texts: Are judges limited in their reasoning to arguments raised by the parties?

texts:
Bob files a civil lawsuit agaist Rob. For simplicity, let's assume they both represent themselves.

At the hearing, Bob says: "Here is the evidence. Rob was wrong because of reason A, so he owes me money."

Rob replies: "Yes the evidence is true, but because of reason B reason A does not apply. I do not owe Bob anything."

Bob has nothing to add.

The judge proceeds making a judgment. Let's consider three alternatives:

He simply agrees with Rob: reason B indeed negates reason A. No questions here.
"Here is reason C why reason B in these circumstances does not actually negate A as Rob contends, so Rob still owns money to Bob."
"Reason B does indeed negate reason A as Rob contends. However, notwithstanding with that, here is reason D why Rob is nevertheless at fault, so he owns money to Bob."

In adversarial common law jurisdictions, will judgements 2 or 3 be inappropriate for a judge to make? Are there rules in place that forbid judges from making judgements like either 2 or 3?

As a very simple example, the above reasons A, B and C can be instanced this way:

Bob's A: "Rob went on red light so he is liable"
Rob's B: "Yes I did, but that was right turn, which is allowed there"
Judge's C: "Right turn on red is indeed allowed there but not on Sundays when the incident happened, therefore Rob is liable".

Clearly, reason C was not raised by either party. Will the judge be allowed to not present it to Rob before delivering it in judgement?

This question has been induced by some statements made in feedback to this question:

By @phoog:

  Courts generally cannot consider arguments that aren't raised by a
  party in the case.

By @Tim Lymington:

  It would clearly be unfair (as phoog says) for the judge to base his
  judgment on his own research without giving either counsel a chance to
  consider it

So, how do those statements stand when judge, merely applying the law, can't help generating a new argument that neither of the parties thought of?

Closely related: If a judge constructs arguments for the prosecution in judgment is that grounds for appeal?


texts: Contractor wants to charge when he did not gain access to the property

texts:
I agreed with a plumber to come in for a small job on a short notice. He estimated the work to £135. Unfortunately, when he came in, nobody has let him in, so no work has been done.

Now, he wants to invoice me for full amount, as he claims it a lost profit. I offered to pay part of the sum for his lost. However, the contractor still wants the full amount!

Before coming in, he said "this is my best estimate, without seeing the problem and if that's a quick fix", but did not mention the call-out fee.

Am I obliged to pay? Who is in the right here?


texts: How do I license the use of a song for my video game?

texts:
I am having a bit of a dilemma when it comes to the music of my video game, my struggle relies on what do I have to do to get the "rights" of a certain song. What is the process should I follow.

I have heard a song on Soundcloud which I think suits my game theme, the first thing that came into mind is asking the author if I could use his song on my game(giving credits to him on the credits section). If he says I can not use his song, how do I have to approach him with the intention trying to make him sell the rights of that song to me so I can use it on my game (also giving credits to the main author of it).

I am a bit new to this things and I do not know how to handle them properly, I would appreciate a bit of help.

Sorry in advance because I struggle to explain what is in my mind.


texts: Do participants basically give up the rights to their ideas and IP under the rule of this competition?

texts:
I would like to ask the participants basically give up the rights to their ideas and IP under the rule of this competition posted here?
While 14.b states that:

b. ...all Intellectual Property Rights... originally created and owned by Participant... (“Participant Materials”) will vest solely with the Participant...

14.e and f states that:

e. Participant hereby grants QTI ... a perpetual, irrevocable, worldwide, fully paid up, royalty-free,... transferable license... for any purpose whatsoever and without any restriction of any kind, under all Intellectual Property Rights that Participant owns or controls, the Participant Materials. Participant will execute any further documentation requested by QTI or any of its affiliates as any such entity may deem necessary to give full effect to the foregoing rights.
f. Participant acknowledges that:
(ii) ideas, concepts, strategies may be competitive with, similar to, or identical to content in the Proposal or Participant Materials... Participant acknowledges and agrees that Participant will not be entitled to any compensation as a result of any use by QTI or its affiliates of any such similar or identical material that has or may come to QTI, or any of its affiliates, from other sources... each Participant acknowledges and agrees that... Qualcomm... will [not] now or in the future have any duty or liability... with respect to the infringement or protection of the Participant’s Intellectual Property Rights in and to its Proposal or Participant Materials. The Participant further acknowledges that, ... actual or alleged exploitation or use of any Proposal or Participant Material submitted... will not be irreparable or otherwise sufficient to entitle the Participant to seek any injunctive or other equitable relief...

Finally, 17 states that:

QTI may cancel, modify, or suspend the Competition, or modify these Official Rules (or any portion thereof or hereof) in its sole discretion, including without limitation due to a force majeure event, without any further obligation or liability. Any modifications made to these Official Rules will be made effective when posted on the Competition website or otherwise made available to Participants, and each Participant hereby acknowledges and agrees that any such modifications will be binding on the Participant.

While it is stated that Qualcomm will not claim ownership of the idea submitted or any IP that may arise from it, Qualcomm ends up having to right to use and license/sublicense the Participant Materials.  The rules seem to suggest Qualcomm can basically use the idea and compete against it.  Am I right to think that the participants basically give up the rights to their ideas?  Thanks.


texts: UK - subscription fee introduced months after hardware purchase

texts:
I purchased a Cricut Joy in the UK a few months ago.  Without warning or previous indication, Cricut have introduced a subscription fee to use the device I paid for, in full, with my own files more than 20 times per month.  Is this legal?  I'd be surprised if it is.
Thanks,
James.


texts: Is it legal to collect reviews/ratings about people and show it on website?

texts: There are websites which show reviews, ratings, scores about companies (restaurants, hotels, etc.). For example, I create a website which would collect similar data about concrete persons. Could a website show concrete person full name and reviews about him publicly? What about GDPR, right to be forgotten and other legal considerations?


texts: Is it legal to intercept 2.4Ghz communications (wifi 802.11) in the UK?

texts: Is it legal to intercept radio communications in the 2.4Ghz band in the United Kingdom?


texts: Is Trump's COVID-19 liability waiver enforceable?

texts:
In order to get tickets to Donald Trump's campaign rally this weekend, you're required to agree to the following waiver of liability:

  By clicking register below, you are acknowledging that an inherent risk of exposure to COVID-19 exists in any public place where people are present. By attending the Rally, you and any guests voluntarily assume all risks related to exposure to COVID-19 and agree not to hold Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.; BOK Center; ASM Global; or any of their affiliates, directors, officers, employees, agents, contractors, or volunteers liable for any illness or injury.

Is this legally enforceable?


texts: What is the penalty for illegitimate quoting?

texts:
I recently saw this Tweet and it made me wonder, in general, can a person be penalized for attributing a false quote to another person? If so, what would that penalty be? If it’s a law, is it a state law or federal law?

President Obama at the UN: "Please accept this nothingburger in place of a respectable climate plan"
— Duncan Meisel (@duncanwrites) September 23, 2014

(Answers regarding the U.S. are sought, but answers regarding other nations are welcome as well.)


texts: Are Tesla self-driving cars street-legal?

texts:
Here is a video of a Tesla car driving itself. In the jurisdictions in which it is operating, is it street legal?

