It gives them the right to work. It gives them freedom of movement.

给他们工作的权利 给他们行动自由


And the results of that are extraordinary both for refugees and the host community.

这带来的结果是惊人的 无论是对难民还是接收国来说


In the capital city, Kampala, we found that 21 percent of refugees own a business that employs other people, and 40 percent of those employees are nationals of the host country.

在乌干达首都坎帕拉 我们发现百分之二十一的难民 开公司经营自己的生意 并雇用他人 百分之四十的受雇者 是东道国的国民


In other words, refugees are making jobs for citizens of the host country.

换句话说 难民在为东道国公民 创造就业


Even in the camps, we found extraordinary examples of vibrant, flourishing and entrepreneurial businesses.

即使是在难民营 我们也找到了 有活力的、繁荣的创业企业的例子


For example, in a settlement called Nakivale, we found examples of Congolese refugees running digital music exchange businesses.

打个比方 在一个被称为纳基瓦莱的难民营中 我们找到了刚果难民 经营交易数字音乐的生意


We found a Rwandan who runs a business that's available to allow the youth to play computer games on recycled games consoles and recycled televisions.

我们找到了卢旺达难民的生意 让年轻人可以在回收的操纵台和显示屏上 玩电脑游戏


Against the odds of extreme constraint, refugees are innovating, and the gentleman you see before you is a Congolese guy called Demou-Kay.

冲破极端的约束 难民们在不断创新 你们面前的是一个叫达蒙-凯的刚果人


Demou-Kay arrived in the settlement with very little, but he wanted to be a filmmaker.

他到达难民营的时候身无长物 但他想成为电影制作人


So with friends and colleagues, he started a community radio station, he rented a video camera, and he's now making films.

所以与朋友和同事一起 他创办了一个社区广播站 他租了一个摄像机 他现在在制作电影


He made two documentary films with and for our team, and he's making a successful business out of very little.

他已经拍摄了两部纪录片 和我们团队 也为了我们团队 并且他从无几的资源起步 拥有了成功的事业


It's those kinds of examples that should guide our response to refugees.

恰恰是这种例子 应该主导我们对难民的反应


Rather than seeing refugees as inevitably dependent upon humanitarian assistance, we need to provide them with opportunities for human flourishing.

与其认为难民不可避免地依赖人道援助 我们需要给他们提供机会来实现人类繁荣


Yes, clothes, blankets, shelter, food are all important in the emergency phase, but we need to also look beyond that.

没错，衣服、毯子、避难所、食物 在应急阶段都是非常重要的 但是我们必须也要有长远的思考


We need to provide opportunities to connectivity, electricity, education, the right to work, access to capital and banking.

我们需要提供网络连接、电力 教育、工作的权利 资金和商业渠道


All the ways in which we take for granted that we are plugged in to the global economy can and should apply to refugees.

所有我们视为理所当然的 进入全球经济的途径 能够并且应该提供给难民


The second idea I want to discuss is economic zones.

我想讨论的第二个想法是经济区


Unfortunately, not every host country in the world takes the approach Uganda has taken.

不幸的是 并不是世界上所有的东道国 都采用了乌干达的政策


Most host countries don't open up their economies to refugees But there are still pragmatic alternative options that we can use.

大部分东道国的经济都不对难民开放 但是我们仍有实效的替代选择


Last April, I traveled to Jordan with my colleague, the development economist Paul Collier, and we brainstormed an idea while we were there with the international community and the government, an idea to bring jobs to Syrians while supporting Jordan's national development strategy.

去年四月 我前往约旦 和我的同事－发展经济学家保罗 科里亚一起 我们在那里讨论了一个想法 同国际社会和当地政府一起 这个想法就是给叙利亚人带来就业 同时推动约旦的国家发展战略


The idea is for an economic zone, one in which we could potentially integrate the employment of refugees alongside the employment of Jordanian host nationals.

这个想法是建立一个经济区 在经济区里 我们可以把难民的就业 和东道国约旦的国民就业结合起来


And just 15 minutes away from the Zaatari refugee camp, home to 83,000 refugees, is an existing economic zone called the King Hussein Bin Talal Development Area.

扎塔利难民营外仅15分钟的车程 此处安置了83,000名难民 就是一个现行的经济区 被称为侯赛因国王开发区


The government has spent over a hundred million dollars connecting it to the electricity grid, connecting it to the road network, but it lacked two things: access to labor and inward investment.

政府投入了超过一亿美金 来连接输电网和道路 但是还缺少两个东西 劳动力和外来投资


So what if refugees were able to work there rather than being stuck in camps, able to support their families and develop skills through vocational training before they go back to Syria?

所以假使难民能够在那里工作 而不是被困在难民营里 在返回叙利亚前 能够负担家计 并通过职业训练来培养技能 那将会怎么呢？


We recognized that that could benefit Jordan, whose development strategy requires it to make the leap as a middle income country to manufacturing.

我们认识到这样做有益于约旦 它的国家发展战略要求升级制造业 作为一个中等收入的国家


It could benefit refugees, but it could also contribute to the postconflict reconstruction of Syria by recognizing that we need to incubate refugees as the best source of eventually rebuilding Syria.

这样做使难民受益 同时也有助于叙利亚的战后重建 通过认识到我们需要培养难民 来作为最终重建叙利亚的最好资源


We published the idea in the journal Foreign Affairs.

我们将这个观点发表在 《国外事务》期刊上


King Abdullah has picked up on the idea.

约旦国王阿卜杜拉也采纳这个想法


It was announced at the London Syria Conference two weeks ago, and a pilot will begin in the summer.

两星期前 在伦敦叙利亚会议上宣布 试点项目会在今年夏天开始实施


The third idea that I want to put to you is preference matching between states and refugees to lead to the kinds of happy outcomes you see here in the selfie featuring Angela Merkel and a Syrian refugee.

我想展示的第三个想法 是国家和难民之间的偏好匹配 为了达到这幅自拍中的这种满意结局 照片上是德国首相默克尔和一名叙利亚难民


What we rarely do is ask refugees what they want, where they want to go, but I'd argue we can do that and still make everyone better off.

我们很少询问难民他们想要什么 或是他们想去那里 但是我主张可以这样做 同时让所有人都受益


The economist Alvin Roth has developed the idea of matching markets, ways in which the preference ranking of the parties shapes an eventual match.

经济学家艾文 罗斯创造了配对市场的概念 也就是双方的偏好顺序决定了最终的匹配


My colleagues Will Jones and Alex Teytelboym have explored ways in which that idea could be applied to refugees, to ask refugees to rank their preferred destinations, but also allow states to rank the types of refugees they want on skills criteria or language criteria and allow those to match.

我的同事威尔 琼斯和埃里克斯 泰特博因 研究如何应用这个概念来解决难民问题 他们要求难民将偏好的国家排序 但同时允许国家将想要接收的难民种类排序 基于技能或是语言的标准 最后将两种排序匹配


Now, of course you'd need to build in quotas on things like diversity and vulnerability, but it's a way of increasing the possibilities of matching.

当然 你需要在多样性 和脆弱性这些方面建立配额 但这是一种能提高配对可能性的方法


The matching idea has been successfully used to match, for instance, students with university places, to match kidney donors with patients, and it underlies the kind of algorithms that exist on dating websites.

这种配对理念已经成功应用于 比方说，配对学生和大学 配对肾捐献者和病患 它也突出了交友网站中的运算法则的重要性


So why not apply that to give refugees greater choice?

所以为什么不应用它来给难民更好的选择呢？


It could also be used at the national level, where one of the great challenges we face is to persuade local communities to accept refugees.

这同样可应用于国家层面 在这个层面 我们面对的最大问题 是说服地方社区接纳难民


And at the moment, in my country, for instance, we often send engineers to rural areas and farmers to the cities, which makes no sense at all.

目前 以我的国家为例 我们经常把工程师送到偏远地区 把农民送进城市 完全没有道理


So matching markets offer a potential way to bring those preferences together and listen to the needs and demands of the populations that host and the refugees themselves.

所以匹配市场提供了一种潜在的方式 来匹配这些偏好 并且反映了接收国人民以及难民的需要和要求


The fourth idea I want to put to you is of humanitarian visas.

我的第四个想法是人道主义签证


Much of the tragedy and chaos we've seen in Europe was entirely avoidable.

我们在欧洲看到的大多悲剧和混乱 是完全可以避免的


It stems from a fundamental contradiction in Europe's asylum policy, which is the following: that in order to seek asylum in Europe, you have to arrive spontaneously by embarking on those dangerous journeys that I described.

这起源于欧洲避难政策的一个根本矛盾之处 如下： 为了在欧洲寻求避难 你必须要自行到达欧洲 经过一段我之前描述的危险的旅程 但是为什么这些旅程是必要的


But why should those journeys be necessary in an era of the budget airline and modern consular capabilities?

在一个存在廉价航空和领事馆的时代？


They're completely unnecessary journeys, and last year, they led to the deaths of over 3,000 people on Europe's borders and within European territory.

这些都是完全不必要的旅程 去年 这导致了超过三千人的死亡 在欧洲边界和欧洲境内


If refugees were simply allowed to travel directly and seek asylum in Europe, we would avoid that, and there's a way of doing that through something called a humanitarian visa, that allows people to collect a visa at an embassy or a consulate in a neighboring country and then simply pay their own way through a ferry or a flight to Europe.

如果难民可以能够 直接前往欧洲并寻求庇护 我们就可以避免这些死亡 这的确可以实现 通过人道主义签证 这允许人们在邻近国家的大使馆 或领事馆领取签证 然后自己买单 通过邮轮或者飞机到达欧洲


It costs around a thousand euros to take a smuggler from Turkey to the Greek islands.

要花费大约一千欧元 将一个偷渡者从土耳其带到希腊群岛


It costs 200 euros to take a budget airline from Bodrum to Frankfurt.

只需要二百欧元 坐廉价航空从土耳其的博德鲁姆 飞到德国的法兰克福市


If we allowed refugees to do that, it would have major advantages.

如果我们允许他们这样做 会带来极大的成果


It would save lives, it would undercut the entire market for smugglers, and it would remove the chaos we see from Europe's front line in areas like the Greek islands.

这会拯救生命 根除非法偷渡的市场 消除我们在欧洲边缘看到的混乱 像希腊群岛这样的地区


It's politics that prevents us doing that rather than a rational solution.

阻止我们实施这个方案的原因是政治 而不是理性的解决方案


And this is an idea that has been applied.

并且这是一个已经被应用的想法


Brazil has adopted a pioneering approach where over 2,000 Syrians have been able to get humanitarian visas, enter Brazil, and claim refugee status on arrival in Brazil.

巴西首先采用了这种政策 超过2,000叙利亚人获得了人道主义签证 进入巴西 并在入境时获得申请难民身份


And in that scheme, every Syrian who has gone through it has received refugee status and been recognized as a genuine refugee.

在那个计划中 每个叙利亚人都获得了难民身份 并确认是真正难民


There is a historical precedent for it as well.


Between 1922 and 1942, these Nansen passports were used as travel documents to allow 450,000 Assyrians, Turks and Chechens to travel across Europe and claim refugee status elsewhere in Europe.

