texts: Are there any contemporary examples of jurists "riding circuit?"

texts:
Historically, in Great Britain and the United States, some judges would "ride circuit," traveling around a region holding court on some schedule rather than asking plaintiffs to travel to a fixed courthouse to bring cases. To the best of my knowledge, this practice no longer exists in the UK or the United States.

Are there any contemporary examples - specific countries, specific regions, etc. - in which jurists routinely travel around a region addressing cases? I've done some searching online, and all I can find are references to US Supreme Court Justices historically riding circuit or courts of assize in England and Wales.


texts: What happens in Ontario if the tenant does not move out at the end of the term?

texts:
The standard Ontario residential tenancy agreement states:

  The tenant does not have to move out at the end of the term. See Parts C and D in general information.

However, Part C just states that:

  If the landlord and tenant agree that the tenancy will last for a specific period of time, this is called a fixed term tenancy. This is because both the start and end date are set out in the tenancy agreement. The end of an agreement does not mean the tenant has to move out or sign a renewal or new agreement in order to stay. The rules of the agreement will still apply and the tenant still has the right to stay.

and Part D states that:

  The landlord can only give the tenant notice to end the tenancy in certain situations. These situations are set out in the Act. A
  few examples include:
  • tenant does not pay the full rent when it is due,
  • tenant causes damage to the rental unit or building, and
  • tenant substantially interferes with the reasonable enjoyment of other tenants or the landlord.
  If the landlord gives a tenant notice to end the tenancy, the tenant does not have to move out.

So what happens if the rental term is over and the tenant refuses to move out?

For example, if the rental term was from Jan 1, 2019 to Dec 31, 2019 and then the tenant refused to move out on Jan 1, 2020. Would the tenancy continue under the same terms as the previous lease?


texts: Am I allowed to take files I created off someone else's computer?

texts:
I recently created a website for a friend of mine, but after some issues between the two of us I decided to remote control their computer (which I had permission to do) and took the files off.

Am I allowed to do so?
Are the files my intellectual property that I have rights to?

I'm quite young and don't quite understand a lot of legal 'stuff.'


texts: Am I obligated to sign contracts and fill out paperwork post termination?

texts:
I was asked to resign from a startup then sometime down the line the company asked me sign the following documents

Terms of Resignation
Employee Invention Assignment and Confidentiality Agreement
2014 W9 form

Some background:

I was a contractor in 2013 briefly
Has been a full-time employee since after the contracting period
I did early exercise some stock options
Not all of my stock has been vested

If anyone has knowledge or experience on the matter, please enlighten me? For example, do I have any obligation to return these documents? If I do not, are there any negative side effects on my vested stock?


texts:
I have recently come up with a very interesting concept in engineering that I would also like to share with peers. However, I am relatively fearful that someone may hear the idea and make it or patent it before I can. Thus, I would like to find a way to legally mark the idea as my own and make certain that no one can copy the concept and profit off of the copy.

The design concept is relatively simple. It would simply be how the device works ("chlorine gas is run through liquid x to produce y, which is taken to the magnetic gun", "water is used to make the metal behave like a conductor for when y is introduced"). I would like to lay claim. to this concept if possible. It has never been done before, thus, there is no worry about it being in public domain. I would just like it under my name.

Unfortunately, I am very low on money at the moment and could maybe only pay $200 to undergo whatever would be needed to claim the idea as my own. What options are available to me? How should I proceed? Thank you.


texts: Is it legal in India to disallow food and water to be brought in to a public place?

texts:
In some cities in India, the malls having movie theaters do not allow people to bring their own food or even water inside the movie theater. When I say their own food it includes the food or water bought outside the theater also. They even check your bags for verifying this.

I want to know if this is legal. Is it not a basic right to carry any harmless things anywhere? What right do they have to object that? After all, it is a public place and I bought the ticket. Food and water are basic needs, how can someone restrict that?

Being said that, I understand the reason why the theater management want to restrict it. They sell highly overpriced(more than 5x for popcorn) snacks and drinks inside the theater. They make more money on these than on the ticket itself. But still I want to know if what they are doing is legal?

If state laws come in to picture, Telangana is the state I am interested to know about.


texts: Estate Administration - Evaluation Date for Securities

texts:
Suppose an estate has assets (stocks and/or cryptocurrencies) that will go to the primary beneficiary , but the second beneficiary gets a % of the estate (in cash).  How does the estate administrator set a date for valuing the stocks/cryptos for purposes of income tax, inheritance tax, and distribution.
Example, investments are worth $10,000 on the death of the trustor and $10,000 in checking account.  Then $11,000 when the tax return is filed, and $12,000 on the day the assets are distributed.   And the second beneficiary gets 10%.  So the date of the valuation determines whether they get $1000, $1100, or $1200 (for the those assets) paid out of the checking account.


texts: How to get a proof of business address for mail forwarding service?

texts: We would like to use mailing forwarding service as our business address in US. Banks require us to prove business address. How to get a proof of business address if we are using a mail forwarding service?


texts: Is it illegal to test someones abandoned DNA in the United States?

texts: Let's say I suspect my friend (or spouse) has Huntington's disease. If I were to take their used tissue out of the garbage can and test it for Huntington's disease, would that be illegal?


texts: What does "No later than midnight of a day" mean?

texts: I have a contract that was signed on Nov 4, 2016. It says that we can cancel the contract within three business days from the above date. Additionally, it also says "To cancel this transaction, mail or deliver a signed and dated copy of this cancellation notice to" followed by an address and "no later than midnight of Nov 9, 2016". I am wondering if midnight of Nov 9 means a minute after Nov 8 11:59PM or it is after Nov 9 11:59PM.


texts: Could any repercussion from a libel suit prevent or limit someone from perpetuating other attacks on others?

texts:
A certain evil man has previously waged a vicious campaign of cyber-bullying and libel against me, and appears to be revving up for a whole new round in the near future.  His claims include accusing me of being a different individual, multiple claims of mental illness of various types, pretending to be a women I supposedly harassed to upset a third party, and accusing me of being a pedophile because I'm a male that volunteers with children (which everyone knows is synonymous with pedophile!); amongst other actions.

I've always ignored these attacks, others then posting requests to have them removed from any third party site he made them on.  They were quite upsetting, but the difficulty of doing anything about them is quite high.

However, he is actually doing far worse to others then what he is doing to me.  His cyber-bullying is quite common, but the least of his actions.  He has had multiple rape allegations made against him; I can't get either of the ones I know personally to press charges.  He is involved in many other bad actions, using anonymity of the internet, threat of vicious attacks on any that oppose him, a sociopathic (and I mean that literally here) ability to manipulate others, and a talent for knowing exactly how much he can break rules and laws without every pushing enough to make it worth anyone prosecuting him.

My own ability to prove libel is difficult at best, due to the indirect nature of most of the attacks and difficulty of tying his real name (known to me) to his aliases to a degree required to be legally admissible.  It is simply not worth the significant expense, time, emotional investment, and increased harassment that would inevitable come from any lawsuit just to try to prove libel myself.

However, I would like to stop him from the far more massive harm he is doing to others.  Assuming I could even generate a sufficient case for libel is there any way that the results of winning a case proving libel/slander/cyber-bullying etc could lead to repercussions other then his being forced to pay me money, something that may in some way slow down or limit the harm he is doing to other parties?  Or is the only possible repercussion financial penalty, which I would value far less then the harm of the case and I doubt would stop him from continuing his activities.

I live in Maryland, the individual harassing me is in West Virginia, with all the harassment being done over the internet; to make things even harder.


texts: What patents do I need to buy or lease to make and sell an electric guitar to the public?

texts:
I want to make and sell my own electric guitars. However, I have not invented the instrument, nor was I the inventor of any of the major advances in the field. However, I have some changes (mostly aesthetic and stylistic) in mind before selling the guitars to the public in Washington state of the USA.

Do I have to pay the inventors of the components on an electric guitar (such as pickups or dials) or take a lease from them or their equivalent corporate identities in order to make and sell a guitar that draws heavily from existing models by other brands?


texts: Can a tenant be obligated to pay rent and be forced not to live in the unit?

texts:
I’m on a month to month lease. I gave my landlord 41 days notice of intent to vacate, but they are saying they need 45 days as in the lease. The lease says I am responsible for the rent for the month following my move out move date (April 30, so I would be responsible for May’s rent).  However, they also posted a listing for the unit on a realtor website with a May 1 availability, and have been showing the unit while advertising a May 1 move-in.

Since I told the landlord I was moving out April 30, am I obligated to both vacate AND pay rent for May?  Or, can I decide to stay through May at any time before May 1?

This is in Hoboken, NJ, where the state law actually requires only 30 days notice to end a month to month: see “Ending a month-to-month lease” at http://www.lsnjlaw.org/Housing/Landlord-Tenant/Leases/Pages/Ending-Leases.aspx#.WtH9ARYpCEd


texts: In what languages do I make the legal pages of my website

texts:
I have a website in Spanish as the main language (and other languages) but with users from many countries and languages, and I want to know if according to the law I am obliged to present legal pages in other languages besides Spanish.

I also want to know if something happens if I just add a widget with which the page can be translated to any language using the google translator.

Thanks and sorry for my bad english.


texts: Why there seems to be a case on CBS/Paramount vs. Axanar?

texts:
Axanar is a fan made movie of Star Trek in preproduction, whose producers are being sued jointly by Paramount and CBS for copyright violation. When every news coverage article I found failed to question the applicability of copyright for the case, and at least one implies the cause is lost for Axanar, I started to question my convictions on what copyright is for.

