texts: When a U.S. Attorney files charges, does this mean it is automatically filed on behalf of the DoJ?

texts:
Background

Piggy backing off the question about two United State political bodies conducting an investigation, someone made a comment that the a U.S. attorney is always part of the DoJ.  I understand that in the typical case, a lawyer (usually) represents someone who is the entity pressing charges.  But I'm not sure if the same rules necessarily apply to U.S. attorneys of the Federal Government.

Question

When a U.S. Attorney files charges acting in his office, does this automatically mean that the DoJ itself is the party filing a charge?


texts: Who would be responsible for returning the damage deposit if landlords changed but no contract was made

texts:
If the damage deposit was paid to one person, who was going to be the acting landlord, but the situation changed and the money was given to the actual landlord, who would be responsible to returning it to a tenant in the end?

Order of events

Several roommates move into a house owned by Bob. The initial (verbal) agreement was Joe was supposed to be the acting landlord who would sign the lease for the whole house and collect rent from everyone else and give it to the landlord.
Jane paid her portion of the damage deposit to Joe.
Joe gives Bob everyone's damage deposit
The actual owner (Bob) comes by a few days after everyone moved in and has everyone cosign a lease (which is unclear whether it's tenants in common or cotennancy).
Joe moves out of the house and the landlord returns his portion of the damage deposit to him. A new roommate takes over Joe's place and no new contract is written.
The lease comes to an end but Jane never gets her damage deposit returned.

Does Bob or Joe owe Jane the damage deposit? If relevant, another tenant, named Steward, always collected the rent and made the lump sum payments to the landlord.


texts: Why does YouTube hide "Ad displayed" or "Ad can be skipped messages" under the header?

texts:
Scrolling about one day I noticed some text beneath the header of the YouTube page:

When I release the scroll, the underlay of the page returns to normal and the text is hidden once more.

Are they legally required to do this, or is there some other reason for putting this text on the page? And, if it is required by law, how do they get away with hiding it as such?


texts: What is the scope of a warrant in a shared apartment?

texts:
I live in a shared apartment in Virginia, USA with three other people. One of them is suspected in a criminal proceeding (that I am not involved with at all). I have no doubt that the police could obtain a warrant to search the place which would include all of our rooms.

So my question is could they seize my property because of this warrant?

I don't anticipate them wanting any of my stuff, but I would like to know what the limits are and if my privacy will be respected.


texts: Is abortion still legal in all 50 states?

texts:
A number of states have recently passed, or are about to pass, laws prohibiting abortion. As I understand it, they intend these laws to be contested, and eventually appealed to the Supreme Court, in the hopes that the current Court will overturn Roe v. Wade.

I heard part of a radio program last night, where the doctors on the panel repeatedly reminded listeners that these new laws don't really have any effect, and until and unless SCOTUS so rules, legality of abortion in the first two trimesters is still the law of the land.

But if abortion is still legal, how could there be a case that gets appealed? Doesn't someone have to be arrested under one of the new laws, and then the judgement in that case gets appealed?  What prevents numerous people from being arrested during this period of confusion?

And even after SCOTUS rules, what prevents a state from continuing to enforce the statute, repeatedly appealing them?

Also, what could be the justification for appealing a ruling that the new law is unconstitutional, because of Roe v. Wade? A lower court is forced to uphold this precedent, right? The appelant would have to find some procedural reason why this ruling was incorrect, they can't appeal just because they don't like the ruling and think SCOTUS might agree with them, can they?


texts: Developing/publishing software before and after date of hire

texts:
Assume that the following software did not infringe laws or other parties' IP.  If an employee signs a letter at the date of hire which turns over all IP ownership to the employer (including inventions, trade secrets, software,....), but had already developed and published results of software prior to hire date, can the employer claim ownership to such software?

Regarding software development after date of hire (offsite, on weekends, no use of employer resources), could one gather together research articles containing mathematical equations from the published literature and pay contracted programmers to develop software using such equations?  In this case, the IP used was never developed by the employee and the employer never owned the IP that was openly published in the public domain.


texts: Can I buy grocery store bought ice cream and sale it as individual servings (example, in a cone) at my retail store?


texts: US: consumer remedy rights for product safety recall

texts:
When a manufacturer issues a product safety recall in the US, are they obligated to provide a useful remedy?  Do I have any right to reject their proposed remedy and return the product to the retailer?  Does it make any difference if the product is still under warranty?

I just received a recall notice for an air conditioner that is probably out of warranty.  The manufacturer has offered to repair it, but their nearest authorized repair center is over 120 miles away.


texts: Does transferring ownership of an LLC void contracts?

texts: I keep my property at an LLC, and I signed a contract with this Owner A.  The Owner A of the LLC gave very short notice that he is going to transfer ownership to another person, Owner B (whom I don't like).  I want to leave immediately but my contract with Owner A says I need to give 30days notice. Once ownership gets transferred to Owner B, is my contract still valid?  Does it automatically transfer to Owner B? Do I still need to give 30days notice?  Or is my contract now terminated and I am free to leave and take my belongings?


texts: Would I be liable for any illegal traffic that comes through my VPN?

texts:
Say I hosted a virtual private network somewhere on a cloud hosting provider, say an amazon aws server.  If I shared access to that VPN to other people (say for simplicity's sake, 5 friends), someone could potentially use it to access illegal content while trying to remain anonymous.

I know I could be subpoenaed or sued for this.  Of course, being personally innocent, I would hand over the server logs, or do whatever was required of me.

2 cases:

If the logs showed that the illegal traffic was going to another IP address not in my possession, am I still liable for routing that traffic?
If the logs for whatever reason couldn't prove that the illegal traffic was going to another specific IP address not in my possession, does liability default to me personally, for having ownership over the VPN server which routed it?

I'm trying to ascertain the level of risk associated with hosting my own VPN server, for extra-personal use, but not as a business.  No contracts, no fees, just like a club that also accepts donations to keep the service alive.


texts: What are the privacy implications of using a prescription discount from the manufacturer?

texts:
Healthcare providers and pharmacies will sometimes offer a manufacturer card or coupon to provide a discounted price for a prescription product.
My understanding is that pharmacies are bound by HIPPA and obligated not to disclose Protected Health Information (PHI). Some prescription discounts are operated by 3rd parties and some manufacturer discounts are apparently via anonymous coupon, but in some cases when the manufacturer provides a discount on a prescription, PHI is supplied to the manufacturer as part of the process.
Is the manufacturer then any less obligated than the pharmacy with regard to privacy, security, marketing uses, disclosures, etc. of the PHI, or is the primary privacy risk simply that one additional party now holds PHI that is vulnerable to loss or abuse?


texts: I've read online that there are requisites for non natives to live in certain indian reservations. Is this true? Are there indian reservations in United States where you can't live if you aren't a tribal member?


texts:
I wouldn't say illegal as in criminal. However, I've heard someone sue "Ghettopoly" and win.
I check Is it legal to publish a game that already exists but it was 100% developed by me
It says rules of the games cannot be copyrighted. What about likeness, etc.?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghettopoly
Says he has to pay damage. Why? It's obvious that ghettopoly is not the same with monopoly. Also I've heard parody is protected.


texts: Risk when using personally developed software in company

texts:
Suppose I signed an agreement during employment that everything developed during my term of employment will be owned by the employer (or something alone those lines...)

Say before employment, I developed an awesome software library for personal use.

Is there any risk (say of losing ownership of this library) of using this software library in the company's product?

What if said software library was developed during employment but in my leisure?


texts: Do I need to report a subcontractor injury?

texts:
I have a house that I purchased that has been under a major renovation for 7 months. We hired a general contractor to oversee the project.

Today when I got to the house to check in on things, one of the subcontractors (the kitchen installer) said to me: “Did you hear what happened on Thursday?” Not knowing what he meant, I said “No, what happened?”

He said he had cut his hand on a saw, and then made a slightly strange comment along the lines of “don’t worry, I won’t sue you”.

My question is, should I do anything about this? We have builders risk insurance on the property so we are supposed to be covered for injuries and things like this. Most likely nothing will come of it, but am I supposed to report it to insurance now just in case this guy does decide to sue us years from now?

Or is the general contractor the one who needs to know about it since he is technically the one employing them?

Thanks for the help!


texts: What laws did Lori Loughlin (and friends) break?

texts:
I watched the college admission scandal articles go by earlier in the week without much interest. Today I read College admissions scheme: How Felicity Huffman and Lori Loughlin allegedly participated, but I am not clear what the issues are, and what laws were broken by Lori Loughlin and friends. A copy of the indictment was not provided with the stories I visited.

Naively, making donations to universities and non-profits to gain favorable treatment has been going on for 200 years in America. That is how the university system and fund raising works. I'm also not clear who the victims are. Are there competitive rowers who claimed they lost admission because of Loughlin and friends?

My first question is, what exactly was the crime that Loughlin and friends committed? Surely it cannot be illegal to proffer gifts to universities and charities.


texts: Is it illegal to download cracked software one has purchased?

texts: Assuming someone purchases a piece of software, but due to an error, has to wait for an arbitrary amount of time to download the software, would it be a criminal act to download or use a cracked version of the software while waiting for the company to provide a method of downloading the software?


texts: Causing death by driving on the wrong side of the road

texts:
This question is inspired by the Anne Sacoolas incident, but I'm asking about the law rather than the politics.