在1922年和1942年之间 这些南森护照作为出入境文件 允许450,000名亚述人、土耳其人和车臣人 穿越欧洲 并在欧洲其他地方申请难民身份


And the Nansen International Refugee Office received the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of this being a viable strategy.

南森国际难民署荣获了诺贝尔和平奖 表彰这一可行的对策


So all four of these ideas that I've presented you are ways in which we can expand Amira's choice set.

所以我展示给你们的四个想法 都是我们可以增加阿米拉选项的方式


They're ways in which we can have greater choice for refugees beyond those basic, impossible three options I explained to you and still leave others better off.

让难民可以有更好的选择 而不仅限于三个基本的、不可能的选项 如我之前所说的 并且仍然使所有人受益


In conclusion, we really need a new vision, a vision that enlarges the choices of refugees but recognizes that they don't have to be a burden.

总的来说 我们需要全新的视角 来增加难民的选择 同时认识到 他们并不一定是社会的负担


There's nothing inevitable about refugees being a cost.


Yes, they are a humanitarian responsibility, but they're human beings with skills, talents, aspirations, with the ability to make contributions -- if we let them.

的确 难民是我们的人道主义责任 但是他们也是拥有技能、才华 和志向的人类 有贡献社会的能力－如果我们允许


In the new world, migration is not going to go away.

在一个新的世界里 迁徙并不会消失


What we've seen in Europe will be with us for many years.

我们在欧洲看到的景象在许多年内会一直存在


People will continue to travel, they'll continue to be displaced, and we need to find rational, realistic ways of managing this -- not based on the old logics of humanitarian assistance, not based on logics of charity, but building on the opportunities offered by globalization, markets and mobility.

人们会不断迁徙 人们仍会背井离乡 我们需要找到一种理性现实的方法来管理－ 并不基于人道主义援助的旧的逻辑 不是基于慈善的逻辑 而是基于全球化、市场和流动性带来的机遇


I'd urge you all to wake up and urge our politicians to wake up to this challenge.

我希望大家都认识到这点 我恳请我们的政府官员 能够迎接这个挑战


As a kid, I used to dream about the ocean.

小时候, 我一直幻想着海洋。


It was this wild place full of color and life, home to these alien-looking, fantastical creatures.

那里色彩缤纷、充满活力， 生活着许多长得像外星生物的动物。


I pictured big sharks ruling the food chain and saw graceful sea turtles dancing across coral reefs.

我想象过位于食物链顶端的大鲨鱼， 也幻想过海龟在珊瑚礁间优雅起舞。


As a marine biologist turned photographer, I've spent most of my career looking for places as magical as those I used to dream about when I was little.

作为从海洋生物学家转行的摄影师， 我职业生涯的大部分时间都在寻找 那些出现在我小时候幻想中的地方。


As you can see, I began exploring bodies of water at a fairly young age.

如大家所见， 我从很小就开始在水中冒险了。


But the first time I truly went underwater, I was about 10 years old.

但第一次真正潜入水中， 发生在我10岁那年。


And I can still vividly remember furiously finning to reach this old, encrusted cannon on a shallow coral reef.

我现在还能清楚地记得， 当时我用力划水 为了够到一根锈迹斑斑， 躺在珊瑚礁上的炮筒。


And when I finally managed to grab hold of it, I looked up, and I was instantly surrounded by fish in all colors of the rainbow.

最后，我成功够到了炮筒， 抬头一看，发现自己被鱼群包围了， 各种颜色的鱼，像彩虹一样。


That was the day I fell in love with the ocean.

从那天起，我深深爱上了海洋。


Thomas Peschak Conservation Photographer In my 40 years on this planet, I've had the great privilege to explore some of its most incredible seascapes for National Geographic Magazine and the Save Our Seas Foundation.

（字幕：托马斯•佩斯查克） （字幕：环保摄影师） 在过去40年， 我有幸探索了 地球上最美妙的海洋景观， 为《国家地理杂志》 和“拯救我们的海洋”基金会供稿。


I've photographed everything from really, really big sharks to dainty ones that fit in the palm of your hand.

我的拍摄对象大到巨型鲨鱼， 小到可以在你手掌上游动。


in the cold seas off Canada's Great Bear Rainforest.

在加拿大大熊雨林边寒冷的海中， 我遇到过座头鲸就在我身边大快朵颐， 那满嘴鱼腥味让我难忘。


And I've been privy to the mating rituals of green sea turtles in the Mozambique Channel.

在莫桑比克海峡，我看到了 绿海龟的求爱仪式。


Everyone on this planet affects and is affected by the ocean.

我们每一个人都会 影响海洋，也会被海洋影响。


And the pristine seas I used to dream of as a child are becoming harder and harder to find.

而我小时候梦想过的纯净海洋， 如今已越来越难找到。


They are becoming more compressed and more threatened.

它们的范围日益缩小， 受到的威胁日益增加。


As we humans continue to maintain our role as the leading predator on earth, I've witnessed and photographed many of these ripple effects firsthand.

我们人类一直占据着地球上 食物链顶端的位置， 我亲眼见到并用相机记录下了这些行为。


For a long time, I thought I had to shock my audience out of their indifference with disturbing images.

长久以来，我以为只有震撼的照片 才能让我的观众警醒。


And while this approach has merits, I have come full circle.

当然这种看法也是有好处的， 那就是让我回到了原点。


I believe that the best way for me to effect change is to sell love.

我相信带来改变的最好方法 就是传播爱。


I guess I'm a matchmaker of sorts and as a photographer, I have the rare opportunity to reveal animals and entire ecosystems that lie hidden beneath the ocean's surface.

我觉得自己是人和动物间的桥梁， 作为一名摄影师， 我有难得的机会 去揭开隐藏在大洋深处的 动物和生态系统的神秘面纱。


You can't love something and become a champion for it if you don't know it exists.

如果你都不知道某件东西的存在， 你怎么可能 去爱它和保护它呢。


Uncovering this -- that is the power of conservation photography.

而这，恰恰是我们环保摄影师的强项。


I've visited hundreds of marine locations, but there are a handful of seascapes that have touched me incredibly deeply.

我去过几百个不同海域， 但真正让我永生难忘的景象 只有那么几个。


The first time I experienced that kind of high was about 10 years ago, off South Africa's rugged, wild coast.

我第一次被这样的场景所震撼 是在差不多十年前， 在南非崎岖陡峭的海岸边。


And every June and July, enormous shoals of sardines travel northwards in a mass migration we call the Sardine Run.

每年六七月间， 无数的沙丁鱼会向北迁徙， 我们称之为“沙丁鱼潮”。


And boy, do those fish have good reason to run.

相信我，这些鱼必须这么做。


In hot pursuit are hoards of hungry and agile predators.

因为有成群结队饥肠辘辘、 身手敏捷的捕猎者在身后追赶。


Common dolphins hunt together and they can separate some of the sardines from the main shoal and they create bait balls.

比如集体捕猎的海豚， 它们将一部分沙丁鱼 从鱼群中中分离出来， 把它们聚成球状。


They drive and trap the fish upward against the ocean surface and then they rush in to dine on this pulsating and movable feast.

海豚会把这些沙丁鱼赶到离海面较近的地方 然后冲进鱼群大快朵颐， 享受这移动的盛宴。


Now, most people believe that sharks and dolphins are these mortal enemies, but during the Sardine Run, they actually coexist.

大部人会认为， 鲨鱼和海豚是天敌， 但在“沙丁鱼潮”中， 它俩是共存的。


In fact, dolphins actually help sharks feed more effectively.

实际上，在海豚的帮助下， 鲨鱼吃得更爽了。


Without dolphins, the bait balls are more dispersed and sharks often end up with what I call a sardine donut, or a mouth full of water.

没有海豚的驱赶， 沙丁鱼很难聚成球状， 鲨鱼经常会从鱼群中间穿过， 就像穿过甜甜圈一样， 有时候只能喝一肚子水。


Now, while I've had a few spicy moments with sharks on the sardine run, I know they don't see me as prey.

我在“沙丁鱼潮”中与鲨群有过几次亲密接触， 我明白鲨鱼没把我放在眼里。


However, I get bumped and tail-slapped just like any other guest at this rowdy, rowdy banquet.

但我还是不停被撞到，被尾巴扫到， 就像这场喧闹盛宴上的其他客人一样。


From the shores of Africa we travel east, across the vastness that is the Indian Ocean to the Maldives, an archipelago of coral islands.

我们从非洲海岸线往东航行， 穿过浩瀚的印度洋， 来到马尔代夫——一个由珊瑚礁组成的群岛。


And during the stormy southwest monsoon, manta rays from all across the archipelago travel to a tiny speck in Baa Atoll called Hanifaru.

在暴风雨不断的西南季风季节里， 生活在群岛海域的魔鬼鱼 都会聚集到巴阿环礁 一个叫哈尼法鲁的小岛附近。


Armies of crustaceans, most no bigger than the size of your pupils, are the mainstay of the manta ray's diet.

成群的小虾小蟹， 大部分比咱们的瞳孔还要小， 是魔鬼鱼的主要食物。


When plankton concentrations become patchy, manta rays feed alone and they somersault themselves backwards again and again, very much like a puppy chasing its own tail.

当这些浮游生物比较分散时， 魔鬼鱼一般单独捕食， 它们在水里不停的向后翻滚， 就像小狗追着自己的尾巴。


However, when plankton densities increase, the mantas line up head-to-tail to form these long feeding chains, and any tasty morsel that escapes the first or second manta in line is surely to be gobbled up by the next or the one after.

而当浮游生物聚集得越来越多时， 魔鬼鱼就开始首尾相连， 排成长长的进食队形， 队首的魔鬼鱼漏掉的美味 会被后面的同伴吞食干净。


As plankton levels peak in the bay, the mantas swim closer and closer together in a unique behavior we call cyclone feeding.

随着海湾里的浮游生物越聚越多， 魔鬼鱼的队形也越聚越拢， 这种独特的捕食方法， 我们称之为“旋风捕食法”。


And as they swirl in tight formation, this multi-step column of mantas creates its own vortex, sucking in and delivering the plankton right into the mantas' cavernous mouths.

魔鬼鱼们层层叠叠， 排成紧密的队形旋转， 形成漩涡，将浮游生物吸住， 径直送入魔鬼鱼巨大的嘴中。


The experience of diving amongst such masses of hundreds of rays is truly unforgettable.

在成百上千魔鬼鱼中间潜水， 那景象让我终生难忘。


When I first photographed Hanifaru, the site enjoyed no protection and was threatened by development.

当我第一次去哈尼法鲁拍照时， 那里还没有被保护起来， 生态环境受到当地发展的威胁。


And working with NGOs like the Manta Trust, my images eventually helped Hanifaru become a marine-protected area.

通过与“魔鬼鱼信托基金” 这类的非政府组织合作， 我的照片最终帮助哈尼法鲁 成为了海洋保护区。


Now, fisherman from neighboring islands, they once hunted these manta rays to make traditional drums from their skins.

