democratic?


这是一张全球气候分布图。

So, this is a map of climate in the world.


最高效的农业生产地区是绿色的， 最差的是红色。

The most productive areas in green, the least productive in red.


它们会不断变动，变化， 加州的农民现在变成墨西哥农民。

They shift and they change, and Californian farmers now become Mexican farmers.


中国获得巴西的土地 以求种出更好的食物， 我们都是环境的奴隶。

China picks up land in Brazil to grow better food, and we're a slave to climate.


如果每个国家都有自己 适合生产的气候？

What if each country had its own productive climate?


那会如何改变我们的生活呢？

What would that change about how we live?


那将如何改变我们 生活和营养的质量？

What would that change about quality of life and nutrition?


上一代人遇到的问题是， 我们需要更多食物 并且价格低廉。

The last generation's problem was, we need more food and we need it cheap.


我们建造了一个巨大的模拟农场。


这些线条轨迹-- 是车、飞机、火车 和汽车。

All these traces -- these are cars, planes, trains and automobiles.


能够提供足够的食物给70亿人， 这是一个奇迹， 在只有很少人参与到 食品制作过程中的情况下。

It's a miracle that we feed seven billion people with just a few of us involved in the production of food.


如果你能够拿这个苹果， 在某种程度上，将其数字化， 通过空气中的质点传送， 然后在另一边将质点重组？

What if you could take this apple, digitize it somehow, send it through particles in the air and reconstitute it on the other side?


看一看这些引述的话， 你知道，它们鼓励了我这样做。

Going through some of these quotes, you know, they inspire me to do what I do.


第一条： “日本农业没有年轻人，没有水， 没有地，也没有未来。” 这是我到达南三陆町的那天， 也就是福岛再往南一站， 在核电站事故之后。

First one: ["Japanese farming has no youth, no water, no land and no future."] That's what I landed to the day that I went to Minamisanriku, one stop south of Fukushima, after the disaster.


孩子们都去了仙台和东京， 土地被核电站事故污染了， 他们的食品进口量达 70%。

The kids have headed to Sendai and Tokyo, the land is contaminated, they already import 70 percent of their own food.


但这并不是日本独有的现象。


美国人中只有 2% 的人口 从事与农业相关工作。

Two percent of the American population is involved in farming.


人口数中 2% 的人从事农业 带给我们什么答案？

What good answer comes from two percent of any population?


我们看看世界上别的地方， 50% 的非洲人口是 18 岁以下。

As we go around the world, 50 percent of the African population is under 18.


他们中的 80% 不愿意成为农民。

Eighty percent don't want to be farmers.


The life of a small-shareholder farmer is miserable.


在印度： 农民的家人无法获取 最基础的农用器具， 自杀的农民数量多于 过去 10 年的数量。

In India: farmers' families not being able to have basic access to utilities, more farmer suicides this year and the previous 10 before that.


没有年轻人， 年轻人都去城市了。

No young people, and everyone's headed in.


那我们要搭建一个怎样的平台 来鼓励年轻人呢？

So how do we build this platform that inspires the youth?


数年前， 我去家居连锁店 开始寻觅工具。

A number of years ago now, I went to Bed Bath and Beyond and Home Depot and I started hacking.


我制作过愚蠢的东西 我让植物跳舞 将它们与我的电脑相连 然后我摧毁了它们-- 很多。

And I built silly things and I made plants dance and I attached them to my computer and I killed them all -- a lot.


我创造了我人生中 一种最亲密的关系， 因为我最学习植物的语言。

And I created one of the most intimate relationships I've ever had in my life, because I was learning the language of plants.


他们说，“孩子，全力以赴吧！


这间没有人使用的电子工作室。

Here's an old electronics room that nobody wants.


和团队成员一起，我们在 媒体实验室里搭建了一个农场， 一个过去被认为和电子化生活有关 而不是生物有关的地方。

With my team, we built a farm inside of the media lab, a place historically known not for anything about biology but everything about digital life.


在这个 60 平方米的空间里， 我们制作了足够供应 大约 300 人 1 个月的口粮-- 并不是太多。

Inside of these 60 square feet, we produced enough food to feed about 300 people once a month -- not a lot of food.


And there's a lot of interesting technology in there.


漂亮的，白色的根茎， 深绿色的植物 每月一次的收获。

Beautiful, white roots, deep, green colors and a monthly harvest.