Suppose that an Englishman with no diplomatic immunity were to absent-mindedly drive on the wrong side of the road in the USA and thereby cause the death of an on-coming motorcyclist. After the crash the Englishman calls the emergency services and submits to arrest, and there are no other issues such as speeding or alcohol.

What would the likely charges be in such a case, and (assuming the facts are not in dispute) what would the likely sentence be?

I know the laws on this will vary by state so lets take California as an example, but if they are significantly different elsewhere then please mention that too.


texts: Can employer sue if confidential information is unintentionally leaked because they never said what was considered confidential?

texts: I had worked in a large company, though in a very entry level. There was a great deal of bureaucracy and politics. Management was very adamant about keeping confidential information safe and securely disposing of it when necessary. Despite my attempts, including asking various people, no one defined for me what was considered confidential information. For example, I was given a task to clean out a desk full of paper and wasn’t sure what was considered confidential and had to put it all in the (overflowing) secure disposal bin. Can companies do this? Make you sign agreements not to disclose any confidential information (either during or after employment with them) but never define what they consider confidential?


texts: Is "standing" required in a "private prosecution", and if so, who has it?

texts:
I have been reading a little bit about "private prosecutions." One question in my mind is, if they were legal, who would have standing to prosecute them?  Would standing even be required?

For example, one of the laws I would like to privately prosecute are the laws of "official oppression", which the AG never seems to want to prosecute.

In another case, who would have standing (if private prosecution were legal/accepted) to privately prosecute Hillary Clinton for her emails? After all, Hillary Clinton hasn't personally harmed me in any particular way; would this preclude my standing to prosecute Hillary Clinton?

What about a murder case, where the victim was dead? Who could privately prosecute then? Is standing required for these cases?


texts: Can I take legal action if an airline fails to provide vegetarian meals on flights?

texts:
I often have problems on flights with getting vegetarian meals/snacks. I get a feeling that vegetarians are treated as exceptions and are either denied food or given leftovers. This happens on many airlines, even if you have ordered your food preference and paid for it a long time in advance. The crew on board claims innocence.

To cite a specific experience, I was once travelling from India (Hyderabad) to Australia (Brisbane) via Singapore, by Singapore Airlines. I got vegetarian food on the Hyderabad to Singapore flight (he shorter one) without any fuss, but on the Singapore to Brisbane flight, the crew said this was not possible.

After I made a big fuss, and  even produced my ticket printout with my registered request, the steward relented and offered to provide one vegetarian meal for the two of us. When I complained, they produced vegetarian meals for both of us.

Is there any legal action possible for such lapses?


texts: Can a auto finance company refuse to give me a copy of my contract or balance details?

texts: Can a car company refuse to give me a copy of my payment history and balance details?


texts: Do UK law degrees qualify someone to work as a lawyer in the US?

texts:
I am from Bangladesh. I did my Bachelor of Law, Masters in Law and the Bar (BPTC) from the UK. I have worked in the legal departments of companies and some freelancing in Bangladesh since 2012. I want to work in a the legal department of a US company.

Can a company in the US hire someone like me for such a role?


texts:
Hypothetical Scenario:

Suppose I'm a landlord in a contract with a tenant, and I may only inspect the premises if it has been three months since the last inspection.

Let's also suppose however that the contract states that the tenant must clean away all mould from the premises, and if mould is found during an inspection, the tenant can be asked to clean it.

Now suppose I arrange an inspection of the premises one month after the last, in breach of the contract.

Questions:

While I have breached the contract by inspecting the premises a second time in three months, if I have not caused damages to the tenant, could there be any legal repercussions?
Suppose in the second inspection I find mould in the premises and issue the tenant a breach of contract form (for not cleaning the mould).  Could the tenant claim the costs of cleaning the mould as "damages" for my breach of contract under the "but for" test?


texts: Is it mandatory for Evidential Test results to be published in the Prosecution Case File?

texts: In harassment cases in England a prescribed Evidential Test must be performed on the prosecution case before deciding to prosecute , as part of the Prosecutor's Code . Logically , the Test results become evidence in their own right and should be published as 'Key Evidence' . Is this normal practise and is it mandatory , please ?


texts: Is syncing songs and recorded audio(playing instrument) illegal

texts: Sorry for this noob question. I'm planning to play instrument and sync/edit it with the original song/record and upload it in youtube. Im just wondering if this is illegal or not. Thanks you in advance for those who will enlighten me.


texts: For strict liabiity, how does a change in facts produce a different result, even when the relative weights of the policies remain the same?

texts:
Source: p 204, Thinking Like a Lawyer: An Introduction to Legal Reasoning (2010, 2 ed) by  Kenneth J. Vandevelde

  The imposition of strict liability on abnormally dangerous activities illustrates
  the way in which  a change in facts alters the relationship between
  ends and means and thus  produces a different result, even when the relative
  weights of the policies remain the same.9

  [p 311:] 9The shift to strict liability in any particular context, of course, could also reflect
  a shift toward rights-based theories of justice and away from utilitarianism.

I do not understand the quote from p 204: how does a change in facts produces a different result, even when the relative
weights of the policies remain the same?

I only appear to be able to think of examples where a change in facts produces a different result when the relative weights of the policies also change (I have one example in mind, but will not post it unless requested as it probably is too complex).


texts: Tenants not told about planned construction work

texts:
I have just moved into a new flat in London, UK and there was planned construction work for a shop underneath that me and the other tenants were not informed about. What are my rights at this point? I have to wake up at 8 every morning including Saturdays and the noise is unbearable, sometimes over 80db.
Some things might have changed because of coronavirus that I am not aware of. Also, the council will not help at this point as I had a similar issue in the past and they did not really help.


texts: is Comcast a utility? do they have a legal right to access utility easements?

texts:
In my small town (Lafayette, CO), Comcast is upgrading the fiber network which involves going onto residents' properties to access the green box in the yard.
For reasons beyond my comprehension, one of our residents thinks that Comcast owes him $10k for the privilege of accessing the cable box in his back yard: http://www.dailycamera.com/lafayette-news/ci_32228752/lafayette-residents-comcast-dispute-endangering-service-hundreds-neighbors
In February of 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality which reclassified broadband as a telecom (i.e. a utility). This, presumably, meant that cable providers were considered to be utilities. And, as a utility, they enjoy the benefits of being able to access utility easements.
In February of 2017, our city entered into a franchise agreement with Comcast granting them access to the utility easements:

2.1 Grant
(A) The City hereby grants to Grantee a nonexclusive authorization to make reasonable and lawful use of the Rights-of-Way within the City to construct, operate, maintain, reconstruct and rebuild a Cable System for the purpose of providing Cable Service subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Franchise and in any prior utility or use agreements entered into by Grantee with regard to any individual property. This Franchise shall constitute both a right and an obligation to provide the Cable Services required by, and to fulfill the obligations set forth in, the provisions of this Franchise.
2.2 Use of Rights-of-Way
(A) Subject to the City's supervision and control, Grantee may erect, install, construct, repair, replace, reconstruct, and retain in, on, over, under, upon, across, and along the Rights-ofWay within the City such wires, cables, conductors, ducts, conduits, vaults, manholes, amplifiers, pedestals, attachments and other property and equipment as are necessary and appurtenant to the operation of a Cable System within the City. Grantee, through this Franchise, is granted extensive and valuable rights to operate its Cable System for profit using the City's Rights-of-Way in compliance with all applicable City construction codes and procedures. As trustee for the public, the City is entitled to fair compensation as provided for in Section 3 of this Franchise to be paid for these valuable rights throughout the term of the Franchise.

In June of 2018, net neutrality was repealed.
My gut says that our city signed an agreement, at a point in time when broadband was classified as a utility, that gave Comcast the right to access easements. A deal is a deal.
There's a theory floating around that, because net neutrality classified broadband as a utility and net neutrality was repealed, Comcast is no longer a utility and therefore cannot access utility easements.
Is anyone in this forum able to provide some clarity?


texts:
I was of the understanding that all governmental bodies inside the US were required to accept all forms of legal tender.  In other words, if you owed a $1,000 fine to the federal, state, or local government, you could pay in 100,000 pennies and that governmental body or agency has to accept the payment.
On this page of US Treasury's website, it states only private entities do not have to accept US currency.  This would not include any federal, state, or local governmental bodies or agencies.
If this is the case, how can Michigan law 21.153 exist?
Here is an example of a local government not accepting coins as payment in Michigan.


texts: May any former felons legally purchase modern firearms after expungement?

texts:
The state in question is Michigan, but I'm curious about the question in America generally. I'm aware about Michigan's requirements before petitioning for expungement.

I'm not clear if either or both any fenly or all felonies are claimed by federal law to restrict once convicted persons from legal access to modern firearms for life. I know about the black powder rifle/antique exception.

If the person in question successfully petitions the governor, can gun rights be 'fully' restored? Are convicted persons always required to petition the BATF or only for certain felonies or only in certain states?


texts: Do web applications as hobby projects need to comply with the GDPR?

texts:
I would like to know if you must comply with the General Data Protection Regulation, if you've made a web application that is not subject to any business or organisation.

  2) This Regulation does not apply to the processing of personal data:
  in the course of an activity which falls outside the scope of Union law;
  by the Member States when carrying out activities which fall within the scope of Chapter 2 of Title V of the TEU;
  by a natural person in the course of a purely personal or household activity;
  by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security.

From Article 2 of the GDPR (https://gdpr-info.eu)

Does this mean I don't need to comply with the GDPR if I'm not an organisation?