附近岛屿的渔民， 曾经捕杀过许多魔鬼鱼， 用它们的皮来制作传统的鼓。


Today, they are the most ardent conservation champions and manta rays earn the Maldivian economy in excess of 8 million dollars every single year.

而如今，他们成为了魔鬼鱼最坚定的保护者， 魔鬼鱼每年为马尔代夫带来 超过800万美元的收入。


I have always wanted to travel back in time to an era where maps were mostly blank or they read, "There be dragons."

我一直想回到过去， 回到那个大部分地图还是一片空白， 或者标着“此处有龙”的时代。


And today, the closest I've come is visiting remote atolls in the western Indian Ocean.

到目前为止，我去过的 最类似的地方是一些位于西印度洋 的偏远环礁。


Far, far away from shipping lanes and fishing fleets, diving into these waters is a poignant reminder of what our oceans once looked like.

那里远离渔场和渔船， 在那里潜水总是让我感到悲凉， 因为它让我想起海洋曾经的样子。


Very few people have heard of Bassas da India, a tiny speck of coral in the Mozambique Channel.

很少有人听说过印度礁， 它是一个很小的珊瑚环礁， 位于莫桑比克海峡。


Its reef forms a protective outer barrier and the inner lagoon is a nursery ground for Galapagos sharks.

它外围的礁石形成了保护屏障 中间的环礁湖成为了 加拉帕戈斯鲨鱼的幼儿园。


These sharks are anything but shy, even during the day.

这些鲨鱼从不害羞， 即使在白天也一样。


I had a bit of a hunch that they'd be even bolder and more abundant at night.

我猜它们在晚上会更加活泼， 数量也会更多。


Never before have I encountered so many sharks on a single coral outcrop.

我以前从未在一个珊瑚环礁湖中 看到过如此多的鲨鱼。


Capturing and sharing moments like this -- that reminds me why I chose my path.

记录和分享这样的瞬间—— 时刻提醒我选择这条道路的初衷。


Earlier this year, I was on assignment for National Geographic Magazine in Baja California.

今年早些时候，为完成 《国家地理杂志》的合约拍摄， 我来到加利福尼亚半岛。


And about halfway down the peninsula on the Pacific side lies San Ignacio Lagoon, a critical calving ground for gray whales.

在半岛中部，临太平洋的一侧， 坐落着圣伊格纳西奥环礁湖， 那里是灰鲸重要的繁殖地。


For 100 years, this coast was the scene of a wholesale slaughter, where more than 20,000 gray whales were killed, leaving only a few hundred survivors.

在过去的一百年里， 这段海岸线就是一个巨大的屠宰场， 超过2万头灰鲸在这里被杀， 只剩下几百头幸存者。


Today the descendents of these same whales nudge their youngsters to the surface to play and even interact with us.

而现在，这些灰鲸的后裔 会将自己的幼仔推向海面， 玩耍嬉戏，甚至与我们互动。


This species truly has made a remarkable comeback.

这一物种令人惊讶地恢复过来了。


Now, on the other side of the peninsula lies Cabo Pulmo, a sleepy fishing village.

在半岛的另一侧是普尔莫角， 一个宁静的小渔村。


Decades of overfishing had brought them close to collapse.

数十年的过度捕捞一度 将这个村子带到破产边缘。


In 1995, local fisherman convinced the authorities to proclaim their waters a marine reserve.

1995年，当地渔民说服政府 将这片海域列为海洋保护区。


But what happened next was nothing short of miraculous.

接下来发生的一切简直可以说是奇迹。


In 2005, after only a single decade of protection, scientists measured the largest recovery of fish ever recorded.

在2005年，仅仅经过10年的保护， 科学家发现，当地鱼群数量 得到了创纪录的恢复。


But don't take my word for it -- come with me.

眼见为凭，跟我一起来吧。


On a single breath, swim with me in deep, into one of the largest and densest schools of fish I have ever encountered.

深吸一口气，与我一起潜入海底， 去看看我遇到过的最庞大、最密集的鱼群 是什么样子。


We all have the ability to be creators of hope.


And through my photography, I want to pass on the message that it is not too late for our oceans.

我想通过自己的照片， 传递一个信息，从现在开始 拯救海洋还不算太晚。


And particularly, I want to focus on nature's resilience in the face of 7.3 billion people.

我尤其想关注大自然所拥有的恢复能力， 在它面对73亿人类的时候。


My hope is that in the future, I will have to search much, much harder to make photographs like this, while creating images that showcase our respectful coexistence with the ocean.

我希望在未来的时光里， 我将越来越难拍到 这样的照片， 而是拍到更多 反映人与海洋和谐共处的照片。


Those will hopefully become an everyday occurrence for me.

真希望我每天都能拍到这样的照片。


To thrive and survive in my profession, you really have to be a hopeless optimist.

要想在我们这一行干出点名堂， 你必须是个无可救药的乐观主义者。


And I always operate on the assumption that the next great picture that will effect change is right around the corner, behind the next coral head, inside the next lagoon or possibly, in the one after it.

我总是怀着这样的一个假设在拍照， 下一张能够带来改变的伟大照片 就在前面等我， 也许就在下一个珊瑚礁后面， 在下一个环礁湖里， 要不然，就在再下一个。


When I moved to Harare in 1985, social justice was at the core of Zimbabwe's national health policy.

当我1985年搬到哈拉雷时 社会公正问题 是津巴布韦国家健康政策的核心


The new government emerged from a long war of independence and immediately proclaimed a socialist agenda: health care services, primary education became essentially free.

新政府摆脱了长期的独立战争后 立即公布了一项社会主义政策： 使健康医疗服务与初等教育 成为基本免费项目


A massive expansion of rural health centers placed roughly 80 percent of the population less than a two-hour walk from these facilities, a truly remarkable accomplishment.

大规模的农村卫生服务中心 使得80%的人口 步行两小时以内便可抵达 这是一个真正非凡的进步


In 1980, the year of independence, 25 percent of Zimbabwean children were fully immunized.

在1980津巴布韦独立年 25%的孩童进行了常规免疫接种


By 1990, a mere decade later, this proportion stood at 80 percent.

到1990，仅仅十年之后 这一比例上升到80%


I felt tremendously privileged to be part of this transformation, a revolution.

我十分荣幸 能参与这次转变，这场革命中


The excitement, the camaraderie, was palpable.

兴奋之情和同志友爱都十分真切


Working side by side with brilliant Zimbabweans -- scientists, doctors, activists -- I felt connected not only to an African independence movement, but to a global progressive public health movement.

与杰出的津巴布韦人民， 科学家，医生，活动家 肩并肩工作 我感到参与的不仅是一个非洲独立运动 更是一场进步的全球公众健康运动


我也面临过一些令人畏缩的困难


Zimbabwe reported its first AIDS case in 1985, the year I arrived.

在1985年，我到达的那一年， 津巴布韦报告了第一例艾滋病。


I had taken care of a few patients with AIDS in the early 1980s, when I did my medical training at Harlem Hospital, but -- we had no idea what lay in store for Africa.

我在1980年代初 照料过几个艾滋病人 当时我在Harlem医院 接受医学培训，但是… 我们完全想不到 会在非洲遇到什么


Infection rate stood at about two percent in my early days there.

我刚到那里的时候 感染率大约2%


These would soar to one out of every four adults by the time I left Harare 17 years later.

这一比例迅速增大 当我17年后离开哈拉雷的时候 每四名成人就有一名感染


By the mid-1990s, I'd told hundreds of people in the prime of life that they were HIV-positive.

到20世纪90年代中期 我告诉过数百个 朝气蓬勃的年轻人 他们的艾滋病病毒检验呈阳性。


I saw colleagues and friends die, my students, hospital patients, die.

我目睹同事和朋友们死去 我的学生和医院病人 也因此死亡


In response, my colleagues and I set up a clinic.

面对这种情况 我和同事开办了一家诊所


We launched school education and workplace interventions.

我们在学校教育和工作场所进行宣传


We did research. We counseled the partners of infected men about how to protect themselves.

我们开展研究 我们为艾滋病感染人员伴侣 提供如何保护自己的建议。


We worked hard, and at the time, I believed that I was doing my best.

我们非常努力做着这一切 我相信当时我已经竭尽全力


I was providing excellent treatment, such as it was.

我提供了最好的治疗措施 至少在当时的条件下如此


But I was not talking about structural change.

但是我没有做出建设性地改变


Former UN Secretary Kofi Annan has spoken candidly about his personal failure leading to the Rwandan genocide.

前联合国秘书长科菲安南 曾经坦白地承认 是他个人的错误 导致了卢旺达大屠杀


In 1994, he was head of the UN peacekeeping department.

在1994年， 他是联合国维和部门的领导


At a 10-year memorial for the genocide, he reflected, "I believed at the time I was doing my best, but I realized after the genocide that there was more I could and should have done to sound the alarm and rally support."

在大屠杀十年纪念仪式上 他回忆说 当时我相信我已经竭尽所能 但是大屠杀之后我才意识到 还有很多是我可以做并且应该做的 去敲响警钟，去寻求支持


The AIDS epidemic caught the health community unprepared, and today, when the World Health Organization estimates that 39 million people have lost their lives to this disease, I'm not alone in feeling remorse and regret at not having done more earlier.

艾滋病的爆发使医疗团体措手不及 世界卫生组织估计 当今有三千九百万人死于这一疾病 许多人同我一样 因为没能更早地阻止这一切 而感到悔恨和惋惜


But while living in Zimbabwe, I didn't see my role as an advocacy or a political one.

但当我生活在津巴布韦时 并没有意识到自己是倡导者或政治人士


I was there for my technical skills, both my clinical and my research epidemiology skills.

我本以为是因为自己的 医疗知识前去那里的 是因为我的临床和传染病研究


And in my mind, my job was to take care of patients and to do research to better understand the population patterns of transmission, and I hoped that we'd slow the spread of the virus.

我一直觉得 我的工作是照顾病人 通过研究来更好地理解传染的人口特征 我希望可以减缓病毒的传播速度


I was aware that socially marginalized populations were at disproportionate risk of getting and dying of AIDS.

我意识到社会边缘群体 感染并死于艾滋病的比例 出奇的高


And on the sugar plantations, which really more closely resembled feudal fiefdoms 60 percent of pregnant women tested HIV-positive.

在蔗糖种植园 这类相比于现代企业 更近似于封建领地的地方 60%的孕妇 艾滋病病毒测试呈阳性


I worked to show how getting infected was not a moral failure but instead related to a culture of male superiority, to forced migrant labor and to colonialism.

我的工作是向人们展示 被感染并不是道德沦丧 而是与男权意识有关 与强迫外来劳工和殖民主义有关。


As health professionals, our tools were pitifully weak: imploring people to change their individual behaviors, use condoms, reduce number of partners.

作为医疗专家 我们的手段令人遗憾的无力： 恳求人们改变他们的个人行为 使用避孕套，减少伴侣数目


Infection rates climbed, and when treatment became available in the West, treatment that remains our most potent weapon against this virus, it was unaffordable to the public sector across Africa.

