tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase
tRNA stabilization
Structures and mechanisms of tRNA methylation by METTL1-WDR4.
Specific, regulated modification of RNAs is important for proper gene expression<sup>1,2</sup>. tRNAs are rich with various chemical modifications that affect their stability and function<sup>3,4</sup>. 7-Methylguanosine (m<sup>7</sup>G) at tRNA position 46 is a conserved modification that modulates steady-state tRNA levels to affect cell growth<sup>5,6</sup>. The METTL1-WDR4 complex generates m<sup>7</sup>G46 in humans, and dysregulation of METTL1-WDR4 has been linked to brain malformation and multiple cancers<sup>7-22</sup>. Here we show how METTL1 and WDR4 cooperate to recognize RNA substrates and catalyse methylation. A crystal structure of METTL1-WDR4 and cryo-electron microscopy structures of METTL1-WDR4-tRNA show that the composite protein surface recognizes the tRNA elbow through shape complementarity. The cryo-electron microscopy structures of METTL1-WDR4-tRNA with S-adenosylmethionine or S-adenosylhomocysteine along with METTL1 crystal structures provide additional insights into the catalytic mechanism by revealing the active site in multiple states. The METTL1 N terminus couples cofactor binding with conformational changes in the tRNA, the catalytic loop and the WDR4 C terminus, acting as the switch to activate m<sup>7</sup>G methylation. Thus, our structural models explain how post-translational modifications of the METTL1 N terminus can regulate methylation. Together, our work elucidates the core and regulatory mechanisms underlying m<sup>7</sup>G modification by METTL1, providing the framework to understand its contribution to biology and disease.