If I was an organisation, how simple it would be to comply with this law, to avoid civil liabilities?


texts: What activities will require an Excelsior covid pass?

texts: NY's website and re-opening plan is difficult for me to understand, and the website is very opaque.  What sorts of activities will require an Excelsior pass or recent negative covid test, and will these requirements vary by county or municipality?


texts: Could someone who participated in a legal execution in the USA be arrested for murder in France?

texts:
According to Wikipedia France is the most visited country in the world. At the same time, the USA is still practicing the death penalty. For example, 28 people were executed in 2015. For each execution a lot of evidence can be potentially gathered (official documents, video footage, declarations of individuals, etc).

So could the people who have taken part in an execution be considered guilty of "collective murder"? Is it possible that they could be arrested as soon as they arrive in France?


texts: What does the copyright in a dissertation protect exactly?

texts:
I am a PhD student and I was recently told that unless I publish the content
of my dissertation, my university will not be able to freely conduct research in the same research area after I graduate. This is because I will supposedly be the only one who can make derivative works from the dissertation.

I was quite startled by this and I was wondering if it is true?


texts:
I am confused by both of these NJ bills:

A5217 and A1969

Both are nearly identical, and both indicate "Be it enacted".

Are they now the law?  They appear to modify existing law.  Nevertheless, that they both appear on the legislative agenda, I wonder why the second was added to the session, even though the first was enacted.

Unless "Be it enacted" is the formality to indicate the intention to enact this modification to law, and it doesn't actually become part of the law until something else happens - perhaps a 3rd or subsequent bill for a different session?


texts:
In an almost empty road, where not many people walk, my father had an accident.

The traffic light was red, and soon after it went green, he started moving.
However another old man, moved as well, ending up in a crash.

Now these informations are from my father, and I'm predisposed in believing him.
However, even so, assuming my father is correct in this case.

My father has been telling them that he was stopped, and when the green light came, after he moved, another car moved as well and crashed to him.

The old man is telling the exact opposite.

The chance is that the old man didn't see the red light for him, and just went on. He believes he is right, and so do we.

There wasn't anyone near by, so no witnesses.

How do I "get justice"?
What are my options?

Edit: The man was lying clearly... I went and saw him, I'm pretty sure the cops know as well... But, because there were no witnesses, little could be done. he was so bad at covering up his lies, if his son hadn't come, he might even had confessed.
Also the court costs more than fixing the car...


texts: Strict Scrutiny: Narrowly Tailored vs. Least Restrictive

texts:
In debates about racial discrimination, the strict scrutiny test is applied to ensure that a government law or policy does not infringe on the rights of an individual. Laws and policies can be exempted from this test if they are any of the following:

Necessary to perpetuate a compelling interest (national security, avoiding other constitutional concerns)
The most narrowly-tailored means of acting towards that interest
The least restrictive means of acting towards that interest.

Apparently, despite some legal scholars' consideration of the latter to be a part of the second, SCOTUS still differentiates between them. How?

This all comes from Wikipedia's Strict scrutiny entry.

For example:

In a policy regarding university admissions, where the university seeks a certain level of diversity (but not through a quota system!), the university tends to prioritize specific demographics because previous, race-neutral alternatives have sacrificed scholastic aptitude and/or undermined the diversity of the incoming class.

Someone has a problem with this, sues, it goes up the chain to SCOTUS, etc.

Now, assuming the university is found to have a compelling interest in demanding diversity, it still seems that the policy's tailoring towards specific demographic is a restriction. Where and how would the court differentiate between the policy's narrowness and restrictiveness?


texts:
In France, we have so called Autorités Administratives Indépendantes which have various kind of names.

Is there a difference in the law between Autorité (for example Autorité de sûreté nucléaire) and Haute Autorité (for example Haute Autorité de santé) ?


texts: By what legislative process could the United States of America be renamed?

texts: A country retains an identity when its name is changed. There are institutions in a country that exist independently of the name of the country. What processes would these institutions accept as proper to change the name of the United States of America?


texts: Is a contract made through social media binding?

texts:
At my local college I've taken on a course about law and currently we are learning about contract laws and was curious about the binding nature of a contract.

Let's say there is a stock broker and his client and they are both chatting on a social media site i.e. Facebook. If the stock broker demands a yearly payment and sends a contract to his client who never signed the contract but later decides to work together and if the stock broker does not do his job correctly and the client does not want to pay the broker. is the contract that was sent on Facebook but never signed legally binding?

I was wondering if because the document was sent through a non official medium if a the client is even bounded.

I was also wondering if being silent about a contract implicate a concession to the contract?


texts: Rights to documents sent on your behalf by an insurance company

texts:
I recently had my insurance company file subrogation against a government entity for the recovery of my deductible (and presumably their expended cost) after my vehicle was damaged on government property. My insurance company recently let me know that they were giving up on the subrogation claim against the government, and that if I wanted to recover my deductible I would need to pursue that myself.

So, I requested that they send me all the correspondence (which I understand is letters and emails from my discussions with them) between the government and the insurance company. However, they are claiming that they cannot provide that information to me, stating that I don't have a right do that correspondence.

So the question is, do I have a right to that information and are they obligated to provide that to me if I request it? It seems to me like I should have a right to it, since they were acting on my behalf.

I glanced around this site and didn't see any questions that relate to this, and I'm only assuming this is the correct site to post it, migrations or links are welcome, as always.


texts: What are "freemen of the land" or "sovereign citizen" theories and do they hold any water?

texts:
Various questions so far have asked about the constitutionality, or not, of various freemen theories, which include "Fourteenth Amendment" citizens and is quite possibly a variant of the Sovereign Citizen movement.

Essentially, these are theories that treat the government and its laws as a contract, that can only be enforced with the consent of the governed.

What I'd be interested in is have these theories ever been upheld by a court of law? For example, freemen theories have been used at times to reject courts' jurisdictions, attempt to enforce or invalidate debt, and many others.

It might be difficult to prove a negative, but with theories like these, I'd be willing to bet that if there's a court anywhere that has upheld any of them, we'd know all about it.

I'm looking for a detailed response that describes and debunks prominent variants of these theories – or shows that they've succeeded.


texts: Selling stuff online + fundraiser campaign questions (EU)

texts:
Let's say I have a friend who owns a factory and makes rings and necklaces according to my unique design (1000 pieces order minimum). I want to sell them strictly online, and I'm sure that I won't be making more than $100,000/year, possibly not even $50,000/year (I don't want to open a massive store chain or something like that). I would be using Kickstarter or something similar for fundraiser to start it up. Do I need to start some sort of a company for this, or can I just sell them and pay the taxes myself by the end of the year? It would be a lot less messy if I could just accept payments using Paypal or something like that, and pay the taxes myself instead of registering a company for such a low income (for a business).

The transaction would go something like this: I send that friend of mine money through Paypal or Western Union or something like that, he makes for the ordered amount of rings or necklaces, he ships a box of them to me. I buy boxes to pack them in in the meantime, and when they arrive - I pack them up myself, then print out the addresses and take them to the postal office for them to be shipped to the customers when an order is placed. I know it's a lot of messing around, but I don't have much money and I doubt my campaign will be successful as I have zero social influence or presence.

I would prefer it to not be EU-only, I want to sell worldwide.

Let's also say that I live in Sweden or Norway, but I'm not a citizen here, instead I'm a citizen of Latvia.


texts: What remedies are in place for disclosure of financial information?

texts: If a bank staff member has access to my financial information, and has then disclosed some of this information (for example, my account balance) on social media, what remedies are available to me? Will there be a difference if I suspect this person acted maliciously?


texts: Why was the ABSCAM operation not considered entrapment?

texts:
In 1978, the FBI performed an undercover sting operation that resulted in the conviction of six US congressmen and one senator for accepting bribes.  From what I've read, it seems like it was driven by the FBI itself - they created a fictitious company, attempted to get various legislators and businessmen to accept bribes from them, and then prosecuted the ones who took the bribes.
Why is that not considered entrapment?  It certainly was a close thing, given in Kelly for example the district court originally found it entrapment before being overruled on appeal.  I've read a few articles, such as this one, that summarized the arguments to some extent, mostly mentioning the ruling and the Brandeis dissent in Casey v. United States, but it seems difficult to understand the exact line here.
Also, would this be considered entrapment today?  Is the standard different?


texts: Is it legal to put a "CCTV in operation" sign outside my house if I don't actually have cctv? (UK)

texts: As per title - I want to put off wrongdoers without having to go through the palaver of ensuring the camera is legal, so a sign about cctv but no actual camera. Is that legal in the UK?


texts: If you have ever been to Trader Joes you'd see that ever single item is a copy of another brand. For example Joes Os are actually Oreos, Baked Cheese Crunches are actually Chetos. But they do this with ever single other item to, how do they get away with this, or pay for the rights?


texts: How does separation of church and state apply to the military academy choir singing Christmas carols?

texts:
During the holidays West Point military academy has a "holiday celebration", where their choir sung many traditionally secular holiday songs, sleigh bells, marshmallow world etc.  However they also song Rudolph the red nose reindeer and at least one song I believe had some non-secular  lyrics, but the lyrics the snippet I saw didn't include anything Christian (I think joy to the world?  I don't recall now).  They were singing in a church.