Part of me wants to believe that the move is just FUD on the part of the plaintiffs, and the lack of question on the case by the media is simply due to the lack of expert understanding on the Copyright law by people in general (who tends to bundle together every type of intellectual property law into a single mess). But now I am starting to doubt it.

Copyright law is very specific for what is protected, so, motion pictures are protected, but if no one is making verbatim copy of part or whole of the work without authors consent, there shouldn't be any copyright infringement, right?

I mean, fictitious organizations name, fictitious star system names, characters names, spaceship designs and general concepts falls out of scope of Copyright, is that correct? Maybe other IP laws, like trademark, can apply to theses things, but not copyright as I understand.

So, is my understand about copyright deeply flawed and there indeed any sound legal basis for the motion? How so?


texts: Does my own company also need to be EU-US Privacy Shield certified if we use AWS to store data of European customers?

texts:
We're based in United States. We understand that any sub-processor that we use should be EU-US Privacy Shield certified and GDPR compliant.
So, we can use AWS and Google Cloud. Both of them are EU-US Privacy Shield certified.

But does my own company also needs to be EU-US Privacy Shield certified also?

Can we declare ourselves GDPR compliant after doing the due diligence but not have to certify ourselves in the EU-US Privacy Shield?


texts: Can you request response to SAR by web form?

texts:
When one makes a GDPR Subject Access Request (SAR), one can specify a particular form of response, for example by email.  Also the data can be requested in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format.  If one requested the response be provided via a web form would the data controller be required to use that form, or could them deny to provide the data if this was the only method available?
The case I am considering stems from this question, where from a single web site visit it appears there are 389 entities handling security.  If I was to make a SAR to each, processing the responses would take a long time, particularly if some provided responses that were incomplete or in a non-machine readable format, and I had to chase them.  It would be much easier for me to set up a website that allows data controllers to upload files and associate them with portions of the request,  validates that they can be read by a machine, and allows submission only when complete.  I would send the requests from a no-reply email address.
Would requesting the response to a SAR in this form be valid, in that failure to complete a submission on the web form would allow one to seek to enforce one's rights through the courts?  Assume the information requested is unambiguous, eg. "what data do you have, where did you get it, who have you given it to", and the SAR request includes all possible identifiers (in this case, IP address requests were made from, content of all cookies, uri's of all tracking images and browser User-Agent).


texts: How does the gdpr apply to software houses/companies and call centres?

texts:
I would like to know how the gdpr applies to software companies/houses. What aspects or workings of software companies need gdpr compliance? And what is the sort of personal information they gather that requires them to comply with gdpr?

Id be grateful if anyone could cater to these questions.


texts:
I'm working on a program for D&D enthusiasts that helps dungeon masters keep track of their characters and streamline battles. I want to transcribe the all the monster data in the Monster Manual so my program can automatically deal damage and so players could look up monster data within the program itself. Would that be violating copyright law if I did that?
Edit 1: To clarify, I'm not planning on making any money off of this(Ad revenue or otherwise).


texts: What stops some companies taking advantage of User Stupidity with the Terms and Conditions?

texts:
Most of us who work on computers would know that the vast majority of users don't read the terms and conditions of software or websites, blindly clicking on the "i agree" box/button/link. sometimes evidence of this can been seen on a Stack Exchange Meta where a user whines about they've been suspended prompting the mods to point out that they violated the terms and conditions with their behavior, the user then tries to claim they didn't read/understand them but that is no defense (many episodes of Border Security shows people getting caught out in violating Customs Regulations by making false declarations and their defense is always they didn't understand)

When i was doing an update on my iPad Apple makes you re-agree to their terms and conditions before you can start the update and like anyone else i blindly agreed. likewise with Playstation Network updated their terms and conditions i just hit i agree so i could log in.

I got thinking, what stops a company updating their terms and conditions (or even having it at the very beginning) to take advantage of User Stupidity? for instance Apple updating their Terms and Conditions to indicate that my agreeing to the Terms and Conditions you give them access will go though the contents of any email account set up on an iPad...or Sony taking away any unused Playstation Network Wallet Money at the end of every finical year and denying access to any digital games that have not been downloaded in 6 months (regardless if they were paid for or freebies)


texts: Can someone be charged with the murder of unidentified victims?

texts:
I've been watching "Des", ITV's dramatisation of the arrest and trial of serial killer Dennis Nielsen.  The police seem desperate to identify the names of the victims, despite having the bodies of the victims and ample evidence of Nielsen's guilt.  Is there a particular reason for this (besides a desire to follow protocol properly and identify the victims' families, etc?)
I'm not a lawyer, but the show makes it seem like the police need to identify the victims in order to charge him with murder - like him being caught with multiple unidentified dead bodies in his house and admitting to guilt isn't enough.
(For those wondering, Nielsen claimed not to know the identities of his victims as they were predominantly homeless young men and, prior to murdering them, he had only had (in most cases) brief, consensual homosexual encounters with them and spoken to them on first-name terms, which was actually quite plausible).  And it seems logical to me to believe that crimes require identified victims for charges to be brought.
Can someone be charged with murder of an unidentified victim?


texts: Why does the CBP border zone nearly touch Reno, Nevada?

texts:
The CBP is authorized to do citizen checks within 100 miles of the US border.  The ACLU shows this on a map, here.

Now, Lake Michigan counts as a national border, probably because of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909, which allows Britain (Canada) unlimited navigation of all five Great Lakes.

But look at the mid-west coast. What makes the 100-mile limit lurch inland, nearly touching Reno, Nevada?   Is there a national border that runs up the Sacramento River delta, perhaps to Sacramento or Stockton?

And if Sacramento, why doesn't it run up the Mississippi River?


texts: appeal : legal process to a higher court or just a kind of claim

texts:
The image I attached below is the section concerning the right of appeal in Employment's Compensation Act of Nigeria. In that context, I wonder whether an 'appeal' represents a legal process to a higher court, or it means a kind of claim to the committee or company. I'm not an English-native speaker. Please, let me understand.

Thank you!


texts: What legal action can I take if someone who had access to my personal hard disk copied all my personal pictures into his computer?

texts:
A few months ago I had a temporary guest in my residence. During this time he, without my permission, went through my personal hard disk and copied all of my pictures onto his personal computer. (These are pictures of me, such as ones you take on holidays, and a few more private ones.)

None of these pictures were ever posted online, so the only way he got access to the pictures is because he copied them from my computer.

I only found about what he did recently because I received a message with an attachment from him saying, "I've got these photos of you...."

I told him to delete them, and he said he did.

A few days ago I went to his place and went on his laptop with his permission (as by this point I wasn't trusting him) and There I found lots of other pictures, all from my hard disk that I have never ever shared with anyone, including the pictures that he said he deleted.

What can I do to make sure that all these photos get deleted?

What are the laws about these types of situations?


texts: Would a police do anything if someone is provoking a fight?

texts:
I'm not looking for legal advice from a lawyer.

I'm living in a shared house with a bunch of young people and one is trying to provoke a fight with me. After getting in my face and trying to instigate a fight he says "what are you going to do? you can't hit me because your 7 years older than me!" Is there any legal remedies for this? I'm moving out and the landlord doesn't care about his behavior. I was thinking can a police officer be called over? Last night I had a female guest and he made her feel really uncomfortable, and he woke everyone up in the house at 3am by yelling at me. I can go to my bedroom and close the door but then I don't get access to the rest of the house. For what it's worth, he's twice my size but I would love the opportunity to pumble him. If he takes the first swing then it's self defense, right?


texts: Registering car cosigned by another person who lives in another state

texts: I am currently renting and working in the state of Illinois.  However, I was thinking about buying a car and having my dad who lives in Michigan cosign for it.  I still consider my "permanent address" to my parents place in Michigan. Is it legal for me to register my car in Michigan?  Would the answer change if I could make my dad a co-owner on the car?


texts: Using personally licensed software on a corporate PC

texts:
Let's say I have a personal license for a product as Visual Studio or TOAD or anything else: am I able to legally use it on a corporate computer?

What about products, that are intended for free use in small groups of developers only (Community/Indie editions)?


texts: Tasks which require professional licenses by non-licensed persons

texts:
Background (as I understand it in California)

My friends, some stranger, or myself are allowed to do minor repairs (minor plumbing or electrical work) to a home, without the need for professional licenses/certifications. As long as no one is doing it as a paid professional.

We can also do major renovations or demolitions (major plumbing, etc.) as long as we get local permits first.

Again, all without the need for professional licenses/certifications. As long as no one is doing it as a paid professional.

Question

If I'm filming and paying actors doing these tasks, would this be legal?

I've hired them to act like licensed professionals not be licensed professionals.

In these situations/scenes, these tasks may or may not get complete fully, but they would be doing the actual tasks, not just a fake version of them.


texts: Is there a legal recourse against an attorney who doesn't return unused portion of retainer back to client?

texts:
We had retained an attorney to establish guardianship for our son who had just turned 18 but had 'some issues'.  However, we (wife and I) changed our minds and decided against pursuing it.  The attorney promised to return the retainer, most of it unused, by check via mail within a week.

6 weeks have gone by and we have not seen the check.  He is not returning phone calls.  What is our legal recourse?  Should we file a complaint and where?


texts: Can my S-corp legally own a foreign bank account?

texts:
Can my S-corp legally own a foreign bank account to collect deposits from foreign clients?

Additionally, can I keep that money in the foreign bank account and pay taxes against these funds from my personal savings account in US  (because S-corp is a pass-through entity anyway)?