我能确定的是： 这是第一次 在媒体实验室里 可以将任何植物连根拔起。

I can tell you one thing for sure: this is the first time anybody in the media lab ripped the roots off of anything.


我们把沙拉装进袋子里； 没什么不对的。

We get our salad in bags; there's nothing wrong with that.


但会发生什么呢 当你有一个图像处理专家， 一个数据科学家， 一个机器人专家， 连根拔起植物然后想， “嗯，我知道有关-- 我能让计划实现，我想试一试。”

But what happens when you have an image-based processing expert, a data scientist, a roboticist, ripping roots off and thinking, "Huh. I know something about -- I could make this happen, I want to try."


在整个过程中 我们会把植物拿出去 也会把一些重新拿回实验室， 因为如果是你亲自种植的， 不会把它抛弃； 因为它对你来说是珍贵的。

In that process we would bring the plants out and we would take some back to the lab, because if you grew it, you don't throw it away; it's kind of precious to you.


我现在有这个奇怪的舌头， 因为我不想任何人在我之前 吃到它们， 我希望这是好吃的。

I have this weird tongue now, because I'm afraid to let anybody eat anything until I've eaten it first, because I want it to be good.


我每天都吃生菜 我能知道生菜的PH值小于1

So I eat lettuce every day and I can tell the pH of a lettuce within .1.


我现在是这样，“不，那是6.1 -- 不不 今天你不能吃它。”

I'm like, "No, that's 6.1 -- no, no, you can't eat it today."


（鼓掌） 这棵生菜那天非常甜。


那是因为生菜感到很大的压力 它自体生产出化学反应 来保护自己： “我不想死！”

It was hyper sweet because the plant had been stressed and it created a chemical reaction in the plant to protect itself: "I'm not going to die!"


植物那种不想死的口味 尝起来是甜的。

And the plants not-going-to-die, taste sweet to me.


科学家们重新回到研究 植物生理学上来。

Technologists falling backwards into plant physiology.


我想，大家都能试着参与。

So we thought other people needed to be able to try this.


我们期待看到大家的创作， 因此我们构想了一个 能够被运送到其他地方的实验室。

We want to see what people can create, so we conceived of a lab that could be shipped anywhere.


这个媒体实验大楼的正面 是我的实验室， 每株植物都有30个感应点。

So on the facade of the media lab is my lab, that has about 30 points of sensing per plant.


如果你了解基因组或是遗传学， 这就是表型组，对吧？

If you know about the genome or genetics, this is the phenome, right?


当你说，“我喜欢 墨西哥产的草莓，” 你真正喜欢的是 在那样的气候条件下 生产出来的草莓。

When you say, "I like the strawberries from Mexico," you really like the strawberries from the climate that produced the expression that you like.


你可以把这样的气候编码 -- 多少二氧化碳，多少氧气 创建的菜谱--你可以通过编程 来控制植物的呈现状态， 和营养含量， 植物的尺寸，形状，颜色和质感。

So if you're coding climate -- this much CO2, this much O2 creates a recipe -- you're coding the expression of that plant, the nutrition of that plant, the size of that plant, the shape, the color, the texture.


我们需要数据， 所以我们放了很多感应仪 来为我们提供数据。

We need data, so we put a bunch of sensors in there to tell us what's going on.


你可以回想一下家里的植物， 你看着家里的植物 很悲伤，因为你想 “为什么你死了呢？ 你会跟我说话吗？”

If you think of your houseplants, and you look at your houseplant and you're super sad, because you're like, "Why are you dying? Won't you talk to me?"


农民有着能预知未来的 最美的眼睛， 当他们在六七十岁的时候，

Farmers develop the most beautiful fortune-telling eyes by the time they're in their late 60s and 70s.


他们能够告诉你 那株植物死亡 是因为土壤缺氮，缺钙， 或是它需要更加湿润的空气环境。

They can tell you when you see that plant dying that it's a nitrogen deficiency, a calcium deficiency or it needs more humidity.


这些美丽的眼睛 不会传下去。

Those beautiful eyes are not being passed down.


These are eyes in the cloud of a farmer.


我们会持续收集数据信息。


我们把这些数据点和 单独的植物联合。

We correlate those data points to individual plants.


这些是那天我实验室里 所有花椰菜的 IP 地址数据。

These are all the broccoli in my lab that day, by IP address.