West Point is a military academy under the Department of Defense, so presumably it's still bound by separation of church and state.  Thus any choir the spent money funding I would think needs to be careful about not explicitly celebrating Christmas.  I'm curious what leeway they have to fund a choir that has 'Christmas' songs in their list, before they open themselves up to complaints of violating church and state.  For that matter if they had done more Christmas music, really blatant celebration of Christmas instead of the holidays, and someone went out of their way to cause trouble over the lack of separation would there be any actual legal recourse, or would it not be an actual violation of the rules about separation of church and state?

Most of their songs were clearly chosen to be secular holiday songs, so does the number of songs matter, can they get away with a few christian only ones?  Rudolph the red nose reindeer was obviously a reference to Christmas, but a mostly secular aspect of Christmas tradition, is the lack of religious importance to Rudolph relevant in being able to address it etc?


texts: Laws About Contributions from Business You Own to 501c(3) You Founded/Work At

texts:
I have a US LLC I own, and am interested in beginning a charitable non-profit organization, to operate as a 501 3 (c) that would operate in a tangentially related area. When there is similar overlap and management of a non-profit what enhanced rules and standards exist that directors must follow?
As I understand there can be collaboration with related businesses but I dont see what the test is for upholding your duties as director.
Let's say a fellow director was in a similar situation where the business they run can materially contribute in useful ways to the non-profits goals (the type of person you might try to bring on as a director), would their contributions be considered conflicts of interest since a byproduct of their donations could be a tax write-off for example?
What set of practices should a non-profit that has overlap with other business management be expected to follow and how does that enhance on the standard legal responsibilities of a director/non-profit management? What is the line drawn for acting in self-interest, for example when it comes to donated collaborations of various types?


texts: Is it justifiable to disarm a policeman who is tasing an unhealthy person?

texts: Is a citizen justified in disarming a policeman who is applying a taser to a suspect who committed a misdemeanor, but who is at an elevated risk of dying due to health conditions of which the police may not be aware?


texts: Do I have copyright on my code if someone else owns the LLC and the domain?

texts: I have been the sole coder on a project for 4 years. I have a partner (not legally, yet but about to go through the process.) Right now, he owns 100% of the company and domain. Before the project release, I am to get 65% and he 35%. How can I secure my interest through copyright? What control does he have over my source code if I have it copyrighted? What process do I need to do to protect my interest and keep everyone playing fair? The completed code is not posted on his server yet.


texts:
If a party were suing under something like civil rights claims and a judge ordered the dismissal of the parties state claims while allowing the federal civil rights claims, how could one go about an appeal with regards to supersedeas bonds and perfecting the appeal?

How could a 'motion to stay pending an appeal and approval of supersedeas bond' affect the time a party could have to perfect an appeal?  Or, could the filing of the 'stay' affect the time to perfect an appeal?

Could a party attach 'bond' papers to the motion to stay pending approval of supersedeas bond?

After first contacting a certified and approved bonding company how long could it take under normal circumstanced to get a bond?

If a party is appealing an order how is the amount of appeal set?

The rules seem to offer questions in with their answers.


texts:
What exactly does "Stat." mean in law citations?

I am a student studying history who came across the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. I noticed that the original law is referred to as follows:

Feb. 8, 1887, ch. 119, 24 Stat. 388

However, there is one things which I do not understand in this citation. What exactly does "24 Stat." mean? I looked up a record of this law online (http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=24&page=388), and nowhere could I find "24 Stat.".


texts: Can I become a surgeon with an arrest record of 3 felonies?

texts: I was charged with 2 counts of burglary and one count of theft about a month after I turned 18 for taking scrap metal from an abandoned house. I was arrested but never convicted, and underwent PTI to have my record expunged. However, my arrest record remains and third-party websites have gotten access to my arrest information. A simple google search of my name now reveals this information. I am currently in college and plan to apply to medical school afterwards and become a surgeon, would this be possible with my current situation?


texts: Other than a bar grievance how would litigants respond to their adversary filing papers and not sending them copy?


texts:
What can a Moroccan do to renounce their Moroccan citizenship? I have no ties or any affiliations with Morocco nor have I ever been happy to be one, and I despise it. I wasn't even born there in the first place, and I have nothing there, no house, relatives willing to harm me, no property, nothing whatsoever.

I've read somewhere that it's possible and elsewhere it's impossible, but I also heard that ultra rich people have the chance to delete their own records from there and delete their identity or ties completely with the country, hence it's a privilege and it being a privilege says everything about the country

Internationally and with human rights conventions and related-stuff, how can I make renouncement of the above mentioned citizenship?

I can tear off or burn my old passport and my "carte nationale", but I do not know if it's enough


texts: Do I need a disclaimer for a camera in a private restroom?

texts: I will be leasing an apartment. Because maintenance personnel will be entering when I am not home, I plan to setup cameras throughout the apartment. I have confirmed this is not a lease violation to use cameras inside the apartment. However, what about the restroom? I am aware of laws regarding the expectation of privacy in a public restroom. However, how do these apply to a private restroom? Do I need a posted disclaimer of some sort? Thank you.


texts:
I used to think diplomatic immunity meant a diplomat was subject to the laws only of his own country and not those of the host country.  Now I'm not so sure.

If the police and courts in the host country can't touch him, that's not the same as his not being subject to that country's laws.  Let's say a German wants to sue an American diplomat in Germany.  Presumably he'd have to do it in an American court.  If the case involved a lease on an apartment in Germany, one finds that German laws say a lot about what the terms are unless the contract says otherwise.  An American court could apply German laws.

To what extent would a diplomat's home country normally apply the host country's laws in such cases?  How extensive is immunity to the host country's laws in trials in the home country's courts?


texts: Can the President unilaterally change the design of the US flag?

texts:
In researching this question, I found this page from the Government Publishing Office, which states in 4 U.S.C. §10:

  Any rule or custom pertaining to the display of the flag of the United States of America, set forth herein, may be altered, modified, or repealed, or additional rules with respect thereto may be prescribed, by the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the United States, whenever he deems it to be appropriate or desirable; and any such alteration or additional rule shall be set forth in a proclamation.

§1 describes the design of the flag, which I interpret as a rule or custom pertaining to the display of the flag.

I'm not a lawyer though.  Can POTUS change the design of the US flag without an act of Congress?


texts: What makes a court able to assert jurisdiction over another sovereign state?

texts:
I just read this news where a US federal judge ordered North Korea to pay $500 million:

  Judge Howell ordered the payment, and wrote: "North Korea is liable
  for the torture, hostage taking, and extrajudicial killing of Otto
  Warmbier, and the injuries to his mother and father, Fred and Cindy
  Warmbier."

Without regards to the actual case and the particular countries involved, I am wondering how it is even possible that a court in one country orders the whole another country to do something, let alone when the two countries do not even formally have diplomatic relations.

In strong contrast to the case above, the UK media recently overtly demonstrated disobedience of a New Zealand court name suppression order: a man arrested in NZ for allegedly committing an appalling crime was granted temporary name suppression, and that was ignored by the UK media. I am wondering if there is anything that would stop a New Zealand court to hold the UK to account just like the US court just did North Korea.

So, in general, are there any internationally recognised laws/treaties/protocols etc. that define if/when a court in one country can assert jurisdiction over the whole another country and hold it to account? Or is that completely up to the court and whatever extremes it dares to come up with?

One example that comes into my mind is the European Court of Human Rights: if a country signed the European Convention on Human Rights, it can be held to account by the court. But what conventions, if any, can be applied to the two cases above?


texts: Foreseen consequences of accidents caused during a fully driverless service

texts: Waymo has just opened its fully driverless service to the general public in Phoenix. What happens if such a car crosses the red light and causes a deadly crash? Who and what punishment will be given for not following the rules and causing the death of one person?


texts: Why can Disney sue you for a photo of a Disney tshirt on your website?

texts:
My wife sews things and she likes to put photos of her creations on her blog. Now we found, that people received cease-and-desist warnings (with a 1000€ charge) for putting photos of clothing on their websites, that contain for example Disney characters (also happened for other brands IPs).

To be clear: there are companies that license these images by the IP owners and print them on fabric. People bought this fabric and sewed clothes from it. Now these people get in trouble for posting photos of the clothes, they created.

How can that be, if the IP owner licensed these motives to the company?

Can this also happen if I post a photo of a shirt with a disney print, I bought in a store?

If not, where is the difference?


texts:
On a TV show recently I heard the judge say:
"Bail is set at 15 million dollars, 5 million dollar bond".
What does this mean? I am familiar with a bail amount, but is this a total of 20 million dollars in two different collateral forms payable to the court or is this simply bad writing on the show and is effectively meaningless? There was no word "and" in the sentence so left it ambiguous from my point of view.


texts: Is recording of other people in a work context without permission legal in Romania?

texts:
I am shortly going to Romania to perform an IT Audit.

As an auditor, we often have to deal with people who become hostile towards us. For my own protection, in the United Kingdom I always video record interactions with the police etc.

What are the filming laws in Romania? It's possible that I may have to film the police if they are called, or if staff of shops become confrontational, because I may have to take pictures of equipment within shops to gather evidence of non-compliance.


texts: What countries' copyright laws would I need to abide by if I wrote a heavily modified rearrangement of an existing song for third-party usage?

texts:
Let's say that I, citizen of Alicetopia in the EU, were creating a derivative work of a copyrighted composition. This would be a heavily modified instrumental rearrangement of an existing song, to the point where it would be basically unrecognizable unless you already knew what you were looking for. Hypothetically, said song would have been written in the late '80s by a Bobvillian band (outside of the EU). (Would it matter which country the song was recorded in? Because it would be yet another country, heh).