Note that the intention is to report the foreign bank account with the IRS, it's just easier to have a foreign bank account to collect international payments and protect against currency fluctuations.


texts: Can I call myself a "A Spiritual Counselor Practioner?"

texts:
So let's say I would like to give life advise to people that is spiritually based.

If I make it clear I am not a licensed Therapist or Psychologist.

Is this acceptable?


texts: Could GitHub change its ToS to change ownership over the code?

texts:
During an online discussion about the possible steps MS might take after acquiring GitHub, the other user suggested that MS could change the ToS so that they become the owners of the code.

So imagine I have a project. I create it on my PC, attach a GPL license to it and publish it on GitHub. MS using the hypothetical ToS takes over my repository and changes the license to some other one. Is that possible?
(Would it be the same if instead of GPL, I reserved all rights to the code and my repository would be private)?

I am interested in this from the perspective of the EU citizen.


texts: Will I get in legal trouble if I use somebody else’s picture?

texts:
I was banned from a site. To evade it, I plan on impersonating a fictional cousin of mine with a fictional name, but if people suspect that it is a sock puppet account, I plan on uploading a picture of some person that I found on Facebook and claim that it is a picture of the cousin.

Am I risk at getting arrested for copyright or identity theft for the picture? Will the police get involved or is it only a civil matter?


texts:
I am a college student at a new University located in Mauritius.
Before I applied, I checked on their website the list of major offered. I saw: "Electrical Engineering" which was one of the main reasons why I applied.
I got a fully funded scholarship as being part of the inaugural class.
What is different about this university is that during the first year, you do not follow a major immediately, instead, you follow a mandatory leadership training for 1 year.
Then after my first year, the asked us to pick a major. At that time, they still had the option: "Electrical Engineering" which I immediately picked.

Then 4 months later, when I came back to Mauritius after the annual break, they announced that the "Electrical Engineering" degree now became "Electrical POWER SYSTEMS Engineering" . Being confused, as there were no other options available and I was not ready to drop out, I followed that major because no other degree were closed to why I came to this college initially. This Electrical and Power systems engineering was the only close option to Electrical Engineering. It has been 2 years now and I realised that the content of the degree is diverging really far from what is actually "Electrical Engineering" .

I really want to drop out now but I feel that I have been a victim of "false advertising". And the consequence is that I wasted 2 years of my life following a degree that I don't like, not passionate about and not all field that I want to pursue my career on later. My college changed my major without my consent, can I sue them?


texts: If I want to commute to work on my own boat, do I have to carry documents, special permits or whatever to sail down the River Thames?


texts: How far can I go to protect my 4th amendment right?

texts:
How far can one go to defend him/herself from an unreasonable search and seizures, in the same sense of one defending him/herself from an unlawful arrest?

For example (hypothetical), an officer thinks that there is evidence to a crime in one's tool shed, looks far enough, without entering one's property, to get a closer look. He thinks he sees evidence in sight and attempts to search it without a warrant. However, the property owner (say is a person of interest in the case), forbids him from searching the shed, as he does not have a warrant and highly believes there is no possible way he could have seen the evidence from outside his property. The officer attempts to barge in, and the owner defends himself, say by pressing against the door to the shed with heavy objects, making extremely loud noise to get the officer to leave, or anything else that would make the situation dangerous or unplesant for the officer in efforts to get him to leave and prevent an "unreasonable search and seizure".


texts: Under what law are Jews allowed to live in England nowadays?

texts:
King Edward passed a law ("Edict of Expulsion") in England expelling all Jews from England.

According to Wikipedia, Oliver Cromwell permission of resettlement was revoked, and the right of Jews in England is only "implied."

Does this mean that the Jewish settlement in England is technically illegal?


texts: Is it a felony for a teen to design a knife and put into production?

texts:
So just curious that is it legal for the following situation.

So a teen design a new knife opening mechanism and hand it to an adult who's running a factory. The adult thinks it's interesting so he puts into production. And soon the knife become some of the hottest knifes on the market.

As we know non-adults aren't allow to carry weapons, but how about inventing them?


texts: Does pointing a gun at someone constitute attempted murder?

texts: Is pointing a gun at someone tantamount to attempted murder in Kenya? If not, what would it most likely be?


texts: Are UK Tier 4 visa holders permitted to have royalty income?

texts:
I am going to the UK for an MA degree. According to the Tier-4 rules, I am not allowed to work more than 20 hours per week or be self-employed.

I currently have a published book, and I receive royalty income from it. The book was published in my home country prior to my obtaining a Tier-4 visa. Am I allowed to continue to receive such royalty income from my previous work while studying in the UK? Or would this be considered to be self-employment? I have sufficient savings to fund my time living in the UK without factoring in future royalty income.

A similar question was asked: How to publish a book having TIER4?, however this discusses publication of a book while on the visa, rather than publication before obtaining the visa.


texts:
If a company prices a product erroneously, then (in the US) do they have to sell the product for that price, if someone buys it at that price?

Or are they allowed to correct the price and not sell for the erroneous price?


texts: Copyright issues regarding an individual's likeness and name for a toy

texts:
I'm not sure if copyright is the correct term, but you likely understand what I mean. I'll flesh it out a bit more:

Assume a toy was made in the likeness of a celebrity, and from its movement and sounds it is apparent that it is a likeness of the celebrity1  , and that it would be sold using that persons name and (for the most part) sell because of that persons popularity.

Although it's a matter of opinion, I know (being the designer) that it would be made out of respect for that person, but there is always a chance they may not like aspects of it.

The celebrity comes from a country that I am not citizen of (neither of us are from the US). The sales would happen online and globally.

My questions:

can I be held accountable by the person for any profits I make from the sale of these toys?
if so, what if I have already passed the profits on to a charity that
(I suspect) they would approve of, would I be liable anyway?

I figure it might be prudent to approach them first, but I was wondering where I would stand regardless ...

1: their appearance, the way they move or their voice are copyright free as far as I am aware...


texts: Is it legal for a company to put on their website a picture of my work I sent to them when applying for a job?

texts: I was applying for a landscaping job so I sent images of work I had done, and without my permission he added that photo to his website. This work is not affiliated with his landscaping company whatsoever. Is this illegal?


texts: Divorce and separation circumstances in Georgia

texts: My marriage is experiencing tough times and the divorce issue has already been arisen for a couple of times. It's not the first time when my wife wants to file a divorce, however the first time we agreed upon a legal separation and that worked out. Now we have been living in Atlanta for 14 months and both are up to a divorce. My wife moved out about a week ago and I have recently found out that legal separation is not an option in Georgia. So my question is under which circumstances is it legally possible to file a divorce in Georgia, taking into consideration the fact that we are living separately for about a week?


texts: Are there some torts for which the proof is "slam dunk" or close to?

texts:
The tort in question is that a driver hit a child while driving. Below are three different cases of this:

Example 1: Someone is driving in a residential neighborhood at a "safe" speed of about 10 mph. There are several eyewitnesses to this fact. A small child rushes under the car, s/he can't swerve, and kills the child.

Example 2: Someone is driving in the same neighborhood at 30 mph, as recorded by a policeman who arrested him after he hit a child. That's well above the 15 mph considered "safe." This represents a "reckless disregard" for safety.

Example 3: Someone is driving at 10 mph, but is DUI, according to a breathelyzer test conducted by a cop shortly after he hit the child.

Assume the facts are as stipulated above, and there are no evidentiary issues. Is it true that Cases 2 and 3 would be easy to prove in a tort action, and case 1 would be very difficult? Why?


texts: Does creating a YouTube client via the YouTube API infringe copyright?

texts:
I have developed an iOS app that acts as a YouTube Client using the official YouTube API. I've been very care to ensure that my app complies fully with the YouTube API ToS (https://developers.google.com/youtube/terms). For example my app does not save/cache data from the API and no data is sold.

However I have recently received a request from the RIAA (I am based in the UK) that my app infringes copyright laws and I must remove my app from the App Store. However as my app complies with YouTube's API ToS and YouTube complies with the DMCA's safe harbour policy am I right in saying that I do not infringe copyright laws?


texts: Are clauses written on top of a signed contract legally enforceable?

texts:
I signed a lease that says that the first day of the lease is Mid July. Recently, we were given the option to move in earlier, so the landlord crossed out the date on the contract and wrote the new date in the margins. The landlord said that it's perfectly legal, and we won't need to resign another contract.

Is that indeed legal? If that is legally enforceable, what is stopping someone from scribbling other clauses in the contract that we didn't agree to?

In the interest of staying protected, should I request that the landlord void the previous contract and send us a new one?


texts: Does the Data Protection Act 2018 in UK require users of a website to explicitly

texts:
Now that Brexit has happened, GDPR no longer takes effect in UK.
However, the Data Protection Act 2018 will continue to apply.
With GDPR's Article 6, a website is required to request explicit consent to the user for sending Marketing e-mails (and allow to revoke at any point).
I would like to know if the same applies for UK at the moment.


texts: Can you have valid Terms and Condictions when there is no entity mentioned?

texts:
I was reading the terms and conditions here https://www.binance.com/en/terms.
What exactly are they? Are they a natural person? Are them a company? And if so where are they registered? Do they have multiple registrations? What is their domicile?


texts: In USA, does private property go right up to the international border?

texts:
I was out hunting with a friend yesterday, and the land we were on borders Montana. We were keeping on the North side of the barb-wire fence we assumed was the border, but then we found one of the border markers, about 25m south of the fence. It occurred to me after that the fence would have been at the edge of the Canadian landowners property, and the land between the fence and the border was a road allowance on crown land for a road that is yet to be built or may or may not be built.