感染率还是攀升 作为我们对抗病毒 最有效的武器 当治疗在西方已经可行的时候 对于整个非洲公共部门， 治疗是负担不起的


I didn't speak out about the unequal access to these life-saving drugs or about the underlying economic and political systems that were driving infection rates in such huge swaths of the population.

我没有大胆地说出 对挽救生命药品获取的不平等 或者潜在经济和政治系统中的问题 是导致如此大面积人群中 感染率居高不下的驱动力


I rationalized my silence by reminding myself that I was a guest in the country, that sounding the alarm could even get me kicked out, keep me from doing good work, taking care of my patients, doing much-needed research.

我为我的沉默找了借口 提醒自己我只是这个国家的访客 敲响警钟可能会被驱逐出境 让我无法做好工作 照料我的病人 做迫切需要的研究


So I didn't speak out about the government's early stance on AIDS.

所以我没有 对政府早期的艾滋政策大胆直言


I didn't voice my concerns loudly enough.


Many doctors, health professionals, may think I did nothing wrong.

许多医生，保健工作者 可能会觉得我没有做错


Our pact with our patients, the Hippocratic Oath and its variants, is about the sanctity of the patient-doctor relationship.

我们对于病人的承诺 就如希波克拉底誓言和它的不同版本 是神圣不可侵犯的医患关系


我对我的每一个病人 竭尽所能


But I knew that epidemics emerge along the fissures of our society, reflecting not only biology, but more importantly patterns of marginalization, exclusion, discrimination related to race, gender, sexuality, class and more.

但是我知道 伴随着我们社会分裂产生的传染病 反映的不单是生物学现象 更重要的是边缘化，不包容，种族歧视， 性别歧视，阶级歧视的现象


Medical anthropologists such as Paul Farmer, who worked on AIDS in Haiti, call this structural violence: structural because inequities are embedded in the political and economic organization of our social world, often in ways that are invisible to those with privilege and power; and violence because its impact -- premature deaths, suffering, illness -- is violent.

医疗人类学家， 例如保罗·法玛尔 在海地从事艾滋病工作 称之为结构性暴力： 结构性，因为不平等植根于 我们社会环境的政治和经济组织 经常为特权和政权阶层所无视； 暴力，因为它的影响 比如早逝，苦难，疾病，是暴力的


We do little for our patients if we fail to recognize these social injustices.

我们为病患做到很少 如果我们没有意识到 这些社会不公正


Sounding the alarm is the first step towards doing public health right, and it's how we may rally support to break through and create real change together.

敲响警钟是向正确方向 引导公众保健的第一步， 这是我们寻求支持的方式， 一起去突围，去创造真正改变的方式


所以现如今，我没有保持沉默


I'm speaking up about a lot of things, even when it makes listeners uncomfortable, even when it makes me uncomfortable.

我对很多事大胆直言 尽管让听者感到不适 尽管让我感到不适


And a lot of this is about racial disparities and institutionalized racism, things that we're not supposed to have in this country anymore, certainly not in the practice of medicine or public health.

这其中，很多是关于种族隔离 和有组织的种族主义 这些不应该发生在这个国家的事情 不应该存在于医疗实践中 或者公众保健中的事情


But we have them, and we pay for them in lives cut short.

但是它们确实存在 我们为此付出缩短生命的代价


That's why sounding the alarm about the impact of racism on health in the United States, the ongoing institutional and interpersonal violence that people of color face, compounded by our tragic legacy of 250 years of slavery, 90 years of Jim Crow and 60 years of imperfect equality, sounding the alarm about this as New York City's Health Commissioner.

这就是在美国对种族主义 影响保健事业敲响警钟的原因 持续地有组织的，人际间的 对有色人种的暴力 与我们悲剧性的历史息息相关 250年的奴隶制度 90年的种族歧视 60年的不完善的平等关系 为此敲响警钟 是我作为纽约市卫生专员的 工作重心


In New York City, premature mortality -- that's death before the age of 65 -- is 50 percent higher for black men than white ones.

在纽约市，过早死亡率， 即在65岁之前过世， 黑人比白人高出50%


A black woman in 2012 faced more than 10 times the risk of dying related to childbirth as a white woman.

在2012年，黑人女性 相比白人女性，面对着多于10倍的 与生育相关的 死亡风险


And though we've made enormous strides in reducing infant mortality rates, a black baby still faces nearly three times the risk of death in its first year of life as compared to a white baby.

尽管我们在减少婴儿死亡率方面 已经取得了巨大的进步 黑人婴儿出生后 第一年死亡率依旧是白人婴儿的 近三倍


These statistics are paralleled by statistics found across the United States.

这些统计数据 在美国全境都相类似


A recent New York Times analysis reported that there are 1.5 million missing black men across the country.

一份最近的纽约时报分析 报道全国大概有 一千五百万的失踪黑人男性


They noted that more than one out of every six black men who today should be between the ages of 25 and 54 years have disappeared from daily life, lost either to prison or premature death.

作者指出 25至54岁的黑人男性 每六人中，就有至少一人 从日常生活中消失 或因牢狱之灾，或因过早死亡


There is great injustice in the daily and disproportionate violence faced by young black men, the focus of recent protests under the banner #BlackLivesMatter.

年轻黑人日常要面对 不成比例的暴力行为 这是非常不公平的 这些都存在于最近高举 “黑人生命很重要”标语的抗议中


But we have to remember that enduring and disparate rates and the occurrence and outcome of common medical conditions -- heart disease, cancer, diabetes, HIV -- diseases that may kill slowly and quietly and take even more black lives prematurely.

但是我们需要记住 在普通医疗的 现状和结果， 以及持久且奇高的疾病比率， 心脏病，癌症，糖尿病，艾滋病， 那些缓慢地安静地吞噬生命的疾病 让更多黑人生命过早消逝的疾病


As the #BlackLivesMatter movement unfolded, I felt frustrated and angry that the medical community has been reluctant to even use the word "racism" in our research and our work.

随着“黑人生命很重要”运动的展开 我感到受挫和愠怒 医疗团体 在研究和工作中， 甚至对“种族主义”一词的使用 都犹豫不决


You've probably felt something every time I've said it.

我每次说它时， 你大概已经有所感觉


Our medical students held die-ins in their white coats, but the medical community has largely stood by passively as ongoing discrimination continues to affect the disease profile and mortality.

医学学生身着白袍， 以死抗议生化武器 但是医疗团体面对 持续的种族歧视 对疾病状况和死亡率的影响 很大程度上袖手旁观


And I worry that the trend towards personalized and precision medicine, looking for biological or genetic targets to better tailor treatment, may inadvertently cause us to lose sight of the big picture, that it is the daily context, where a person lives, grows, works, loves, that most importantly determines population health, and for too many of us, poor health.

我很担心 趋向个人化和准确化的药物 找寻生物和基因目标 以更好的设计疗法 可能会不经意地 使我们不能着眼大局 而这正是日常生活的场景 一个人的生活，成长， 工作，相爱的地方 重要地影响着群体健康 对我们很多人来说，健康不良


As health professionals in our daily work, whether in the clinic or doing research, we are witness to great injustice: the homeless person who is unable to follow medical advice because he has more pressing priorities; the transgender youth who is contemplating suicide because our society is just so harsh; the single mother who has been made to feel that she is responsible for the poor health of her child.

在日常生活着，作为保健工作者 无论在诊所里，还是做研究时 我们都是巨大不公正的目击者： 流浪者，无法遵从医嘱， 因他要优先考虑更加紧迫之事； 年轻的变性人，计划自杀， 因我们的社会太过无情； 单身母亲，被迫使感到需要对她孩子的 健康不良负责。


Our role as health professionals is not just to treat our patients but to sound the alarm and advocate for change.

作为保健工作者， 我们的角色 不只是治疗我们的病人 更是敲响警钟 主张变革


Rightfully or not, our societal position gives our voices great credibility, and we shouldn't waste that.

且不论合理与否 我们的社会岗位 让我们的声音更加可信 而我们不应该浪费它


I regret not speaking up in Zimbabwe, and I've promised myself that as New York City's Health Commissioner, I will use every opportunity I have to sound the alarm and rally support for health equity.

我对在津巴布韦没能坦率表达 感到后悔 我已经对自己承诺 作为纽约市保健专员 我将会利用拥有的所有机会 去敲响警钟 去为保健平等寻求支持


I will speak out against racism, and I hope you will join me, and I will join you when you speak out against sexism or any other form of inequality.

我将对种族歧视直言反对 我也希望你们能够加入我 而我也会加入你们， 当你们为性别歧视， 或者任何一种不平等， 直言反对之时


It's time for us to rise up and collectively speak up about structural inequality.

是时候让我们起来反抗了 共同地对结构性不平等 大胆直言


We don't have to have all the answers to call for change.

对倡导变革，我们不需要 拥有所有答案


The health of our patients, the health of us all, depends on it.

我们病患的健康 我们自身的健康，全赖于此


All right, I want to see a show of hands: how many of you have unfriended someone on Facebook because they said something offensive about politics or religion, childcare, food?

好的，我想让大家举手示意一下， 有多少人曾经 在 Facebook 上拉黑过好友， 因为他们发表过关于政治，宗教， 儿童权益，或者食物等 不恰当的言论？


And how many of you know at least one person that you avoid because you just don't want to talk to them?

有多少人至少 有一个不想见的人， 因为你就是不想 和对方说话？


You know, it used to be that in order to have a polite conversation, we just had to follow the advice of Henry Higgins in "My Fair Lady": Stick to the weather and your health.

要知道，在过去 想要一段礼貌的交谈， 我们只要遵循亨利·希金斯 在《窈窕淑女》中的忠告： 只谈论天气和你的健康状况就行了。


But these days, with climate change and anti-vaxxing, those subjects -- are not safe either.

但这些年随着气候变化 以及反对疫苗运动的开展 —— 这招也不怎么管用了。


So this world that we live in, this world in which every conversation has the potential to devolve into an argument, where our politicians can't speak to one another and where even the most trivial of issues have someone fighting both passionately for it and against it, it's not normal.

因此，在我们生活的这个世界， 这个每一次交谈 都有可能发展为争论的世界， 政客无法彼此交谈， 甚至为那些鸡毛蒜皮的事情 都有人群情激昂地赞成或反对， 这太不正常了。


Pew Research did a study of 10,000 American adults, and they found that at this moment, we are more polarized, we are more divided, than we ever have been in history.

皮尤研究中心对一万名 美国成年人做了一次调查， 发现此刻我们的偏激程度， 我们立场鲜明的程度， 比历史上任何时期都要高。


We're less likely to compromise, which means we're not listening to each other.

我们更不倾向于妥协， 这意味着我们没有倾听彼此。


And we make decisions about where to live, who to marry and even who our friends are going to be, based on what we already believe.

我们做的各种决定， 选择生活在何处， 与谁结婚甚至和谁交朋友， 都只基于我们已有的信念。


Again, that means we're not listening to each other.

再重复一遍， 这说明我们没有倾听彼此。


A conversation requires a balance between talking and listening, and somewhere along the way, we lost that balance.

交谈需要平衡讲述和倾听， 而不知怎么的， 我们却渐渐失掉了这种平衡。


The smartphones that you all either have in your hands or close enough that you could grab them really quickly.