The Tesla Model S, when made, didn't drive itself (but had a suspicious number of sensors it wasn't using). One day, a software update came out and puff: they drive themselves now.

For example, if it got in a car crash, who would be considered the driver, the car or the person in the driver's seat.

Are they street legal?


texts: Can employer read message sent via Skype / Slack etc

texts:
a friends company is using Slack for communication between the team members. Slack is basically like Skype.

Recently a few people got fired as the employer read the conversations they were having and deemed it as inappropriate for the work place.

My question is, what legal background does the employer have in reading the messages. Are they legally allowed to do this?

Thanks for all your help


texts: Death caused by (possible) oversight by doctor. What recourse is there?

texts:
Let's say we have a guy named Jack (Jack is definitely not a pseudonym for me, I swear). Jack is young and healthy, and was happily married to his equally young and healthy wife until recently. Then his wife, Jill, died suddenly from a mysterious infection that two different hospitals and 6+ doctors failed to identify.

A few months later, Jack discovers an infectious agent in his house whose symptoms match closely with what killed Jill, and said agent is a fairly common occurrence in their area (basically any home). Jack is also positive that Jill's doctors never mentioned testing for said agent, so he suspects they missed something obvious, as hard as that is for him to believe.

What might Jack do to investigate the possibility? Would he want to consult the hospitals first? A lawyer? A third party doctor? What term should Jack use to describe this possibility (malpractice, wrongful death, manslaughter, etc)? Bonus: What could happen to the doctor(s) if Jack's suspicions prove true?

Jack and Jill are in the US, for the record.


texts: What determines how thoroughly affidavits must be vetted by lawyers?

texts:
In Trump's lawsuit in Arizona:

A Trump campaign attorney conceded in court on Thursday morning that he tried to enter hundreds of dodgy form-filed affidavits into evidence, even though their own investigation found that a subset of the sworn statements that they received were filled with lies and “spam.”
“This is concerning,” [said] Judge Daniel Kiley, ...

... The Trump campaign said it excluded the submissions of those who swore to lies, but they included the ones they could not prove were lying into evidence.
Judge Kiley replied that this did not show the remaining affidavits are trustworthy.
“That just shows you cannot disprove what’s asserted,” Kiley noted.

Does a lawyer ordinarily need to take steps to determine that the contents of an affidavit are actually true before submitting it (rather than merely excluding ones determined to be false)?  If not, what is the reasoning behind the judge requiring it here?  Trump's lawyer may have collected the text of the affidavits via an online form, but he then printed them and had them signed under penalty of perjury by the affiants, which to my non-lawyer sensibilities makes them no different than any other affidavits.


texts: Under these circumstances, can a company be sued for the actions of an employee?

texts:
I should clarify a little bit: assuming that 1) the employee went against company policy and did something illegal at work,2) the company was alerted to these actions (though the employee was unable to be identified at the time) through official channels and, 3) those channels chose to ignore rather than investigate the matter, 4) the illegal actions were felonies and rather egregious, and 5) the employee was caught on camera elsewhere perpetuating the felony multiple times.

Under these circumstances, would the employer be liable to be sued? If so, would it be reasonable to assume that it would be unlikely to be thrown out? I had assumed some sort of negligence might be reasonable.

This is in the US.

Edit to address questions in the comments: this was a theft, performed during work hours while on duty. The employer did not directly benefit from the theft.


texts: Is it necessary to audibly announce a copyright notice when using music licensed under Creative Commons Attribution?

texts:
I would like to use music licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) as on-hold music; however, the only way to provide attribution would be to announce a copyright notice prior to playing the song.  That's certainly do-able; however, I've never heard something like that, so that brings me to the question: is it necessary to announce a copyright notice for CC BY 3.0 licensed music when there is no other means of giving attribution?

For reference, the attribution requirement is stated in section 4(b), copied here for reference:

  If You Distribute, or Publicly Perform the Work or any Adaptations or
  Collections, You must, unless a request has been made pursuant to
  Section 4(a), keep intact all copyright notices for the Work and
  provide, reasonable to the medium or means You are utilizing: (i) the
  name of the Original Author (or pseudonym, if applicable) if supplied,
  and/or if the Original Author and/or Licensor designate another party
  or parties (e.g., a sponsor institute, publishing entity, journal) for
  attribution ("Attribution Parties") in Licensor's copyright notice,
  terms of service or by other reasonable means, the name of such party
  or parties; (ii) the title of the Work if supplied; (iii) to the
  extent reasonably practicable, the URI, if any, that Licensor
  specifies to be associated with the Work, unless such URI does not
  refer to the copyright notice or licensing information for the Work;
  and (iv) , consistent with Section 3(b), in the case of an Adaptation,
  a credit identifying the use of the Work in the Adaptation (e.g.,
  "French translation of the Work by Original Author," or "Screenplay
  based on original Work by Original Author"). The credit required by
  this Section 4 (b) may be implemented in any reasonable manner;
  provided, however, that in the case of a Adaptation or Collection, at
  a minimum such credit will appear, if a credit for all contributing
  authors of the Adaptation or Collection appears, then as part of these
  credits and in a manner at least as prominent as the credits for the
  other contributing authors. For the avoidance of doubt, You may only
  use the credit required by this Section for the purpose of attribution
  in the manner set out above and, by exercising Your rights under this
  License, You may not implicitly or explicitly assert or imply any
  connection with, sponsorship or endorsement by the Original Author,
  Licensor and/or Attribution Parties, as appropriate, of You or Your
  use of the Work, without the separate, express prior written
  permission of the Original Author, Licensor and/or Attribution
  Parties.


texts: Can I force my ex-spouse to remove my name from a loan?

texts: In California, my girlfriend is on a mortgage with her ex-husband. In the divorce, she agreed that the property was his, but her name remained on the loan. Later, the ex-husband re-financed the house and she signed those loan documents also after being pressured by her ex (He refused to allow her legal visitation at the time of child-handoff until she signed them. I recall the incident as should her lawyer who told her to go ahead and sign the papers). I feel like she got bad legal advice at the time and wonder if the ex-husband's behavior doesn't amount to extortion. She wants to get her name off of the loan. Is that possible and if so, what field should the new potential lawyer specialize in?


texts:
An example of contextomy: A reviewer describes a book as "a masterpiece of boring, poorly edited crap." The author then announces that the reviewer called his book "a masterpiece."
An article in Wikipedia says contextomy is legal in the European Union, but this is what it says about the U.S.:

In the United States, there is no specific law against misleading
movie blurbs, beyond existing regulation over false advertising.

I'm not familiar with the rules of the road regarding "false advertising."
My question is this: Is it generally legal to quote "authorities" out of context when promoting your ideas, services or products?
For example, if the New York Times publishes an article that says "Ned Jix is an icon of stupidity," could Ned Jix put the following on the cover of a book he wrote?:

The New Times calls Ned Jix "an icon."

Or if a celebrity says "I was honored to meet Ned Jix before I called 911," could Jix legally say...