我们有可追踪 IP 地址的花椰菜。


（鼓掌） 如果这还不够怪异的话， 你可以点击这里 看到植物的档案。

So if that's not weird enough, you can click one and you get a plant profile.


这向你展现了 那株植物可下载的生长过程， 不是你想象的那样， 不仅仅是在可食用的时候 通知你。

And what this tells you is downloadable progress on that plant, but not like you'd think, it's not just when it's ready.


它的养分什么时候 达到我的需求？

When does it achieve the nutrition that I need?


它的味道什么时候 符合我的期待？

When does it achieve the taste that I desire?


它能够和我对话， 可以沟通， 我们可以语言对话。

It can talk to me, it's conversant, we have a language.


（鼓掌） 我想，那是第一个 植物脸书的用户吧？

I think of that as the first user on the plant Facebook, right?


那时植物的档案 植物会开始交朋友。

That's a plant profile and that plant will start making friends.


我是说真的--植物会开始 和那些使用较少量氮，多一些磷， 少些钾的植物交朋友。

And I mean it -- it will make friends with other plants that use less nitrogen, more phosphorus, less potassium.


我们将会开始了解那些复杂的事 现在只能靠猜想的事。

We're going to learn about a complexity that we can only guess at now.


它们也许不会和我们友好-- 我不知道，也许它们也会和我们交好， 这取决于我们的行为。

And they may not friend us back -- I don't know, they might friend us back, it depends on how we act.


这有点儿更加系统化， 我的背景是设计医院的数据中心， 我知道如何创建一个 可控的环境。

It's a little bit more systematized, my background is designing data centers in hospitals of all things, so I know a little bit about creating a controlled environment.


于是 -- 在这个环境里， 我们实验各种各样的东西。

And so -- inside of this environment, we're experimenting with all kinds of things.


这个程序，空气种植法， 是 NASA 为了米尔空间站开发出来的， 能够减少他们需要传送到太空的水资源量。

This process, aeroponics, was developed by NASA for Mir Space Station for reducing the amount of water they send into space.


这个程序做的事是准确提供给植物 它们想要的东西。 水，矿物质和氧气。

What it really does is give the plant exactly what it wants: water, minerals and oxygen.


根部没有那么复杂， 当你把这些输送给它们的时候， 你就能看到令人吃惊的效果。

Roots are not that complicated, so when you give them that, you get this amazing expression.


正因为有两个心脏， 它呈现 4-5 倍的高速增长。

And because it has two hearts, it grows four or five times faster.


我们经历了漫长的技术发展 寻求一个不同的世界 我们将持续这样做， 但我们也会有新的工具， 这会是个完美的世界。

We've gone a long way into technology and seed for an adverse world and we're going to continue to do that, but we're going to have a new tool, too, which is perfect world.


我们种植各种各样的东西。


这些番茄在过去的 150 年间 都没有投入商业化生产。

These tomatoes hadn't been in commercial production for 150 years.


你知道我们有少见的，古旧的 种子银行吗？

Do you know that we have rare and ancient seed banks?


它们有活着的种质 你没有吃过的食物。

They have germplasm alive and things that you've never eaten.


我是这个房间中唯一一个 吃过这种番茄的人。

I am the only person in this room that's eaten that kind of tomato.


问题是，这是酱汁番茄 我们不知道如何料理， 因此觉得酱汁番茄 似乎并不好吃。

Problem is it was a sauce tomato and we don't know how to cook, so we ate a sauce tomato, which is not that great.


但是我们种过各种 含蛋白质的东西。

But we've done things with protein -- we've grown all kinds of things.


我们种植过人类 -- 也许你能，但我们不行。

We've grown humans -- Well maybe you could, but we didn't.


我们意识到， 工具太大了，也太贵了。

But what we realized is, the tool was too big, it was too expensive.


我开始把它们放置在世界各地 价值大约 10 万美金。

I was starting to put them around the world and they were about 100,000 dollars.


要找能随意支配 10 万美金的人并不容易， 所以我们想要制作小型的工具。

Finding somebody with 100 grand in their back pocket isn't easy, so we wanted to make a small one.


这事实上 是我一个学生的项目-- 机械工程系本科生，卡米尔

This project was actually one of my student's -- mechanical engineering undergraduate, Camille.


