Heparanase
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production
Heparanase induces vascular endothelial growth factor expression: correlation with p38 phosphorylation levels and Src activation.
Heparanase is an endo-beta-D-glucuronidase involved in cleavage of heparan sulfate moieties and hence participates in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and remodeling. Traditionally, heparanase activity was correlated with the metastatic potential of a variety of tumor-derived cell types. Cloning of the heparanase gene indicated that heparanase expression is up-regulated in a variety of primary human tumors. In some cases, heparanase up-regulation correlated with increased tumor vascularity, an angiogenic feature that could be recapitulated in a number of in vitro and in vivo models. The mechanism by which heparanase enhances angiogenic responses is not entirely clear but is thought to be mediated primarily by release of ECM-resident angiogenic growth factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Here, we examined the possibility that heparanase directly participates in VEGF gene regulation. We provide evidence that heparanase overexpression in human embryonic kidney 293, MDA-MB-435 human breast carcinoma, and rat C6 glioma cells resulted in a 3- to 6-fold increase in VEGF protein and mRNA levels, which correlated with elevation of p38 phosphorylation. Moreover, heparanase down-regulation in B16 mouse melanoma cells by a specific siRNA vector was accompanied by a decrease in VEGF and p38 phosphorylation levels, suggesting that VEGF gene expression is regulated by endogenous heparanase. Interestingly, a specific p38 inhibitor did not attenuate VEGF up-regulation by heparanase whereas Src inhibitors completely abrogated this effect. These results indicate, for the first time, that heparanase is actively involved in the regulation of VEGF gene expression, mediated by activation of Src family members.