Elvis Presley says he was "honored to meed Ned Jix."

A more complicated example. USA Today publishes an article with the headline "Conspiracy Theorists are becoming celebrities."
Mr. Jix, who calls himself a conspiracy theorist, then publishes the following endorsement:

USA Today called me a celebrity.

If these things are illegal, what category of crime would they be classified in? In other words, is there a general term to describe this sort of thing, or would it just be "false advertising"?


texts: Puzzle - different middle names, What is my legal name for employment in the U.S.?

texts:
I am a US citizen. My birth certificate and passport have always had different spellings of my middle name. Same name, but with slightly different spellings. In previous jobs in the U.S. I have used the spelling on my passport.

Recently I was living abroad, in a country that allows dual-citizenship with the US. I obtained permanent residence but not citizenship. I legally changed my middle name in that country, to clear up the mess with my existing middle name, and because I never liked the given middle name anyway. I intended to file a middle name-change in the U.S. as well, but never got around to it.

Ok, now I find myself back in the U.S., about to start a new job.

Which of these 3 middle names should I use?


texts: Does signing a contract after explaining it was not legally binding count as contract fraud?

texts:
An individual recently claimed to have run into a situation where he was charged with "fraudulent contract activities" in a situation that my (admittedly quite limited) understanding of contract law says should not have violated any laws.

The individual in question was donating sperm as a known sperm donor to a lesbian couple.  The couple wanted to sign a contract saying that the resulting child would be legally theirs and he wouldn't file for child support etc.  The individual claims he informed the couple that in his state there is already legal precedent that states these sort of contracts are unenforceable as void, but since the couple was insistent on signing the contract anyways he eventually agreed to do so, even while telling them it was not legally binding.

He claims he was sued for "fraudulent contract activities" (his exact words).  Supposedly because he admitted he knew the contract was meaningless he was now guilty of fraud by signing it.  However, he gained no benefit from the contract, as the same scenario would have happened exactly as it is without a contract, and he claims he clearly explained the contract was worthless.  I find it odd that he could be charged with anything under such a situation.  He makes it sound like this is a criminal charge, as opposed to some sort of civil case, and he says the judge chose to 'charge' him.

Again, common law, and contract in particular, has always seemed to apply common sense so I was a little skeptical.  Of course the individual making the claim also has a history of questionable truthhoods as well, and is making claims that further his personal agenda, so I'm not quite willing to take his words as 100% true.

Would this scenario warrant any kind of potential fraud charges, civil or criminal?  The individual in question lives in Oklahoma so probably that's where the contract was signed.


texts: Are there any Federal laws governing the maximum number of passengers you're allowed to squeeze into a subway car?

texts: On a recent trip via public transit in the US, I found myself in a subway car so jam-packed that there was scarcely room to breathe. The car was jerking about quite a bit, and there was little to grab on to other than your fellow passengers. This is a fairly regular occurrence on this line, and they do not seem to enforce any capacity limit other than "everyone must be inside the doors." This strikes me as extremely unsafe. If the train had crashed, or there had been a fire, there is no way we would have been able to get out of there. I have to believe this has to be against some sort of safety regulation, but I have so far not been able to find anything applicable. Are there really no laws governing train car capacity?


texts: Getting the bodycam video from NYPD for a traffic violation

texts:
I got a bike ticket for going through a red light.
I don’t think I did.

The officer confirmed that he was wearing his body cam and that it was on.

How do I go about getting the bodycam video? I have been trying to obtain it through foil requests but they are unsuccessful: NYPD claims giving me the bodycam would interfere with my case.


texts: GDPR and a cell phone paid through work?

texts:
Company Contacts page

From what I understand, the contact information at work is not regulated by GDPR since it is considered B2B. For instance my private email is regulated by GDPR, but my work email is not.
When my company has a contacts web-page what can actually be included without my consent?

Name  - yes
Picture  - yes
Work email - yes
Phone   ???

Company paid cell phone

If I had a separate SIM card for my company paid cell phone, then I would agree it could be posted on the contacts page. Now it happens to be one of the fringe benefits of the company that they pay your cell-phone upto a certain amount. Does this give them the right to publish my number on their web-site without my consent?


texts: difference between 'assigned' and 'endorsed' in this context?

texts:
Each such notice of redemption shall be irrevocable and shall specify
  the date that is the redemption date, the redemption price, the number
  of Shares to be redeemed, the place or places of payment and that
  payment will be made upon presentation and, to the extent that such
  Shares are certificated, surrender of the certificate(s) evidencing
  the Shares of Series B Preferred Stock to be redeemed (properly
  endorsed or assigned for transfer, if the Corporation shall so
  require).

I know the basic meanings of both words. However, as a non-native speaker, I fear there might be some specialized nuance here that I can't seem to grasp.


texts: What law applies in the case of a theft at a Border Patrol checkpoint? Who can make an arrest?

texts: Travelers A and B are waiting in line at a border patrol checkpoint, when traveler B attempts to steal something of traveler A's. Can a Border Patrol officer intervene, or would they have to summon a state/city/county peace officer? Would the crime be prosecuted and tried under federal law or state law?


texts:
I have a relative who's been dealing with a stalker. The guy has been arrested on stalking charges and is currently in jail. There was an arraignment yesterday and we went in and obtained the public court records for it from the courthouse website. Here's the record for reference, redacted for privacy reasons. Just holler if the link doesn't work for some reason.

Overall it's easy to understand. He's been charged with stalking and has entered a plea of not guilty. My questions come down on Page 3 of the PDF.

What does it mean that there was a motion/order to disqualify the
judge? The particular judge that was disqualified is the one who
initially heard my relative when she applied for a protective
stalking order. Could that be the cause? A different judge ended up
presiding over the arraignment.
What does CFW stand for?
Down near
the bottom, the arraignment result is listed as "Held." I was
thinking this meant the defendant is remaining in custody (unless he
posts bail) until the next hearing on 2/5, but another family member
interpreted it as just meaning the arraignment took place. Who's
right?
Right below that, what does DB stand for?

Thanks for the help! I've tried Googling this information and just get a ton of irrelevant results. The word 'disqualify' shows up in a ton of court records and the abbreviations bring up stuff that's even more off-base.


texts: What limitations on campaign contributions, direct and indirect, exist in the US?

texts: I know that an individual can't donate more than $2,800, but, apparently, it is not strictly followed (click on "amount"). Besides, there's a thing called the "Citizens United" Supreme Court ruling that, if I remember it correctly, allows unlimited donations to so-called political action committees (PACs), including those that are affiliated with particular candidates. Could those contributions be anonymous? In sum, what limitations exist on campaign donations in the US, including indirect ones through PACs and, whatever it means, Super-PACs?


texts: Can my non-EU wife be deported from France for a visa refusal?

texts: I am a UK national. Can my non-EU wife be deported when we both live in France and I am a worker paying taxes, holding a French driving licence, a Carte Vital, self employed and also have a French contract job for the next 3 years?


texts: I’m being asked to come back into work despite government guideline to stay at home- What are my rights?

texts:
I work in an administrative role at the NHS.
Since the lock down measures started in the UK, I have been working from home.