卡米尔和我，以及我的团队， 我们花了整个暑假重复试验， 如何让它更便宜， 如何更好地运作， 如何让他人也能够学会操作。

So Camille and I and my team, we iterated all summer, how to make it cheaper, how to make it work better, how to make it so other people can make it.


然后我们把这些工具 送到学校给7到11级的孩子们。

Then we dropped them off in schools, seventh through eleventh grade.


如果你想要变得谦逊， 试着去教孩子做些什么吧。

And if you want to be humbled, try to teach a kid something.


我去到这个学校，说到， “将它的湿度设定在65%”

So I went into this school and I said, "Set it to 65 percent humidity."


7年级的一个孩子问， “什么湿度？”

The seventh grader said, "What's humidity?"


于是我说，“哦，是空气中的水。”


他说，“空气中根本没有水， 你这个笨蛋。”

He said, "There's no water in air, you're an idiot."


于是我说，“好吧，别信我。

And I was like, "Alright, don't trust me.


事实上-- 别信我，对吗？


他把湿度设定到100， 发生了什么呢？


开始凝结，产生雾气， 最终开始滴水。

It starts to condense, make a fog and eventually drip.


然后他说， “哦，湿度是雨。


你之前为什么不这样跟我说呢？”


我们创作的界面 看起来像是一个游戏。

We've created an interface for this that's much like a game.


它们有 3D 环境， 能够在世界各地登录 从手机上，电脑上。

They have a 3D environment, they can log into it anywhere in the world on their smartphone, on their tablet.


程序里面有不同的部分-- 物理调节，感应器。

They have different parts of the bots -- the physical, the sensors.


他们选择了世界上 其他地区孩童们 已经创造的菜谱。

They select recipes that have been created by other kids anywhere in the world.


他们选择并激活菜谱， 种下种子。

They select and activate that recipe, they plant a seedling.


当种子生长的时候， 孩子们可以做出变化。


他们说，“植物为什么需要二氧化碳呢？ 二氧化碳不是坏东西吗？

They're like, "Why does a plant need CO2 anyway? Isn't CO2 bad?


提高二氧化碳的供应量，植物死了。


降低二氧化碳的量，植物活得很好。

Or crank down CO2, plant does very well.


收获植物， 你创建了新的电子菜谱。

Harvest plant, and you've created a new digital recipe.


这是个反复的设计和发展 以及探索的过程。

It's an iterative design and development and exploration process.


他们可以下载 他们开发的新植物的 所有数据， 或是新的电子菜谱 它做了些什么-- 是更好还是更坏呢？

They can download, then, all of the data about that new plant that they developed or the new digital recipe and what did it do -- was it better or was it worse?


想象这些是加工处理的 一个个核心要素。

Imagine these as little cores of processing.


这是一个我们称之为 食物计算机， 在一个学校里放了三周。

Here's one of the food computers, as we call them, in a school in three weeks' time.


更重要的是， 这是第一次， 这个孩子认为他能够当农民-- 或是，他想要成为一位农民。

But more importantly, it was the first time that this kid ever thought he could be a farmer -- or that he would want to be a farmer.


所以我们把这些资源公开。


都放在网上；回家，试着搭建 你的第一台食物计算机。

It's all online; go home, try to build your first food computer.


这会很难-- 我这样告诉你。

It's going to be difficult -- I'm just telling you.


我们正在起步阶段， 但资源都在那里。

We're in the beginning, but it's all there.


对我来说，让这些很容易取得 是非常重要的。

It's very important to me that this is easily accessible.


这些是农民， 电子工程师，机械工程师， 环境工程师， 电脑科学家， 植物学家， 经济学家，城市规划师。

These are farmers, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, environmental engineer, computer scientist, plant scientist, economist, urban planners.


在一个平台上， 做他们各自擅长的事情。

On one platform, doing what they're good at.


这是我的新实验设备 正在开始运作。

This is my new facility that I'm just starting.


这个仓库可以建在任何地方。


在这个仓库里面 我们要搭建这样的架子。

And inside of this warehouse we're going to build something kind of like this.


一个种植绿色蔬菜， 一个种植伊波拉病毒疫苗。

One grows greens, one grows Ebola vaccine.


很棒的是，植物和这个 美国国防部高级研究计划局优胜项目 是我们研究伊波拉病毒 卓有成效的原因。

Pretty amazing that plants and this DARPA Grand Challenge winner is one of the reasons we're getting ahead of Ebola.