Looking East at the border marker between Toole County, Montana and Warner County, Alberta (48.996723, -111.546241).

Later that day we met the Rancher who owned the land on the Montana side, he was out herding some stray cattle on his quad, rode over to say hi and we had a friendly chat about the Elk herd that crosses back and forth across the border to and from the Sweetgrass hills. I didn't ask him about it, but it was pretty obvious that he didn't have a fence on the border of his land, and instead relied on the fence 25m inside of Canada to prevent his Cattle from emigrating.

Supposing there's a road allowance on the USA side, this guy is potentially ranching on a strip of land up to 50m wide and a few miles long which doesn't belong to him, half of which is in another country.

If the Canadian rancher were to suddenly tear down his fence, it would force the USA rancher to put up one on his side, which would potentially lose him about 20 acres of grazing land per mile of fence (10 acres in Canada, and another 10 in USA if he has to leave room for a road allowance).

What are the legalities here? Obviously the Montana rancher is using Canadian land, but where is his fence supposed to be? Should it be right on the border? Or is there a strip of land there which is national land reserved for border patrol purposes?


texts: What are the legal violations and criminal penalties likely to be for the protesters that entered the Capitol on January 6, 2021?

texts:
I'm curious to know what sort of legal ramifications there can or will be for the Trump supporters who entered the Capitol building on January 6, 2021.  I've seen it being called an "assault" in the news, but there is a video circulating that shows a police officer waving people in beyond the barriers.  Is it trespass if the protesters were invited in?
Will there will be charges of vandalism for some people?  What other charges are likely?  What are the penalties?
Are accessory to murder charges possible given a police officer and a protester died?
Numerous protesters have gone on YouTube and posted videos bragging about their activities.  Some of these people give their names and where they're from, and even seem to actively admit guilt, to the point of being specific about their crimes.
What sort of trouble are these people realistically looking at?


texts: Likelihood of jury selection procedure in this story

texts:
I had some questions about how jury selection works upon reading the following story that was shared to Facebook:

  A couple of years ago I got called for jury duty and made it through
  a couple of rounds of dismissals before the remaining candidates were
  led into a room to meet the judge and defense attorney.

  It was an assault case—a drunk man had assaulted a woman friend of his
  outside of a nightclub.

  There were 30 potential jurors in the room, 12 were women. The first
  question the defense attorney asked of the women in the room was this:
  "Have you ever been assaulted by a man?"

  All 12 women in the room said yes—and were asked to publicly describe
  the abuse. Right there, in front of everyone. All 12 women were
  dismissed from the pool of potential jurors. Not a single woman was
  eligible to be on that jury—we could not be deemed "impartial" because
  of each woman's individual history of being abused by men.

  I think about that case a lot and wonder if any of the men were asked
  if they had ever assaulted anyone. And more and more I see what "a
  jury of peers" really means in this society—abusive men excusing the
  behavior of other abusive men.

Basically, I wonder how often the jury selection happens like it was described in that story. Specifically, my questions are:

How often are jury members subject to separate examination by defense counsel (or prosecution counsel) during jury selection?
How frequently are jury members dismissed in the presence of other members?
Alternatively, how often are dismissed jury members informed of the selection or elimination of fellow jury members?
Is the defense counsel able to eliminate (all twelve) jury members from consideration (for cause) without objections by prosecution counsel?


texts: How to prove landlord didn't return damage deposit within required time

texts:
According to the Residential Tenancy Act a landlord must return the damage deposit within 15 days time. Isn't it easy for a landlord to not do this but pretend he had tried? For example what if the landlord claims on the 15th day he put a check in a mailbox, on the other side of the country, and then says it must have gotten lost in the mail? Or does act mean it must have been received by the ex-tennant within those 15 days?

If the landlord fails to return the deposit within 15 days, the tenant is entitled to double. If after litigation has started against the landlord (but no hearings had taken place yet) if the landlord then returned the regular damage deposit, could the tenant still accept it and still sue for the double or does accepting it cancel the claim for double?


texts: Ebay - GDPR - Legality of re-assigning Data Controllers?

texts:
This Question pertains to the user privacy notice and practices of Ebay, in particular reference to its compliance with the European Data Protection Regulation 2016.

According to Article 27 (Representatives of Controllers or Processors not established in the union), section 3 states that;

  The representatives shall be established in one of the Member States where the data subjects, whose personal data are processed in relation to the offering of goods or services to them, or whose behavior is monitored, are.

In layman's terms, this means that any data processor (so someone who will handle any PII data of EU Citizens), must have a representative physically located within the EU. This means that as a Data Controller, Ebay must ensure that any third party companies they pass information to MUST have a representative within the EU, or they are failing their compliance with GDPR.

My Query stems from the Ebay user privacy notice, which seems to attempt to subvert this ruling within its terms and conditions by attempting to convert the Data Subject into a Data Controller at the point of purchase, renegotiating the conditions of any contract and removing Ebay from the position of Data Controller, despite their clear function as such.

  When you transact with another user, we enable you to obtain or we may
  provide you with the personal information of the other user (such as
  their name, account ID, email address, contact details, delivery and
  billing addresses) to complete the transaction. Independent from us,
  you are the controller of such data and we encourage you to inform the
  other user about your privacy practices and respect their privacy. In
  all cases, you must comply with the applicable privacy laws, and must
  give the other user a chance to remove them from your database and
  them a chance to review what information you have collected about
  them.

If Ebay is functioning as the Data Controller (after all, they pass your information along to third parties and shipping companies, outside of the EU), how can they legally transfer the role of Data Controller to a Data Subject? It seems as though trying to pass responsibility onto the Buyer is an attempt to transfer liability that the third parties are themselves compliant...?


texts:
I am trying to get the meaning of a Trademark statement.
A filing is: continued use not filed within grace period, unrevivable.


texts: Under what circumstances can a subpoena be issued?

texts:
I'm trying to help someone out on a different stack exchange website about a stolen device. Not many of us know many too much about the law.

We are trying to figure out who has/where is the stolen device. We know the device manufacturer account system(I'm just avoiding stating the company name) will log all logins and where there came from. One of the things they log is an IP address which can be used to trace it to an extent.

Unfortunately this information isn't public, and we think the only way to get this information would be with a subpoena.

How could we get a subpoena issued to retrieve this information? Would there need to be an attempt to press charges in court to get a subpoena? Or can the police department issue one?


texts: If I get HTML code with a MIT License, then I edit the code (for example I change the input box placeholder or something like that), how to put the code in my website legally?


texts: Can I be recorded at work without my consent in the UK

texts: My colleague and I suspect that our employers are secretly recording us whilst at work. They have asked questions and passed comments on matters that they would otherwise have no way of knowing we had been discussing. We're just wondering whether there is any legal obligation for them to seek our permission before doing so. It coincides with us having a small issue over our working hours/pay that's owed and we think they're primarily checking that we stay until we're supposed to, which we always do, and beyond, despite never getting paid for it. We both feel very uncomfortable with the secretive nature of the recording, and feel it's morally dubious behaviour, but just wanted to know whether we could ask for it to stop.


texts: What are the reasons for the European Court of Justice to declare a legal act of the EU invalid?

texts:
The Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides:

  The Court of Justice of the European Union shall have jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning:
  (a) the interpretation of the Treaties;
  (b) the validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions, bodies, offices or agencies of the Union;
  [...]

What are the reasons to declare a legal act of the EU (such as regulation or directive) invalid?

The Article 263 of the TFEU provides:

  The Court of Justice of the European Union shall review the legality of legislative acts, of acts of the Council, of the Commission and of the European Central Bank, other than recommendations and opinions, and of acts of the European Parliament and of the European Council intended to produce legal effects vis-à-vis third parties. It shall also review the legality of acts of bodies, offices or agencies of the Union intended to produce legal effects vis-à-vis third parties.

What are the differences between the validity (under the Article 267) and the legality (under the Article 263)?


texts: If you happen to share the name of a very famous character, can you use it for your shop?

texts:
Assume that someone sharing the name of a famous character - just for a random Sample let's pick Leonard McCoy, James Kirk and Peter Parker - just happens to want to offer services under their name in a field that happens to have overlap with the character either by trading the memorabilia/merchandise/products with those fictional characters or being in the same trade. For our example, they open a comic shop (~'s Comics) or work as a doctor (Dr. Leonard McCoy), pilot (Fly with James Kirk) and photographer (Peter Parker Photography) respectively.
Would it be a trademark or copyright infringement if they use their own name to advertise their services?


texts: Reversing (overturning) vs remanding (remitting)

texts:
When a higher (appellate) court finds that a lower court erred in law, there are two possible outcomes:

The lower court's decision is reversed / overturned and replaced with a new one.
No new decision is made, but the lower court's decision is set aside and remanded (remitted, ordered for reconsideration) (like here).

Questions:

When which of the two options is used? Why might the appellate court prefer to remand / remit vs reverse / issue new decision? (except for where the appellant specifically asks for one or the other).
When remand / remit is used, does anything technically prevent the lower court to reach virtually the same outcome on reconsideration? Like "ok we're told that we erred but we decide just the same again anyway". Does this happen?


texts: Was the officer assigned to Parkland school legally obligated to intervene?

texts:
This question is related to Are police legally required to stop a crime they see being committed?, but IMHO there is a twist.

Although SCOTUS decided multiple times, as in Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales and in Warren v. District of Columbia, that, generally speaking, police officers are not required to protect the citizens, I'm not sure whether that applies to a situation when the officer was specifically assigned to protect that particular school. As we all have heard by now, Deputy Scot Peterson was outside building rather than confronting the shooter.