As demand on the NHS has been increasing substantially, management asked our team if individuals would be willing to come into the office to aid with the demand.

I initially agreed, however I did not at the time understand that this also meant I would be on-call to assist in clinical areas holding Covid patients. This is absolutely a no-go for me as I live with a family member who is in the extremely high risk category.

I had communicated to management this misunderstanding, and that I would not be willing to attend clinical areas but would be willing to assist onsite with my administrative duties if needed. I received verbal pressure to continue with what I originally, and erroneously agreed to. They gave me assurance that I wouldn't be assigned to clinical areas and said I will receive PPE training adjusted to the role i would be redeployed too.

Now with the the rapidly approaching peak death rate in the UK, with ambulance response times etc uncertain. I am very worried about my family member and am not willing to attend the office any longer.

I can do my regular duties from home, but management are telling me I cannot - without explaining what it is that I cannot do from home. They are pressuring me by saying they won't pay me for each day, for which I'm assigned, that I do not come into the office (I'm a non-permament employee).

Is it legal for them to demand that I attend the office without clarifying what I cannot do from home?
If so, can they force me to come on site by threatening my employment?

I feel like I am being pressured to put my loved ones' at undue risk.


texts: Can the accused change their mind about testifying mid-trial? USA criminal law

texts:
As I understand it, under US criminal law, a defendant may decline to testify in their own trial.
Suppose a defendant elects to testify in their own trial but decides that it is no longer in their best interest to continue. Can they leave the witness box at a whim. For example mid-question by either defence or prosecution. Could they perhaps say to the judge, "I no longer wish to testify, may I step down?" and the judge allow this?
Conversely, if the trial is going badly and, at the last moment, they decide that they do want to testify in order to bolster their position, can they request this and it be granted, even at the last minute?
Are there any precedents for these actions by a defendant?


texts: Do people / should I have a lawyer on call?

texts:
I follow the law for the most part and I don't suspect that the police are out to get me. Yet, every once in a while, I hear people talk about something relating to how the police treated them, and the answer is, for the most part, consult your lawyer. This advice is commonly given when the police stop you and want you to give testimony (No, I'll have my lawyer submit my testimony) or if the police want to do anything strange (No, you cannot use my backyard as a stakeout. You can talk to my lawyer)

I assume part of the reason that this advice is given so frequently is that the people giving the advice are lawyers and they feel that they are more important than they are and because they have a financial stake in getting people to talk to lawyers often.

So my basic questions are:

Should I find a lawyer to have on call?
Should I really consult a lawyer before voluntarily talking to the police?


texts: Is there any recourse for costs and consequences of police detention?

texts:
Police can detain a suspect for 48-72 hours (depending on the state) without filing charges.  Note that this is before any judicial scrutiny occurs: I.e., not only are you (supposedly) presumed innocent, but you have not even been indicted and the prosecutor has not even decided whether to seek an indictment.  So the standards for detention are extremely low.

Furthermore, there appears to be no consistent right to communicate with anyone during detention.  You can demand a lawyer if you are interrogated, but the police could instead choose to simply detain you without questioning.

It seems that the consequences of this to the detainee could be disastrous: Imagine you're a single working mother snatched by the police during your lunch break.  Your employer and/or clients don't hear from you for 3 days.  Your babysitter can't reach you when you fail to return home at the usual hour.  You may miss deadlines for financial matters that could incur enormous direct costs.

Do all of these costs have to be born by the innocent individual?

Does the state have any obligation to care for your dependents while you are detained?


texts: Illegal to drive with an instructor if you have no driver license?

texts:
I have a friend and she does not know how to drive and wants to finally get a license and be able to buy a car so she can drive (she's never driven before). Anyways, she wanted to go to one of those driving schools where you have someone sit next to you in a car and they teach you as you drive/etc.

Given that she doesn't have a license, is it legal for her to drive with an instructor next to her?

If so, does that mean that anyone can technically legally drive as long as the passenger is licensed?


texts: Is a new EPC required for a residential property sale or can one from the EPC Registry be used?

texts:
In the UK an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is required for the sale of a residential property.
I have 3 questions about these:

1) Is it correct that these have a 10 year validity?

2) Would a legal extension to the house change the EPC validity, for instance a conservatory with a large window area?

3) Can the EPCs retrievable from the EPC Register be used legally for a sale?


texts: Do I lose my rights as a British citizen when I travel to an other country for tourism?

texts:
A friend of mine got detained at the airport in Jordan because his name matches a name of someone who has issues with the Jordanian authorities.

My friend is British and he only was passing through Jordan. They forced him to stay there for 24 hours with no food and he had to sleep on the floor before they determined that he is not the man they were after.

Does this incident mean that when you travel to a foreign country – even for a short time – that you give up your rights as a British citizen?


texts: Placing notices on cars in same-residence parking lot

texts:
A large portion of backstory is directly connected with this question from 2016.

Briefly put, permit-required parking stalls are continuously being occupied by people without permits. However, when there's an abundance of vehicles parked without permits, we try to call the property manager to do something. To no surprise, this has lead to no known resolution. The only time the lot is claimed to be monitored is for 3 hours during Thursday evenings, about 8 weeks of the year (during an event that happens across the street). We pay an additional $5/month for a parking permit, which was offered to resolve the parking issues by "monitoring, ticketing, and towing vehicles," but it seems like this permit doesn't actually yield anything.

Problem:
The issue now is that they're still opting to do absolutely nothing to alleviate the parking issues. One approach was to write warning notices to place on vehicles that were illegally parked— the rule of the parking permit is it must be displayed at all times in the rear-view mirror. Although it would be difficult to keep up with vehicles every day, the hope was to bring to the vehicle owner's attention that their vehicle should not be parked there.

This notice simply mentions that their car is illegally parked, that their license plate has been noted, and that they're at risk of being towed, pursuant to the statute that is posted on the sign in front of each parking stall. Additionally, if they have any questions, they can contact the property manager for more information.

Today, the property manager questioned these notices that people were calling in about. He decided to file a police complaint, which claims that we are not permitted to place notices on vehicles on private property. In addition, he's claiming that we need to have an in-person meeting to "discuss this situation and your future at the community". He also states that if we don't cooperate, he will "act accordingly." It's suggestive of trying to evict, but it seems like a lot of smoke due to it being a minor issue as a direct result of their lack of effort to resolve an issue that's been going on for 4+ years now.

Question:

Since we are residents of the apartment complex, does that impact the legality of being able to place parking notices?
Does the negligence of not resolving the parking issues open any doors for contesting the complaint (or anything really)?

Both sides agree that the notices aren't believed to be impersonating staff. We are reaching out to a handful of landlord-tenant lawyers to review these parking issues as a whole. One, off-the-record, mentioned there is a chance for breach of contract because the paid parking isn't being guaranteed. As this could be a few days or weeks to coordinate a meeting with a lawyer, I thought I'd get some initial insight here for me to review ahead of time.


texts: Is there a defence of persecution by law?

texts:
Justice derives from just, what is right and fair. If you are guilty (as in, you've committed the offence not been judged) of an offence but your arrest/prosecution is unfair in its application can this be used as a defence in common law?