Now, to further complicate the issue, assume that I were planning to license usage rights to a group of friends for them to use as background music in an indie videogame of their making, that said friends lived in Charlieland in the EU, and that they were looking into digital distribution of said videogame, which could potentially entail selling the game in other countries, in and outside of the EU.

So my question is, what countries' copyright laws would my friends and I need to abide by in order to decide whether we could use such a track and whether we would need to pay royalties? Alicetopia? Bobville? Charlieland? Potentially every single country where we decided to distribute the game?


texts: Who can claim copyrights on Machine Learning models?

texts:
Consider the following:

person A owns a lot of data
person B develops an algorithm that can be trained on this kind of data to produce a ML model that can make statistical predictions
person C develops a software that implements said algorithm
person D uses A's data, transforms it a little (cleaning, formatting, aggregations…) so that it fits the B's algorithm's expected input format, and trains it using C's software

I imagine it all depends on the license of the data / algorithm / software, but my question is who, via those kind of licenses (or in which conditions) has at least a partial claims on commercial benefits resulting in using the final model?


texts: How do I find the number of speeding citations issued per day by state?

texts:
I am having a difficult time finding the average number of speeding citations/tickets issued per day, per state.  How would one go about obtaining this crime data?  It seems like it would be very easy to gather and publish.
The National Motorists Association says:

Traffic tickets are a multi-billion industry. They have virtually
nothing to do with highway safety, but they have everything to do with
money.
No one knows how many traffic tickets are actually issued. Many local
units of government deliberately hide this information so they don’t
have to split their traffic ticket revenue with the state.

I know that US government would not support or tolerate agencies deliberately hiding this information.  Where do I get it?


texts: Legality of dual use software that could help with games

texts:
Say I have tremors, and I edit my GPL mouse driver to use image analysis to identify icons on the screen that I am trying to click on, and click on them for me, similar to a snap to grid functionality.  I release my code under the GPL.  I notice that it makes playing my GPL 1st person shooters (FPS) much easier, and mention this in the README.
From this question, it appears that I could be vulnerable to 2 legal threats:

The authors of an FPS that has in the EULA the below could claim that "Selling something to someone which you reasonably believe will be used to break the law makes you an accessory", and my mention of FPS's in the README means I reasonably believed this could be used in this way.

any other use of TU in connection with the creation, development, or use of any such unauthorized cheats are prohibited under this EULA. Cheats include, but are not limited to: ... programs that automatically target other players or that automatically simulate any other player input to gain an advantage over other players ("aimbots");

The authors of the original mouse driver could claim that "A contract for an illegal purpose is void", therefore I did not give GPL rights to the user, and therefore did abide by the terms of the GPL, and therefore breached their copyright.

Is there any merit in these claims?  If not, are there any restrictions on such dual use tools?
This is hypothetical, so any jusritictions would be interesting.  Most to me would be me in the UK and both authors in the US.


texts: If the US federal government has sovereign immunity, why can it be sued in federal courts?

texts:
Specifically, in US citizenship cases it's common for applicants to request a federal court to issue and enforce a writ of mandamus in order to compel the federal government to process an application within the time frame set by the federal law.
However, some federal judges "feel" that it's not within their authority to force the federal immigration system to abide by its laws.
Is the federal government immunity in such cases a matter of the judge's personal interpretation? Or is this immunity waived by the federal law?


texts: What are the possible penalties in portuguese law for kidnapping or false imprisonment?

texts: Presumably there are custodial sentences applicable, what is the minimum and maximum length?


texts: Did the Buckingham Palace intruder commit a crime?

texts:
Having just watched the episode of The Crown (Netflix series) dealing with the break in at Buckingham Palace in 1982 by unemployed man, Michael Fagan, I looked up the Wikipedia entry on the matter and was surprised to find the following:

Since Fagan's actions were, at the time, a civil wrong rather than a
criminal offence, he was not charged with trespassing in the Queen's
bedroom.He was charged with theft (of the wine), but the charges
were dropped when he was committed for psychiatric evaluation. In late
July, Fagan's mother said, "He thinks so much of the Queen. I can
imagine him just wanting to simply talk and say hello and discuss his
problems." He spent the next three months in a psychiatric
hospital before being released on 21 January 1983.
It was not until 2007, when Buckingham Palace became a "designated
site" for the purposes of section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime
and Police Act 2005, that such an offence has become criminal.

Although there is no criminal law of trespass in the UK, I was always of the understanding that there was a law against "housebreaking" (or is it "breaking and entering"?) and that if it took place after dark it was a more serious offence of "burglary". Though I can well appreciate that if no goods were taken it would unlikely qualify as burglary.
But there was evidence that Fagan broke a window to get into the building, after shinning up a drainpipe - at least on the second of the two occasions.
Why would he not have been charged with "housebreaking"?


texts: If a home is burglarized, and police obtain the stolen goods via civil asset forfeiture, are they required to return them?

texts:
Through Civil Asset Forfeiture, the police can seize any property they think was involved in a crime, and use that property for pretty much any purpose they wish, including parties etc.

Suppose burglary, theft, and related unauthorized takings are illegal in a US state, with the exception of when the government does it through civil asset forfeiture.

Suppose Alice broke into Bob's house and stole items (e.g. cash, jewelry, electronics, etc.) which the police later obtain from Alice via civil asset forfeiture, where the crime the property was accused of being involved in was the burglary at Bob's house (assuming they were forced into giving a specific justification at all).  Do the police have any obligation to return that to Bob, or can they use it for whatever other purpose they wish?

Does this align incentives such that the police are financial beneficiaries of the taking, and thus have an incentive to contribute to conditions that make it more likely, or even facilitate it, so long as they believe they'll likely be able to get the property after it's been taken from the original owner?


texts: Can a co-founder sue another co-founder from company constituitional infringements using courts of another country?

texts:
Say a company is incorporated in Dubai. All Shareholders live in Australia.
A co-founder does something against the company constitution, such as diluting other co-founder shares.
Can the other co-founders sue him using Australian Courts, since the company was incorporated is in Dubai?


texts: Is it legal to earn money via selling online currency (videogame)?

texts:
(Europe/Netherlands)

Let's say I'm a World of Warcraft or Runescape player, in these games there are certain prices for gold, for example a X amount of ingame Runescape money might be worth a Y amount of real money. The game does not allow you to "Real-World trade" the money, this is written in the ToS you accept. Often getting caught leads to termination of ones account.

I have read this question and answer Is legal to sell virtual goods? but  I'm wondering about the legality of earning money this way. If this is not illegal how would you do this legally? I guess it would be comparable to earning tickets at a arcade (you don't have to pay to earn them) the arcade says you can't sell the tickets for money but you do so anyway.


texts: What if someone put a non-lethal "bomb" im a package addressed to them to get back at a mail stealing thief

texts:
Already I know this is a bad idea.

Someone keeps stealing my friends packages that were left on their doorstep. They had the bright idea of rigging a smoke bomb or itching powder bomb or something nasty that would be triggered when the package was opened and leaving it on their doorstep to get back at the thief.

Not sure if they are going to do this, but I'd want to have solid legal advise I can give them to prevent them from doing this.

Yes opening someone else's mail is a federal crime, but what if the person is injured by this "bomb"- even if only mildly. How would that play out if they tried to press charges? Theyd have to admit to a federal crime OR maybe they lie and say they were confused (haha not sure how plausible that argument would be in court though).

Essentially I want a realistic worst case scenario I can provide them

EDIT: also very sorry if this is the wrong forum for this, I consider this question legal advise but apologize if I misunderstood the focus of this board


texts: How to reinstate a revoked licence in Illinois

texts:
Around 10 years ago I was a dumb kid and made a lot of mistakes. I received two DUIs before I was 18. Since then I have changed, moved to China to live for 8 or so of those years, but I have finally moved back to the USA.
My question is what would be the process of getting it reinstated, and also is it necessary for me to hire a lawyer for it?


texts: Is Samsung's "bricking" of Note 7 devices legal?

texts:
Last week Samsung announced their intention to push a software update to all (recalled) Galaxy Note 7 devices in the United States that will effectively disable ("brick") those devices. The update will happen automatically and without the customer's prior consent.

I'm having a very hard time believing this could be legal in any jurisdiction. It's as if a car manufacturer, after issuing a model recall, sent out squads to destroy the vehicles not returned thus far.

What are the legal aspects of mass-bricking mobile phones without prior consent? How is this not simply willful destruction of people's property? What if the bricking prevents someone from making an emergency call, resulting in loss of life or limb?


texts: When an EU directive is repealed, what happens to member state law?

texts:
It's my understanding that when the EU make a directive, member states then transpose it into force, usually with legislation. But what happens when an EU directive is repealed?

Do member state laws also get repealed automatically? Or is it up to the member state to choose what they do, if anything? And in practice, is there a case that usually happens?


texts: Does a company have to disclose a data breach as part of the agreement with the SEC to be publicly traded?

texts:
If I run a publicly traded company that's releasing hardware and that hardware is compromised and customer data is harvested, do I have to publicize that leak's existence? What if the people that found that data are presumed to be trustworthy and are willing to destroy the data upon payment? Does that material breach have to be announced?
Note, this is about the Ubiquiti breach which is described as "catastrophic". If they had paid the researches/hackers, and were told that the customer data was destroyed, would that breach have to announced to share holders? Can these matters legally be handled privately?


texts: Should I have a privacy policy on my personal website?

texts:
Assuming I have a personal website that I maintain, without offering users the possibility to log in, nor giving them the option to post any content of their own, should I design a privacy policy?