比如智能手机， 现在就在你们手里， 或者就在旁边，随手就能拿到。


According to Pew Research, about a third of American teenagers send more than a hundred texts a day.

据皮尤的研究称， 大约三分之一的美国青少年 每天发送超过一百条短信。


And many of them, almost most of them, are more likely to text their friends than they are to talk to them face to face.

而这中间很多人，几乎是所有人， 更倾向于给朋友发短信， 而不是面对面的交谈。


There's this great piece in The Atlantic.

《大西洋》杂志 登过一篇很棒的文章，


It was written by a high school teacher named Paul Barnwell.

作者是高中教师 保罗·巴恩韦尔。


And he gave his kids a communication project.

他给自己的学生一项交流任务，


He wanted to teach them how to speak on a specific subject without using notes.

希望教会他们如何不借助笔记 针对某一话题发表演讲。


And he said this: "I came to realize..."

然后他说：“我开始意识到……”


"I came to realize that conversational competence might be the single most overlooked skill we fail to teach.

“我开始意识到交流能力 可能是最被我们忽视的， 没有好好教授的技能。


Kids spend hours each day engaging with ideas and each other through screens, but rarely do they have an opportunity to hone their interpersonal communications skills.

孩子每天花费数小时 通过屏幕接触创意和其他伙伴， 但很少有机会 去发掘自己的人际交往技能。”


It might sound like a funny question, but we have to ask ourselves: Is there any 21st-century skill more important than being able to sustain coherent, confident conversation?"

这听起来很好笑， 但我们必须问问自己： 21世纪，有什么技能 会比维持一段连贯、 自信的谈话更为重要？”


Now, I make my living talking to people: Nobel Prize winners, truck drivers, billionaires, kindergarten teachers, heads of state, plumbers.

现在，我的职业就是跟别人谈话。 诺贝尔奖获得者、卡车司机、 亿万富翁、幼儿园老师， 州长、水管工。


I talk to people that I like. I talk to people that I don't like.

我和我喜欢的人交谈， 也和我不喜欢的人交谈。


I talk to some people that I disagree with deeply on a personal level.

我和在个人层面 非常不认同的人交谈。


But I still have a great conversation with them.

但我仍旧和他们有很好的交流。


So I'd like to spend the next 10 minutes or so teaching you how to talk and how to listen.

所以我希望用接下来的10分钟 教你们如何谈话， 以及如何倾听。


Many of you have already heard a lot of advice on this, things like look the person in the eye, think of interesting topics to discuss in advance, look, nod and smile to show that you're paying attention, repeat back what you just heard or summarize it.

你们中间很多人已经听过无数建议， 比如看着对方的眼睛， 提前想好可以讨论的有趣话题， 注视，点头并且微笑 来表明你的专注， 重复你刚才听到的，或者做总结。


我想让你们忘掉所有这些，


There is no reason to learn how to show you're paying attention if you are in fact paying attention.

根本没必要去学习 如何表现你很专心， 如果你确实很专心。


Now, I actually use the exact same skills as a professional interviewer that I do in regular life.

我其实是把作为职业访谈者 一模一样的技巧 用在了日常生活中。


So, I'm going to teach you how to interview people, and that's actually going to help you learn how to be better conversationalists.

好，我要来教你们 如何采访他人， 这其实会帮助你们学习 如何成为更好的沟通者。


Learn to have a conversation without wasting your time, without getting bored, and, please God, without offending anybody.

学习开始一段交谈， 不浪费时间，不感到无聊， 以及，最重要的是，不冒犯任何人。


We've all had really great conversations.

我们都曾有过很棒的交谈。


We've had them before. We know what it's like.

我们都曾有过。 我们知道那是什么感觉。


The kind of conversation where you walk away feeling engaged and inspired, or where you feel like you've made a real connection or you've been perfectly understood.

那种结束之后令你感到 很享受，很受鼓舞的交谈， 或者令你觉得你和别人 建立了真实的连接， 或者让你完全得到了他人的理解。


There is no reason why most of your interactions can't be like that.

没有理由说 你大部分人际互动 不能成为那样。


So I have 10 basic rules. I'm going to walk you through all of them, but honestly, if you just choose one of them and master it, you'll already enjoy better conversations.

我有10条基本规则。 我会一条条给你们解释， 但说真的，如果你 选择一条并且熟练掌握， 你就已经可以享受 更愉快的交谈了。


And I don't mean just set down your cell phone or your tablet or your car keys or whatever is in your hand.

我不是说单纯放下你的手机、 平板电脑、车钥匙， 或者随便什么握在手里的东西。


Don't think about your argument you had with your boss.

不要想着你之前和老板的争吵。


Don't think about what you're going to have for dinner.


If you want to get out of the conversation, get out of the conversation, but don't be half in it and half out of it.

如果你想退出交谈， 就退出交谈。 但不要身在曹营心在汉。


If you want to state your opinion without any opportunity for response or argument or pushback or growth, write a blog.

如果你想要表达自己的看法， 又不想留下任何机会让人 回应、争论、反驳或阐发， 写博客去。


Now, there's a really good reason why I don't allow pundits on my show: Because they're really boring.

有个很好的理由来说明 我的谈话里为什么不允许有“专家说教”： 因为真的很无聊。


If they're conservative, they're going to hate Obama and food stamps and abortion.

如果对方是个保守派， 那一定讨厌奥巴马、食品券和堕胎。


If they're liberal, they're going to hate big banks and oil corporations and Dick Cheney.

如果对方是个自由派， 那一定会讨厌 大银行、石油公司和迪克·切尼。


You need to enter every conversation assuming that you have something to learn.

你需要在进入每一次交流时 都假定自己可以学习到一些东西。


The famed therapist M. Scott Peck said that true listening requires a setting aside of oneself.

著名的治疗师 M.斯科特·派克说过， 真正的倾听需要把自己放在一边。


And sometimes that means setting aside your personal opinion.

有时候，这意味着 把你的个人观点放在一边。


He said that sensing this acceptance, the speaker will become less and less vulnerable and more and more likely to open up the inner recesses of his or her mind to the listener.

他说感受到这种接纳， 说话的人会变得越来越不脆弱敏感， 因而越来越有可能 打开自己的内心世界， 呈现给倾听者。


Again, assume that you have something to learn.

再强调一遍， 假定你需要学习新东西。


Bill Nye: "Everyone you will ever meet knows something that you don't."

比尔·奈伊说：“每一个你将要 见到的人都有你不知道的东西。”


I put it this way: Everybody is an expert in something.

我来复述一下： 每个人都是某方面的专家。


第三点：使用开放式问题。


In this case, take a cue from journalists.

关于这一点， 请参考记者采访的提问方式。


Start your questions with who, what, when, where, why or how.

以“谁”、“什么”、“何时”、“何地”、 “为什么”或“如何”开始提问。


If you put in a complicated question, you're going to get a simple answer out.

如果你询问一个复杂的问题 将会得到一个简单的回答。


如果我问你：“你当时恐惧吗？”


you're going to respond to the most powerful word in that sentence, which is "terrified," and the answer is "Yes, I was" or "No, I wasn't."

你会回应那句话中最有力的词， 即“恐惧”，而答案将是 “是的”或者“不是”。


"Were you angry?" "Yes, I was very angry."

“你当时气愤吗？” “是的，我当时气得很。”


Let them describe it. They're the ones that know.

让对方去描述， 对方才是了解情境的人。


Try asking them things like, "What was that like?"

试着这样问对方： “那是什么样子？”


Because then they might have to stop for a moment and think about it, and you're going to get a much more interesting response.

因为这样一来，对方可能 需要停下来想一想， 而你会得到更有意思的回答。


That means thoughts will come into your mind and you need to let them go out of your mind.

也就是说，想法会 自然流入你的头脑， 而你需要将它们表达出来。


We've heard interviews often in which a guest is talking for several minutes and then the host comes back in and asks a question which seems like it comes out of nowhere, or it's already been answered.

我们常听到采访中 嘉宾说了几分钟, 然后主持人回过来问问题, 这问题好像不知道从何而来 或者已经被回答过了。


That means the host probably stopped listening two minutes ago because he thought of this really clever question, and he was just bound and determined to say that.

这说明主持人可能 两分钟前就没在听， 因为他想到了 这个非常机智的问题， 于是就心心念念 想着问这个问题。


We're sitting there having a conversation with someone, and then we remember that time that we met Hugh Jackman in a coffee shop.

当我们和某人坐在一起交谈时， 我们突然想起那次 和休·杰克曼在咖啡店的偶遇。


Stories and ideas are going to come to you.

故事和想法总会不断向你涌来，


You need to let them come and let them go.

但即便无法阻止， 也不要让它们过多地在头脑中逗留。


Number five: If you don't know, say that you don't know.

第五点：如果你不知道， 就说你不知道。


Now, people on the radio, especially on NPR, are much more aware that they're going on the record, and so they're more careful about what they claim to be an expert in and what they claim to know for sure.

广播节目里的人，尤其在 全国公共广播电台中， 非常明白他们的谈话 会被播放出去。 所以他们对自己声称专业的地方 以及言之凿凿的东西会更加小心。


要学着这样做。谨言慎行。


谈话应该是负责任的行为。


Number six: Don't equate your experience with theirs.

第六条：不要把自己的 经历和他人比较。


If they're talking about having lost a family member, don't start talking about the time you lost a family member.

如果对方谈论失去了家人， 不要就势开始说你失去家人的事情。


If they're talking about the trouble they're having at work, don't tell them about how much you hate your job.

如果对方在说工作上的困扰， 不要告诉他们 你多么讨厌你的工作。


It's not the same. It is never the same.

这不一样的， 永远不可能一样。


任何经历都是独一无二的。


And, more importantly, it is not about you.

而且，更重要的是， 这不是在谈论你的事。


You don't need to take that moment to prove how amazing you are or how much you've suffered.

你不需要在此刻 证明你多么能干， 或者你经受了多少痛苦。


Somebody asked Stephen Hawking once what his IQ was, and he said, "I have no idea. People who brag about their IQs are losers."

有人曾问史蒂芬·霍金 他的智商是多少，他回答道： “我不知道。拿智商 吹牛的人都是屌丝。”


Conversations are not a promotional opportunity.

交谈不是用来推销自己的。


Number seven: Try not to repeat yourself.

第七条： 尽量别重复自己的话。


It's condescending, and it's really boring, and we tend to do it a lot.

这很咄咄逼人，也很无聊。 但我们很容易这样做。


Especially in work conversations or in conversations with our kids, we have a point to make, so we just keep rephrasing it over and over.

尤其是在工作交谈中， 或者和孩子的交谈中。 我们想声明一个观点， 于是换着方式不停地说。


Frankly, people don't care about the years, the names, the dates, all those details that you're struggling to come up with in your mind.

说白了，没人在乎 那些年份，名字， 日期等等这些 你努力试图 在脑中回想的种种细节。


They don't care. What they care about is you.

别人不在乎。 他们关注的是你。


They care about what you're like, what you have in common.

对方关心你是什么样的人， 和你有什么共同点。


所以忘掉细节吧。 别管它们。


Number nine: This is not the last one, but it is the most important one.