For example, imagine a police force is racist. They catch 20 burglars but 10 are white and 10 are black and they only prosecute the blacks. The blacks they have caught definitely committed the offence, but can they mount a defence based on unfair application of the law? (If it can be proved, of course) Other examples might be the prosecution of certain political or religious groups over others.

It seems to me that the principles and history of common law tends towards the removal of protected groups (e.g. aristocracy) over time (Magna Carta being a famous example) as its principles mean blatant inequalities cause tensions that are the resolved by the system, so changes occur because blatant unfair application of the law comes to a head, but has this resulted in a explicit principle of law that can be used or is it simply a case of taking your chances as history turns?

Any insight or help would be much appreciated.


texts: Is it illegal to block people on Instagram?

texts:
Is blocking certain people while allowing everybody else to view some content discrimination and violate anti-discrimination laws.Also is not being able to consume information available on a public platform a violation against  right to freedom.

EDIT: I ask this question to challenge the design of the social media sites, not to sue anybody who blocks me. ; -)


texts:
This is going to be difficult to write, so I apologise if it's confusing at times.

About 6 years ago my wife was hit by a car when crossing the street (walking). The car wasn't going too fast (est. 40mph) but essentially turned the corner without indicating and was not looking at the road. After shouting at my wife (who was alone at the time) the man got back in his car and drove away. My wife called a friend from work (she was only 2 minutes outside) and they helped her to the A&E (probably another 2 minutes away luckily). My wife was seen by the doctors, notes were made, tests were done but she was released later that day. We called the police to report it and were told a police officer would come to our house to take a statement, but we were later called back and told we would have to come to a station and give a statement (at the time I mentioned it might be a while since my wife was in need of recovery). When we eventually got to the station to give our statement we were told we were too late, (it was about 10 weeks after). Before going to the station I had believed the 'case' had been opened but they were just waiting for my wife's statement to continue with it; the officer at the station told us that there was nothing they could do since any cameras near the scene of the hit and run wouldn't have their footage any more.

This was a let down, but the primary concern at the time was my wife's health - aside from being wheelchair bound by the incident she was also experiencing unexplained losses of consciousness. The long and short of this is a diagnostic process thay took years to identify a neurological condition that causes her to have 'episodes' of paralysis or loss of consciousness, among other conditions caused by the incident. Needless to say both my wife and I haven't been able to work since the incident - although I am officially her career and we recieve state benefits (PIP, carers allowance).

A little over a year ago one of my wife's doctors said there was a government scheme that handles things like hit and run compensation even if the driver was not caught, but unfortunately this has a 2 year timescale on it and we're outside of that.

It has just occured to me that I never found out when the 2 year counter starts from - is it the date of the accident? The date of the diagnosis? Is there any legal recourse that we could reasonably take this long after the incident to try and get our lives back on track?


texts: How do I find out the ownership conditions/rights regarding shared parking?

texts:
I have recently been lucky enough to buy a long term place to live. It is freehold with various conditions, including a modest service charge for upkeep of communal areas and an allocated parking space in a shared parking area.

How do I find out the exact conditions/rights regarding the shared parking space?

In the material I got and looked through with the conveyancing solicitors, I only saw the parking space marked in a colour different to the main plot. I do not recall any specific conditions on the parking, neither did I see these on a second pass through the documents.

I think to be sure I need to obtain transfer deeds - if so are these accessible through the title register for the house plot or do I need to find a separate title including the shared parking area?

Background:

I am in the unfortunate situation of being charged for parking in my designated parking space while I was waiting for permits to arrive.

The parking enforcement company insists it is the right decision and that it cannot give me any details of their legal basis for doing so due to client confidentiality.

The management company to which I pay the service charges has some dealings with the parking enforcement company, but insists they did not set up and do not manage the agreement, they just pass on whitelisted car registration numbers and issue parking permits on behalf of the enforcement company.

They refer to the owner of the shared area. The owner in turn wonder why the management company is not more helpful, but suggest I look up "transfer deeds".


texts:
As I understand it, in the United States there is no legal obligation for a company to offer its customers the opportunity to opt-out of their arbitration agreement.  So why do some companies offer their customer a very short window in which they can opt-out of the arbitration agreement?

Does offering the limited opt-out option give the company some added legal protection?  (It doesn’t seem to be for the customer's benefit or it wouldn’t have a time limit, so I assume it must offer some legal or strategic benefit for the company to include it?)


texts: Can I deny someone's request for me to be their Power of Attorney?

texts: Let's say that someone has made me their Power of Attorney and I don't want that kind of responsibility on my hands. Is there a way to deny it? I am in the state of Wisconsin.


texts: Does anyone know if this counts as assault?

texts:
I saw this YouTube video where a reporter tries to follow a man into his business. The man punches the reporter in the face. Does anyone know if this was ever taken to court? If not, would it likely count as assault? Assume the location is in the US.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kshb4WVCDPo (about 25 seconds in)


texts: Who pays rates for property sale/purchase settlement day?

texts:
In New Zealand, properties pay rates to councils/local authorities. These are calculated yearly for periods with specific dates (e.g. 1st of April through to 31st of March, both inclusive).

When a property is sold, the title transfer occurs on what is called "settlement" day. This day is when the buyer becomes the owner. The rates owed by the property get apportioned between the vendor (seller) and the buyer: if the vendor has already paid rates beyond his ownership, the amount is added to what the buyers pays.

Now I am seeking a reliable source of information on which party is legally responsible for the rates on the settlement day.

On one hand, because the settlement day is the first/start day of buyer's ownership, one might argue that he/she is the one to pay rates for this day (and this is what I personally experienced when once purchasing a property in NZ).

On the other hand, there is an argument that "Settlement can occur anytime up until 4.00pm and the day of settlement is the vendor's responsibility in regards to rates.". This is what I am hearing from a tutor in a course called "Law Office Practice".

So, is it legally defined somewhere who pays rates on settlement day? Or is this up to the lawyers who perform the transaction to decide?


texts: Why did Judge William H. Leery III refuse to have Jeronimo Yanez's testimony re-read to the jury?

texts:
Judge Denies Request to Reread Yanez Testimony, Jury Continues Deliberations

Recall that last year in Minnesota, officer Jeronimo Yanez killed Philando Castile, who was sitting on the passenger side in the front seat of a car driven by his girlfriend, Diamond Reynolds, whose cell phone video of the killing was on network TV news. At the time the incident had a high enough profile that President Obama commented on it for probably all of a minute at a press conference.

Jury deliberations in the case began this past Monday. On Friday morning (yesterday, the 16th) jurors asked the judge to have officer Yanez's testimony re-read to them. The judge denied the request. When I heard about that, I thought that any uncertainty about what Yanez had said on the stand could be considered an occasion for reasonable doubt. Late Friday, the jury came back with a not-guilty verdict.

