texts: What if you and a restaurant can't agree on who is at fault for a credit card issue?

texts:
This question established that, if a restaurant is suddenly unable to take all credit cards, and you don't have cash, then it is not a criminal matter and the debt would just be resolved through civil methods.
On the other hand, if you went to a restaurant with only a credit card that you knew full well was a bad card (or any other version of going to a restaurant knowing in advance that you can't pay), this is indeed a crime (theft of services).
But there's a middle case I'm not sure about. I once went to a restaurant, and I gave them two different cards from two different banks. I telephoned both banks directly in front of restaurant staff, and both banks confirmed the cards were good, but the restaurant continued to insist they weren't. After the incident, I continued using both cards, and they both continued to work with no problems.
In my case, I had a third card that inexplicably worked - but supposing I didn't.
I understand that the key issue is whether I had an intent beforehand to take food without paying, and I obviously know that I had no such intention. But now there is a dispute over whether I can prove what my intent was, and even though I was telling the truth, I can (sort of) understand that the restaurant (and the police) wouldn't necessarily take my word for it. Could this have been a criminal matter?
Footnote: The actual incident was regarding a prepaid to-go order, so I probably would have just not received the food. But let's assume the hypothetical version wasn't prepaid.


texts: Is it legal to sell video courses on Udemy by using open source or not open source software?

texts:
I see people who sell courses about topics in the informatics sector on Udemy, such as system administration, network administration, cyber security, programming languages, etc. They use/run software such as Windows Server 2016, Windows 10, Kali Linux, Ubuntu, Packet Tracer, GNS3, Eclipse, Visual Studio, etc. or several of them.
Therefore, everything in the software is showed in their course videos such as its screens, functions, uses, symbols, logos, sub-software [e.g. Firefox in a Linux distro] and their screens, functions, uses, symbols, logos etc.
I wonder that if this kind of use is legal or not.


texts: How does the government define people who are not married but living together?

texts: I receive disability benefits from Social Security, and every year they do a phone interview. In the past, I was asked if I was married, and I said, no. They also asked if I lived with anyone I considered a spouse. If I was with a partner, I cannot answer single or married because none of them are true.


texts: Is a buyer legally exempt of sale taxes when buying a good from a shop located in France from the US?

texts:
The buyer lives in the United States. The buyer ordered 100 USD of goods from a shop X located in France. The order was passed through phone. The goods were sent by (physical) mail.

Is shop X legally forced to exempt the buyer from French sale taxes, if the buyer requires so? Or is the French tax exemption at the discretion of shop X?


texts: Is there anything in IP Law (software related) that can prevent an independent contractor from taking on multiple clients in the same industry?

texts:
Say I am an independent contractor, and I plan on taking on a new client (client A). They are a healthcare company, in the healthcare industry. I finish building them a custom software solution. Say the contract passed on all IP to the client.
Does passing on the IP ownership to that client preclude me from taking on a new client (client B) in the healthcare industry who will likely want a software solution that is related to the one I just built?
Obviously the new software solution cannot be an exact copy of client A's codebase. But there will undoubtedly be a lot of similarities.
Also, is it understood that tools of trade (including custom tools built by me to do my job) do not get passed on as IP to my clients? The only IP capable of being handed over is the new IP discovered on the actual project itself, correct?


texts: Can criminal fraud exist without damages?

texts: If I fraud someone, invest their money and pay it back is there any criminal offense? Does fraud require damages? Will most judges realistically treat this a criminal case?


texts: How do I find out how much fundraisers have to given to the cause?

texts:
I remember hearing a rumor a long time ago about those who raise funds at stop lights by collecting change and dollars that they only have to give a certain percentage.  I've done some googling trying to hunt down this amount... but I imagine there might be some legal terminology that would be helpful in this search.

How can I find out how much these folks have to give to the actual cause they're claiming to raise funds for?

Specifically I'd like to know about Kentucky.


texts:
I had thought that President Biden was only going to issue a mask mandate that lasted 100 days,

President-elect Joe Biden, who plans to make the coronavirus pandemic his top priority, will begin his presidency by asking Americans to wear masks for 100 days and requiring their use on federal property.
His first executive order, the "100 Days Masking Challenge," will symbolize the administration's sharp turn from the Trump era by emphasizing recommendations by public health experts. A president cannot tell states or cities what to do, but a federal mandate will affect federal offices and federal lands and will urge states to do the same.
https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/20/health/biden-first-day-health-executive/index.html

but in reading the executive order, there appears to be no sunset, and no limitation and if it isn't rescinded the expectation is that we'll always be expected to wear masks on federal lands and in federal buildings.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/20/executive-order-protecting-the-federal-workforce-and-requiring-mask-wearing/
So, from a legal standpoint, does this executive order necessarily need to be rescinded, does it go away when the CDC no longer recommends masking or does it remain perpetually?


texts: Germany - can my boss refuse to pay me the Christmas bonus in light of my resignation?

texts:
I'm working in Germany. My company usually gives a 13th salary to its employees, divided in 2 parts (one half in June, and the second in December). It's not technically a 13th salary, since it's not on my contract and they often stated that this is a voluntary bonus that they give.

Now, since I've announced my resignation (they haven't stated the reason YET but that is the only explanation), they are not going to give it to me, even though I've received it in the past and I qualify for it (I've worked the whole year, and I'm going to be employed until the end of December).

Are they allowed to do that? I know it's a voluntary thing, but if my colleagues are receiving it, is my company allowed to just exclude me from it?


texts: What are the differences between particulars, facts, and information?

texts:
In this tax rule, in some places information sharing is legalised/allowed where on the other places particulars sharing is legalised/allowed and elsewhere facts sharing is allowed though in some places all have been legalised/allowed.

What is the difference among these three terms?


texts: How to have a provincial court order enforced? What are the pros/cons of the different ways?

texts:
Follow up to How does someone file an order with the Provincial Court to have it enforced?
If a plaintiff received a validated order from the Civil Resolution Tribunal, then filed it with the BC Supreme Court, what happens next? What must the plaintiff do to get the money owed to him?
Assume the defendant (aka debtor after the order) is not willing to cooperate what so ever, and intends to ignore as much of the process as possible. After reading Small Claims - Getting Results it would seem the creditor has a choice

File a Summons to a Payment Hearing form
Garnish the bank account of the debtor
Have a bailiff seize and sell goods

What are the pros and cons of these options? To me it seems #2 is the obvious choice, why even consider the rest?


texts:
I recently sold a flat and was asked by the buyer to put an indemnity policy in place as the completion certificate could not be located.
My solicitor quoted me a price to this and asked if I would agree to it.
I said yes, the sale has now gone through and we exchanged and completed a few weeks ago.

My solicitor has today come back to me saying that they sent me the wrong price and the indemnity policy will in fact be 115 pounds more than initially stated and asking me to send them the difference.

Given that I agreed to this policy based on a given cost, am I liable for this cost or is it reasonable for me to refuse to pay it; I feel that given the additional amount I might has wanted to 'shop around' independently for a better quote had I been given the correct information at the time, and now I'm being penalised for a mistake on the part of my solicitor.


texts: Does a conscientious objector have the same rights as someone with religious exemption?

texts:
There are several laws that allow the omission of an SSN to employers and non-governmental agencies. The general context of those laws is a religious basis.

As America becomes more secular, I wonder if there will be a "test of faith" to be eligible to exemption under certain laws.

Can an Atheist or Agnostic claim the equivalent religious exception, but under conscious objector grounds? (or similar)


texts: Meaning of "natural life" against "life"

texts:
If a law states:

  the offender shall be imprisoned for the remainder of his natural
  life and shall be ineligible for consideration for parole, probation
  or suspension of sentence.

instead of a hypothetically:

  the offender shall be imprisoned for the remainder of his life
  and shall be ineligible for consideration for parole, probation
  or suspension of sentence.

what would be the difference? "Natural" here seems redundant to me.


texts: How do I attribute an unknown artist of an image

texts:
Lets assume I found an image I would like to share online. But I do not know if the images is somehow protected, I do not know the artist and the website I got it from does not exist anymore. I just have this image without any informations.

Can I, and if yes, how can I use it on my own page.
Do I have to mention a source (which I do not know)?


texts: EU Cookie Law: can two sites differing by the third level domain can be considered a single website?

texts:
Let's make a common example:

www.example.com is the main website of a company, then they have

blog.example.com that is the company's blog.

It's important to note that the same organization is behind both websites and is the unique owner of the first+second level domain name example.com.

The "blog" website could have been incorporated into the main website:

www.example.com/blog/

But this time this is not the case. There are many (valid) reasons to split a site via third-level domain names, as in the example above where the blog site is separated from the main site.

Now the question is: can the two website share the same cookie-consent-banner and the same cookie policy extended disclosure?

And more important (in order to avoid annoying the user): is it licit that when the user give consent on one web site it implicitly give consent to the other site?

Taking the initial example the user go to www.example.com. The banner is displayed and the user give consent accepting the cookie policy.

Then the user see the link "Visit our blog", navigates to the website's blog landing to blog.example.com.

Is it possibile to avoid displaying a banner again?

Provided of course that both the banner and the extended cookie policy are written in the correct way.


texts: Can a conspiracy involve unknown persons

texts:
Specifically in the UK, regarding a conspiracy to defraud, is it necessary for the persons making an agreement to actually know each other, or is it sufficient for one to make an offer to any 2nd party to join them in carrying out the plan.

Assume that the fraud is arranged such that either of the parties will profit without needing to contact the other, depending on the choices made by the victim. If the fraud can be repeated without discovery, all conspirators are likely to benefit.