The website would mainly be used as an online resume of sorts, mainly for personal purposes and intended only for companies that I'm applying to to view.

In such circumstances, the only "personal" information that I use from them are IP addreses that the server uses to keep an open connection with their computers (and even those, the server discards automatically once the connection closes, except for special cases when technical failures records these addresses in error logs).

Is it necessary for me to make such a policy just for mentioning this?


texts: Can I refuse to send an email to untrusted domain

texts:
If I have to discuss financial, legal or medical subjects (or anything requiring privacy, or anything really) via email, can I refuse to do so if I don't trust the domain of the email of the other party?

The country is Belgium if that matters.

More details about my specific case: my ex-wife and I have seen a notary¹ recently regarding our divorce. We need to come to a financial arrangement, so we have to discuss this via e-mail with the notary in CC. I have a Gmail email account, the notary has a belnot² account and my ex-wife has her employer's email.

I trust quite much @gmail.com because, ok, maybe their automatic systems will read my emails to target advertising, but no one malicious could ever specifically open my email about my divorce to... to what? What could anyone from Google do with that?

I trust @belnot.be quite much too, just because I've seen so many notaries with such an email account. That may be a bad reason but if so many professionals use this service, and those profesionals deal with sensitive data, I hope it's not too bad privacy-wise.

But I don't trust @my-ex-wife-s-company.be. Her new husband work there too, it's a small company (it's not a company but a public administration but it is small and managed without a lot of financial means and not too many rules) and I don't really know who can access the mailboxes of everyone.

I'm sure that I would not send emails from my company email for personal information, but can I refuse to send emails to a recipient I don't trust?

Thank you.

¹ Not sure about the translation, it is a notaire in French.

² I'm not absolutely sure about who manages this domain (maybe something like the national federation of notaries if such thing exists, or something equivalent), but most notaries in Belgium have a @belnot.be email account.


texts: Notarize an offer letter that has been signed by the employer

texts:
Background: I received an offer letter and I have to sign it and return a copy to the employer. I also want to notarize the letter for some other paperwork that is not related to the employer.

The question: can a notary public notarize the letter after I sign before her? or should the manager who signed the letter also appear before the notary public (which is nearly impossible)?

Follow-up question: how does such a letter notarized? would it be just stamped and signed by the notary public?


texts: The Latin legal term "ignoramus" is present within legal dictionaries for when there is not sufficient evidence. Are terms like this still used, or does a jury resort to plain English when endorsing a bill and use "not found" in the place?


texts: What exactly are screen rights to a story?

texts:
This article tells us how 16 different companies are bidding over the screen rights to a N.Y. Times kidnapping revenge article.
What I don't understand is what kind of rights they are trying to get. Surely anybody can write their own story about a lady who is running a private investigation in order to get her daughter's kidnappers in jail. Are they paying for the right to put in the caption "based on a true story by N.Y. Times"? Or is it to use the actual person's name (and in that case, why is N.Y. Times receiving the money)? I would assume they want to keep parts of the plot, but again, why is N.Y. Times receiving the money for something they didn't invent?
Or do they plan to actually use the article's text verbatim in the movie? In my experience, movies based on a true story nevertheless deviate quite significantly from the hard facts, so I find that hard to believe.


texts:
Just that simple question:
Is a Blood sample considered Personal Data under GDPR?


texts: Copyright, fair use, and "news" sites copying articles from each other

texts:
This question is about English-language "news" sites (i.e. sites that have articles about something new that has happened in e.g. science, technology, or some other area of interest) which I am guessing are located here in USA, for the purpose of my interest in limiting the jurisdiction in this question.

In this case this question is specifically related to writing "news" articles about news that are covered at other news sites.

The issue is that I have frequently seen different sites write articles about something new that has happened and these articles often make a reference to some other news site where the news item had first appeared.

The questions I wanted to ask are:

Is this thing of copying the gist of a news item, or paraphrasing a
news article that has appeared at some other site, copyright
infringement?
Or is it covered by the fair-use laws that exist in USA?
If it is not covered by fair-use laws, how do so many different news
sites get around writing about the same subject without infringing
on a copyright? Are there some informal agreements or formal
contracts that cover for this?


texts: Can a terms of service include clause indicating payment required for service

texts: Is is possible that a website or piece of software to have a clause in their terms of service saying that by using the service you are agreeing to pay a listed fee for the use of the service and then later invoice for using the service?


texts: Who gets the interest on settlement funds after award but before transfer?

texts: When a settlement is awarded to a plaintiff do the funds gain interest? I sued a city in New Jersey. We settled in September 2015, the funds were held then transferred from the city's private attorney's trust fund to me on Feb 15 2016. Is it standard practice to hold funds in an interest bearing account? There was no post settlement litigation or appeal, settled out of court. Who gets the interest?


texts: Is a firearms id card required to own, possess, or use a rifle or shotgun in a shooting range in NJ? I know there is an exception for inheritance but what about a gift or out of state gift? Would it be then legally necessary to get a firearm id card for the rifle even though you won’t be purchasing any in NJ?


texts: Is it necessary for complaints in the US to be filed in court?

texts:
In my country if a customer wishes to complain about something from an establishment he first does so by submitting a formal complaint to the establishment, itself.

For example, let's say a customer has received poor service from an employee of Company A. If he so desires he can write a complaint on a sheet of paper, which does not require any sort of formal approval, seal or notarization, and present it to Company A, which then is obliged by law to receive it, enter it in their log of complaints (a formal log/book in which all complaints are stored with an internal identification number) and give a response within three business days. Note the Company is not required to fulfill the customer's desires, agree with him or take any action, other than acknowledge the complaint, itself.

I've happened upon this site which, as I understand it, says that a complaint similar to the one in the example above must be submitted to court to have any meaning and submitting one to the company has no value at all.

I am curious to the US equivalent of  what I have described.


texts: Is a notice of intent to vacate legally binding in California?

texts:
I am in the process of moving to a new apartment. I paid the security deposit, and signed the lease.

About one week before the agreed move in date, the landlord informed me that the previous tenant, despite having given their 30-day notice of intent to vacate some time ago, is now asking to stay longer. They claim that therefore my only options are to move in later, move into a different apartment, or accept a refund of my security deposit and move on.

The landlord believes the are obligated to let the existing tenant stay, even though the tenant already gave a notice of intent to vacate. Is this true? (I can find various unofficial sources online which say "no, they are not obligated to do this", but does California law address this explicitly, or is there any case law about this?)


texts:
Me: from Europe

Company A: from United States of America

I signed up for a service from company A.

A stated in their written e-mails to me that I would get a full refund when the service they provided results in failure.

While reading their Terms of Service I noticed a caveat that stated I would not get a full refund when their service resulted in failure. Due to this I asked company A what this means in regard to their earlier e-mail statements. They replied with the same message stating I would receive a full refund because the plan I was about to sign up for isn't included in the Terms of Service.

A's service resulted in failure. Due to this I asked for a full refund. The company replied there was a big misunderstanding which resulted in me not receiving a refund. After an email conversation they ended with: 'We'll get back to you a.s.a.p.'. Weeks go by but I did not receive any response.

In the meantime I contacted my credit card company asking them for the refund of the money. I received a statement I will not receive my money back because I agreed to A's Terms of Service.

My questions for this situation are:

Did A commit fraud?
Does their email supersede their ToS?


texts:
Good day,

In the Philippines, there is an organization called the Commission on Human Rights. It came into being in response to many problems during the period when President Marcos declared Martial Law. That was when people would be detained without warrants, or worse.

In the present day, the CHR is tasked with investigating if police officers followed proper procedure. However, due to many violent crimes, the CHR is often criticized for not investigating crimes. In a sense, a crime is human right violation by the criminal against the victim.

Additionally, in the Philippine constitution, this is the function of the CHR.

  SECTION 18. The Commission on Human Rights shall have the following
  powers and functions:

  (1) Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of
  human rights violations involving civil and political rights;

My question is this...

In international law, what differentiates a crime, from a human rights violation? When does mass murder become a crime against humanity?


texts: What does "structured, commonly used and machine-readable format" look like in practice?

texts:
I have made a subject access request, and the result included:

Statement that their right to process data is from Article 6(1)(b)
A series of images, that appear to be photographs of a computer monitor, with my data displayed within some unrecognised application (presumably internal and/or proprietary software)

I have requested the data in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format. They have responded saying screenshots are appropriate and they cannot do otherwise.
I am fairly sure what they provide is not consistent with Article 20(1).  I note that article 20(2) includes "where technically feasible" but article 20(1) does not.  However I am not at all sure what this would look like in practice.  Is there any sources of information where extraction of data from a closed source application and provided to a data subject is further defined?  Am I within my rights to insist on this, even if to comply they would have to do some software development?  Assuming there is a database underlying the application I would expect it to be a DDL of the database structure, and the relevant insert statements.  However this is likely to be very difficult to provide if it is a closed source proprietary application.


texts: When is something considered theft vs free?

texts:
My job was to promote something in a grocery store. I happened to cross paths with someone from the bakery and they asked if I wanted a pizza to draw interest in my permission. I said ok. After the pizza was made someone else from the store said I had to pay for the pizza. Legally speaking must I have paid for the pizza? Who would have the authority to decide if it's free or not? Must they have told me the cost prior to giving it to me (and it being consumed)? Conversely there's an expectation when getting something from a store that you need to pay for it. For example if you didn't see a price tag on something you probably wouldn't assume it's free.