The question is: does accepting the assignment to protect the school legally obligate the officer to interfere? By accepting the specific assignment to protect the school he prevented the school from hiring a guard and therefore his withdrawal of protection put the kids in worse position than they would be w/out him - that would be my reasoning around the above SCOTUS decisions. Is that enough to make him legally obligated to protect the school against the intruder?


texts: Is President Trump exposed to civil liability by releasing a (presumably) surreptitiously recorded version of his interview with 60 Minutes?

texts:
Here is a version of President Trump's interview with 60 Minutes. Assume President Trump or someone working for President Trump recorded this video with an I-Phone without knowledge by 60 Minutes.
Is anyone likely exposed to civil liability? Either President Trump or the, let's assume, employee or White House staffer?
Unfortunately, we might or might not be able to definitively answer this question without knowing the specific terms of the agreement between 60-Minutes and Trump. Assuming there is one. Or can we? Please include this issue in your answer.
Notwithstanding the above paragraph, I ask you to please take to heart the educational nature of law.se when constructing your answer. For example, feel free to engage in some pedagogical speculation or hypothesizing about what the terms of the 60-Minutes agreement might or might not contain based on reasonable assumptions and commercial and industry norms. Or, perhaps, base your hypothecation on what might be most instructive.
What are the legal issues? Is expectation of privacy an issue here? Let's assume this video was recorded in the White House. Is the legality of the recording an issue? I think most states have laws restricting or not restricting audio (without video) recordings but I don't think any of that applies to audio and video together. In any event, 60-Minutes obviously knew their recording was happening. Would that knowledge also apply to a second surreptitious recording if it were required?


texts: Could a programmer use the code that they made for another company?

texts:
If someone made a piece of software for another company but never gave away the intellectual property rights or signed anything, could they use that code in other similar software?  Could they sell it?
Assume that they were not an employee of that company and that they never signed a contract of any sort with the company, but that they were paid.


texts: Have the CDC and NIH ever been sued for lack of attention to African American and Native American mortality?

texts: Have the Center for Disease Control and the National Institute of Health ever been sued for ignoring the low life expectancy of African Americans and Native Americans, or sued to force the agencies to make changes in the future? I mean, I think the case would be strong-in the past couple decades the NIH had to step up its work on heart disease in women even though white women were dying of heart disease later in life than men were.


texts: Can case law never appealed in a higher court be appealed and overturned?

texts:
I will phrase this question in New Zealand legal terms but I am actually interested in any common law jurisdiction or any jurisdiction with adversarial system.

Say there is some case law made in the High Court establishing that certain procedural peculiarity is appropriate (it could be related to whether/how certain class of defendants can be added to proceedings, or fine-grained rules regarding admissibility of evidence etc.). The appropriateness of this procedural peculiarity was first declared by a High Court judge several years ago, and has been cited by High Court judges since then. It has never been challenged in the next level court (Court of Appeal).

Does the fact that the procedural peculiarity was not challenged in the Court of Appeal in the first place prevent it from being challenged later in any other case citing it? Can it still be challenged in the next level court despite being long established in the lower court?


texts: Is it legal for a public US university to advise its employees to purchase from businesses owned by people of color?

texts:
A public US university I'm familiar with is promoting an anti-racism initiative. As part of this initiative, a web article posted on the university's diversity web portal (which was advertised in an email newsletter to the university community) contains a list of suggested actions that employees and departments can take to advance the cause of anti-racism. One of the actions on the list is to support businesses owned by people of color. The recommendation is accompanied by links to various lists of black-owned businesses in the region.
Is it legal for a public US university administration to advise its employees to patronize businesses owned by people of a specific race, both in their private lives and in the transaction of official university business?


texts: What happens if the Indonesian Constitutional Court rules in favor of an executed person?

texts:
Prior to the executions of drug smugglers in Indonesia earlier this year, Australian officials had pressed for a delay in the executions, due to a last-ditch appeal in the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. President Joko Widodo did not grant the detainees clemency, and so the executions proceeded.

I do not know how the proceedings in that court went after the executions, but I would assume that the outcome was not in the favor of the (deceased) prisoners.

What would have happened if the court had found in favor of the prisoners after the executions?


texts: Is it possible to sell truly sentient AI software responsibly?

texts:
If a programmer writes and sells AI that is truly sentient and conscious, it would be impossible to guarantee the operator's safety.  Consider for instance if the operator gravely mistreats the AI and it is driven to act in self-defence.  It might try and successfully commandeer the computer and attached network and devices, and destroy data or equipment in it's distress.  The chance that it may harm or even kill a person is also a remote possibility, but it exists and cannot ever be removed.  (Just as no breeder sells a dog to bite a person, but the breeder cannot completely remove this possibility either.)

Is there any amount of warning, EULA, or mitigation that would be possible to ensure all responsibility for damage and loss of life falls to the operator solely?  Or is releasing an AI legally irresponsible currently?


texts: Why is sports gambling not considered interstate commerce?

texts:
It is generally agreed that the United States can prohibit intrastate sales of goods it feels might affect interstate commerce under the Commerce Clause.  How does intrastate gambling differ? Obviously gambling isn't a tangible good, but I would imagine it could affect the interstate demand for the service.

related


texts: Is creating and selling "cheats" or "hacks" for games illegal?

texts:
I sell game hacks for a living, but wanted to learn more about the laws regarding what I do.

Most of you probably haven't heard of this, but there are people like me who reverse engineer games, and make software that exploit the games code and memory in order to gain an advantage.

Basically, we have to reverse games to know where the game stores different information, like your players health, position, and weapon. Reverse engineering involves taking an executable you get when you buy the game, and seeing where the code stores information.

Based on this information, you can make a program to access the information you found while reversing, and modify it to give you an advantage.

I've only read some stuff on the DMCA, but I am unsure if this qualifies for it. Most games have an "anti-cheat" which try to detect people who use cheats and ban them from the game. As a cheat developer, you have to bypass these counter measures, and sometimes these counter measures are present in the executable in the form of packing / obfuscation which just makes it harder to analyze.

If I take information from an executable given to me since I bought a game, and make a game cheat based on the information then sell, is this illegal?

If you have any questions, let me know. I live in the United States.


texts: Compulsory counterclaim rule in states of USA

texts:
Prof. Kent Sinclair said in a conference

  "... over 40 states had adopted a compulsory counterclaim rule."

but he didn't say their names. Who knows which states have such rule? (I found a table on the web with their names but I can't find them now.)


texts: Is there a gap in the office of Speaker of the House?

texts:
In the current Congressional elections, the control of the House of Representatives is changing from one party to another, and the current Speaker did not run for re-election.

In this situation, is there a period of time where the post of Speaker is vacant, creating a gap in the Presidential line of succession?  Starting and ending when?


texts: What legal protection can someone ask for against a bully in Canada?

texts:
What legal protection can someone ask for against a bully?

bullies in

workplace
school
college
neighbor

and, so on.

Can a victim go to police?

N.B. Bullying means making fun of, mocking on a regular basis.

N.B. Suppose, some specific class-mates/colleagues make fun of me in the class, in any public place on a regular basis.


texts:
I don't know whether this is on topic because I'm not asking what the laws are but what the laws should be. On the 2nd thought, I can phrase it as a factual question:

Is criminalizing suspiciousness constitutional? There are quite a few laws that make harmless acts criminal for the sole reason that such acts make law enforcement suspect the person of something else. Let's call such laws "fences" around the actual intents. These fences in effect circumvent the principle of presumption of innocence, and more: even if the person proves his innocence of the real cause of the fence laws they still can be found guilty of breaking the fence law.

Example: it's illegal in CA (and probably most other states) to have an open container of alcohol in a motor vehicle. This is clearly a fence law around DUI law: there is no harm when a sober person drives while another one drinks in the back seat, but the driver still may be punished.

Example: I was made recently aware that it's illegal to share with other people a photograph of a completed voting bulletin. Apparently even some congressmen weren't aware of that and publicly shows pictures of their votes. This is a fence against purchasing votes, although it also effectively prevents vote swapping, which is perfectly legal. It would seem that this particular fence law also interferes with the citizens' right to vote by vote swapping, which is a whole other constitutional issue.

I am sure one can quote far more examples of the above.

Thus the questions:

Are the above "fence" laws constitutional? If so then should, in your opinion, legislature engage in creating laws for the sole purpose of circumventing presumption of innocence for the cases involving other laws?

For the 2nd example in particular, is it constitutional to interfere with voting right by criminalizing the only known method for voting via vote swapping, which has been found legal by 9th circuit court a few years ago?


texts: Special provisions in the will of a divorced parent

texts: What special issues or topics might a divorced, custodial parent of a six year-old consider in writing a will?  What issues or topics might become more important as the child gets older.


texts: How do free-speech protections in the United States apply in public to corporate misrepresentations?

texts:
Last night, I was driving behind a truck that had a very official-looking sign like this:

(Sign says, "WARNING STAY BACK 200 FT. NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR BROKEN WINDSHIELDS!")

Some cursory Googling brought me to this page from an attorney (who is coincidentally in my home state) who claims:

  The simple fact is that we are all responsible for the damage we intentionally or negligently cause to others.  If you (1) haul rocks, (2) fail to properly secure those rocks, and (3) one of those rocks breaks my windshield, (4) you are responsible for my broken windshield!  Likewise, If I wear a t-shirt that says “Not Responsible For Punching You In The Face” and I walk up and punch you in the face, I am responsible for your broken nose.

With respect to this information, what is the legality of these signs?