这些植物正在产生 对抗伊波拉病毒的蛋白质。

The plants are producing the protein that's Ebola resistant.


所以药品和保健品， 再到生菜种植。

So pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, all they way down to lettuce.


但这两件事看起来 完全不一样， 那就是我在我自身领域的部分。

But these two things look nothing alike, and that's where I am with my field.


但很多事并不是想象的那样。


我们还在“我们是对的”这个阶段 就像是，“这是我的小黑盒子 --” “不，买我的。”

We're in that weird "We're alright" stage and it's like, "Here's my black box --" "No, buy mine."


“不，不，不 -- 我的知识产权 绝对的有价值。

"No, no, no -- I've got intellectual property that's totally valuable.


事实上是， 我们只是在开始阶段， 这个时候，社会也在变化中。

And the reality is, we're just at the beginning, in a time when society is shifting, too.


当我们要更多，更便宜的食物， 我们现在需要更优质， 环境友好的食物。

When we ask for more, cheaper food, we're now asking for better, environmentally friendly food.


但你看到麦当劳广告宣传 麦乐鸡的成分， 人类历史上最神秘的食物 -- 麦当劳的市场广告计划 正在改变 -- 所有事情都在改变着。

And when you have McDonald's advertising what's in the Chicken McNugget, the most mysterious food item of all time -- they are now basing their marketing plan on that -- everything is changing.


个人食物计算机， 食物服务器， 食物数据中心， 在公开表型组运作。

Personal food computers, food servers and food data centers run on the open phenome.


就像公开基因组，但我们要 把小小的气候食谱综整起来， 像是维基百科那样， 你可以推翻，开动，种植。

Think open genome, but we're going to put little climate recipes, like Wikipedia, that you can pull down, actuate and grow.


你记得世界是由细绳连接起来的？

You remember the world connected by strings?


我们开始发送关于食物的信息， 而不是分发食物。

We start sending information about food, rather than sending food.


这不仅仅是我的幻想， 这是我们已经在开展的工作。

This is not just my fantasy, this is where we're already deploying.


食物计算机，食物服务器， 很快有的食物数据中心， 把人们连结在一起分享信息。

Food computers, food servers, soon-to-be food data centers, connecting people together to share information.


食物的未来不是其错误奋战，

The future of food is not about fighting over what's wrong with this.


未来的食物关乎 连结下一代 10 亿农民， 并且用问答的平台来 赋予他们力量， “如果？”

The future of food is about networking the next one billion farmers and empowering them with a platform to ask and answer the question, "What if?"


有些时候 身为一个欧洲人 我感到非常羞愧

There are times when I feel really quite ashamed to be a European.


在去年 超过一百万人到达欧洲需要我们的帮助 而我们的反应呢 坦白说 是很可悲的

In the last year, more than a million people arrived in Europe in need of our help, and our response, frankly, has been pathetic.


我们哀悼 两岁男童艾伦 科迪的惨死 然而 从那之后 超过两百个孩子 接连溺亡于地中海

We mourn the tragic death of two-year-old Alan Kurdi, and yet, since then, more than 200 children have subsequently drowned in the Mediterranean.


我们有国际公约 承认接收难民是各国共同承担的责任 然而我们却接受面积狭小的黎巴嫩 接收的叙利亚人比整个欧洲 接收的数量还要多

We have international treaties that recognize that refugees are a shared responsibility, and yet we accept that tiny Lebanon hosts more Syrians than the whole of Europe combined.


我们痛斥人口走私的存在 然而我们却使它成为 在欧洲寻求庇护的唯一可行之路

We lament the existence of human smugglers, and yet we make that the only viable route to seek asylum in Europe.


我们劳动力短缺 然而我们却阻止那些 能满足我们经济和人口建设需求的人们 进入欧洲

We have labor shortages, and yet we exclude people who fit our economic and demographic needs from coming to Europe.


我们声称 我们自由主义的价值观 与伊斯兰原旨派所奉行的相反 然而-- 我们用高压政策 扣押儿童避难寻求者 使孩子与他们的家庭分离 强行没收难民财产

We proclaim our liberal values in opposition to fundamentalist Islam, and yet -- we have repressive policies that detain child asylum seekers, that separate children from their families, and that seize property from refugees.