A similar situation was my friend in school went on a trip with debate team. The club failed to get a discount and asked him to pay more than they originally charged. He refused. Was this legal?


texts: Does home rental agreement last after death of owner

texts:
This is in Texas

A homeowner leases a home to a renter for a one year term.

The lease agreement is written by the homeowner and is plainly worded and not done by a lawyer. There are no mentions about early termination of the lease, nor fees for such.

It outlines a term of one year, with a monthly amount payable on the 1st for each months rent.

The homeowner dies with about half of the lease fulfilled.

Can the renter declare the contract to be void because of the death of the only other party to the contract?

What if one of the heirs comes to the renter and tries to add additional conditions?


texts: Do I need terms and conditions and privacy policy on my website

texts: I have made my own website with a simple blog and login facilities so users can play a simple game I have made. Do I need terms and conditions and a privacy policy? I have already implemented a cookie banner.


texts: UK Housing Law - Section 21 Housing Act 1988 - The Tenants Rights

texts:
As we know, section 21 of the Housing Act 1988 outlines what steps a Landlord can take in order to regain possession of his property. My question is in relation of the rights of the tenant being asked to leave the property.

For context, myself and everyone else living in my building are being asked to leave so that the landlord can refurbish the property.  This doesn't affect me greatly as living here was always a temporary solution, however over families have settled down here and made it their home.

My questions are as follows:

Giving notice - Under second 21 of the Housing Act 1988, the Landord is required to give the tenant at least two months notice to vacate the property, and the end date of the notice must land on the expiry date of the rental period.  If the tenant finds a new place to live before the end of the two months' notice and wishes to leave early, is the tenant required to fulfil their regular duty of giving the usual one month's notice that they are leaving or does that no longer apply in this scenario?
Rent Refunds - Continuing on from the question above, if the tenant wishes to leave early and moves out of the property half way through their rental period, can the tenant claim a refund on the rent already paid which reflects the time between when they left the property and when the rental period would expire?
Appealing the notice - If the tenant  is not in a strong enough financial position to put together enough money for the deposit for their next home, or have simply been unsuccessful in finding a property which is suitable based on their current income, what course of action should they take?


texts: What is the super-Wednesbury standard of reasonableness?

texts:
A brief Oxford law dictionary entry on Wednesbury unreasonableness
 mentions that

  recent cases indicate that the standard of unreasonableness may be applied with varying degrees of stringency. In cases involving matters of government policy or public expenditure, the courts are reluctant to intervene and tend to apply a more stringent standard of unreasonableness, referred to as super-Wednesbury.  A less stringent standard is applied in cases where human rights are at issue, referred to as sub-Wednesbury (R v Ministry of Defence, ex p Smith [1996] QB 517 (CA).

What is the relevant case law for super-Wednesbury and the criteria it set out? (The source ony cites something for sub-Wednesbury.)


texts:
While I know that in common law countries there's no legal requirement to provide assistance, is there any liability for failing to do so once you've volunteered to?

I'm interested both in a general answer, and in a hypothetical variation of the following specific example: http://www.lfpress.com/2016/02/17/video-boy-dangles-from-whistler-bc-chairlift

A boy was dangling from a chairlift. The attendant relied on guests to hold the firemen's net stretched in order to catch the boy when he fell.

Say I'm in that situation, one of these guests, and I'm holding up my end of the net, but change my mind and let it go. What is the threshold where I would be committing a crime or opening up myself to civil liability? If I let go after the boy already starts falling? What if I let go before he falls, but while still knowing there is no time to find someone to replace me?

I'm interested mainly in North American common law context (US and Canada except Quebec).


texts:
Imagine this scenario:

I find a vacant unit in an apartment complex, pick the lock, and move in.

Eventually the complex inspects the property and tells me to leave.

I lie and say I am a tenant at the property. They send their security to remove me.

The security guard slips on a banana peel or pepper spray and fails to evict.

They call the police.

How do the police know I am lying? If I successfully defeat the security guard (using proportionate force of course), how does the property remove me and how do they convince the police I am lying?
Obviously, the property can re-key the lock to keep me out. But then I caused them to incur an expense at no cost to myself.


texts: What decisions can a Judge make after the Prosecution withdraws a case?

texts:
Background

In the news, the prosecutors for Michael Flynn recently withdrew their case for the reasons stated in this court brief.

However, Flynn has already pleaded guilty as mentioned several times in the brief, though he has been seeking to withdraw this plea:

Mr. Flynn previously pleaded guilty to making false statements. See Def’s Plea
Agreement, ECF Nos. 3-4.

Question

Despite already pleading guilty, and a withdrawl of the prosecution, what decisions is the Judge legally allowed to make against (or for) the defendant at this point?


texts: Can I establish a "one person company" in USA?

texts: Can I establish a one person company(with no co-founders) in USA? Will this company be restricted or face barriers to grow regards to law?


texts:
Suppose a customer went into a dealership to buy a new car. It is dark outside, but the customer notices a scratch before the sale and everyone agrees that it will be fixed.

After seeing the car in daylight the next day, the customer notices the scratch is part of a group of horizontal scratches and that there was clearly an incident with the car coming into contact with something.

Does this kind of incident need to be reported to the customer prior to sale?

What is the obligation of the dealership to fix all the scratches?

Are there other implications?


texts: Can I rent my own property to myself and charge my employer?

texts:
Is there anything legally wrong (assuming I'm not violating a company policy, and I'm reporting taxes correctly) with owning say a VRBO or AirB&B rental property and renting it to myself for travel purposes and receiving an expense reimbursement from my employer (W2 - large company)? I am fully aware of how to legally record this for taxes - I am not asking a financial question.

The situation is that I travel frequently to a city where I own a VRBO rental in close proximity to the company I work for. And VRBO rentals are allowed in our travel policy if they are comparable to hotel rates - preferably lower.

I'm fairly certain I'm not violating a company policy. I see restrictions on things like getting expense reimbursements for private aircraft fuel etc. But, nothing about renting a hotel / house to yourself and expensing it. Is there any other policy I should look for that I might be violating?


texts: E-Z Pass violation code and law description?

texts:
E-Z Pass is an electronic toll collection company in the East Coast of the USA.  I have an account with them, and it works great.

I forgot to update my credit-card and the account was not able to automatically add money to the account balance. As a result, I got two violations. Both violation letters state that the violation is "UNAUTHORIZED USE OF ETC SYSTEM". I searched for my State's (MA) law about this, and found the Code Of Massachusetts Regulations 730 CMR -- Massachusetts Turnpike Authority section 7.04 Electronic Toll Collection ("ETC"). In Table 11 describes the General Subject Matter to be rooted in section 700 CMR 7.04(1)(a) that reads:

  7.04: Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)

  (1) Use of the ETC System. The Department establishes the terms and conditions governing the use of an ETC system and requires that account holders accept these terms and conditions.
  (a) Unauthorized Use. No person may use the Department's ETC system or possess an electronic device that the Department issues for use with its ETC system unless: 700 CMR: MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION 7.04: continued The electronic device is properly programmed to assess the appropriate toll charge that the Department determines is appropriate from time to time for the classification of the vehicle that is using the ETC system (i.e. commercial versus passenger vehicles), in accordance with the classification for that vehicle designated by the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles and in accordance with the vehicle classifications enumerated in 700 CMR 7.03; and

  the person is duly registered with the Department as a current account holder;

  the person is operating an authorized ETC-equipped motor vehicle with the permission of the account holder of the ETC-equipped motor vehicle; or

  the person is using an electronic device of an electronic toll collection system of another jurisdiction that the Department accepts for use in its ETC system.

I did not contact them within the required 60 days, and for each of the violations they added late fee. Question is, can I dispute those violations based on the fact that they used a wrong violation description? (similar to how you can dispute a traffic ticket if there are errors on the ticket itself?)

Is the description wrong of the violation type? I do have an account, and it was good, but just did not have money at the time.


texts: Is it legal to put someone’s mail in their mailbox?

texts:
If you printed up a flier and walked around shoving them into people’s mailboxes, that would be illegal because it is misuse of postal systems/property.
But what if someone else’s mail gets delivered to you by mistake? Can you just put it in their mailbox? Can anyone just use mailboxes as long as they are being used rightfully and lawfully, or do you have to be some sort of “Certified Deputy of the Postmaster General”?
I know you can just write “delivered to wrong address” on the envelope, but sometimes it is easier to just bring it a few doors down.
Assume for the sake of the question that the mailbox is on or near a public road (accessible without trespassing).


texts:
Background

According to my textbook:

  In Cruikshank ... the [Supreme] Court ruled that voting rights remained a state prerogative unless the state itself violated those rights. So long as the civil rights of former slaves were being violated by individuals or private groups (including the Klan), that was a state responsibility and beyond federal jurisdiction. Therefore, the Fourteenth Amendment did not protect citizens from armed vigilantes, even if those vigilantes seized political power. The Court thus gutted the Fourteenth Amendment. (America, A Concise History)

Emphasis mine.

This does not make much sense to me.

This decision is in the context of the (very violent) intimidation of blacks especially by ex-Confederates followed by a Democratic political coup. From what I understand, the Democrats disenfranchised African Americans. The Supreme Court then ruled that it was the state's responsibility to ensure that its citizen's rights were not infringed upon.