Why would a judge grant or deny such a request?


texts: non-professional question about Steven Avery trial

texts: I have just watched the TV series Making a Murderer and have a question regarding the trial with S. Savery and B. Dassey. Whose was the decision that there would be two separate trials. Was it Judge's, Prosecution's or Defence's decision. I would await that given the fact that these two men were according to the prosecution acomplices they would be judged together.


texts: Can I use the ® symbol in the play store for a trademark registered in the Benelux?

texts: When publishing an app in the Google Play store, I would like to use the ® symbol for the name of a product that is not registered as a trademark in the USA, but it has been registered as such in the Benelux. Is it fine to use the ® symbol there?


texts: Can the officers of a 501(c)(7) take salaries?

texts:
According to CharityWatch the Boys and Girls Club of America is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, whose CEO is salaried at over $800,000.00.
So clearly, it is legal for the CEOs/officers of a 501(c)(3) to take a salary.
What about 501(c)(7) "social clubs"? Can their officers take salaries? Why or why not? If they can, how does this not "inure to their benefit"?


texts: Recording questions in a conference: do I need attendees' agreement?

texts:
I plan to go to an academic conference, and write down all questions from the audience I heard during the presentations. Then, I plan to make the list questions publicly available on Internet (without mentioning the name of the person who asked the question).

Do I need to have attendees' agreement?

The conference has no non-disclosure agreement, or similar confidentiality clause.


texts:
Australia has the General Retail Industry Award:
Specifically regarding overtime:
http://awardviewer.fwo.gov.au/award/show/MA000004#P778_67718
My question is specifically around overtime for casual employees.
29.2 -c - iii

(c) Hours worked by casual employees:
(i) in excess of 38 ordinary hours per week or,where the casual employee works in accordance with a roster,in excess of 38 ordinary hours per week averaged over the course of the roster cycle;
(ii) outside of the span of ordinary hours for each day specified in clause 27.2;
(iii) in excess of 11 hours on one day of the week and in excess of 9 hours on any other day of the week;
shall be paid at 175% of the ordinary hourly rate of pay for the first three hours and 225% of the ordinary hourly rate of pay thereafter (inclusive of the casual loading).

This final clause (iii) in particular:

in excess of 11 hours on one day of the week and in excess of 9 hours on any other day of the week;

There seems to be several interpretations to this:

Work 10 hours shifts for 7 days, you get paid 1 hour overtime for 6 of those days (as one did not hit 11 hours, you don't get overtime for that day).
Work 10 hours shifts for 7 days, you get no overtime, because you did not meet both the 11 hour and 9 hour conditions
Work a 12 hour shift on the monday, and 10 hour shifts for the rest of the week, you get 1 hour overtime for every day
Work a 12 hour shift, then a 13 hour shift, then 10 hour shifts for the rest of the week... you get 1 hour for the 12 hour shift, 4 hours for the 13 hour shift, and one our for the rest (we count the first instance of being over 11 hours).
Work a 12 hour shift, then a 13 hour shift, then 10 hour shifts for the rest of the week... you get 3 hour for the 12 hour shift, 2 hours for the 13 hour shift, and one hour for the rest (we count the shift with the most amount of hours as the "11 hour" shift).


texts: Are there tax implications in Ohio when giving a house to someone else?

texts:
I have a house that had fire damage.

I would like to give the property to a restoration company to avoid having to pay out the money in repairs.

Are there any tax implications if I give the property the company?

I'm in Ohio


texts: Is my non-compete valid, if leaving my company would make the company non-viable?

texts:
Based in the UK, I am the only programmer in a small tech company which produces financial software. I have a 3-year non-compete, geographical limits unspecified, where I "endeavour not to compete with [company] for a period of 3 years".

The company is making enough money to pay me and one user of the software a competitive wage, but the user needs significant, daily, even hourly, support from me, to use the software effectively, and only I know the code. I am pretty sure that if I left the company it would cease to be a viable entity.

Can the other shareholders, who own the majority of shares (I own 31%), still enforce the non compete if I leave and the company goes dormant? It can't really go outright bust because it doesn't really have liabilities.

EDIT: There is no agreement to pay me anything if I were to stop working for the company. That is, there is no payment for the non compete.


texts:
A group decides to cover a protected piece of music. In this example, lets say "Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen".

Is the act of playing this song violate any copyright law?
Does it make a difference if they make money off playing a cover?


texts: What does "Legal Tender" actually entail?

texts:
Section 31 U.S.C. 5103

United States coins and currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of Federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and dues.

I find countless examples of people talking about making payments in pennies, only to have it refused.  All of the articles I find state that these coins are "legal tender" but no company or individual is actually obliged to accept them.  In fact, I have trouble telling whether pennies can be used for taxes or not.  Questions like this abound.
What does "legal tender" entail?  By that I mean, what is a transaction which either (a) would have failed normally but succeeded because the coin/currency was "legal tender" or (b) would have normally succeeded but failed because the coin/currency was "legal tender." or (c) court proceedings that would have gone one way, but went another because the coin/currency was "legal tender."
In other words, are there actually any circumstances where these magic words actually do anything to affect a transaction, or are they just words we put on our currency?  I can find countless references explaining that parties do not have to accept some coins, but nothing offering a case where someone is actually obliged by this law.


texts: How novel does a Stack Overflow answer need to be from a copyright perspective?

texts:
As I understand, when I post something on Stack Overflow (or other Stack Exchange sites), I have copyright on the contents of the post and I've licensed significant redistribution and re-licensing rights to Stack Overflow.

Sometimes, answering a Stack Overflow question is as simple as quoting/paraphrasing a section from documentation or some other resource.

If I post an answer that contains nothing except paraphrased or lightly edited information directly from another source (and link to that source), am I in the wrong by granting redistribution rights on this content to Stack Overflow?


texts: Do I need a TV licence to watch internet live streams?

texts:
I am aware I need a TV licence to watch any live TV (including via the channel’s online catchup service), and I need a TV licence in order to watch any content on iPlayer.
In the answer here: https://law.stackexchange.com/a/53694/628, it’s suggested that some live streams would count as TV.
I am interested as to exactly what counts as live TV. Presumably, a YouTube or Twitch live stream doesn’t count. Does watching a football match on Amazon Prime, or BT Sport, count as live TV? Or if Netflix were to start live streams?


texts: Enable downloading non-commercial use material from a commercial app

texts:
This question is related to this one Copyrights of material that would be used for both commercial and non-commercially.

I am developing mobile app that contains ads and premium paid option. In short, it is a commercial app. I want to give the ability to my user to download and listen to materials that was licensed as non-commercial use.

My question is:
Is giving the ability to the user to download those materials from their original source via the app and listen to them via the app violate the non-commercial use condition? I mean I will not include them by default and will not advertise that the app contains those material when downloading/buying it.

If it was OK, does hosting the files on my server change the answer? (Keeping in mind that I will put all information about the original materials and to who it belongs and the original link)

Based on the answer to my previous question (Copyrights of material that would be used for both commercial and non-commercially), I suppose that this question will get the same answer. However, my concern is that why it is OK, for example, for commercial web-browser to be used to navigate, download and listen to such non-commercial materials but it is not allowed for the app I am developing to do the basically the same. The materials are not included by default and the app does a lot of other things that is not related to those material. However, downloading and listing to those materials is optional and up to the user request.