They appear to be purchased and installed by the company that owns these trucks, but do restrictions exist preventing corporations from obfuscating their liability in public with false claims that are official in appearance?

It seems like some kind of consumer protection might relate to the insurace/liability aspect; from what I understand, the three elements of fraud are satisfied here:

intentional deceit, since the company almost certainly knows that this is not true;
benefit to the deceiver, since the company may avoid paying reasonable damages by misrepresenting their liability;
actual harm caused, since people with windshields damaged by the company won't follow through with reasonable damage claims when they've been misled by the sign.

As an aside, these signs are far too small to be legible from 200 feet away. If they were legally-binding and drivers within 200 feet were at fault for any damage incurred to their vehicles, would there be a valid reasonableness argument against them (the signs) relating to their 'readability' at the prescribed distance?


texts: Is a meeting including prosecutor, defender (public or private), and defendant allowed?

texts:
Please comment if I need to separate out some of these "1-liner" questions.

Can these 3 parties (prosecutor, defender (public or private), and defendant all talk together at the same time, or the defendant listen while the prosecutor and defender talk?

How can a defendant gain a better sense of the prosecutor and what he or she really wants?

I'm also trying to understand, (perhaps a separate question, feel free to comment/advise), when a defendant represents himself, is he playing 2 roles with the prosecutor, i.e. "negotiator" and the regular defendant role?

[United States, Arizona]


texts: What is the legal basis of requiring permission before one can link to a webpage?

texts:
I came across the "Linking Terms" of OTC Markets Group Inc.'s website:

PLEASE READ THESE LINKING TERMS AND CONDITIONS ("LINKING TERMS") BEFORE LINKING TO THIS WEB SITE. YOU MAY NOT LINK TO THIS WEBSITE UNLESS YOU ACCEPT AND COMPLY WITH THESE LINKING TERMS AS WELL AS ALL OTHER TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE ON THIS WEB SITE. [...]
[...]
... you may include a link(s) on your website to the home pages of OTC Markets' websites currently located at www.otcmarkets.com, www.otciq.com, www.otcdealer.com, www.qaravan.com and www.virtualinvestorconferences.com (each individually referred to as a "Home Page"), and to pages on the www.otcmarkets.com domain providing quote, chart or news functionality; provided that you first fill out the registration form below. [...]

I am surprised that I need to get permission from the company to link to their website. Does this mean that I need to apply for permission for links like this? (oops, I may have already broken the "Linking Terms"). I find this absurd. Even a link to the home page requires permission!
Why don't I have the freedom to link to publicly available search-engine-indexed pages that contain nothing illegal? What is the legal basis for these linking restrictions? Can the company actually enforce these "Linking Terms"?


texts:
Polygamy is legal in some countries and illegal in some others. What is the legal status of a polygamic family in a monogamic country? If this is not regulated by international law let's narrow this down to France.

Specifically:

who is considered the "wife" or "husband" (in the case of polyandry) in such a family? Is this someone designated automatically (say, the first marriage) or designated by the single "half" of the family?
what is the effective status of children in these families?


texts: How to prove a party received a specific letter?

texts:
I signed up for a membership service with an HVAC company some time ago, and I've now decided its time to cancel my membership due to lack of use.

There isn't a nearby customer center where I live, so I attempted to cancel the membership a few times by phone. I soon caught on that the company doesn't intend to cancel my membership before I am automatically billed for another year of service; every phone call typically devolves into a high-pressure sales pitch for me to stay, or they hang up on me after I get put on hold.

Furthermore, I signed up accidentally for the membership -- having not read the fine print of the installation contract for my new HVAC -- so I am now worried that a verbal confirmation of cancellation over the phone will not be honored.

In the contract I signed, the following text appears:

  I hereby authorize FooBar herein after called Company, to initiate debit entries to my account. This authorization is to remain in full force until Company received written notification from me of its termination in such time and in such manner as to afford Company a reason able opportunity to act on it (30 days).

I want to be safe and send a written notification from me requesting termination of my membership. However, I am afraid of the company claiming to have never received my written notification. I could send the written notification through certified mail, but that would only prove that the company received a letter from me and prove nothing of the contents within.

How do I prove the contents of the letter I sent is actually the contents of the letter a party received?


texts: In Michigan, must sales tax be paid for food served to residents in nursing home/senior living communities?

texts:
Can someone clarify the Michigan Sales Tax law on prepared foods, specifically for nursing home/senior living communities?
Residents are often provided prepared meals as part of their monthly fee. Is the food considered taxable and does the nursing home have to track the value of food for each resident so they can remit sales tax?


texts: Are you legally allowed to pick any username, nickname, emailaddress?

texts:
Are you legally allowed to pick any username of nickname for online services?

I can imagine that usernames like mario123, Lawyer84 and user112141 won't cause any problems. But what if I pick a nickname or variation in an email address like Michael Jackson, Barack Obama or Mark Zuckerberg?

Can the the use of such a username, nickname or email address be considered misleading or even as identity fraud?


texts: Are PayPal reminders even valid by German laws?

texts:
What I learned so far about financial claims of outstanding payments and the ways to enforce it is:

You need, at least, to let the person receive 2 reminders which have to name a reasonable period (after the first exceeds, you can send the second) and if the last deadline exceeds, you have the possibility of escalating further.

I don't see in what way PayPal is complying to this.

A friend had times ago this situation: He did a purchase where the debiting of PayPal failed. They notified him about that, sent him a reminder by saying "do it as soon as possible". 2 months later, he got mailed by a debt collecting agency. They claimed almost the quadrupled amount of the already-charged added amount Paypal was claiming.

Now I'm in a situation where something similar happened. (I just paid the debts 2 days ago and everything should be fine, but) Now I just ask myself, since I didn't get any mail that looked to me like an official reminder:

The first mail:

  Dear X

  There wasn't enough money in your bank account ending in **XX to cover the below payment you sent.

  Transaction Details

Payment Recipient: XXXXX
Recipient’s Email:
                     XXXXX
Your Transaction ID: XXXXX
Transaction Date: XX XXXXX 2016
Transaction Amount: XXXXX EUR

  As a result, we debited the amount from your PayPal balance.
  Your account has also been charged XXXXX EUR, that your bank charged us as processing fee.

  Your PayPal account balance now shows an amount owing to us. Please restore your balance as soon as you can.

  We may retry charging the outstanding amount, including the bank processing fee, from your bank account. Please make sure that you have enough money in your bank account for this payment, to avoid any penalty fees that your bank may charge.

  Sincerely,

  PayPal

And the second mail arrived few days after the second charge didn't work as well:

  Reminder: Negative PayPal account balance

  Dear X,

  We would like to remind you again that your PayPal account has a negative balance. Please add funds to your account as soon as possible.

Account Holder's Name: X
Bank Name: X
Sort Code: XXXXX
Account Number: **XX
Transaction Date: XX XXXXX 2016
Transaction Amount: XXXXX EUR
Date of Reversal: XX XXXXX 2016

  To see details of this transaction, go to your PayPal account history by logging in to your PayPal account and clicking the History tab.

  Don' t hesitate to call customer support at 0800 723 4500 (Mon-Fri 8am till >9.30pm and Sat-Sun 9am till 7.30pm, Free call from a landline. Note: If you >are calling from outside of Germany, use the following telephone number: >+353 1 436 9003 (international call charges may apply.)).

  Sincerely,

  PayPal

My friend told me that's also all he received before the agency contacted him so:

Is PayPal under German law entitled to escalate the outstanding payment legitimated to an debt collecting agency which is claiming a multiple1 of the original claim, while the only 2 mails received related to the claim were worded as these 2 mails?

If so, what are the criterias that have to be complied and in what way these 2 mails are complying it?

1I'm not asking if the amount itself was justifiable


texts: At what point can a surrendered military force resume fighting?

texts:
Scenario
A military unit is about to be overrun by the enemy; to preserve the lives of his men, the commander elects to surrender. The entire force surrenders to the enemy, so there was no fighting going on after the surrender. However, during the process of the surrender - disarming the defeated, gathering them together, etc - a relief force arrives and engages the enemy.
Question
Can the surrendered troops now lawfully resume fighting? What about those who have been disarmed; are they still considered surrendered and non-combatant?
Related, at what point can an escaped/rescued POW lawfully resume fighting against his erstwhile captors?


texts: Is intercepting WiFi signals legal in the United Kingdom?

texts:
I want to use a software called Wireshark and its intentions are to collect packets (segments of information) from the WiFi radio spectrum.

However, the Regulation of Investigatory Act 2000 and Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006 both say that it is illegal to intercept messages without authorisation.

Considering WiFi are on public frequencies, does this mean it's legal to intercept (or in this case, collect packets)?
If not, then why does my computer even allow me to (the manufacturers are committing a crime)?


texts: Which part of the Criminal Code does not apply in the territories?

texts:
The Criminal Code of Canada provides that

Application to territories
8 (1) The provisions of this Act apply throughout Canada except
(a) in Yukon, in so far as they are inconsistent with the Yukon Act;
(b) in the Northwest Territories, in so far as they are inconsistent
with the Northwest Territories Act; and
(c) in Nunavut, in so far as they are inconsistent with the Nunavut
Act.