Along the lines of the Hub-and-spoke conspiracy, is something similar recognised under UK law? Also, does 'cooperating' also cover 'enabling' without any specific agreement?

  tend to require only a more general knowledge among the spokes that
  there is a larger overall unlawful scheme involving other actors who
  are cooperating with the hub in carrying out the scheme


texts: Marijuana Across State Lines, where State Laws Differ

texts:
I'm taking a trip to Colorado, where recreational marijuana is legal. I live in New Mexico, where I have my state certified, state legal medical marijuana card. I'm taking a plane to and from.

Can I buy marijuana in Colorado, and take it on a flight back to New Mexico, with the above legal, certified restrictions/allowances?


texts: Is a licence required for calling operating system functions provided by Windows or calling its kernel? Is any licence required to use dll files of win API (linking but not distributing)? If yes, what are the obligations of a developer who makes software and not of user who uses it?


texts: Who is at fault in an illegal transaction?

texts:
Suppose we have an illegal exchange which takes place- is there a rule of thumb for who is at fault, the buyer or the seller?

For example, I have three situations.

1- A buyer purchases illegal drugs off of an unlicensed dealer, both are aware of the illegality of the purchase

2- A buyer purchases a car at what they believe to be a legitimate used-car dealer, however the car is actually stolen. The dealer is aware the car is stolen.

3- A hospital purchases an expensive software system from a company to serve some purpose. The software fails to comply with some governmental regulation which would be non-obvious to either the software producer nor the hospital.


texts: Is it legal to use school logo in my free mobile app?

texts:
I am developing a smartphone app to serve as a bulletin board for some schools.

I plan to use school logos to represent those schools in my app.

Might this cause trouble through copyright breach or other legal problems?


texts: Can holiday pay be lower than the current National Minimum Wage?

texts:
If one works irregular hours in the UK one can calculate the holiday pay by calculating the average hourly pay over the last 12 weeks of work.

I quit my job (I worked 4 days a week, 8 hours a day) at the end of April and want to calculate the holiday pay for the pending holiday entitlement. Since my salary was just above the National Minimum Wage, which went up in April 2019, the average hourly pay over the last 12 weeks would be lower than the current National Minimum Wage.

In the last 12 weeks of work, I worked 37 hours for 8 pounds an hour and 16 hours for 8.50 pounds an hour.

which makes an average of 8.15 pounds an hour.

The current National Minimum Wage in the UK is 8.21 pounds an hour. Is it legal for my employer to pay holiday pay which is lower than the current National Minimum Wage or does he have to pay me at least 8.21 pounds per hour for holiday pay?


texts: Handling medical data received from outside the EU

texts:
If a company is receiving anonymized x-ray images (for research purposes) from outside the EU (e.g. US), does the company have to treat the data as if it came from inside the EU?

In particular, does the company have to follow the strict requirements of Article 28 GDPR (requiring from th eprocessors a DPA, TOMs, data protection officer, and certification) when sending this data back to a processor in the US?


texts: Does an unlawful contract duration invalidate termination deadlines even after lawful extensions?

texts:
The following question is relevant for Germany. The contract of interest is with a gym, which might be relevant because contracts with them sometimes have special rules.

In Germany, a contract with companies may not extend a duration of 2 years (BgB §309 9b). In a case (Aachen, 6 S 199/07) a contract was deemed invalid because it was signed in March 2005 but the 2 year usage of the gym was set to start in April. This was deemed to exceed the 2 year duration (2 years + one month without usage, but a signed contract), so the customer was able to terminate the contract earlier than expected.

In my case, I signed a contract on date X, the 2 years started on "X + 2 weeks". Then, at "X + 2 weeks + 2 years" the contract was automatically extended by one year. This extension was announced in the original contract.

My question is, whether the contract can still be canceled immediately. I can se an argument for both sides:

Yes, it can be canceled: The first contract period was invalid, it became an unlimited contract, cancelable at any time. Therefore, there was no need for an extension. It's still the same contract, so it can be canceled now.
No, it cannot be canceled: While the contract could have been canceled during the first 2 years, the extension made this a new contract. Now, this contract is for 1 year only, so that's within the limits and is valid.

Which one applies in this situation?


texts: Why are college hacking treated differently then outside hacking?

texts:
I have notice that college hacking is often treated differently and with even shorter sentences if they are strictly modifying their on situation or posting security wholes.

Numerous examples in the media

Ryan Pickren no jail sentence modifying on grades
Kevin Mitnick 5 years
Daniel Beckwhitt no jail sentence modifying on grades
Omar Khan 69 felonies 38 years in Prison college hacking

Do these fall into differently qualities as academic fraud?
If its academic fraud shouldn't it be treated differently in real life?

Real hackers get often much longer sentences but there is discrepancy on what happens.


texts: GDPR - We're a global company and are expanding to Europe, do we need to save data there?

texts:
We're a global company and are expanding to Europe. We have users log in to our service and then they can use it.

If a user is from the EU, do we have to store all of their personal information inside of the EU? i.e. email/username/password


texts:
literally i have an app(to earn money) that parses google.translate results. Changes it(info from google) and puts it in. And it seem I am violating terms of service because i am scraping google.translate site and getting information from it, but then i somehow changing it. But still i am a bad person. And google detected and proved that it was me and my app doing such unscrupulous action.
What kind of punishment/penalty etc will apply to me?


texts:
(This is a fictionalized question to help me understand an element of liability I stumbled across recently.  My parents are not infirm and do not live with me)

I am well past the age of majority. One of my parents has diminished mental capacity and lives with me on a large property I own.   My parent does not drive and there hazards to vehicles on the property.

I sell a large widget which requires to be picked up on the internet. Prior to arrival I advise the purchaser of the existence of hazards (say muddy ground which will cause the vehicle to get stuck) and instruct the seller to park at a location free of hazards so I can assist them in navigating the hazards and picking up the widget.

On arrival the buyer comes across my parent (who identifies themselves as  being my parent).  The buyer does not have reason to believe my parent is infirm.  My parent then instructs them to the widget stating that they do not need to worry about the hazard.

The vehicle get stuck in the hazard, and because of its location it is expensive to get back on the road.  The vehicle is not insured against this kind of loss/damage.   Who is liable for the costs associated with recovering the vehicle?

FWIW, I am in New Zealand, but I'm interested in the general principles here, including those that apply to other countries.


texts: Borrowing from a relative or friend without documentary evidence — is it money laundering?

texts:
Suppose a person borrows money from a relative or friend, say, 10 million USD, without documentary evidence — the transaction is purely based on trust and cultural norms.

If the borrower invests the money in real estate and after 5 years returns the borrowed amount to the lender, can this be treated as money laundering?


texts: If an American LLC buys something, do these expenses reduce their profits?

texts:
Imagine an American LLC which buys some commodity (e. g. gold) for every dollar that it owns (after taxes). At the end of the year, the company has 0 dollars in the bank (because all money was spent buying that commodity).

Does this company have profits from the point of view of the IRS? Does it need to pay corporate income tax in this case?


texts: Charged for Contract Renewal without Notice of Fees

texts:
Due to changes in UK law, landlords are now only allowed to hold a maximum of 5 weeks' rent.

When I inquired as to how the excess would be returned to me, I was told it wouldn't be until I quit my property as my tenancy was due to move onto a statutory periodic (from a fixed term shorthold). In order to get around this, the estate agent said they would renew me onto a contracted periodic instead.

I got an email yesterday telling me that they've deducted £90 admin cost from the deposit excess for drafting this contract. I was never told that this charge existed and would not have allowed them to draft the new one if I did.

Can they insist on this charge or is the law on my side?


texts:
I run a group in the UK on meetup.com which offers free walks/hikes in my local area.  There are over 200 "members" but I am the only organiser of walks.  I don't charge my members and expenses ($15 US = £10 UK per month for meetup.com subscription) are paid out of my own pocket.

I am thinking of starting to charge for the walks - I will give people the option of paying per walk or a yearly subscription.  This will cover my subscription and allow me to buy public liability insurance.  It would not be run for profit - if there is a surplus, I will simply reduce the subscription/charge in the next year, or put it towards a Christmas meal for the members, or donate it to charity.  The annual turnover would be small - less than £400 a year.

My question is this: would I have to register this as a business with HMRC, and would I be required to fill out tax returns each year, or keep accounts?


texts:
The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) is a United States labor law that creates the right to a minimum wage.

The Department of Labor states:

  Under the FLSA, employees may not volunteer services to for-profit
  private sector employers.

https://webapps.dol.gov/elaws/whd/flsa/docs/volunteers.asp

Stack Exchange is a for-profit private sector employer.

Is it legal for Stack Exchange to not pay moderators minimum wage?


texts: Can Australians Accept The Ritchey Permissive License?

texts: According to this post, in Australia you cannot disclaim all warranties. The Ritchey Permissive License does ("The material is provided without warranties of any kind"), but it also states "You must be legally capable of being bound to all the requirements of this license". Would this prevent Australian's from accepting the license, or would portions of the license simply not be upheld in that jurisdiction?


texts: UK Consumer Law - Can issuer of gift card expire card without expiry date on card?

texts:
I recently purchased a product from a UK company through Amazon, and inside the delivery packaging they included a 'Gift card'.

The card gave details of an offer for first time customers of credit/free products in return for positive review on Amazon, and so I provided such a review (genuine as it is a great product), and provided proof of the review on the 9th Jan.

The Gift card makes no mention of an expiry date, or limited availability, or any other limit on the offer.

The company (via their website and other communications (customer messages on Amazon), that the 'gift card' offer has now expired.