情况是如何发展到这般地步的 我们正在以一种不人道的方式 应对一场人道主义危机

How has the situation come to this, that we've adopted such an inhumane response to a humanitarian crisis?


我不相信是因为 人们不关心 至少 我不愿相信如此

I don't believe it's because people don't care, or at least I don't want to believe it's because people don't care.


我认为这是由于 我们的政治家们缺乏远见 缺乏如何适应五十年前提出的 为了应对一个不断变化和全球化的

I believe it's because our politicians lack a vision, a vision for how to adapt an international refugee system created over 50 years ago for a changing and globalized world.


国际难民体系 所以我想做的是 退后一步 提出两个非常基本的问题 这是我们都必须了解的问题

And so what I want to do is take a step back and ask two really fundamental questions, the two questions we all need to ask.


首先 为什么现有的体系不起作用

First, why is the current system not working?


现代难民体系 是在二战后制定的 由这些人

So the modern refugee regime was created in the aftermath of the Second World War by these guys.


它的初衷是为了确保 当某个国家崩溃 或者更糟 政权与该国人民敌对 这些人民可以有地方去投奔 在那里安全而有尊严地生活 直到他们可以回到家乡

Its basic aim is to ensure that when a state fails, or worse, turns against its own people, people have somewhere to go, to live in safety and dignity until they can go home.


这恰恰与我们今天在叙利亚看到的情况一样

It was created precisely for situations like the situation we see in Syria today.


通过由147个政府共同签署的国际会议 1951年 关于难民地位的公约 以及一个国际组织联合国难民署 UNHCR 承诺在成员国相互之间 允许别国人进入其领土 逃离战乱纷争和迫害

Through an international convention signed by 147 governments, the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees, and an international organization, UNHCR, states committed to reciprocally admit people onto their territory who flee conflict and persecution.


但现在 这个体系正在崩溃


理论上 难民有权寻求庇护

In theory, refugees have a right to seek asylum.


现实中 我们的移民政策阻挡了 这条通向安全的道路

In practice, our immigration policies block the path to safety.


理论上 难民有权寻求平等对待 或有权选择回到他们的祖国

In theory, refugees have a right to a pathway to integration, or return to the country they've come from.


但实际操作中 他们被困于一种 几乎是无限期的停滞状态

But in practice, they get stuck in almost indefinite limbo.


理论上 难民问题是各国均担的责任

In theory, refugees are a shared global responsibility.


实际中 地理位置意味着 临近纷争的国家 超负荷地接收绝大部分难民

In practice, geography means that countries proximate the conflict take the overwhelming majority of the world's refugees.


原有的难民体系的规定 并不是导致其崩溃的原因

The system isn't broken because the rules are wrong.


而是我们并没有随着世界的变化而足够运用 那是我们需要重新考虑的

It's that we're not applying them adequately to a changing world, and that's what we need to reconsider.


因此我希望向你们解释一下 现今的系统是如何工作的

So I want to explain to you a little bit about how the current system works.


现在的难民接收体系是怎样运转的

How does the refugee regime actually work?


但这不是从上而下的宏观角度 而是从难民个体的角度

But not from a top-down institutional perspective, rather from the perspective of a refugee.


所以 想象一个叙利亚女人


阿米拉代表着我在该地区遇见的诸多难民

And Amira to me represents many of the people I've met in the region.


阿米拉 如同世界上约四分之一的难民一样 是一个女人带着孩子 她没法回家 因为她的城市 你现在看到的 霍姆斯市 曾经美丽而富历史气息的城市 现在满目疮痍

Amira, like around 25 percent of the world's refugees, is a woman with children, and she can't go home because she comes from this city that you see before you, Homs, a once beautiful and historic city now under rubble.


阿米拉也同时没有希望去第三国重新定居 因为那就像中彩票 世界上只有不到百分之一的难民才可能获得

But Amira also has no hope of resettlement to a third country, because that's a lottery ticket only available to less than one percent of the world's refugees.


所以阿米拉和她的家人 面对一个几乎不可能的选择

So Amira and her family face an almost impossible choice.


第一个是阿米拉可以带着她的家人去难民营

The first option is that Amira can take her family to a camp.


在难民营 她可能会得到帮助 但对于阿米拉和她的家人 前景非常渺茫

In the camp, she might get assistance, but there are very few prospects for Amira and her family.