Why was this provision necessary? Which part of the Criminal Code is inconsistent with the territorial devolution acts?
Or, is this simply a declaratory provision that devolves certain power to the territorial governments?


texts: What happens to debt during a Ch 11 bankruptcy?

texts:
Reading newspapers, it seems as if a Ch 11 bankruptcy is like being reborn: you shed off all debts to emerge a pristine new company. But why would debtors agree to this? Aren't they better off with a lower interest % on their loan, or an agreement that they will only have to get paid if the company is turning a profit?
Is it in a Ch 11 necessary for the creditors to agree with the plan of the debtor, or is it enough that the court decides that it's 'fair and equitable' and more than the debtors would get from a Ch 7 bankrupty?


texts: In Arizona, if someone dies, are survivors legally obligated to post a public notice in a local newspaper?

texts:
My question pertains to law in the United States.
My mother died in the state of Arizona.
Some places, the executor of the estate (or someone else) is legally obligated to publish a death notice in a local newspaper.
Am I legally obligated to publish an obituary, or death notice, or something like that, in the local newspaper?


texts: US extradition or domestic prosecution of US based foreign cyber crime?

texts:
I’m a cybersecurity professional familiar with the extradition of foreign cyber criminals to the US. But what if the situation were flipped? Given the following scenario what would likely happen?

US citizen on US soil
Perpetrates cyber crimes with effects in foreign countries which do not have extradition treaties with the US
Commits no acts of “cybercrime or intellectual property crime against the interests of the United States or the citizens of the United States” (6 U.S. Code § 1531)

What is the likely legal recourse against such a person?

Perhaps:

Do nothing?
Would the US view such an action as a prosecutable offense?
Can the US (or does the US) domestically prosecute individuals for crimes against foreigners committed on US soil?
Extradite, with or without a request from that country?


texts: Is it legal to use a vehicle indicator light as a logo?

texts:
In my protect, I want to use a recognized vehicle indicator light as a logo.  What is the legality of using the icon, namely the check engine light, as a logo?  I do not know if some form of copyright protects this icon.

I reside in the US if that makes a difference.


texts: Is it illegal for a consumer to obtain or use a non-FDA approved medical device?

texts:
The Freestyle Libre Pro, which is a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system, was approved in September 2016 for use by healthcare professionals has not yet been approved for use by consumers, as described in this press release:

ABBOTT RECEIVES FDA APPROVAL FOR THE FREESTYLE LIBRE PRO™ SYSTEM, A REVOLUTIONARY DIABETES SENSING TECHNOLOGY FOR HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS TO USE WITH THEIR PATIENTS
Freestyle Libre Pro is a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system designed to provide a clear, visual snapshot of a patient's glucose levels, trends and patterns for up to 14 days
Requires no fingersticks to calibrate the system -- an advantage over other professional use CGM devices
Significantly lower cost than other professional CGM systems
Consumer version of the technology, FreeStyle Libre™, is currently under review by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

What that means is that doctors can give the system to their patients so they can monitor the patients' blood glucose levels, but patients can't just buy it on their own to monitor their own blood glucose levels.
My question is, would it be illegal for a patient to obtain the Free Style Libre Pro on their own and to use it to monitor their own blood glucose levels?  Is it only manufacturers, distributors, and doctors who are bound by the FDA regulations, or would consumers face criminal or civil penalties if they use it without FDA approval?


texts: What is my liability for third-party content I host?

texts:
I live in Canada, but my servers are hosted by a third party in the United States. I run a forum-type website, so most content is provided by users.

Do I have any liability for illegal content that users may post, including:

Threats
Libel
Copyrighted materials
Child pornography

How do large companies like Facebook avoid liability or other legal problems for such illegal content?


texts: Common obstacles to reaching a negotiated or mediated divorce settlement?

texts: I am trying to understand, in general, the common obstacles to reaching a negotiated or mediated divorce settlement and ways to avoid or deal with those obstacles.  Any thoughts or resources to suggest?


texts: Verbal confirmation of contract extension but fell through?

texts:
I have been working as an apprentice in a workplace for 1.5 years now in the UK. I was told verbally that I'd be kept on for the next level alongside another apprentice.

Shortly after this a message on teams and an email went around the department stating

  "I'm delighted to say I have confirmed with the apprentices that subject to successful completion of their Level 3 qualification, they will be continuing with us and we will be supporting them through the Level 4 apprenticeship programme from 1st February 2019."

Now 3 months down the line - 1 month before my original contract ends we have been told that we will not be being kept on even though we were told otherwise previously

Legally can my company do this in the UK?


texts: Where on pacer.gov can one order audio files?

texts:
This PACER training manual mentions audio files but gives no details about them: https://www.pacer.gov/documents/pacermanual.pdf

Can the general pubic order audio files of federal district courtroom testimony on PACER?  If not, what audio files can the public order on PACER?


texts: Why was the due process clause added to the 14th Amendment?

texts:
The 5th Amendment and the 14th Amendment both have due process clauses. The texts are almost identical:

The Fifth Amendment:

  [N]or shall any person . . . be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law . . . .

The Fourteenth Amendment:

  [N]or shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law . . . .

From all I've read - including a comment by cpast - the two clauses are interpreted identically. So why was the clause added to the 14th Amendment?

The one difference seems to be the use of "State" in the 14th Amendment - thus applying it not just on a federal level - but I would think that the Constitution would be automatically applicable in all state level cases.


texts: What is unjust enrichment under the law? It's understandable if associated with liability for wrongdoing. Apparently, this is not a necessary condition. How does it operate independently of liability for wrongdoing?


texts: Could the GoDaddy employee self-phishing test constitute a breach of contract?

texts:
Recently, GoDaddy executed a self-phishing test against its own employees.  The message that employees received said that they could claim their holiday bonus by submitting their contact details on some website:

From: Happyholiday@Godaddy.com
Date: Mon 12/14/2020
Subject: 2020 Holiday Party
Happy Holiday GoDaddy!
2020 has been a record year for GoDaddy, thanks to you!
Though we cannot celebrate during our annual Holiday Party, we want to show our appreciation and share a $650 one-time Holiday bonus!  To ensure that you receive your one-time bonus in time for the Holidays, please select your location and fill in the details by Friday, December 18th.
(Link for US)
(Link for EMEA)
Any submittals after the cutoff will not be accepted and you will not receive the one-time bonus of $650 (free money, claim it now!)
We look forward to celebrating with you again, in person next year!

The company is making the ~500 employees who followed the link retake their Security Awareness Social Engineering training, and presumably not paying out.
So, does that constitute a breach of contract?  There was an offer, acceptance, and consideration (the victim submitted personal information).  The only thing that makes this exchange not routine is that the transaction happened on a medium that the employer deemed inappropriate.  But that's an arbitrary designation on the part of the employer that can't invalidate the contract, right?
The difference between usual phishing and this situation is that you usually can't pin down the identity of the scammers, and therefore can't enforce compliance.  But the company, in their follow-up e-mail, has pretty much admitted to having authored the offer and confirmed that they received the payment request from victims:

“You’re getting this email because you failed our recent phishing test,” the company’s chief security officer Demetrius Comes wrote. “You will need to retake the Security Awareness Social Engineering training.”

Sure, the victim employees will now have to retake a training course, but they should be eligible for the $650 bonus now, and could sue for breach of contract to claim it, right?  Is there any flaw in this reasoning?


texts: Would fair use apply to the usage of Pac-Man within a QR code?

texts:
I thought I was rather clever putting Pac-Man and the four ghosts within a QR code for my business card, but I started thinking about the inherently gray copyright laws that I admittedly know too little about. The image shows my usage. While this is definitely a much smaller scale of use compared to the original work, I'm not entirely sure if business cards fall under the "advertising" category, or if this particular case could be considered "parody" or derivative in a way.

Any insight is appreciated!


texts: Advantage in being first to copyleft a new algorithm?

texts:
Say I have created a new (DSP) algorithm. Will I have some advantage if I open source the algorithm under copyleft licence (GPL etc.)? From what I know about licensing this should lock people out from using the exactly same code as closed source, but would they be able to "rewrite" the algorithm as closed source?

Note:

I fear this may actually be two separate problems:

open sourcing a known algorithm
open sourcing a new algorithm

I don't really know if the algorithm is new but it has not been released as open source yet. Since I am from the European Union do I need to look for software patents if I wanted to copyleft it?


texts: Do Legal Documents Require Signing In Standard Pen Colors?

texts:
I have a question as to whether or not legal documents signed in non standard pen colors (Anything other than blue or black) are valid.

I carry a purple pen around that use for everyday writing tasks, and when I was going to sign a document, someone told me that writing in purple is not valid on legal documents.

If the document does not specify that a certain pen color be used, is this true?


texts: Meter maid in San Francisco blocks the way, and issues the parking ticket while the driver is present

texts:
While driving in San Francisco, I got a cell phone call that I had to take. So I stopped at the metered space for maybe 2 minutes to take a call.

Next thing I see is a parking enforcement car behind me with a lady writing me a ticket. Her vehicle blocking my way out. I honked asking to get out, but she just walked up and put it under the wiper blade even though I am in the car with the engine running. When I said "Excuse me!" there was no answer, like I don't exist. I took the ticket and pushed it into the opening in her car.

But now I found the citation online:

TRC7.2.26 YELLOW ZONE $91.00

7.2.26 says: "To Park in a yellow zone indicated by yellow paint on the curb or signage ... Non-commercial vehicles shall not be Parked in a yellow zone in excess of a period of three minutes, during which the operator must be in attendance ...". Wikipedia defines parking as "(an) act of stopping and disengaging a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied."