I just want to be clear that I am not trying to avoid buying a commercial-license but I found no way to get in touch the owner/owners. Furthermore, there are tons of app and websites that are redistribution those material freely and putting ads or charging the user for the traffic. The owner/owners seem not interested in suing anyone but in the same time did not clearly stated that the materials are for Public Domain and I want to stay in the safe side.


texts: Am I liable if trespassers on my private property injure themselves?

texts: If people trespass on my property (i.e. walk through my backyard without my permission) and they get injured (i.e. trip and break an arm or a tree branch falls on their head), am I liable under Georgia law?


texts:
I live on the first floor of a house in Connecticut with neighbors in different floors. We share the same parking lot which has a reasonable amount of parking spots. The problem is, this one neighbor keeps parking behind a car and blocking the way out. One time, her car was parked behind mine and I couldn't take my car to school in the morning (I'm employed by the school so I make my income there for what it's worth.).

I really hope there's a way I can rectify this situation legally because this has been happening way too frequently. Can I have her car towed or is there any authority I can report to? Attached is a photo that shows what keeps happening.


texts: Does GDPR Prohibit Reading Unsolicited Emails?

texts:
I originally asked this question on Information Security and it was suggested it was a better fit over here.

I'm a member of the management committee of an allotment society in the UK. The committee maintains a list of society members' email addresses to keep in contact with them. Before GDPR started on the 25th of May this year an email was sent to all members on this list asking them to opt in to future communications. Most members replied positively.

At a meeting last night, the Secretary of the committee said that she had received emails from members who had not opted in advising of health and safety issues on the site. She said the National Allotment Society's policy was that these emails could not even be read because of GDPR. She added that an email was then sent to the original sender advising of this.

I have looked what GDPR says about emails and it seems to concentrate on not sending unsolicited emails and making sure that an organisation has explicit consent to store data.  From what I understand we have a lawful reason to process this email but we do not have explicit consent for anything.

My question is this: does GDPR prohibit reading unsolicited emails from people who have not explicitly opted in to a mailing list?


texts: What is the meaning of "revenue release" in a software package description? legal implications?

texts:
When trying to develop JavaCard with a current Java Card Development kit, the respective Oracle download page http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javasebusiness/downloads/java-archive-downloads-javame-419430.html#java_card_kit-classic-3_0_4-rr-bin-do has a threatening name addition to the newest JavaCard packages:

These are marked "Revenue Release".

What does that mean?

Do you have to share a fixed or relative part of your revenue? Is there some other indirect meaning or legal implication to this?

I couldn't find anything on this term by a web search or in the license terms, but then, IANAL. So I am asking here.

Does the term "revenue release" have a common or specific legal meaning?


texts: Photos taken inside private home by guest without permission

texts:
Alice meets Bob on a dating app and invites him to her place to have good time with him. Bob takes photos of the place's interior (walls, furniture etc.) without Alice's knowledge (and so without her explicit permission).
Bob keeps the photos for himself and does not share/upload anywhere.
Some time later Bob chats with Alice and shows her the photos. Alice becomes perturbed and accuses Bob of breaching her privacy.
If Alice takes this to the court, could she possibly be awarded any damages at all in any jurisdiction? If not, is this sort of thing that Bobs can do without facing any consequences, even though technically it may be called breach of privacy?


texts: Copyright infringment: using dictionary definitions

texts:
I am planning to build an online web app and a mobile app for learning vocabulary.

Functions:
- User can create lists (eg. personalities, phrasal verbs etc.) and add words to the list with definitions.
- These list can be made public.

If users were to copy dictionary definitions, for instance Oxford or Cambridge) and make the word lists public, is it a copyright infringement? Am I responsible for this activity? Can dictionary owners charge me against copyright issue?


texts: settling an estate when named party is missing

texts:
Son/daughter who is a named recipient in will/trust broke off all communication a decade ago, whereabouts unknown despite parents/siblings searching (without legal/professional help).

How would this impact settling the estate?

All terms used colloquially.


texts: Could there be legal reprecussions for using a TV show/Anime/Series as a design for T-Shirts?

texts: For example, if I wanted to make a T-shirt of a character for the Arrow Tv series, but I drew it myself/designed it myself. Is it legal for me to sell products (T-shirts) of it?


texts: To comply with GDPR, do I need passwords hashed?

texts:
I currently have a website that will be going live soon. The passwords are hashed. Is that all I need to do to comply with General Data Protection Regulation's encryption article?

Please cite and refer to any specific article number that applies, where possible.


texts: Can I compare my product to another brands similar product on my website?

texts:
I have a product that is better in some ways as the competitors product.

To show my potential customer why it is better I would like to compare my product with the product of a competior so he can directly see the differences.

Now am I allowed to show the product of the competitor with logo?

Lets say I am Pepsi and want to show that my bottles are higher as the ones from Coca-Cola. Would I (as pepsi) be allowed to compare a pepsi and a coca-cola bottle side to side? with the brand names totally visible?

and if not am I allowed to change the logo on the coca-cola bottle to for example coka-cola in exactly the same logo design so the viewer directly thinks about coca-cola eventho its not directly stated?


texts:
I am involved in maintaining few sports statistics systems. Of course, these systems are full of personal data. It is important to keep a list of players in a hockey game and a name associated with a result in a running event. Even more - the date of birth is also important in many cases.

Currently databases store and publicly display all of this information. Here you have a few examples:

https://www.iaaf.org/records/by-category/u18-world-best-performance
http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=8627

Can this still be justified under GDPR or will databases have to hunt the people one by one and ask for their consent?


texts: Cost of preparing pleadings: Disbursement vs Fees

texts:
Source: Ontario Small Claims Court - A Practical Guide (2011). pp. 258-259.

  §14.15 "Reasonable disbursements" are to include the following, unless the
  court orders otherwise:

p. 258 Bottom

  Costs of preparing pleadings (Plaintiff's or Defendant's Claim and
  Defence). This is a new charge. It must not exceed $100. Before January 1, 2011, successful parties could claim as much as $50 for "preparation and filing of pleadings". This cost was a fee, not a disbursement,
  and it was meant to cover not only time spent in preparing pleadings
  but also filing them. Now, the cost is supposed to be a disbursement,
  but it relates only to preparation of pleadings, not filing them in court.
  It is arguable that this disbursement now covers reasonable legal fees
  charged to the client for preparing the Claim or Defence.
  Up until now, in general, lawyers' brush with Small Claims Court has
  been at the pleading stage only. They would draft the pleadings and
  then send the clients on to the trial to fend for themselves. If the client
  won the action, the judge would ask the client whether he was inter-
  ested in costs, and he would mainly answer affirmatively, and then
  claim the fee that he had paid his lawyer for drawing the Claim or Defence. Generally speaking, that disbursement was not allowed. Usually,

p. 259 Top

  lawyers' recoverable compensation occurred when they represented
  party in court. Now, since the beginning of 201 1, a successful plaintiff
  or defendant may request as costs the fee charged by the lawyer (or
  paralegal) for drafting the pleading, up to $100. The size of the fee is
  rather minimal, but it was based on the recognition that costs are not
  intended to be a full indemnity but rather a partial indemnity, as we
  have seen from the earlier discussion of the components of costs.