What are my legal rights ? Can a provider claim that an offer has time expired, even though the card detailing the offer has no details of any expiry conditions.

It sounds 'off' to me, but I am not an expert.


texts: Is there a difference on conspiracy law in most first world nations?

texts:
Newbie here, describing a situation -

Let's say more than one member/director of a company attempts to take over chairmanship by illegally influencing, threatening etc. and the coup becomes known and thwarted. What will be they charged with by the police ?

In corporate setting you have 'usually' a vote in democratic manner, i.e. one person one vote for board vote. There are people who have preferential shares and have more weight, but for this argument those people are taken out, i.e. they are not there.

Now let's say a bad actor uses illegal means i.e. threatening, bribing and using whatever means to oust and be the chairman (an example) or put vote in whichever direction they want.

I do think there would be some laws as there is something called 'corporate ethics' . Would be very surprised if there aren't any laws to take care of situations like these if it can be proven that such things happened.

What would be the charges, for example in the U.S. for such situations ?


texts:
I would like to find out more about contract in Roman law. Any information about contract responsibility and guilt would be helpful. I am unable to find any real life examples of those contracts, are there any of them? I tried to find some contracts that changed the perception of roman law in particular, and some well known contracts of that time, but I wasnt unable to do it, mainly because of the way this subject is teached and written in communist countries. Beside the hard facts, I am looking for any information that would make this theme a bit more interesting.
Thank you in advance!
Any links, works, or books that are free on the web would help me a lot, if you think this subject is too complex for this form


texts: Copyright on mobile, clone an entire website

texts:
One person I know is currently building an iOS application, in the main page there are some icons where inside one of them he clones my whole website.

In the World Wide Web it's always a copyright infringement but on mobile, applications like Pinterest or Facebook leave you navigate through external websites without leave the application itself, so I'm not sure.

Clone a website inside an app, is it copyright infringement or not?


texts: Can I get in trouble for not giving Oracle credit in my Java game?

texts:
So I was planning on making a game for my favorite Youtuber, and I'm not sure if I will get into trouble with Oracle (since I am making it in Java) if I don't give credit to them for using their programming language. I couldn't find anything on the internet for this, so don't get mad at me if this is obvious. I just want to be sure I'm not going to have to deal with some legal stuff.

P.S. If you know a place to upload JAR files so people may download them, feel free to tell me. It would also help to know how I can make sure that nobody steals my game and takes credit for it. This isn't as important as what is above, so you don't need to answer it.


texts: Are Soviet movies from the 1970's copyrighted in United States?

texts: I was looking to watch a Soviet movie from the 1970's (Moscow-Cassiopeia, nothing with much communist propaganda, just a teen comedy). I thought that this movie would be only possible to find through torrent sites, but I was surprised to see it for sale on iTunes. Who would be Apple licensing this movie from? There was an embargo against Soviet Union during the 1980's, wouldn't have this disabled any copyright from before this embargo?


texts:
In the US we have the concept of a digital signature being anything that two parties agree to being a "signature".  We are just now internationalizing our website and I'm wondering just how valid our "I agree to the terms and conditions on this website" really is for people from other countries.  We require that a user click a checkbox agreeing before they create an account, buy things etc.  They have to agree, or they can't do things, but is that agreement actually binding in all the places where there is internet service?

Right now we have a Chinese Translation, but they want to add 20+ other languages.  How binding is that checkbox on people from other countries?

We are in a UK territory and are not a US company.

I remember all the hullabaloo about how this digital signature law was a "landmark decision" that blah blah blah.  If it really was something special, wouldn't other countries have had to agree to something similar or pass similar legislation?  (yes, I'm that old)


texts: Meaning of "Compensation for Damage" in a clinical trial; vs. "Compensation of Injury"

texts:
I'm translating a document that is presented to clinical trial participants prior to their enrollment.
One section is titled "Compensation for Injury":

Compensation for Injury
Will you receive any compensation if you have an injury/illness related to your participation in the study?
According to the insurance contract, in case of health injury, the Insurance Company will compensate you according to the following conditions:

and so on. It describes in detail what kinds of injuries and illnesses will be compensated and how. The next section is titled "Compensation for Damage":

Compensation for Damage
Since this is an observational study, no investigational medication will be used and no additional procedures or tests will be performed during the study. Therefore we do not expect that you will suffer any damage due to your participation.

And this is all. This section is a mere stopgap compared with the previous one; so it's hard to understand what the authors mean by distinguishing "damage" from "injury".
I don't know how to translate this title into Russian. What is the difference between damage and injury in this context? Both seem to imply some kind of bodily harm, isn't it? Why not lump them into a single section then?
P.S. I also asked this question on Medical Sciences SE. I'm not sure where to ask.


texts: Can a witch or wizard be guilty of murder if it's committed with magic?

texts:
This is purely hypothetical:

A person announces their intent to attack another with "magic", telegraphing what witnesses consider a "spell".  It's broad daylight with numerous witnesses and surveillance footage.  The victim then immediately suffers a miraculous death that can't be explained by science (all their blood turns to tar, they spontaneously dissolve to viscera, or they simply drop dead for no discernible medical reason)

Could the "magician" be found guilty of any crime greater than verbal assault if no causation link between the attacker's incomprehensible action and the victim's death is found?


texts: An art instructor who charges for his courses is using one of my photographs in his class. All the students including himself have painted the photograph and he has posted his painting on his site. I did not give permission to any of these people to paint my photograph. This is my most popular photograph which I sell in many shops in the area (I live in Canada). Is my copyright infringed and what can I do to remedy it?


texts: Is the Judge allowed to ask about your nationality or citizenship during a speeding ticket hearing?

texts:
I am of Indian origin, legally living in the United States.
For my speeding ticket hearing, the Judge asked me in front of the entire court house; "Are you from Pakistan? I replied "no" with an answer, "I am from India".
He then commented about the traffic and how people drive in India!
Is he allowed to ask/comment these kinds of things on a traffic ticket?


texts: Are tax crimes' punishments in general proportional to the amount of money?

texts:
Let's say that I sell 0.001 BTC right now on Bisq (decentralized P2P exchange) and the buyer sends me $500 USD to my bank account. I then use that $500 to buy a pair of headphones for myself. Or I just buy the headphones straight away with Bitcoin, skipping the whole fiat conversion part.
For one reason or another, I never report this to the government. Maybe I simply had no idea that such a law existed (actually the case for me up until a few days ago), or I forgot, or I did know but actively wanted to avoid having to pay my money to an evil government. I doubt it matters why; let's just say that I never report it.
But then, one day, they find out. And they decide that I'm guilty of withholding $500 worth of BTC from them, of which I'm apparently supposed to pay 30% in taxes whenever I sell/spend them.
I'm sure they will punish me somehow, and not care about any explanation I might have. But will the punishment be 40 years in federal maximum security prison, even though the amount of money is ridiculously small? Or will they just tell me to pay it and perhaps add a $20 fee on top of the 30% of $500 that they consider me to owe them?
Again, I'm talking "in general". In most countries. Feel free to use the USA as an example, but I'd be interested if it varies wildly.


texts: Law in History: Weapon Law in New York in the 1960s: Long Blades

texts:
While researching for a novel, I stumbled about an interesting legal point I can't answer on my own because I neither am a lawyer nor am in the US:
Between 1945 and 1951 quite some Katana were surrendered to the occupying American forces. Many were destroyed or buried. A not too small number did end up not destroyed as ordered but taken as souvenirs by US soldiers. While ethically questionable and still an apple of contention in some way, that is not the question here.
I would like to know: how did New York Law handle the possession and carrying of (historical) swords like katana between 1945 and the 1960s?
I know that nowadays §265.01 of the NY Penal Code governs possession and transport of such 'knives', but I could only find the revisions that were made in the 2000s, but no indication that there would have been a similar law earlier.

My research gave me slight insight into the federal gun laws, for example from here, hinting me at the 1934 National Firearms Act and United States v Miller, but both dealt with firearms/firearms transport and did not address bladed weaponry.
In contrast, the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 seems to only address short bladed weapons of specific makeup, not Katana or similar


texts: Can I take legal action in Colorado against a car dealership that has yet to deliver owed items to me?

texts:
I ordered a vehicle from a dealership in July of 2017. The vehicle was delivered to me approximately six weeks later and did not match the build I had requested. Investigation with the dealership revealed that the salesperson had submitted the correct build information to her manager for order, which was subsequently entered into the manufacturer's order system incorrectly. Upon finding this out, I opted not to purchase the vehicle. The sales manager who entered the incorrect order did not want me to walk away from the sale and offered to order, paint, and assemble the parts needed to make the build correct. I agreed to this offer and my sale contract states that I am owed these items from the dealership.

Fast forward almost four months, I've still not yet received the parts owed to me. Voluntary communication from the dealership has been non-existent, and responses to my inquiries have been intermittent and lackluster at best. As of now, the dealership's claim to the status of the parts is that they were received (after roughly three months), assembled, and painted the wrong color by a third-party paint shop due to a "transposed paint code." I was told by the parts manager that they would be ordering new parts, ensuring they would be painted the correct color the second time around. According to the new delivery date given to me, the parts are about a week overdue and I have not been able to get in touch with anyone for a status update.