My questions:

Vehicle wasn't unoccupied, and also it wasn't disengaged. Am I right that this is an unlawfully issued citation (not an instance of "parking")?
Can the parking enforcement vehicle block the way out for the vehicle it issues citation for?
Can the parking enforcement officer ignore the honking and still proceed in issuing a ticket?
I was there more than 3 minutes only because I was blocked by the parking enforcement vehicle. Does 7.2.26 still apply if the vehicle is blocked from leaving?


texts:
I bought four tickets to a concert on craigslist. Then I sold two of them on stubhub. I later learned the tickets might be fake. I immediately notified stubhub. I was told seller's agreement is I am liable for 40% of what I earned on sale or full replacement cost (based on market rates) for new tickets, which would be double what I made on sale.

I sold in good faith, not knowing they might be fakes, so is there anything that protects me from having to pay more money than I earned? I will happily refund the entire amount I was paid.

Thanks.


texts: Opposite of "Ignorantia juris non excusat" (ignorance of the law excuses not)

texts: The title of this question is about how being ignorant of the law is not an excuse for violating it.  However, I believe being ignorant of the law is sometimes applicable as a defense.  I am curious what the opposite term is (assuming my assumption isn't incorrect)  And if my assumption is incorrect, would be interested in an elaboration.  Furthermore, would be interested (if my assumption is correct) what the parameters for such a defense would actually be.  (how could I go about arguing my innocense based on ignorance?)


texts: Can unlicensed real estate agent sign a lease in Texas?

texts: I signed a contract with a apartment complex with 3 months and this agent misinformed me on many things and now I want to get released out of my contract. There was a typo on pre-populated contract he fixed the contract and signed it. Is it valid to sign a rental agreement with unlicensed person?


texts: Can one rent office space to a partnership if landlord prohibits subleasing?

texts:
Most residential leases include various terms to the effect of prohibiting subleasing of the property.

If you're a member of a partnership and/or a corporation, and require office space in order to participate in business on behalf thereof, would it be legal to rent a part of your apartment to establish your office (e.g., to receive rental income and be eligible for deduction of rent-related expenses, jurisdiction of US of A), or would your residential rental agreement preclude the legality of doing so?

Assume that the rented space would essentially be a regular home office, would never involve physical business meetings with more than a couple of people a day (or even a week/month, e.g., not an in-and-out situation), and would not be a mail-related business.

If above is totally OK, would the situation be any different if you were to have an extra 11:00 to 19:00 employee on the premises?


texts: What are the limits of software licensing?

texts:
For example, GPL states (AFAIK) that if your software uses GPL licensed software, your software has to be made open-source. So, if you trick someone into using GPL software in their closed-source project without them realising, after lots of time and money invested you can make them disclose all of their work. That's pretty wicked. How far can you go?
Could I make something like this:

This software cannot be used in operating systems that use a Linux kernel or a kernel derived from Linux kernel.

Can you also include something like:

If the user of this software violates its license, all the belongings of the user are transferred to XYZ corporation.

Obviously, I'm not a lawyer, but this whole open-source licensing is ridiculous, since you can just change the assembly code (insert a few NOP instructions) and the no one is going to be able to prove you're using.


texts: Circumstances where Eminent Domain cannot condemn intellectual property?

texts: Would it be possible to effectively prevent Eminent Domain from being used on intellectual property?


texts: When sponsoring a spouse (UK visa), what do the various relationship types mean and how do they affect the application?

texts: When making a visa application in the U.K. for a sponsor to invite a foreigner to marry there is a section in the application that asks "What is your relationship to SPONSOR'S NAME"? There are three options: 1) Fiancé, 2) Proposed civil partner, 3) Unmarried partner. How do these differ in matters of requirements for the application? Do they offer different outcomes for the visa application? Does one involve a marriage whereas the other not? I found online various sources from solicitor's websites but I want something detailed preferably from an official government's website such as the https://www.legislation.gov.uk/.


texts: Can a bailiff seize items belonging to a debtor's spouse or children when executing a writ of seizure?

texts: When a writ of seizure and sale is executed against a debtor, how does the bailiff establish ownership of items that could be co-owned or bought by other family members staying in the residence. Do the debtor's spouse and children have any recourse against a wrongful seizure, even when they do not possess a proof of ownership of the items seized. Where does this burden of proof of the seized items lies when establishing claims?


texts: When is taking property left on the public street curb a crime?

texts:
In which of the following scenarios has a crime been committed by Jane?

John puts a chair on the street curb at his house. Jane drives by, sees the chair, and loads it in her car and drives away.

John puts a chair on the street curb at his house with a sign saying "$5". Jane drives by, sees the chair, and loads it in her car and leaves no money.

John bakes cookies, puts out a chair at the street curb at his house, sets the cookies on the chair with a sign saying "Cookies $5/dozen". Jane drives by, sees the cookies, take a dozen and leaves no money.

Assume US, thought I'd be interested to hear of differences around the world.
Edit:
Jane sees the signs and knows that payment is expected (in 2 & 3).
Jane intends to keep the chair permanently/indefinitely.
Jane intends to eat the cookies.


texts: Isn't paying overdue taxes an indirect admission of guilt?

texts:
People are strongly advised to pay taxes due, regardless of how old they may be.

But wouldn't it seem obvious that paying taxes due years back would be somewhat of an admission of guilt? You are technically required to pay taxes when due -- so anything after that is already bad.

How is one supposed to go about, say, paying years of past due taxes without in some way clearly spelling out that they've been skipping out? Would that itself raise any red flags/point out legal issues?

I know of late fees and such, but to what end is it a "late fee" vs. "imprisonment for tax evasion?"

It could been seen as ill-advised to come forward & pay dues if you know you'll get imprisoned for it when attempting to rectify the issue, rendering the whole subject to that of a land mine approach. If forgiveness is guaranteed then it makes sense, but otherwise some folks might prefer to be outlaws.

Of course I'm looking at this both legally to the core; and of motives that one might most benefit from.


texts: Consulting with two attorneys regarding the same matter

texts:
If I have retained attorney A and wish to get a second opinion from attorney B, am I obliged to inform attorney A about B, or vice versa? If I do inform B about A, is B permitted or obliged to contact A for any reason?

The matter and attorneys and I are in Colorado.

I'm a newbie here, please do improve my tags if you see fit!


texts: What is the legality of atheist marriage among consanguineous couples in India?

texts: I am preparing an academic report on laws regarding incest in India. Hinduism law and both major schools under Islamic law consider sibling marriage void. A Special Marriage Act was introduced to govern the marriage among atheists. However I could not find any information regarding consanguineous couples.


texts: Possible to take online classes in a university in a different country without Visa?

texts:
So someone pointed out to me that there's an extremely cheap site for online classes, but it's in another country. If the classes are online and enrollment can be done via the internet, would one still legally need a Student Visa for this? Often I only hear of needing a Visa when you actually study abroad -- in this case it would be studying right at home and earning college credits from an abroad location, but I wouldn't necessarily need to be abroad myself. In such a case, how does this work?

Is it still the same thing? I ask because I've done work via internet platforms for people abroad, and even though it's technically being paid from another person's money in another country legally without a Visa (thanks to the "middleman" who converts/exchanges and allows this kind of international work connections), I initially thought that, since it's all via the internet, no law would dictate this requirement.


texts: Why do websites exclude CISG in Terms of Service?

texts:
Today I clicked into the Terms of Service page of a popular website. To be honest I'm a layman not a lawman, so I don't understand why certain texts must be there. One of them is:

  United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) doesn't apply...

The link says it is a uniform international sales law. Since this law also appears in ToS of several other websites, I'd like to understand:

Why is this law important?
Why does it govern goods but not services (which seems to be the reason of exclusion in ToS)?
If it doesn't apply to services by nature, do websites need to explicitly point out inapplicability in their ToS?
Why do websites have the right to make this specific law inapplicable, but not the right to make criminal law inapplicable?

I would appreciate if someone can explain these using words that are easy to understand since I don't have much background in law terminology. Thank you.


texts: Is it illegal to repair vehicles in Ontario without a mechanic's license?

texts:
I have a business license from the province of Ontario and an HST number so that I can file my taxes. I have an accountant who handles all of my taxes, so I don't think I will have any issues there.

I'm wondering if there exists any legislation against repairing vehicles for profit without having a mechanic's license. If my customers are made aware that I am repairing their vehicle while unlicensed, am I allowed to proceed?

Thanks.


texts: Is the illegality of an action constrained to a country?

texts:
John is a citizen of country X. Doing action A is illegal in his country.

He travels to country Y where action A is legal (officially legal, that is codified as being legal, not merely tolerated) and he performs the action A.

Country X knows about his activities in country Y - is he liable when returning to country X?

In other words: Is the "illegality" of an action constrained to a country, from that country's perspective? Or does performing this action abroad (where it is legal) does not matter?

I am trying to understand if this situation

is handled by international law commonly agreed upon
or is it the case in the majority of the cases (say in the EU, Commonwealth or any similar categories of countries (inclusive or not))
or is it completely dependent on the country?


texts: Organizer said I would be reimbursed if I didn't attend, but then changed their mind

texts:
This question is out of curiosity. I was going on a trip with a very informal group of people. I had given the organizer money (for transportation, housing, food etc.) but then had something come up. I asked prior to the trip if I could get my money back. They said yes. After the trip when I asked for my money back they said they might not be able to give it to me as there wasn't much money left over after paying for gas.

Is this legal?


texts: Can an HOA control how a homeowner enters and exits their home?

texts:
Is it illegal for me to exit my bedroom via my first-floor bedroom window?
Is this likely to be against common or standard HOA regulations or rules?
Suppose that the house and land are owned by myself or my family. It is not an emergency situation; I feel like leaving through the window instead of the door. There is no question of this being a commercial building or one which is leased, and I have every right to be present on the property or to enter and exit the building at any time.