第九条： 这不是最后一条， 但是最重要的一条。


I cannot tell you how many really important people have said that listening is perhaps the most, the number one most important skill that you could develop.

我说不上来到底有多少 重要人士都说过 倾听可能是最重要的， 第一重要的 你可以提升的技能。


Buddha said, and I'm paraphrasing, "If your mouth is open, you're not learning."

佛曰——我转述一下， “如果你嘴不停， 你就学不到东西。”


And Calvin Coolidge said, "No man ever listened his way out of a job."

卡尔文·柯立芝曾说： “从没有人是因为听太多而被开除的。”


为什么我们不愿倾听彼此？


我在说话时 一切在我的掌控之中。


I don't have to hear anything I'm not interested in.

我不用去听任何 我不感兴趣的东西。


我可以强化自己的认同感。


But there's another reason: We get distracted.

但还有一个原因： 我们会受到干扰。


The average person talks at about 225 word per minute, but we can listen at up to 500 words per minute.

人平均每分钟说 大约225个单词， 但我们每分钟可以 听将近500个单词。


So our minds are filling in those other 275 words.

所以我们的脑子 被这另外275个单词占据了。


And look, I know, it takes effort and energy to actually pay attention to someone, but if you can't do that, you're not in a conversation.

我知道这很耗费精力 去真正注意听别人讲。 但如果你不这么做， 你们就不是在交谈。


You're just two people shouting out barely related sentences in the same place.

你们只不过是两个人 在同一个地方 彼此嚷嚷毫不相关的话。


史蒂芬·柯维对此 有精彩的论述。


He said, "Most of us don't listen with the intent to understand.

他说：“我们大多数人 都不是为了理解而倾听。


One more rule, number 10, and it's this one: Be brief.

最后一条，第十条： 简明扼要。


[A good conversation is like a miniskirt; short enough to retain interest, but long enough to cover the subject. -- My Sister] All of this boils down to the same basic concept, and it is this one: Be interested in other people.

“好的交谈就像恰到好处的迷你裙； 足够短，能够吸引人， 又足够长，能够包纳主体 ——我妹妹的比喻” 所有这些都浓缩成 同一个概念，那就是： 对他人产生兴趣。


You know, I grew up with a very famous grandfather, and there was kind of a ritual in my home.

我在一个名人外公的身边长大， 我家里宾客络绎不绝。


People would come over to talk to my grandparents, and after they would leave, my mother would come over to us, and she'd say, "Do you know who that was?

访客会前来 和我的外祖父母交谈， 而那些人离开后， 我母亲会过来 对我们说： “你们知道那是谁吗？


She won a Pulitzer Prize. He's a Russian ballet dancer."

她拿过普利策奖。 他是俄罗斯芭蕾舞蹈家。”


And I kind of grew up assuming everyone has some hidden, amazing thing about them.

我在成长中默认了 每个人都有不为人知的精彩。


And honestly, I think it's what makes me a better host.

说真的，我想是这一切 让我成为了更好的主持人。


I keep my mouth shut as often as I possibly can, I keep my mind open, and I'm always prepared to be amazed, and I'm never disappointed.

我尽量少说话， 但开放自己的思想， 永远准备着大吃一惊， 而我从不会感到失望。


Go out, talk to people, listen to people, and, most importantly, be prepared to be amazed.

走出门去，和别人交谈， 听别人说， 以及最重要的， 准备好大吃一惊。


My name is Matthew Williams, and I am a champion.

我的名字叫马修·威廉姆斯 我是一名冠军


I have won medals in three different sports and national games in Canada, competed at the international level in basketball and was proud to represent Canada on the world stage.

我曾在三种不同的运动中 以及加拿大全运会中获得奖牌 我参与过是国际级别的篮球项目 并且我为能代表加拿大走向世界舞台 感到十分骄傲


I train five days a week for basketball and speed skating, work with top quality coaches and mental performance consultants to be at my best in my sport.

我每周都有五天与顶级的教练和心理作业咨询师一起 训练篮球和竞速滑冰 来保持最好的竞技状态


By the way, all that is through Special Olympics.

补充一下，这些都是因为特殊奥林匹克运动会


Does that change the way you think of me and my accomplishments?

这有没有让你们对我 以及我的成就有所改观呢？


The world does not see all people like me as champions.

这个世界并没有把所有像我一样的人当成冠军


Not long ago, people like me were shunned and hidden away.

不久以前，像我这样的人是不被待见的


There has been lots of change since Special Olympics began in 1968, but in too many cases, people with intellectual disabilities are invisible to the wider population.

自从1968年的特殊奥林匹克运动会开始， 这种现象得到很大的改善 但现实中还是经常可以看到 相比普通人来说 智力有缺陷的人常被视而不见


People use the r-word in front of me, and they think it doesn't matter.

人们在我面前用“傻”字叫我，以为我会无所谓


That's the word "retard" or "retarded" used in a derogatory manner.

他们叫我“傻子”，说我迟钝 完全是贬义的用法


They're not thinking about how much it hurts me and my friends.

他们不知道这对我和我朋友伤害有多大。


I don't want you to think I'm here because I'm a charity case.

我不想让你们觉得我出现在这里是为了得到怜悯


I am here because there is still a big problem with the way many people see individuals with intellectual disabilities, or, too often, how they don't see them at all.

我在这里，是因为这个问题还存在： 还有很多人看待智力缺陷的人的方式有问题 或者，更多的 许多人根本就不认可他们的存在


Did you know the World Games happened this year?

你们都知道世界运动会是今年举办的吧？


I was one of over 6,500 athletes with intellectual disabilities from 165 countries who competed in LA.

我是6500名智力缺陷运动员中的一员 我们来自165个国家，在洛杉矶比赛


There was over 62,000 spectators watching opening ceremonies, and there was live coverage on TSN and ESPN.

当时有超过62000名观众观看开幕式 而且TSN和ESPN还直播了


What do you think of when you see someone like me?

当你看到像我一样的人的时候，你会怎么想？


I am here today to challenge you to look at us as equals.

我今天来到这里 就是想大胆提出，将我们平等看待


Special Olympics transforms the self-identity of athletes with intellectual disabilities and the perceptions of everyone watching.

特殊奥林匹克运动会改变了 智力缺陷运动员的自我认识 也改变了观众的看法


For those of you who aren't familiar, Special Olympics is for athletes with intellectual disabilities.

如果你们不熟悉特殊奥林匹克运动会 我来解释一下，它就是给智力有缺陷的人设立的


Special Olympics is separate from the Paralympics and Olympics.


We offer high-quality, year round sports programs for people with intellectual disabilities that changes lives and perceptions.

我们有高质量的、专门给智力缺陷的选手的、全年的运动项目 这些项目能改变我们的命运和对我们的认知的


This movement has changed my life and those of so many others. And it has changed the way the world sees people with intellectual disabilities.

特殊奥运会改变了我的生活 也改变了很多人的生活 同时也改变了这个世界看待智力缺陷人群的看法


I was born with epilepsy and an intellectual disability.

我出生时就患有癫痫以及智力缺陷


Growing up, I played hockey until I was 12 years old.

12岁之前，我一直都是打曲棍球


The older I got, the more I felt it was harder to keep up with everyone else, and I was angry and frustrated.

越长大，就越觉得要跟上别人愈来愈困难 我感到生气沮丧


For a while, I did not play any sports, didn't have many friends and felt left out and sad.

有一段时间，我没有接触任何体育运动 没有多少朋友 感觉自己被遗弃，无人问津


There was a time when people with intellectual disabilities were hidden away from society.

曾经有这么一段时间，智力缺陷的人 是被这个社会隔离开来，不被公开的


No one thought they could participate in sports, let alone be a valued member of society.

没人会觉得他们也能参加体育运动 更别说成为社会有价值的一员


In the 1960s, Dr. Frank Hayden, a scientist at the University of Toronto, was studying the effects of regular exercise on the fitness levels of children with intellectual disabilities.

在20世纪60年代，弗兰克·海登博士 多伦多大学的一名科学家 他当时在研究正常运动 对智力缺陷儿童的健康程度的影响


Dr. Hayden and other researchers came to the conclusion that it was simply the lack of opportunity to participate that caused their fitness levels to suffer.

海登博士以及其他研究人员 通过严谨的科学研究 得出了一个结论： 导致智力缺陷儿童的他们健康程度下降的原因 仅仅是缺乏运动的机会


Lots of people doubted that people with intellectual disabilities could benefit from fitness programs and sports competition opportunities.

很多人质疑智力缺陷的人 能从运动项目 或体育竞技中受益


But pioneers like Dr. Hayden and Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the founder of Special Olympics, persevered, and Special Olympics athletes have proved them right four and a half million times over.

但正是因为有海登博士， 以及特殊奥林匹克运动会创始人尤尼斯·肯尼迪·谢里夫 他们坚持运动的好处 而且特殊奥林匹克运动员 不下四百五十万次证明了运动的确有好处


Before I joined Special Olympics, I was nervous because I was young, shy, not confident and didn't have many friends.

在我参加特殊奥林匹克运动会之前 我是容易紧张的人 因为我年轻害羞，没自信 也没多少朋友


When I got there, though, everyone was very encouraging, supportive, and let me be myself without being judged.

但我到了那里，却发现每个人都很友善 很乐于助人，不歧视我 让我做回我自己


Now, I am a basketball player and speed skater who has competed at provincial, national games, and this year made it all the way to the World Summer Games in LA, where I was part of the first ever Canadian basketball team to compete at World Games.

现在，我是一名篮球运动员， 也是一名竞速滑冰运动员 参加过省级和国家级比赛 而且今年还参加了在洛杉矶的 夏季特殊奥林匹克运动会 在那里，我代表的是第一届加拿大篮球运动员 参加世界比赛


I am one of more than four and a half million athletes around the globe, and I've heard so many similar stories.

我是世界上这四百五十万名运动员中的一份子 我也听说过很多相似的故事


Being Special Olympics athletes restores our pride and dignity.

成为特殊奥林匹克运动会的运动员 帮我们拾回自信和尊严


Special Olympics also addresses critical health needs.

这个运动会也指出了重要的健康需求


Studies have shown that, on average, men with intellectual disabilities die 13 years younger than men without, and women with intellectual disabilities die 20 years younger than women without.

研究表明，平均来看 智力缺陷的男人 比没有智力缺陷的男人要少活13年 而智力缺陷的女人 比没有智力缺陷的女人要少活20年


Special Olympics keeps us healthy by getting us active and participating in sport.

特殊奥林匹克运动会让我们保持健康 让我们主动地参与到运动中来


Also, our coaches teach us about nutrition and health.

我们的教练也教会我们营养与健康


Special Olympics also provides free health screening for athletes who have difficulty communicating with their doctor or accessing health care.

特殊奥林匹克运动会也会提供免费的健康体检 给那些和他们的医生沟通有困难的运动员 或者是难以得到健康关注的运动员


At the 2015 World Summer Games, my Team Canada teammates and I played the Nigerian basketball team.