First contention

Firstly, why would it be the state's responsibility to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment, which is part of the Constitution? The Fourteenth Amendment states,

  The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. (Section 5 of the 14th Amendment)

Does this, not to mention that it is a Constitutional amendment, not imply that issues pertaining to the Fourteenth Amendment, such as equal access to voting (Section 2 of the 14th Amendment), are under federal jurisdiction?

Second contention

If "private groups" like the KKK took political power, would the governments that they became part of not be violating former slaves' civil rights (as opposed to just private individuals)? Therefore, it would be that state's duty under the Fourteenth Amendment to address the illegal actions of actors within its jurisdiction. However, if the state fails to address these actions, would it not then become the federal government's jurisdiction since the state failed to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment within its borders?

Would the plaintiff have needed to sue the state for failing to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment in order for it to be under federal jurisdiction?

Closing

I am not very fluent in law things, so please excuse me for any misused vocabulary (like "jurisdiction"), nor do I have a thorough understanding of  federal vs. state jurisdiction or Constitutional law.


texts: Can you "make" an insurer fix a total loss vehicle?

texts:
In state of Missouri my friend was hit from behind.  Driver that him stated to police that it was her fault - no issues with fault as this is in police report.

He had an older car with body issues but the engine and maintenance was very well maintained.  Meaning a junker that drove well.

Bluebook value is 2.5-3k.    He has 4-5k in damages.   The problem is that the other driver's insurance wants to give him 1400.    Finding a car that runs similar to this car even with body damage is 4-6k and who really knows how it was maintained.

So my question is, legally is there anything this party can do to make the insurance company fix the car vs. handing over a check for the total loss?   It is my opinion that he is in a much much worse predicament than before an accident that was not his fault.   Not sure how someone can cause an accident and put the victim in a worse situation but I am not sure on the legal recourse.   Please let me know what other info you need.


texts: Is it possible to create data subject to the GDPR without any involvement by the person in question?

texts:
Say I email a colleague, in a professional capacity:

  I have been thinking about offering John Smith, who currently works at Big Corp, a job

John Smith has had no involvement with my organisation. As far as I know, he has no idea I even exist.

Is this data now subject to the GDPR? Specifically, does John Smith now have a right of access to this information? Or even, did I need his consent to send this email?


texts: Can a business' more specific form contract show that a previous contract's terms were ambiguous or that there was no meeting of the minds?

texts:
A Hypothetical Situation:

An individual lives in an assisted living / nursing facility and dies on January 4. The monthly fee has already been paid, as it is due by that day. The individual's family wishes to get a refund, pro-rated, for the remaining three weeks of January.

The individual's family signed a contract at the beginning of the individual's stay there that is called "Refund Policy" and states that no refund will be given unless 30 days notice is given to the facility when that individual is "leaving." Other words used in the same sentence included

The facility also now has a separate form that speaks specifically to what would happen in the event of the death of an individual staying in the facility. This form is called "No Refund Policy in Case of Death." It states there is no refund in the event of death, no matter what day of the month / no matter how much is paid for but will obviously not be used by that individual due to that individual's death. This form was never signed nor was the information it contains ever discussed with the individual or family.

Question:

Can the family get a pro-rated amount of money back for the time that the individual did not stay in the facility?

Note: I understand that in contract situations, the contract governs. That said, is there a way to use the second form and its specific mention of "death" to show that the first form did not sufficiently explain its terms and/or was ambiguous at the time it was signed?

If not, it sounds like "one party relied on a statement of the other about a material fact that the second party knew or should have known was mistaken by the first party."

And the existence of the second form would show that the second party knew or should have known that a form simply referencing "leaving" was insufficient for these purposes.

Thoughts?


texts: Would creating software that functions in a similar way to existing software be illegal?

texts:
If I create software that is similar to other software, would I break the law?

I mean not exactly the same, there would be many differences; let's say I'm going to create a blog platform, and there are already many others. The software would be free and open source.

When would creating software that has similar functionality to other software infringe the law?


texts: Is there any chance to get a loan back from someone in another country? (Loanee is in Ireland, Lender in Netherlands)

texts: Lets say someone form another country loans a small amount of money (400 euro) in The Netherlands (A Dutch person lends money to someone from Ireland). Signing a Dutch loan contract (in English) stating to pay back withing 3 days, and taking a photocopy of the loanee with his/her passport in his/her hand, and a photo of his/her passport. Loanee acknowledges loan via e-mail, SMS and on video (phone camera). Loanee goes back to his country and ignores subsequent requests for the return of the payment. Is there anything the Dutch person can do to get his/her money back?


texts: Are there legal consequences for giving away my own musical transcriptions of copyrighted works on a website?

texts:
I've transcribed a lot of video game music in my lifetime, and am interested in making these sheet music transcriptions freely available for download on a website.  I see that a lot of other websites have done this, such as Ichigo's Sheet Music or NinSheet Music.

I noticed that the above site, Ichigo's Sheet Music, states that the transcriptions and giving them away falls under Fair Use.  Is that correct?

Specifically:

1) Are there any legal consequences to be concerned about with this practice if the transcriptions are given away for free?

2) Are there any legal consequences if I put ads on the website where the transcriptions are to be hosted?

I realize that a similar question has already been asked at the below link, but I did not find the answer that pertains to this specific case.
Transcribing music and the legality of using musical transcription


texts: What will happen if someone/a group can't be confirmed that they commited a crime?

texts:
What will happen if (Bob) with 6 friends murder a person (Jake) in a room with 20 people, but after the police arrive they can't confirm which people in the room committed the crime? What will happen if they can't confirm who killed Jake in court?

To clarify: 7 people were involved in killing Jake out of the 20 people in the room.


texts: Must a person obtain a license from console manufacturer before making a game for it? What was different in the 80s?

texts:
In this YouTube video around 2:30 it is stated

There was no way to stop another company from making a game for your
system.

and

Unlike now where you have to obtain a license to make a game
legally for a video game system, you didn't need to back then...people
just reverse engineered the systems.

How does this work? For example does Rockstar Games now need to obtain a license from Microsoft before making Grand Theft Auto for the Xbox? I didn't think someone could sell something but restrict what can be compatible with it? Obviously with a computer anyone is free to make any app they wish.


texts: Why would a person choose to amend their will via a codicil rather than create a new one?

texts:
According to Wikipedia, a codicil is as follows:

  In the United States, a codicil is a document that changes an existing will. Amendments made by a codicil may alter, explain, add to, subtract from, or confirm – and otherwise amend a will in any other way, minor or major, short of complete revocation. It is subject to the same formal requirements as a will.

I would think that it would be just as easy to print off a new copy of the will with the necessary amendments, so time saving wouldn't be a reason to create a codicil. If it has the same formal requirements as a will (which I take to mean it needs to be signed by witnesses and such), then why would a person create a codicil?


texts: Landlord returned part of security deposit, now wanting it back

texts:
I recently ended my lease and moved.  When I handed over their keys, I did a walk-thru of the property with the landlord to document the damages.  He asked what I felt was fair and I reminded him that their terms of the lease gave him 45 days to return our deposit minus damages and asked if he wanted to get quotes.  He declined and we settled on an amount, summarized in writing via email and then he electronically transferred our remaining balance.

Now it is one week later.  I was contacted by him stating that the quotes were much higher than he anticipated and there was additional damage that was not noticed during the walk thru.  He now wants the funds returned to him.

Does he have any legal standing to make this request? Was the question of my liability settled when he agreed to return my deposit?


texts:
According to the Wikipedia disambiguation page for 13, there are nineteen albums, four songs, two movies, two novels, a card game, a manga, a musical and a play all titled "13", not counting stylizations or alternate forms such as "Thirteen", "13th", "Number 13" or "XIII".
Wouldn't there be some trademark issues?


texts:
I had a two-year contract with a publisher that has since expired (expired Jan 2015).

The contract granted the following rights (excerpted):

[[ WHEREAS the Author is the sole composer and copyright holder of the literary Work presently known as [deleted].

Author hereby grants Publisher the rights to print and distribute the book to the marketplace limited to two (2) YEARS. Author agrees that all subsidiary rights shall be divided 50% to the Author and 50% to the Publisher.

DISSOLUTION: At the dissolution of this agreement, Author agrees that all bound copies shall be delivered to the Author at 60% discount and Author may dispose of these copies and retain all proceeds. Should the author elect not to purchase the remaindered books within 30 days, Publisher would dispose of such copies without reporting further to the author. ]]

DETAILS FOLLOW SUPPORTING MY QUESTIONS BELOW:

a)  My book continues to be sold by Amazon.com for $18.00 (now 6 years later) and I've not been able to get anyone to tell me who is printing the book - nor am I seeing any of the royalties that would come from sales. Nor did I get the option to buy the remaining books at the 60% discount as stated in the contract.

b) Last week, my new publisher published the sequel to the book - and with new attention from this publication, I'm getting requests for the books as a set/series.

QUESTIONS:

Based on the contractual elements above, I want to better understand my rights as I move to have the first book republished.

1)  Shouldn't I be a part of the decision if the first publisher decides to continue to print the book?
2)  Shouldn't I be receiving royalties if the publisher is still publishing the book for Amazon.com?
3)  If I have it republished next month, is there any legal exposure on my end?

Any help would be appreciated.

Patricia