营地位于荒凉贫瘠之地 通常是沙漠之中

Camps are in bleak, arid locations, often in the desert.


在约旦的扎塔利那民营 你可以在夜间 听到跨越叙利亚国境线的炮弹声

In the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, you can hear the shells across the border in Syria at nighttime.


而且在全世界 约有百分之八十左右在难民营的难民 不得不在待在那里至少五年的时间

And around the world, some 80 percent of refugees who are in camps have to stay for at least five years.


这是悲惨的地方 这也可能解释了为什么在现实中 仅有百分之九的叙利亚人选择了这个选项

It's a miserable existence, and that's probably why, in reality, only nine percent of Syrians choose that option.


或者阿米拉可以前往城市 邻国的某个城市区域 比如安曼或贝鲁特

Alternatively, Amira can head to an urban area in a neighboring country, like Amman or Beirut.


百分之七十五的叙利亚难民选择这个选项

That's an option that about 75 percent of Syrian refugees have taken.


但即使在那里 也是困难重重

But there, there's great difficulty as well.


城市内的难民通常没有工作的权利

Refugees in such urban areas don't usually have the right to work.


他们通常没有获得援助的渠道

They don't usually get significant access to assistance.


所以当阿米拉和她的家庭用光了基本储蓄后 他们所剩无几 很可能面对贫困

And so when Amira and her family have used up their basic savings, they're left with very little and likely to face urban destitution.


还有第三个选项 被越来越多的叙利亚人选择

So there's a third alternative, and it's one that increasing numbers of Syrians are taking.


阿米拉可以为她的家庭寻求希望 踏上一条可能葬送生命的危险旅程 到另一个国家去 这就是我们今天在欧洲看到的情形

Amira can seek some hope for her family by risking their lives on a dangerous and perilous journey to another country, and it's that which we're seeing in Europe today.


全球范围内 我们留给难民一个几乎不可能的选择 在这三种选项中 难民营 城市贫困 和危险的旅程

Around the world, we present refugees with an almost impossible choice between three options: encampment, urban destitution and dangerous journeys.


对于难民来说 这个选择就是现今的全球难民体制

For refugees, that choice is the global refugee regime today.


但我觉得这是一个错误的选择


我认为我们可以重新审议这个选择


我们限制了这些选项的原因 是我们认为 这些是难民能得到的仅有选项 但事实上不是

The reason why we limit those options is because we think that those are the only options that are available to refugees, and they're not.


政客们把它塑造成一个得失所系的问题 如果难民得益 那公民就需要承担损失

Politicians frame the issue as a zero-sum issue, that if we benefit refugees, we're imposing costs on citizens.


我们似乎认同一个假设 难民对社会不可避免的负担和花费

We tend to have a collective assumption that refugees are an inevitable cost or burden to society.


但这不是定式 难民可以做出贡献

But they don't have to. They can contribute.


所以我想证明的是 我们有办法增加那个选项 而且仍使所有人受益： 包括接收国和社区 我们的社会以及难民自己

So what I want to argue is there are ways in which we can expand that choice set and still benefit everyone else: the host states and communities, our societies and refugees themselves.


我想提出四种途径 来转变我们对难民的既定想法

And I want to suggest four ways we can transform the paradigm of how we think about refugees.


这四种途径有一个共同点 我们都利用了全球化、社会流动性 和市场的契机 更新了我们对难民问题的认知

All four ways have one thing in common: they're all ways in which we take the opportunities of globalization, mobility and markets, and update the way we think about the refugee issue.


我想首先考虑的 是创造环境这一概念 这来自于一个最基本的认知 难民同所有其他人一样 只是他们处在特定环境中

The first one I want to think about is the idea of enabling environments, and it starts from a very basic recognition that refugees are human beings like everyone else, but they're just in extraordinary circumstances.


我和牛津大学的同事们 在乌干达开始了一个研究项目 研究难民的经济生活

Together with my colleagues in Oxford, we've embarked on a research project in Uganda looking at the economic lives of refugees.


我们选择乌干达 并不因为它是接收国中的典型代表

We chose Uganda not because it's representative of all host countries.


不像世界上大部分的东道国 乌干达所做的 是给予难民经济上的机会

Unlike most host countries around the world, what Uganda has done is give refugees economic opportunity.