在2015年的夏季特殊奥林匹克运动会 我的加拿大队伍的队员和我 一起对抗尼日利亚篮球队


The day before our game, the Nigerian basketball team went to the World Games Healthy Athlete screening, where seven of 10 members were given hearing aids for free and got to hear clearly for the first time.

比赛的前一天 尼日利亚篮球队队员参加了运动会的健康系统体检 10名队员中的7名 得到了免费的助听器 人生第一次听得更清楚


给他们带来的变化是很惊人的


They were more excited, happy and confident, because their coach could vocally communicate with them.

他们更加兴奋，开心，自信 因为他们的教练终于能用语言和他们交流了


And they were emotional because they could hear the sounds of the basketball, the sounds of the whistle and the cheering fans in the stands -- sounds that we take for granted.

他们非常容易激动 因为他们能听到篮球的声音了 哨子的声音 还有站在旁边的粉丝的欢呼声 那些我们认为理所应当存在的声音。


Special Olympics is transforming more than just the athlete in their sport.

特殊奥林匹克运动会不单在运动员的体育方面改变他们


Special Olympics is transforming their lives off the field.

它同时也在运动员的生活方面改变他们


This year, research findings showed that nearly half of the adults in the US don't know a single person with an intellectual disability, and the 44 percent of Americans who don't have personal contact with intellectual disabilities are significantly less accepting and positive.

今年，研究表明 在美国接近半数的成年人 对于智力缺陷的人一个也不认识 44%的没有与智力缺陷的人接触的美国人 明显的更不宽容，态度更不积极


Then there's the r-word, proving that people with intellectual disabilities are still invisible to far too many people.

然后带“傻”字的词 证明了智力缺陷的人 依旧被视而不见 感觉与世隔绝


People use it as a casual term or an insult.

人们用这个词，要么随口说说，要么骂人


It was tweeted more than nine million times last year, and it is deeply hurtful to me and my four and a half million fellow athletes around the planet.

去年在推特上，被用了超过九百万次 这深深伤害到了我 以及这个世界上四百五十万运动员同伴


People don't think it's insulting, but it is.

人们不觉得这是在骂人 但它确实是


As my fellow athlete and global messenger John Franklin Stephens wrote in an open letter to a political pundit who used the r-word as an insult, "Come join us someday at Special Olympics.

我的运动员同伴，也是全球信使 富兰克林·史蒂芬斯 他给一个曾用“傻”词来骂人的政治评论家写了一封信 “找一天来看特殊奥林匹克运动会吧，


See if you walk away with your heart unchanged."

看在你离开的时候，是否仍想法不变。”


This year, at the 2015 World Summer Games, people lined up for hours to get into the final night of powerlifting competition.

今年，在2015年夏季特殊奥林匹克运动会 人们排了好几小时队 就是为了看最后一晚的举重比赛


So it was standing room only when my teammate Jackie Barrett, the Newfoundland Moose, deadlifted 655 pounds and lifted 611 pounds in the squat -- setting huge new records for Special Olympics.

当我的队友杰基·巴雷特上场时，人们都站了起来 他被称为纽芬兰驼鹿 他硬拉起来665磅 并且蹲起举起了611磅 为特殊奥林匹克运动会传下了多项新纪录


Jackie is a record holder among all powerlifters in Newfoundland -- not just Special Olympics, all powerlifters.

杰基是纽芬兰举重选手中的记录保持者 不仅仅是特殊奥林匹克运动会，而是全部举重选手。


Jackie was a huge star in LA, and ESPN live-tweeted his record-breaking lifts and were wowed by his performance.

杰基现在在洛杉矶算是大明星了 ESPN也实时发了关于他打破举重记录的推特 并且为他的表现而震惊


Fifty years ago, few imagined individuals with intellectual disabilities could do anything like that.

50年前，几乎没人可以想象智力缺陷的人 可以做到这样


This year, 60,000 spectators filled the famous LA Memorial Coliseum to watch the opening ceremonies of World Games and cheer athletes from 165 countries around the world.

今年，六万观众填满了著名的洛杉矶纪念体育馆 观看了比赛的开幕式 也为来自世界165个国家 的运动员喝彩


Far from being hidden away, we were cheered and celebrated.

我们受到祝贺和欢呼，而不再是被掩藏起来


Special Olympics teaches athletes to be confident and proud of themselves.

特殊奥林匹克运动会教会运动员们 更加自信，更加以己为豪


Special Olympics teaches the world that people with intellectual disabilities deserve respect and inclusion.

特殊奥林匹克运动会也教会这个世界 有智力缺陷的人 也值得被尊重被包含


Now, I have dreams and achievements in my sport, great coaches, respect and dignity, better health, and I am pursuing a career as a personal trainer.

现在，我在我的运动事业里，有梦想也有成就 有良好的培训 得到尊重 生活更加健康 然后我也在努力往私人教练的事业前进


I am no longer hidden, bullied and I am here doing a TED Talk.

我不在被掩藏，被欺凌 我在TED这里在做TED Talk


The world is a different place because of Special Olympics, but there is still farther to go.

有了特殊奥林匹克运动会，这个世界变得不一样 但还有很长一段路要走


So the next time you see someone with an intellectual disability, I hope you will see their ability.

所以下一次当你再看到智力缺陷的人 我希望你们能看到他们的潜力


The next time someone uses the r-word near you, I hope you will tell them how much it hurts.

下次有人在你身边用“傻”这个词 我希望你告诉他们这个词都多伤人


I hope you will think about getting involved with Special Olympics.

我希望你们会希望看一场特殊奥林匹克运动会


I would like to leave you with one final thought.

我最后再跟大家分享一个想法


Nelson Mandela said, "Sports has the power to change the world."

尼尔森·曼德拉说过 “体育有改变世界的能力。”


Special Olympics is changing the world by transforming four and a half million athletes and giving us a place to be confident, meet friends, not be judged and get to feel like and be champions.

特殊奥林匹克运动会正在改变世界 在改变四百五十万运动员 给了我们一席之地，让我们变得自信 认识朋友 不被歧视 也能体验当一回冠军


You may never have heard of Kenema, Sierra Leone or Arua, Nigeria.

你们可能从未听说过 塞拉利昂的凯内马， 或者是尼日利亚的阿鲁阿。


But I know them as two of the most extraordinary places on earth.

但我认为它们是 世界上最棒的两个地方。


In hospitals there, there's a community of nurses, physicians and scientists that have been quietly battling one of the deadliest threats to humanity for years: Lassa virus.

在那里的医院，有一个由护士、 外科医生和科学家组成的社区， 多年来一直在默默对抗 人类最致命的威胁之一—— 拉萨病毒。


拉萨病毒十分像埃博拉病毒。


It can cause a severe fever and can often be fatal.

它可以导致严重的发热症状， 而且往往是致命的。


But these individuals, they risk their lives every day to protect the individuals in their communities, and by doing so, protect us all.

但是这些人每天都冒着生命危险 来保护社区中的每个成员， 与此同时，也保护着我们所有人。


But one of the most extraordinary things I learned about them on one of my first visits out there many years ago these challenging, extraordinary days on the front lines -- by singing.

我从他们身上学到的最棒的一点， 就是在很多年前 我第一次去拜访的时候， 那些充满挑战、在前线奋斗的日子里， 他们每天早上都是这样开始的——唱歌。


They gather together, and they show their joy.

他们聚集在一起， 尽情展现他们的愉悦。


And over the years, from year after year as I've visited them and they've visited me, I get to gather with them and I sing and we write and we love it, because it reminds us that we're not just there to pursue science together; we're bonded through a shared humanity.

许多年过去了， 当我们年复一年彼此相互拜访的时候， 我都可以跟他们聚在一起唱歌， 而且我们会把这些记录下来， 我们很爱这样做， 因为它了提醒我们， 我们不只是要一起探寻科学真理， 还有一条人性的纽带将我们紧密相连。


And that of course, as you can imagine, becomes extremely important, even essential, as things begin to change.

而且你们可以想象，当周遭发生变化时， 这种联系就变得极其重要， 甚至是不可或缺的。


And that changed a great deal in March of 2014, when the Ebola outbreak was declared in Guinea.

2014年的3月，巨变发生了。 埃博拉疫情在几内亚爆发。


This is the first outbreak in West Africa, near the border of Sierra Leone and Liberia.

这是在西非地区的第一次疫情爆发， 发生在塞拉利昂和利比亚的交界处。


And it was frightening, frightening for us all.

情况非常可怕，我们每个人都震惊了。


We had actually suspected for some time that Lassa and Ebola were more widespread than thought, and we thought it could one day come to Kenema.

事实上，我们甚至一度怀疑 拉萨和埃博拉疫情的散布范围 比我们想象中更广， 而且我们担心某天它会传播到凯内马。


And so members of my team immediately went out and joined Dr. Humarr Khan and his team there, and we set up diagnostics to be able to have sensitive molecular tests to pick up Ebola if it came across the border and into Sierra Leone.

于是我的团队成员立即出发， 赶到那里并加入了 胡马尔·汗医生和他的团队， 我们搭建好了诊断设备， 来做一些敏感的分子测试， 当埃博拉病毒跨越塞拉利昂边境时， 我们就可以探测得到。


We'd already set up this kind of capacity for Lassa virus, we knew how to do it, the team is outstanding.

我们早已为拉萨病毒 设置了这种规模的设备， 我们知道如何去应对， 这个团队极其出色。


We just had to give them the tools and place to survey for Ebola.

我们只需要给他们设备和场地， 让他们去研究埃博拉。


很不幸的是，那一天来临了。


On May 23, 2014, a woman checked into the maternity ward at the hospital, and the team ran those important molecular tests and they identified the first confirmed case of Ebola in Sierra Leone.

2014年5月23日，一位女子 住进了医院里的产房， 我们团队就进行了那些重要的分子测试， 并确诊了塞拉利昂的 第一例埃博拉病例。


This was an exceptional work that was done.


They were able to diagnose the case immediately, to safely treat the patient and to begin to do contact tracing to follow what was going on.

他们可以在第一时间诊断出病情， 安全地诊治病人， 并且开始追踪接触者， 跟进病情的扩散情况。


But by the time that day came, the outbreak had already been breeding for months.

但是当那天来临的时候， 疫情的爆发已经酝酿了好几个月了。


With hundreds of cases, it had already eclipsed all previous outbreaks.

发现了成百个病例之后， 它让所有之前的疫情爆发都相形见绌。


And it came into Sierra Leone not as that singular case, but as a tidal wave.

而且病毒不是由那个单一病例 攻进塞拉利昂的， 这是一个巨大的冲击波。


We had to work with the international community, with the Ministry of Health, with Kenema, to begin to deal with the cases, as the next week brought 31, then 92, then 147 cases -- all coming to Kenema, one of the only places in Sierra Leone that could deal with this.

我们得跟国际社会紧密合作， 跟卫生部，跟凯内马当地， 共同应对这些病例。 接下来的一周来了31个病人， 然后是92个，后来涨到147个—— 全部都涌到凯内马来， 因为这是塞拉利昂 能够应对疫情的少数几个地方之一。


And we worked around the clock trying to do everything we could, trying to help the individuals, trying to get attention, but we also did one other simple thing.