As the title asks, is there any legal action I can take against the dealership to enforce their compliance with our contractual agreement? Is there a reasonable timeline that they must deliver within if a date is not specified in the contract?


texts: What is the difference between a "non-for-profit organization" and a "society" in British Columbia, Canada?

texts:
Canada has a "Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act" and British Columbia has a "Society Act". I only recently discovered that there was a "Society Act" when reading about name registration. When planning to register a name for my new not-for-profit organisation in BC, I found that it mentioned that "societies" must have a suffix of "society", but I wasn't sure what a "society" was. So, are a non-for-profit corporation and a "society" one-and-the-same in BC? I was going to give my not-for-profit a "Inc" designation, but I am unsure now.

The society act can be found here www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96433_01 and the not-for-profit corporations act can be found here http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-7.75/


texts: Under what circumstances can a military officer relieve a superior officer of command?

texts:
There seem to be at least a few crimes for which a lower-ranked officer can relieve a higher-ranked officer of command, most notably treason. While the lower-ranked officer would surely be highly scrutinized for taking such an action, it does seem a legal means of removing an officer of higher rank for criminal acts.
What are those circumstances/crimes/accusations under which an officer of the United States Armed Forces can relieve a higher-ranked officer, without the involvement of an officer of higher rank than the one being removed?


texts: Is it illegal to display a price perpetually while giving the impression it's a discount?

texts:
Over a year ago I checked out and even purchased a license for Spine.
https://esotericsoftware.com/spine-purchase
At the time it had an offer from $99, to $69.
I didn't have plans to use it yet, but I placed the order at the time because I figured I'd catch the better price while I could.
The problem is since I bought it, it has always had that offer. Before, during, after, and still today, the pricing has statically been displayed as $99 crossed-out then $69 since before 2016.
While there is no deadline displayed for this pricing, it gives the impression to the user that it's a discount, but in reality it's an arbitrarily inflated price, struck out, with a normal price next to it.
My question is, is this form of pricing actually legally compliant?
If not, where could one report such behavior?
I believe their organization is based in Washington, United States.
If relevant, within the license terms:
In "Governing Law", that any legal actions will be handled in California, or England and Wales if one is located in the EU.
Under "Trade Control Laws" it states that it is governed by the United States and international laws.


texts: Does a disingenuous defamation lawsuit constitute malicious prosecution?

texts:
Some defamation cases (in the United States) collapse when the discovery process produces some decisive piece of evidence proving that the supposedly defamed person did what the defendant had claimed. In the US truth is a complete defense to libel.

In some of these cases, it is clear that the plaintiff must have known that the evidence existed and was just hoping it would not be found, or perhaps knew that it might be found, but wanted to harass the defendant legally anyway to force them to incur legal costs as a punishment for criticizing the plaintiff.

Now, when a plaintiff drops such a case once such evidence is found, can the defendant counter-sue the plaintiff for malicious prosecution, on the argument that the plaintiff knew that the defendants claims were based on the truth and was thus suing "maliciously"?


texts: How to report an attempted web designer scam?

texts:
I am a freelance web designer; I have a website and a Facebook page to find new clients.

A few days ago I received an email inquiring about web design that immediately sounded fishy:

  Good Day, Am Tom Williams i wanna know if you can handle (Website
  Design) for a new marketing and also if credit card is fine to make
  payment with you kindly get back to me ASAP so i can send you the job
  details.

The bad grammar and immediate mention of credit cards was strange, but I need all the work I can get so I decided to prod for more details. He told me he was located in Texas (I am in Arizona), told me about his business (agriculture products), gave me a link to a competitor's site as reference and a list of job requirements as well as a budget of $4000 to $6000.

Now, that price range is not out of the ordinary for a professional business website but I myself am I young, self-taught freelancer and I don't usually make anywhere near that per project. And if he's in Texas, why choose an Arizonan web designer? There's got to be hundreds or more that are closer to him. So I really wanted this to be real but I'm now 99% sure that it's a scam.

After a couple more emails back and forth I decided it couldn't hurt to give him a price and ask for a deposit; and if I received the money with no funny business I'd make the website. I told him I wanted $1000 up front and then he replied with this:

  I have my credit card available for the payment . But first I want you
  to pay attention to this .I have been advised to take a long rest for
  an easy and fast recovery,hence the reason why I need your favor. I
  haven't payed the project consultant that has the text content and the
  logo for my website he does not have credit card facility.

  Regarding this fact,I will be giving you credit card for the total of
  $5,080. Once the funds clears to your account $2,000 will be deducted
  as an upfront payment for the design of the website,$80 for yourself
  as tip and the remaining $3,000 will be sent to the project consultant
  that has the text content and the logo for my website. Be rest assured
  you will be charging everything on my credit card including the 3% CC
  charges. Below is the final break down of the total charges i will be
  authorizing you to charge on my credit card.

  Website-Deposit: $2,000 - Consultant-fee: $3,000 - Tips & Gratitude: $80 -
  3% CC charges?

Basically, it sounds like he wants to transfer a bunch of money to me, and then have me keep my cut and transfer the rest to someone else. I don't know how, exactly, but I imagine that somehow I'll get screwed out of everything and possibly the funds already in my account (jokes on them, I'm broke).

Anyway, I found this article confirming my suspicions that stuff like this does happen: https://www.alvalyn.com/email-scams-target-web-designers/

And I wonder if I should report this somehow? Or if there's any other legal action I could take?

Thanks.


texts: Is it legal to retaliate against an employee who answered falsely when asked an illegal question?

texts:
Oftentimes due to public policy considerations or for a multitude of other reasons employers can not ask particular questions during an interview or just in general in the workplace. Suppose that an employee or a perspective employee (in an interview) lies on one of these disallowed questions.
Suppose the interviewed employee was hired. Can the employer fire for lying on such a question? Can an employee fire a current employee for falsely answering? Does this count as cause for firing?
Can an employer retaliate by firing the employee for such a lie if they found out it was a lie later? Is lying in such circumstances illegal or otherwise fraudulent?


texts: How can a US lawyer ethically work in the cannabis industry?

texts:
I live in California and I have seen ads for "cannabis attorneys" who specialise in helping the "legal" (under state law) cannabis industry/business (they often have names and logos which emphasise this).  This raises a question: how is it ethically possible?
I am not an attorney, but my understanding is that as part of an attorney's ethical obligations, they have to follow the law, and cannot aid their clients in committing crimes.  I know of, for example (from movies anyway...) the idea of a 'mafia lawyer', but that is usually for criminal defence—the mafia attorney doesn't help draft contracts for illegal activities like hits (which presumably don't use written contracts anyway).  The "cannabis attorney", on the other hand is presumably helping negotiate contracts for the sale, production, and distribution of a drug which is illegal under federal US law.  How can an attorney operate as part of a federally "illegal" industry and uphold the canons of legal ethics? (I am not really familiar with these but I have to assume, or at least hope, that following the law is either rule No. 1 or quite high up the list)
Given that, for example, the banking industry refuses to be involved with cannabis in any form because of its federal illegality, why does the legal industry (which I hope is at least as concerned about law following as the banking industry) allow itself to be involved?
Note: I am aware that the federal government and Congress have made clear that there won't be prosecutions for "legal" cannabis industries under state supervision, and that the technical illegality of cannabis under federal law is probably just a technicality which is unlikely to lead to legal consequences, but my question presumes that lawyers, of all people, surely care about legal technicalities and obeying the letter of the law—perhaps I'm wrong


texts: What can I do to someone falsely accusing me

texts: Let's say I get into an argument with someone. He falsely accuses me and I deny. He calls the police/local law enforcement of that place and it becomes clear that I was right. Now, what can I do to have him be punished for the time wasted/headache/other possible problems he caused? Can you introduce me to some readings/terms/webpages so I can learn more?


texts: Is it legal to inject javascript to the netflix website and publish it?

texts:
I want to publish a javascript code which changes the way www.netflix.com behaves. One thing this script does is change the language.

Am I also allowed to publish a chrome extension with the name "netflix... language changer ..." or am i misleading people to think that i am a part of netflix?

This might be seen as a trademark abuse.


texts:
If a tenant buys the house they were renting, does the landlord have to refund the security deposit to them?

Alice is renting a house from Bob on a six-month lease. She then enters an agreement to purchase the house. At closing is Bob responsible to pay back her security deposit?

I am in Oregon and could not find the answer easily. I would assume this is a basic, common-sense "yes", but I'd like to know the statutory basis, if possible. Thanks.


texts: Copyright violations in creating original trivia questions based on popular books, videos and articles

texts:
If I compose an online trivia quiz for general users, and create questions such as

Q1) To which Hogwarts House did Harry Potter belong ? (based on a Harry Potter book)
Q2) Does a honey badger attack a lion ? (based on a specific National Geographic video)
Q3) Who said this in 2002 "..." ? (based on an article in say, TIME magazine)

Is this a violation of any copyright law ? Am I expected to take explicit permissions etc. ?


texts: Does the 14th Amendment give people the liberty to break laws and constitutions?

texts: Are laws and constitutions themselves a violation of the 14th amendment? Can the government deprive people of their liberty to use drugs for recreational use, hire prostitutes, gamble, etc? Any law places a restriction on someone's liberty, correct?


texts: Can manufacturers make it an IP tort to connect to their machines?

texts:
Can manufacturers block other manufacturers from making parts that connect to their machines?

For example, ultrasound machines have two parts, a console and a transducer. The transducers usually connect to the console via a proprietary connector interface.

Can a third party manufacturer sell a competing transducer that connects to the interface?

Or, to take a more familiar example. IBM computer keyboards and mice used to connect to the PC via a connector called a PS2 connector. Imagine IBM patented the PS2 connector. Would that have prevented anyone else from making a peripheral that connects to a PS2 port on an IBM PC?


texts:
In the United States, the US Supreme Court established the Turntable Doctrine, in R.R. Co. v. Stout, 84 U.S. 657.  As I understand it, In general, if a person is injured while trespassing on someone’s property then, unless the injury is due to some specific fault of the landowner, the landowner isn’t liable.  After all, if someone trespasses on your property, you shouldn’t be liable for poor judgment exercised by the trespasser, especially since he shouldn’t have been trespassing in the first place.  But Stout created an exception to this, initially termed the “turntable doctrine” (named after the piece of railroad machinery that that the child Stout was playing on when injured).  The idea was that young children are a special case requiring a higher duty of care.

Stout was cited soon after in a similar turntable case, Keffe v. Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Co., 21 Minn. 207 (1875).  The term “attractive nuisance doctrine” originated in Keffe, which explained the attractiveness concept thus:

  To treat the plaintiff as a voluntary trespasser is to ignore the
  averments of the complaint, that the turn-table, which was situate[d]
  in a public (by which we understand an open, frequented) place, was,
  when left unfastened, very attractive, and, when put in motion by
  them, was dangerous to young children, by whom it could be easily put
  in motion, and many of whom were in the habit of going upon it to
  play. The turn-table, being thus attractive, presented to the natural
  instincts of young children a strong temptation; and such children,
  following, as they must be expected to follow, those natural
  instincts, were thus allured into a danger whose nature and extent
  they, being without judgment or discretion, could neither apprehend
  nor appreciate, and against which they could not protect themselves.
  The difference between the plaintiff's position and that of a
  voluntary trespasser, capable of using care, consists in this, that
  the plaintiff was induced to come upon the defendant's turn-table by
  the defendant's own conduct, and that, as to him, the turntable was a
  hidden danger, a trap.

Twenty years later, the New York Court of Appeals discussed the turntable doctrine in Walsh v. F.R.R. Co., 39 N.E. 1068 (NY 1895) and said Stout didn't apply in that case.  Maybe I'm reading Walsh wrong, but it seems to me to be saying that Stout might apply in some cases, but it doesn't in that specific case.

But then Morse v. Buffalo Tank Corp., 19 N.E.2d 981, 280 N.Y. comes along in 1939 and says

  The general rule which has prevailed since the well-known turntable
  case (Walsh v. Fitchburg R.R. Co., 145 N.Y. 301) is that the so-called
  doctrine of attractive nuisance does not apply in New York, and that
  the only duty which an owner of land owes to a trespasser or bare
  licensee is to abstain from affirmative acts of negligence or not to
  injure intentionally such person.

And from there to the present, supposedly New York doesn't follow the Attractive Nuisance Doctrine.

How can Morse make that flying leap, from Stout not being applicable in the particular case (Morse), to saying that "the so-called doctrine of attractive nuisance does not apply in New York"?

(Reason for question: I am taking a paralegal class and one of the exercises asks the student to determine whether the attractive nuisance doctrine holds in the state where the student lives.)

This question is different.  I made the mistake of writing two questions in one post, only one of which was answered.  I have split them up into two separate questions.  I copied the background material from one to the other so people wouldn't need to click over to the other question to understand this one.


texts: Breaking a lease before move in amidst Coronavirus concerns

texts:
About a month ago, I signed a lease for an apartment (with two roommates who are renewing their lease) in North Carolina with a move-in date of May 15th. I'm a STEM graduate student, and with developing family finance concerns and the recent transition to remote everything both teaching and research related, I'm beginning to think it may not makes sense to drain so much of my income to stay near a closed university rather than move in with my brother.

To my reading, the lease agreement states that breaking with more than 6 months remaining will incur a penalty of 2 months' rent. Were I to attempt to back out in the next few days (well before the move-in date), could I expect the current national or state declaration of a state of emergency due to the Covid-19 pandemic to impact my penalty? In particular, is there any legal reason to expect that, due to the state of emergency, I could avoid the penalty altogether?


texts: Requesting money so they won't go through insurance, but they already have

texts:
My daughter backed into a parked car which caused minor bumper damage to the car. She found the owner and exchanged info. Next day he puts pressure on me on how I don't want my insurance rates to rise, so bring $1k cash and meet him, then he won't file. However, I find out through insurance that he had already filed the day of the accident. I had decided to not give him money as I really didn't like the pressure and having to deal with him.

He definitely was attempting to commit what I would deem fraud, how should I be addressing this?


texts: Original work or derivative work if published posthumously and never previously registered?

texts:
I'm trying to determine how a literary work should be registered -- as a derivative work with two authors, or as a derivative work with me as claimant and author? Or neither? Details:

My mother wrote a manuscript for a children's book years ago and shared it with me a few years back. She died last year.
I have since taken her original text-only word document manuscript and 1)
edited a lot of the text > 50%, and 2) created illustrations with an external freelancer (work made for hire)
for every letter.
The original text she wrote was neither registered nor published under US Copyright.

Effectively, my mother and I will have both contributed to the final published children's alphabet book. She wrote some of the original text, and I rewrote/adapted and edited it, and had illustrations created for everything, and have had the book put together.
How should I register this?


texts:
As far as I understand, I can use the name the same as the name of another business, if we are of different business natures. Right?
The other business is selling physical goods (more exactly, they are a peer-to-peer sales network). I sell files. Can I use their name for my business?
There is no intention on my part to use their name because it is their name. I first invented the name for my business, then with Google found there is already a business of this name.


texts: New proposed H1B bill - who exactly does it affect?

texts:
The new proposed bill by the house can be found here (the actual bill introduced, HR 670, is here):

Numerous sources from media claims that if this bill passes, your minimum wage would have to be $130,000 or higher to be eligible for H1B visa.

But looking at the actual bill brings some room for clarification, especially this section.

  SECTION. 3. STRENGTHENING INTEGRITY IN THE H-1B PROGRAM BY REFORMING THE
  EXEMPT H-1B DEFINITION

  Re-sets the current dependent wage exemption level of $60,000 which was established in 1998 and has since remained unchanged.
  The new H-1B dependent employer wage exemption level will be set at 35 percentile points above the median for the most recent national annual wage for Computer and Mathematical Occupations (Group 15-0000) as published in the Department of Labor (DOL) Occupational Employment Statistics (OES).
  Per the Department of Labor May 2015 Occupational Employment and Wages (the most recent data available), the new annual wage exemption level would be greater than $130,000
  (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes150000.htm).
  Dependent employers are those with more than 15% of their workforce in H-1B status.
  Unless dependent employers compensate their H-1B workers above the required wage level, they must make
  attestations regarding recruitment and non-displacement of U.S. workers. Non-discretionary bonuses and similar compensation may be applied to wages based on their fair market value at the time of filing. No discretionary compensation may be counted towards wages.
  Eliminates the Master’s Degree exemption for dependent employers.

I'm not a law expert, but the bill seems to indicate that these new changes would apply for H1B dependent employers only. In other words, I'm thinking this bill only applies to companies where a considerable number of employees are under H1B visa.

Am I correct to think that this new bill applies to employees being hired by H1B dependent companies only or would this new annual wage exemption level of $130,000 actually apply to all prospective H1B applicants?


texts: Can an organization build something for its own exclusive use, that is patented by someone else?

texts:
Based on these two questions:

Could a charity manufacture patented medications for free?
Can I build something for personal use if it is patented?

I suspect that the answer will be no, but I want to ask anyway just to get it directly.

I hope to keep it more general than this, but for example:

There is a conceptual design for a loudspeaker that is easy to manipulate in a simulator and gives impressive theoretical performance...and is patented by someone else.  The owner sells finished products exclusively to the very high end of the professional market (if you have to ask, you can't afford it), and hobbyists have built their own designs using that concept for their own living rooms, claiming that the owner has given blanket permission to hobbyists for their own personal use.

I've also seen someone with the owner's name on public hobby forums, who explains it in deep technical detail, and all of his posts are many years old now.

So:

Taking a cue from the hobbyists, what if an engineer/carpenter team were to design, build, and install one specifically for a non-profit organization where they both volunteer already?
(the engineering and labor are donated, and the organization buys the materials)
What if I were to design and build one myself to use in my own rig for profit?

My understanding of the purpose of patents is to prevent the loss of revenue caused by someone else undercutting the inventor, probably because the someone else doesn't have to make up the expense of inventing it.
In that framework, and given either of the situations above, it would certainly be a violation to sell it, because that customer might have bought it from the owner instead if there wasn't a cheaper option.

But if the available budget clearly does not allow purchasing from the owner, and thus the owner would not have had a sale anyway (we'd use a different design that is available more cheaply), is it okay to make one (or several) personally or in-house for personal or in-house use, with the caveat that it is illegal to sell until the patent runs out?

Of course, we can't outsource the work because it would mean that they would be selling to us and thus violate the patent themselves.  It seems to me that it must all be done in-house, to even have a chance.  So does that chance exist?

Notes:

It might seem like several different questions, but it's really the same question several different ways.

Nor am I asking if it's okay to violate in a particular situation.  I'm asking if the action in that situation IS a violation.


texts: Legality about recovering deceased relative online account

texts:
In the case of a deceased relative, is there any law violation in any of these circumstances in relation to an online account (let's say google, facebook, twitter, msn, etc)?
Countries interested: USA, Mexico, Japan, UK

If I know the password and I access their account
If I don't know the password and I try to recover it
If I recover the password and access their account

Does the intention matters until those points?


texts:
I live in France.

3 months ago, I was living with someone, in their flat, and I had to buy some piece of furniture (for about 700 euros).

About 2 months ago, I had to leave this place because we couldn't stand the other people presence any longer. At that time, as I had nowhere else to store the piece of furniture I bought, we agreed with this other person that I could leave them at his place, while I was seeking for a new place of my own.