我们日夜无休，拼尽全力地工作， 希望去帮助每一个患者， 希望获得大家的关注， 但我们同时也做了另外一件简单的事。


From that specimen that we take from a patient's blood to detect Ebola, we can discard it, obviously.

为了探测埃博拉病毒， 我们从病人血液中提取了样品， 我们当然可以直接丢掉它们。


The other thing we can do is, actually, put in a chemical and deactivate it, so just place it into a box and ship it across the ocean, and that's what we did.

但是事实上，我们能做的另一件事， 是在样品中加化学药品使其失活， 然后把它封存在盒子里， 把它运过大洋。 而这正是我们所做的。


We sent it to Boston, where my team works.

我们把样品发到了波士顿， 我的团队工作的地方，


And we also worked around the clock doing shift work, day after day, and we quickly generated 99 genomes of the Ebola virus.

我们同样日夜无休，每天都在轮班工作， 于是我们很快地整理出了 埃博拉病毒的99个基因组。


This is the blueprint -- the genome of a virus is the blueprint.

这就是一份蓝图—— 病毒的基因组就是一份蓝图。


It says everything that makes up us, and it tells us so much information.

它详述了构成我们身体的一切， 告诉我们非常多的信息。


The results of this kind of work are simple and they're powerful.

这些工作的结果很简单，但也很强大。


We could actually take these 99 different viruses, look at them and compare them, and we could see, actually, compared to three genomes that had been previously published from Guinea, we could show that the outbreak emerged in Guinea months before, once into the human population, and from there had been transmitting from human to human.

我们可以拿这99个不同的病毒变异， 观察并且比较它们， 我们可以清晰地看到，相比于 几内亚方面发布的三个基因组， 我们可以发现，病情在几个月前 就已经开始在几内亚传播， 一旦闯进了人群中， 就会通过人与人之间的接触快速传递。


Now, that's incredibly important when you're trying to figure out how to intervene, but the important thing is contact tracing.

这个信息其实至关重要， 尤其当你在研究如何阻碍 病毒传播的时刻。 但是最重要的事情是接触者追踪。


We also could see that as the virus was moving between humans, it was mutating.

我们也可以看到 病毒在人与人之间传播的时候， 它也在不断变异。


And each of those mutations are so important, because the diagnostics, the vaccines, the therapies that we're using, are all based on that genome sequence, fundamentally -- that's what drives it.

每一种变异都无比重要， 因为所有的诊断、疫苗， 还有我们用的治疗方式， 基本全都是基于那种特定的基因组序列， 这才是导致疫情传播的根源。


And so global health experts would need to respond, would have to develop, to recalibrate everything that they were doing.

于是全球的健康专家要快速应对， 要改进研究方法， 要把自己所做的一切都进行调整。


But the way that science works, the position I was in at that point is, I had the data, and I could have worked in a silo for many, many months, analyzed the data carefully, slowly, submitted the paper for publication, gone through a few back-and-forths, and then finally when the paper came out, might release that data.

但是就当时我所处的位置来看， 科学研究的方法是 我拿到了数据， 我可能要关在实验室里研究好几个月， 细致谨慎地分析那些数据， 写好论文投出去，再进行反复修改， 最后论文公之于众，那些数据才能公开。


这就是当时科学研究的现状。


Well, that was not going to work at this point, right?

好吧，在那个特定时候这种方法 肯定不管用，对吧？


We had friends on the front lines and to us it was just obvious that what we needed is help, lots of help.

我们有些朋友在抗病前线工作， 显然对于我们来说 最需要的就是外界帮助， 很多的帮助。


So the first thing we did is, as soon as the sequences came off the machines, we published it to the web.

所以我们所做的第一件事， 基因测序结果从机器上一出来， 我们就立即在网上发布了这些数据。


We just released it to the whole world and said, "Help us."

我们向全世界公开， 然后说：“帮帮我们！”


Before we knew it, we were being contacted from people all over, surprised to see the data out there and released.

我们还没反应过来， 全世界就有一大群人主动跟我们联系， 他们惊喜地看到这些数据在网上公开了。


Some of the greatest viral trackers in the world were suddenly part of our community.

世界上一些最出色的病毒追踪者 突然就变成了我们团队的一员了！


We were working together in this virtual way, sharing, regular calls, communications, trying to follow the virus minute by minute, to see ways that we could stop it.

我们用这种虚拟的方式共同合作， 我们共享信息，经常互通电话， 一直保持联系， 希望能够分秒跟踪病毒的扩散情况， 然后找到遏制它的办法。


And there are so many ways that we can form communities like that.

其实我们若要组建这样的团体 有很多种方式。


Everybody, particularly when the outbreak started to expand globally, was reaching out to learn, to participate, to engage.

每个人，尤其是当疫情 在世界范围爆发时， 都在不断获取信息， 都在参与、投入进来。


The amount of human capacity out there is just amazing, and the Internet connects us all.

世界上所有人的力量真的是太神奇了， 而因特网将我们联系在一起。


And could you imagine that instead of being frightened of each other, that we all just said, "Let's do this.

你们可以想象吗？ 我们不再害怕与他人交流， 我们所有人都说，“开工吧。


Let's work together, and let's make this happen."

让我们齐心协力，我们一定做得到！”


But the problem is that the data that all of us are using, Googling on the web, is just too limited to do what we need to do.

但是问题就是， 我们所有人所用到的数据， 在谷歌上搜到的数据， 远不能满足我们工作的需求。


And so many opportunities get missed when that happens.

当这种情况发生时， 我们就会错失很多机会。


So in the early part of the epidemic from Kenema, we'd had 106 clinical records from patients, and we once again made that publicly available to the world.

所以在凯内马的疫情爆发初期， 我们有106份病人的临床记录， 我们再一次把这些都公之于众。


And in our own lab, we could show that you could take those 106 records, we could train computers to predict the prognosis for Ebola patients to near 100 percent accuracy.

在我们自己的实验室里， 你拿给我们那106份记录， 我们就可以让电脑来预测 接下来的埃博拉患者， 而且准确度接近100%。


And we made an app that could release that, to make that available to health-care workers in the field.

我们还做了个应用程序， 专门发布这些预测， 让全世界健康领域的工作者 都能获得这些信息。


But 106 is just not enough to make it powerful, to validate it.

但是106份报告远远不够， 还无法让这种方法产生实效。


So we were waiting for more data to release that.

所以我们在等待更多的临床报告， 才能发布那个软件，


We are still waiting, tweaking away, in silos rather than working together.

我们还在等待，还在不断修正软件， 窝在实验室里而不是跟大家合作。


这个真是……我们完全不能接受。


Right? You, all of you, cannot accept that.

对吧？你们，你们所有人都不能接受。


现在正是命悬一线的时候。


And in fact, actually, many lives were lost, many health-care workers, including beloved colleagues of mine, five colleagues: Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi, Dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma and Mohamed Fullah.

然而事实上， 很多的人牺牲了， 很多工作在医疗领域的人们， 包括我所敬爱的同事们， 有五个同事： 姆巴鲁·冯尼、艾力克斯·穆比、 胡马尔·汗医生、艾丽丝·科沃玛， 还有穆罕默德·富勒。


These are just five of many health-care workers at Kenema and beyond that died while the world waited and while we all worked, quietly and separately.

这只是千千万万医疗卫生工作者中的五人， 他们在凯内马还有其他地方牺牲， 而世界却一直在等待， 我们一直在埋头工作， 人与人都是独立的、毫无交流的。


See, Ebola, like all threats to humanity, it's fueled by mistrust and distraction and division.

埃博拉病毒，就像其他种种对人类的威胁， 都会因人与人之间的不信任、 分散与隔阂而愈演愈烈。


When we build barriers amongst ourselves and we fight amongst ourselves, the virus thrives.

当我们互相建起隔障，互相争斗的时候， 病毒的气焰就更嚣张了。


But unlike all threats to humanity, Ebola is one where we're actually all the same.

但是埃博拉又不像其它的威胁， 因为这一次，我们成为了一家人。


Ebola on one person's doorstep could soon be on ours.

一个人患上了埃博拉， 我们可能就会是下一个。


And so in this place with the same vulnerabilities, the same strengths, the same fears, the same hopes, I hope that we work together with joy.

于是我们生活在世上， 有着共同的弱点，共同的优势， 共同的恐惧，共同的希望， 我衷心希望我们能够 带着喜悦一起工作。


A graduate student of mine was reading a book about Sierra Leone, and she discovered that the word "Kenema," the hospital that we work at and the city where we work in Sierra Leone, is named after the Mende word for "clear like a river, translucent and open to the public gaze."

我的一个已经毕业的学生 读到了一本关于塞拉利昂的书， 她发现“凯内马”这个词， 我们在塞拉利昂工作时 那个城市、那所医院的名字， 在当地的门得语中意思是 “像河流一样透明、澄净， 并且所有人的目光都能触及”。


That was really profound for us, because without knowing it, we'd always felt that in order to honor the individuals in Kenema where we worked, we had to work openly, we had to share and we had to work together.

这对我们有着非常深远的意义， 我们自己并没意识到， 但我们一直都觉得 为了向凯内马，我们奋斗过的地方的 所有人致敬， 我们必须开放合作， 我们必须共享信息，我们必须携手共进。


We all have to demand that of ourselves and others -- to be open to each other when an outbreak happens, to fight in this fight together.

所有人都应该这样要求自己和他人—— 当灾难爆发时，我们都应该互相敞开心扉， 一起进行这场战斗。


Because this is not the first outbreak of Ebola, it will not be the last, and there are many other microbes out there that are lying in wait, like Lassa virus and others.

因为这不是埃博拉疫情的第一次爆发， 也不会是最后一次， 世上还有许多其它的微生物 一直潜伏在我们身边， 就像拉萨病毒还有其它的生物。


And the next time this happens, it could happen in a city of millions, it could start there.

下次当灾难发生的时候， 可能会在一个百万人口级别的城市， 可能就会在那里爆发。


It could be something that's transmitted through the air.

病毒可能会通过空气传播。


It could even be disseminated intentionally.

病毒甚至可能会被人故意散播出去。


And I know that that is frightening, I understand that, but I know also, and this experience shows us, that we have the technology and we have the capacity to win this thing, to win this and have the upper hand over viruses.

我知道这很吓人，我能理解， 但是我也知道，这次经历告诉我们， 我们有足够的科技和能力， 来打赢这场仗， 不仅打赢这场仗， 而且对所有的病毒都能道高一丈。


But we can only do it if we do it together and we do it with joy.

但是只有当我们精诚合作时我们才能做到， 而且我们要心怀喜悦。


So for Dr. Khan and for all of those who sacrificed their lives on the front lines in this fight with us always, let us be in this fight with them always.

所以对于汗医生， 还有牺牲在抗病前线的所有人， 永远与我们并肩作战的人， 让我们也永远与他们一起战斗。


And let us not let the world be defined by the destruction wrought by one virus, but illuminated by billions of hearts and minds working in unity.

我们的世界不应被 一个病毒所造成的破坏而定义， 我们要让数十亿颗心灵 团结合作的光辉洒遍大地。