Some week after this, I encountered this person again, and I have been asked if they could refund me the price of the furnitures spanning 2 years, regarding monthly payment, to which I agreed orally.

Fast forwarding today, I never received any money from this person, and last time I saw them, they told me I couldn't have my good back, because now they're theirs and that they won't refund me at all, neither give me my goods back.

Can I do something about it, or did I really lose property on the goods ?


texts: Contours of a national emergency in the United States

texts: Are there any 'bright lines' that prevent an administration (not just the current administration, but future administrations as well) from regularly resorting to the national security argument when it can not find congressional support for its foreign policy initiatives?


texts: Private school forcing a child to get a specific hairstyle in India

texts:
If a private school is a forcing a child to get a specific hairstyle, can it be considered as child rights violation in India?

Update: The school authorities beat the child and humiliate him in front of the class. His parents are called and he's suspended for a day.


texts: Can an embassy in a hostile country send people in diplomatic pouches?

texts:
Currently, a few notable people (such as Julian Assange) are currently living in embassies in various countries around the world. Typically, the person is being pursued by the host country, and the embassy's origin country is willing to offer refuge, but cannot get the person out of the country.

But, if diplomatic law is respected, can an embassy send a person in a diplomatic pouch?

In theory, an embassy could put a person in a box, label it a diplomatic pouch, and then send the box to a charter airport where it could be sent by government plane to the destination country, no?


texts: Does "personal, noncommercial use" preclude use of Pokemon GO "Lure Modules" to attract players to non-commercial events?

texts:
I represent a local denomination that is actively trying to get people to learn about our church by attending a church service. To help accomplish this, I would like to place a "Lure Module" near my church building. (A "Lure Module" attracts uncaught Pokemon and, in turn, players) However, the app's Terms of Service state:

  Niantic grants you a limited nonexclusive, nontransferable,
  non-sublicensable license to download and install a copy of the App on
  a mobile device and to run such copy of the App solely for your own
  **personal**, noncommercial purposes.

Likewise, another section says:

  Subject to your compliance with these Terms, Niantic grants you a
  personal, noncommercial, nonexclusive, nontransferable,
  non-sublicensable, revocable license to download, view, display, and
  use the Content solely in connection with your permitted use of the
  Services.

My own quick research into the subject suggests that "personal use" simply means "not for business use" and thus all other uses are permitted. However, since the ToS explicitly say personal AND non-commercial use, I'm not 100% sure my use of a Lure Module for the purpose stated above would qualify as acceptable.


texts:
"There is no refunds with this purchase. If you are a mentor or are affiliated with any other trade teams you will be removed and will not be refunded if found. Legal action will be taken on any members that share our content. Vertex Investing are not financial advisors, Following trade ideas and trading in general does have an element of risk. Please do not risk capital you cannot afford. Vertex investing are not liable for any losses incurred."
This is what is in my terms and conditions... Someone is trying to get out of paying (of course I will be writing a proper contractual agreement after this) but how valid is my argument for having them pay?


texts:
1) Is Google or Facebook user ID number considered personal data? The ID itself is just a number, but you can use it to construct a profile url and reveal his identity through Google or Facebook profile.

2) If I have a website which enables social login and therefore stores registered user Google and Facebook ID numbers in the database, with no other personal data, not even email or name, just these IDs, am I data controller?

3) If answer to 1) is "yes", then is the user ID number in salt-hashed form considered personal data? Having a hash you cannot convert it back to user ID. But having a user ID e.g. from his social profile, it's possible to convert it to a hash and compare against all hashes in the database to tell if this person has account on this website or not.


texts: Why should I use a lawyer to form a single person LLC in California?

texts:
I want to form an LLC in California for my new business. I will be the only owner and employee. I've been looking into sites like legalzoom and incfile as well as local business lawyers. Both business lawyers' websites and people on random online forums regarding the topic have suggested that forming an LLC using online services such as these will only provide you with generic documents that will not provide the necessary protection you need. Furthermore, once people realize that their documents from these online services do not serve their purposes or have screwed them over, they must go to a lawyer anyway to fix the mess.

What are some concrete examples of ways using documents from online services would not provide the proper protection? What is the approximate cost to have a lawyer fix said mistakes and in what situations would I come to realize the need to consult a lawyer in person?


texts:
Title 53 is currently 1 of 54 titles that make up the United States Code, each title is marked with the topic of law it contains, but Title 53 is marked as reserved.
The listing of Title goes:

Title 52--Voting And Elections
Title 53--[Reserved]
Title 54--National Park Services And Related Programs

Is there a specific reason why Title 53 was skipped over? Are there certain plans for what Title 53 is going to be?


texts: Contesting an expired drivers license ticket due to covid 19

texts:
I got pulled over in Ohio (with an Ohio license) a few weeks ago because one of my headlights was dim. The officer was clear that he was just letting me know.
He asked to see my drivers license, which had expired on May 12th. However, the Ohio BMV website says:

If your license, ID card, or vehicle registration (including plates and stickers) expired on or after March 9, 2020, your expiration date has been automatically extended until December 1, 2020.

I told him that and we discussed back and forth but he still said that he wasn't sure that was the case and wrote me a citation anyway, with a court date. He ended by saying "I'm sure they'll excuse you anyway."
I went to court, pleaded guilty because I didn't want to come back, but had to pay $25 for the fine and $115 for the court fee. I was told that if I had pleaded not guilty, I would have had to pay the court fee anyway.
I later went to the BMV to renew my license and the lady there told me I shouldn't have gotten the ticket in the first place.
I am frustrated because it seems like I have done nothing wrong and yet I paid $140 in the end. What should have I done differently and is there anything I can do now?


texts: Is there a procedure that takes place if it is determined (retroactively) that a law is impossible to implement to comply with it?

texts:
What if it is determined retroactively that a law is literally impossible to implement or comply with?

For example of something being impossible to implement, let's say the federal government passes a laws stating that the all government agencies must use a secure implementation of RSA for all government communications. 6 months later a cryptographer proves that all implementations of RSA are insecure, and it is impossible to create a secure one. Suddenly, government agencies realize it would be illegal for them use communication. This, however, would also be illegal since it prevents them from upholding other regulations. We will also say legislators did not write into either the law requiring RSA communication or the law requiring government agencies to do their duties what would happen in this scenario.

As something that is impossible to comply with, let's say the federal government passes a law stating that parents must take their children once a year on February 1st to have their appendixes X-rayed by a CDC approved clinic to make sure they do not develop appendix cancer. However, the CDC publishes a metastudy one year on January 28th showing that child appendices are super sensitive to X-rays, and that it will drop the approval of any Clinic that offer this procedure. It now becomes impossible for parents to comply with that law, since by definition any clinic that offers that procedure will not be CDC approved.

So, what happens in a case like this? Note my question is different from What if a law is literally impossible to follow? in that the fact that it was impossible to implement/comply with only become apparent afterwards.

I think its reasonable to suppose that no court is going to impose penalties against someone for doing something impossible. My question is how would they go about answering the following questions:

Do they enforce the spirit of the law, and if so, which one?

For example, would the courts expect government agencies to use some other form of secure communication? If so, which ones could they use? Could it be another form of digital communication, or would a court expect them to use briefcases instead. Or would they expect agencies to use insecure RSA implementations. Or would they expect them to cease doing their duties that require communication since they can not comply with the RSA law.
Would parents be expected to have their child's appendix checked some other way at a CDC approved clinic, like a blood sample? Or would they be permitted to get their child's appendix x-rayed at a non-CDC approved clinic? Or would the law that gets discarded be the law stating you can not threaten people, enabling parents to violently force the CDC to approve clinics that offer the procedure?

Or does the law simply get discarded completely until the legislature passes a new version of it? And if so, if there are multiple laws that are individually obeyable, but can not be simultaneously obeyed, which is one is discarded?

Now, I do not expect you all here to know the answers to these hypothetical questions, but what procedure would the government use, if any, to determine the answers to them. The problem is that different people might come to different conclusions about the best way to handle the situation, and these views would need to be reconciled for the sake of impartiality.


texts: Does this Intellectual Property Agreement assign the rights to IP created after employment ends?

texts:
This is an extract from a software developer Intellectual Property Agreement:

“Intellectual Property Rights”: patents, rights to Inventions, utility
models, copyright and neighboring and related rights, trademarks,
trade names and domain names, rights in get-up, goodwill and the right
to sue for passing off, unfair competition rights, rights in designs,
rights in computer software, software application development rights,
database rights, topography rights, rights to use and preserve the
confidentiality of information (including know-how and trade secrets)
and any other intellectual property rights, in each case whether
registered or unregistered and including all applications (or rights
to apply) for and be granted, renewals or extensions of, and rights to
claim priority from, such rights and all similar or equivalent rights
or forms of protection which subsist or will subsist now or in the
future in any part of the world.

“Invention”: any invention, idea, discovery, development, improvement
or innovation, whether or not patentable or capable of registration,
and whether or not recorded in any medium.

.........
Further, and in the alternative, all Employment IPRs and Employment
Inventions Intellectual Property Rights insofar as they are capable of
prospective assignment, are hereby assigned by the Employee to the
Branch. To the extent that any such Intellectual Property rights
cannot be prospectively assigned, Employee undertake to assign all
such Intellectual Property Rights as and when they are created or
promptly thereafter.

The worrying part is marked in bold and italic format in the above, plus the last 2 quotes from below (also marked in bold and italic format)
Does this mean that if the employee leaves the company, and then creates or gain an intellectual property right, does the company own that right ? Because the definition of Intellectual Property Rights states: in the future
Note that before the above extract comes the definition of Employment IPRs and Employment Inventions, which are not worrying because they restrict the rights to the ones created during the course of his employment

“Employment Inventions”: any Invention which is made wholly or
partially by the Employee at any time during the course of his
employment with the company (whether or not during working hours or
using Branch premises or resources, whether or not recorded in
material form, and which relate in any way whatsoever, directly or
indirectly and/or is developed for the benefit of the Branch or
Branch’s clients or business prospects).
“Employment IPRs”: Intellectual Property Rights created by the
Employee in the course of his or her employment with the company


texts: Can we add some extra features to the patent of the system which were missed in the provisional patent?

texts:
I filed a provisional patent for a machine about 6 months ago. But as of now the outcome of the machine is same but the method to achieve that outcome has been changed a bit(i.e some of the features have been added but the final result remains the same).
In the description section of the provisional patent those features have not been added.
Will I be able to add those feature in the patent or my provisional patent will become invalid?


texts: Can I create a (openly) fictional university online? What restrictions apply?

texts:
I am considering writing some stories, which in part revolve around a fictional university. In that regard, I would like to set up a website for the university, complete with course catalogue and all the bells and whistles, maybe even allow fans to enroll for some weird courses inspirred by the stories. The website will clearly state that this is NOT a real university, but I have no idea where my legal limits are in this regard? I understand that there are both national and especially international variations on the rules, but what would I legally be able to do, considering that "online" means "everywhere/global"?

Although it differs from place to place, I assume that there are some common rules about what I can include if I decide to start, for example, dingdonguniversity.com and build a purely (and openly) fictional university. What limitations are there to the use of the term "university" in a url and name, if it is clearly stated that the project is not a real and/or accredited university?


texts: Driving licence and vehicle registration in EU without adress

texts: Are there any countries in EU+EFTA, which allow to hold their driving licence and registering a vehicle without having a fixed address? In many countries the address is shown as a field on the licence and I am trying to determine, if it's possible to obtain it without having to update addresses on move, when there is no fixed abode. The same goes for registration plates.


texts:
So let's say I am a game developer, and somehow the game I was working on was leaked on the internet.
Since nobody can legally obtain a copy of my game, can all the review of the leaked material be taken down and prosecuted, or is it defended by fair use?
Furthermore, does it matter how much my material spread for it to be enforced by fair use?
This article makes it seem like an unapproved source is enough to disqualify fair use:
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/copyright-laws-30-seconds-music-61149.html


texts: Is a cop allowed to use deadly force under the following circumstances?

texts:
This was featured on "TJ Hooker", episode 43 but conceivably could happen in real life.

The cop (Hooker) is escorting a victim, who is a diabetic. While walking, she dropped the insulin that she needs to survive.  The villain picks up the insulin and sets it afire, which is tantamount to to murdering the victim, because if she loses this batch, there may or may not be time to get more. If the villain keeps the cop and victim trapped in a "stand-off," the victim will definitely die.

The cop has a clear shot at the villain. If he shoots the villain, he might retrieve the insulin and save the victim's life. If he lets the villain conduct a "siege" and tries to rescue the insulin without disabling the villain, the latter will shoot him down in cold blood.

Is this a situation where a cop is allowed to use deadly force to prevent a murder (or two)?


texts: What is the authority of the clerk of court?

texts: In the United States, does the Clerk of Court typically have any type of decision-setting power, or does the Clerk's authority extend only to carrying out directives of judges?


texts: Is it illegal to have an app that allows 2 friends to “bet” on a sporting event if money is not involved?

texts: Would it be legal in the US to have an app that allows 2 friends to “bet” on a sporting event if there is no exchange of money? Instead, the users would simply accumulate points if they win the bet? Also, there would be no notion of odds. Finally, Players could choose to “bet” on the promise of doing something, like washing the winners car.


texts: Is it legal to publish a script that downloads music from a website?

texts:
Is it legal to just publish a Python script that downloads mp3 from an external website, being that the action of downloading is not legal?
Is there some kind of repercussion?


texts: Organizational rights to access users' emails?

texts:
An administrator over the Google Apps (Gmail) account within my organization had some concerns about a user and discovered some problematic emails.

The user was suspended and Google Apps access revoked. The user didn't really do anything illegal, but it was against organizational policy, etc. There is some question of legal liability that has arisen.

The user who feels "violated" is now threatening that their account was accessed illegally and is saying he's looking into suing the administrator for getting into his email.

Everything we've read seems to indicate that any kind of email server (even a service like Google Apps/Gmail) is not considered private and that you can't do anything (legal or otherwise) about someone like an administrator or account owner accessing it.

Is this true?


texts: To what extent can one claim copyright over a sound?

texts:
It would seem unlikely that one could secure copyright of the musical note A 440 (for example). Generally, more complex sounds (music, sound effects) are complex permutations, mutations or compositions of other, more basic sounds.

We also know that a sound is essentially a vibration of air. The sound exists at different states (when it is "played", when it is "composed", when it is "heard" and at other times and in other states). The same sound frequency will be slightly different in each of these states. For example, if you listen to a piano being played, the sound is different 1 inch from the Piano than it is 100 metres from the Piano.

The question then becomes how complex does the sound have to be for it to be copyrightable and what is it that you are securing? Are you securing the sound as it is played or as it is heard? How mutated or composed does a note (such as A 440) need to be before it is copyrightable?

Does the law take a scientific approach to trying to answer this question or has it been largely built on broad, casually accepted defintions of 'music'? i.e A lawyer thinking that something sounds enough like something else to be the same ...

Further does the law break sound down into lower constituent parts when attempting to answer this question? i.e What is the Frequency of the sound, the waveform of the air vibration, the pitch, the timbre, the sonic texture? etc.  Is there a definitive list of lawfully mandated measurements which would be used to determine the 'uniqueness' or 'similarity' of a sound?

(Feel free to answer the question in relation to the law in the country in which you reside)


texts: Can a cop pull you over for flipping them off?

texts:
Minard, a police officer in the city of Taylor, Michigan, stopped Cruise-Gulyas in June 2017 for speeding. But he decided to show her leniency and wrote her a ticket for a non-moving violation. As she drove away, Cruise-Gulyas repaid Minard’s kindness by raising her middle finger at him. Minard pulled Cruise-Gulyas over a second time, less than 100 yards from where the initial stop occurred, and amended the ticket to a speeding violation.

So can a cop legally pull you over for flipping him off? Is it a violation of your constitutional rights?


texts: Shouldn't a legal entity such as the council, which is asking you to respond to one of their letters, include a pre-stamped envelope?

texts:
If I receive a letter from a legal entity such as the council, which is asking me to fill in a form and return it to them via post, shouldn't they include a pre-stamped envelop where I can send the letter back without having to pay for the postage myself?

My reasoning behind it is that I don't have a choice not to respond to this letter, because if I don't, I will be penalized. This means that I am forced to do something which will cost me money.


texts: Can I accept donations if I use open source software with "no commercial use" clause?

texts:
If I use components forbidding commercial use in my website/app (such as copyleft or share alike), can I (3 situations):

Accept donations
Accept donations and give some privileges to donors, such as getting new features first, special assistance
Leave everything free and add a commercial premium offer that wouldn't directly use the open source components. for instance
imagine my app uses all sorts of open source components allowing no
commercial use, the app will be essentially free, but by paying for
a premium account you get access to some usage statistics, extra
skins, etc, that wouldn't fall into these clauses. Would that be
allowed ?


texts:
Suppose artist A wanted to include a song to the tune of a children's nursery rhyme, such as Pretty Little Dutch Girl. This song was written in the 1940s, so if the composer was Australian, it would probably be covered by the rule of 70 years after death. The latest song from the list of nursery rhymes is "On Top of Old Smoky", recorded by The Weavers in 1951. Some are from the 16th century and so will probably have no copyright.
How could artist A gauge which of these songs are in the public domain, which ones have copyright, and which are in a grey area in between?


texts:
For reference: There is the well-known argument, especially in the U.S., that you should not talk to the police, like here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-7o9xYp7eE in one of the extremest forms. There are lots of videos online of people being stopped in their cars and then going on for 30 minutes to "plead the fifth" while the cop asks the same question over and over again. For example, in the U.S., the key words seem to be "am I detained, am I free to go"; and by the way they are always used exactly like this, I assume they are not just randomly used, but with some kind of precedent.
Question: What kind of information is a police officer in Germany allowed to ask, in random situations on the street, e.g., during a traffic check? Presumably name and address, and whatever is on the Personalausweis? Is there a particular (verbatim) sentence that can be used in German if you do not wish to answer a question, without making yourself suspicious?
As a very concrete example: I was stopped in a generic traffic check once, late at night, in a very peaceful area where nothing ever happens, and was asked where I just came from. I truthfully answered "from the gym" or something like that and that was it. At the time, it seemed simply like small talk; they were friendly, I was friendly, they had a look at my documents, and we were done with it. But it certainly was the kind of situation those U.S. videos seem to be about; i.e. I could pretty easily have been forced into a situation where I had to lie or implicate myself, without even knowing.
I know that there are political groups with very strong opinions in Germany who will tell us to not utter a single word to an officer, but would prefer to know what the judicative has to say on this. Are there well-known precedent cases?  Are there official formulations which are recognizable to an officer to mean "I am aware of my rights, and would prefer not to make an issue of this, but don't want to keel over right away"? Or is this more of a cat-and-mouse game, usually? Is there a (publicised) policy about this in the police community?


texts: If I lent someone some high amount of money, can I own his house if he does not pay?

texts: Lets say I lent someone a hundred thousand worth of dollars, and that was in 2000. On the contract that we signed, I stated that I can take anything from his belongings to be mine, if I deem it as of equal value (and if the government approves it IS of equal value). His house was proven as of equal value to the remaining amount of the loan, can I take the house?


texts: Would labor laws prevent an RA from TAing?

texts:
At this question, there was a comment:

  Labor laws are likely to forbid having anyone teach for free, as are union contracts where applicable.

The situation is that someone is contemplating going to grad school with support, meaning a tuition deferment and a stipend, in the form of a fellowship or research assistantship instead of a teaching assistantship.  He would like to know whether it would be legal for him to do some teaching during an occasional semester, as though his support were in the form of a teaching assistantship.

Are there labor laws in the U.S. that would prevent him from doing this?


texts:
This question about Creative Commons caught my attention.

Suppose I create some images for an ebook. I want to allow people to use my images without having to ask my permission, but under some "custom conditions."

I don't want the images used commercially, in the sense that they might be used on T-shirts, mugs, etc. However, I would love to see them used in books and on websites, even if those websites are commercialized in the sense that they 1) allow advertising, or 2) charge a fee for people to view articles.

I also want the boilerplate stuff: Cite me as the author/creator, link to my website, etc.

Can anyone tell me which Creative Commons license allows this, or which license can be customized to fit individuals' needs? I'm a little confused by the various licenses and terms.


texts: In which context would the difference in licensing rules between CC BY-SA 3.0 and CC BY-SA 4.0 actually matter?

texts:
Quoth Jonathan Reez in this MSE question:

  Currently there's a big
  controversy
  over SE changing the licensing from CC 3.0 to CC
  4.0. Regardless of whether this change was legally solid or not, could someone provide a
  specific example of how this licensing ambiguity affects our ability to copy, share and reuse content published on SE in the past?

  Let's say I find an interesting piece of code on StackOverflow from
  2017 and add it to my open source project with attribution, citing CC
  BY SA. Could the author of this piece of code claim a copyright
  violation somehow, given the licensing ambiguity? The way I see it -
  the code is licensed under either 3.0 or 4.0 and the difference
  between the licenses is so small in practice that knowing the exact
  version shouldn't matter. Whoever wrote the code couldn't suddenly
  claim that the licensing change completely revoked their original CC
  attribution, making it impossible for others to reuse their content.

  Note that I'm not interested in whether or not the licensing change
  was legal/moral/appropriate/cool. I'm merely asking about how it
  affects my rights to reuse content posted on SE.

I believe users on this site are more qualified to help us in this matter. Could you provide a definitive answer to the question above?


texts:
We are at the point where we want to launch a web application. The application requires the visitor to create a free account to explore the website. So already at the beginning, they need to create the account.

Creating the account goes hand-in-hand with receiving marketing emails. The visitor can choose between:

once a week
once per 2 week

It is not possible to choose for "0" marketing mails. This is our whole business model.

Is this setup legally OK under the new GDPR? I have checked but I couldn't find anything related to the topic.


texts: Is it legal to use Youtube thumbnails on another website?

texts:
Let's say I have a website where each page has an embedded Youtube video, and there are also a list of this web pages, can this list display those video thumbnails as the image of the link to the page that contains the embedded video?

Can those thumbnails be modified in any way?

*Update: Youtube generates four thumbnails for each video ( https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2068344/how-do-i-get-a-youtube-video-thumbnail-from-the-youtube-api ) but I couldn't find any reference to them in their Terms of Use )


texts:
Is there a date where the Google v. Oracle situation will never occur again with Java?
It is rather disappointing to me that there is no official date for their patents to expire; see Java and patents. As an example, H.264, which we use for videos expires in 2027.


texts: What happens if a creative commons image turns out to be copyright protected?

texts:
There are lots of image websites that offer creative commons images that people can download and use for free. When it comes to blogging this is fantastic as it avoids infringing on copyright, but what if the image is there illegally?

What if someone uploads a random image that someone else owns the copyright to and they list it as creative commons. People will use this image thinking it is legal to do so. Who is at fault for this and how can people who use creative commons websites avoid getting into trouble if this were to happen?


texts: Can the majority party/coalition in UK Parliament remove the PM and vote in a new one without calling for total new nationwide elections?

texts:
Curious American here. You may have heard we have our own troubles on this side of the pond.

From widely reported news, I understand that Parliament voted overwhelmingly against the PM's plan for Brexit, but then had a no confidence vote that did not pass. If it had, it would have triggered snap elections. Reports suggested the MPs in her party did not vote no confidence because then in the snap election their seat would be at risk.

Could they vote her out as PM and vote in a different PM? In other words, keep the composition of Parliament the same until the next fixed election but change their leader sooner.


texts: Can the legal requirement to publish certain information in the newspaper be satisfied with digital publication?

texts:
I'm not sure how standard these laws are across different US states, but in Louisiana many companies are required to publish certain things in the newspaper. These are referred to as "Legals" by newspaper publishers. They include things like quarterly reports of drinking water safety infractions and board meetings.

Can a small town newspaper go fully to digital publishing while continuing to meet thr legal requirements for publishing "Legals"? Why or whynot? If so, what restrictions would apply?


texts: How can a municipality discourage and control destructive behavior?

texts:
I live in a town of about 20,000 people, plus a large college student influx in late August, in the state of New York.  Not far from my house there is a dam in a creek.  Just above the dam, there are bluffs on either side where people like to jump off from very high up into the water.  Then they swim over to the bank and clamber up the (eroded) slope to do it again.

News about the thrill of jumping at this spot has been spreading throughout the region, and the spot is now attracting 300 people per day in good weather.

There are a number of problems with this:
- Alcohol and serious drug use is increasing among the visitors (e.g. Ecstasy).
- We're starting to see all-night parties occurring there.
- The visitors leave their cars on nearby residential streets and cause a public nuisance -- littering, blocking residents' access to their driveways, peeing on people's lawns, changing clothes in public, being rude to residents.
- There are occasional injuries at the location and every few years someone drowns there.

Swimming, jumping, drinking, littering and staying past dark are all illegal there, but these activities are only a violation.  Penalties are listed as "a fine of not more than $250 or imprisonment for a term of not more than 15 days, and not less than $100 or 25 hours of community service."

Our local law enforcement doesn't have enough staffing to go there every day to patrol the area, and when they do go, they feel so outnumbered that they don't feel that it's safe to issue citations -- they are concerned there might be a violent backlash from the crowd.

Question 1: Would it be stronger deterrent to make swimming and jumping a criminal offense, with stronger penalties?

Question 2: How would concerned citizens draft a law to make swimming and jumping a criminal offense?

Question 3: The creek is owned by the City (the smallest entity geographically); the area around the dam is under Town jurisdiction; the policing around the dam is provided by the County sheriff's department, because the Town does not have its own police force.  My question is, at which level should we propose a stronger law?

Question 4: Anything else to suggest?  Barbed wire? near water's edge, tangled in with the underbrush?


texts: Jurisdiction in wrongful death lawsuits?

texts:
In the case of a wrongful death lawsuit involving a manufactured part, where is the jurisdiction? Is it where the accident occurred or where the manufacturer is located.

For example, let's say an aircraft manufacturer is located in Georgia and a pilot flying one of the manufacturer's aircraft crashes and dies in Montana. The pilot's family claims the aircraft was manufactured in a negligent or defective way that contributed to the pilot's death and sues the manufacturer. Is the proper jurisdiction in Montana or Georgia?


texts: Am I Required to Pay to Receive a Certification I Earned on Company Time?

texts:
I worked for a company that payed for my first aid and CPR training. I have since then quit the job and am working elsewhere, however I need to show I was re-certified. The prior company is now refusing to give me the certificate and is asking for me to pay $50 to receive it. All of this happened in Texas, United States of America.

Is this legal and allowed?


texts: I have created an App to help isolated people in Corona Virus lockdown. Do GDPR rules apply

texts:
I have created an App at helpathome.me which isolated people can use to fill out a form and request help from others.

I innocently thought this would be fine but a friend told me that I must comply to GDPR rules and that when it goes live it shows information directly to the public which could be used inappropriately.

Further more he said that if some not so nice person was to use the data of somebody asking for help and then go to their house and commit some type of crime then I would be liable because I provided the facility for them to meet.

I really want to role this out in my local area (maybe larger area if I have the resources to manage it) but before I do I want to make sure I'm not setting myself up for some nasty legal issues. I would also like any recommendations as to what I can do if anything to the app to make it more secure and compliant) Thanks . I am in the UK


texts: Who regulates the information related to the nutrients of a product?

texts:
On almost all the products we buy in supermarkets, we see a table like the following:

However, can I producer give wrong information in these kinds of explanatory notes on the products? Who regulates these? Who checks whether the supplied information is correct?

Edit: In Germany, U.K. and Turkey.


texts: Why does the U.S. have much higher litigation cost than other countries?

texts:
According to the institute for legal reform (https://instituteforlegalreform.com/wp-content/uploads/media/ILR_NERA_Study_International_Liability_Costs-update.pdf), liability/GDP ratio is 1.66% which is almost three times that of the Eurozone.
This is a complex question, for sure, but what are the key reasons that the U.S. has such high litigation costs?


texts:
Signing a document to show your agreement is very common, but signatures seem very easy to forge. Nowadays, with electronic signatures it is trivial - some software doesn't even include your actual signature but pastes in your name in a cursive font.

What good does it do to sign something, then? Couldn't you just claim you didn't sign anything afterwards?