I read: Disbursements (that is, the law firm's out of pocket expenses) will be accounted for, and added to the bill. This from p. 260 states more about 'costs' vs 'fees'.

Yet I still don't understand the bolded sentence's apparent distinction of 'disbursement' vs 'fees.'


texts: Why create an intellectual property holding company as a parent, subsidiary, or separate entity?

texts:
Most of the examples of intellectual property holding companies I've seen via web searches utilize a wholly owned subsidiary of a parent company to hold IP and then lease it back to the parent company (e.g., Dunkin' Donuts with DD IP Holder, LLC).  What prevents the IPHC subsidiary from being included in a judgement against its parent company?

In a hypothetical scenario, would utilizing a parent company as the IP holder and a subsidiary as the operational entity provide better IP asset protection than the reverse? Would creating an entirely separate entity provide even more protection?


texts: Can parents withhold their birth certificate/marriage license from their kids

texts:
I had a falling-out with my parents awhile ago. Haven't talked to them in almost two years. They were born in the Czech Republic.

I am wanting to apply for a dual citizenship in CZ, which is easy as long as your parents were born in Czech. All they require is a copy of your parent's birth certificates as well as a copy of their marriage license.

Two weeks ago, I sent my parents a letter, asking them for these documents, along with a return envelope, but it seems like they are unwilling to cooperate.

Is there a way to get these documents, legally, in order that I might be able to obtain my dual CZ citizenship?


texts:
I recently stumbled upon a website where people gamble for Counter Strike: Global Offensive skins called CS:GO Jackpot. And to my surprise, it is extremely popular.

Is it legal for those running CS:GO Jackpot to do this? Do they need a gambling license?


texts:
In an NDA, the Disclosing Party made a clause that any and all ideas generated by the Disclosing Part and labelled confidential are the property of the Disclosing Property and cannot be released without the consent of the Disclosing Party.

However, the individual in the Disclosing Party who had generated the ideas (and continues to do so) is a minor below the age of 18. I am concerned that there may be a law in there state of Rhode Island that may make it such that the child can't be apart of the Disclosing Party due to his status as a minor (of course, a guardian would sign for him). While I haven't found any laws indicating this, they may exist (our state is very poor with publishing this kind of information).

In order to make sure that the confidential information that may be developed during the term of the NDA remains available to the minor, would adding in a parent who is over 18 to the list of members in the Disclosing Party prevent the court from striking down the NDA under the premise that the Disclosing Party can't be made up of minors? In this case, I am guessing that the rights to the confidential information would solely go to the guardian in the Disclosing Party. Thank you.


texts: What is the difference between Common Law and Civil Law in the U.S.?

texts: Is there a difference between Common Law and Civil Law in the U.S., and if so, what is it?


texts: Does the Residential Tenancies Act apply when renting a room in a multi-bedroom apartment'

texts:
I've read through the Nova Scotia Residential Tenancies Act, and my understanding is that if an individual rents a room from the Lease Holder of a multi-bedroom apartment (and the leasee is also staying in the apartment), and that the new individual is not added to the original lease, they will still have a Tenant-Landlord relationship, but it will be with the person they are renting from (and that person would have a Tenant-Landlord relationship with the landlord of the property). Some provinces have exceptions to the RTA if the landlord and the "tenant" share common areas like the kitchen and bathroom, but I see no such exceptions in Nova Scotia.

Specifically, Section 3, Application of Act, states:

  (1) Notwithstanding any agreement, declaration, waiver or statement to the contrary, this Act applies when the relation of landlord and tenant exists between a person and an individual in respect of residential premises.

  (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the relation of landlord and tenant is deemed to exist in respect of residential premises between an individual and a person when an individual

    (a) possesses or occupies residential premises and has paid or agreed to pay rent to the person;

    (b) makes an agreement with the person by which the individual is granted the right to possess or occupy residential premises in consideration of the payment of or promise to pay rent;

    (c) has possessed or occupied residential premises and has paid or agreed to pay rent to the person. R.S., c. 401, s. 3.

And section 2(j) states:

  (j) tenant” means

    (i)   an individual who has paid or agreed to pay rent tooccupy residential premises,

    (ii)  an individual who is permitted to occupy residentialpremises under an assignment or sublet to which the landlord hasconsented under Section 9B, and

    (iii)  an heir, assign or personal representative of an individ-ual referred to in subclause (i) or (ii);

I want to verify that I'm understanding the Act correctly, and that the RTA does apply to both parties (the original leasee and his landlord, and the leasee and his tenant).


texts: How do I collect on a judgement against a debtor who only deals in cash?

texts:
How  do I collect  on a judgement  against a debtor who is all cash? They have no bank account and rent everything or pay other people for things.

The only options I can see are:

Follow them home from work EVERY DAY with a police officer to take their pay.
Enter their house and take their financed  furniture.
Take their worthless financed cars.

Is there anything  else I can do? Judgment  is 10k. Garnishment  doesn't work because they understate income. I have reported them for tax evasion  and drug use but police don't care.


texts: Big corporation in the UK, Intellectual Property and a Contract

texts:
I've recently been offered a job at a large technology corporation based in the UK. I've yet to sign the contract but I found something in it which concerns me.

  Intellectual property, ideas and inventions
      Any Ideas or Inventions you have or make or any Materials that you create or develop in the course of your employment with us and/or using our equipment or materials will (subject to the provisions of the Patents Act 1977 and Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988) automatically, on creation of the same, be the absolute property of the Company. By signing this contract you’re agreeing to take all actions required by the Company to protect the Invention or Idea or Materials and to pass ownership to the Company. You also agree to waive all of your moral rights under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988.

  Ideas include (without limit) patents, domain names, trademarks (whether registerable or not), designs, utility models, copyright or any applications made for these and the right to apply for them in any part of the world. Inventions include (without limitation) any discoveries, creations, inventions or improvements and/or additions to an invention (whether patentable or not and whether or not recorded in any medium), confidential information, know how, business names, moral rights and any similar rights in any country. Materials include (without limit) any documents, designs or computer programs on any media.

Does this mean, once I sign the contract, while working under this company all my ideas are owned by the company? I would have thought any ideas or works I create while using their equipment would be theirs but things created on my own time using my own equipment would be mine.

Does this mean my ideas are all owned by the company I will be working for?

If that's the case I'm very concerned. And if it is the case is this considered the norm for contracts with large technology companies?


texts: To whom does the Vice President of India submit his resignation?

texts:
In India, the Vice-President shall submit his resignation to the President. But my question is:

In the absence of the President, the Vice-President shall submit his resignation to____?


texts: GitHub - Can I legally commit proprietary source code in a private repository?

texts:
I maintain an open-source application project, which I committed in a public GitHub repository. The source code I wrote is open-source (under MIT license) and owned by me, however it depends on a third-party library, for which the source code is proprietary of its providing company.
Of course I bought a copy of this library, however for practical reasons I want to create a private GitHub repository, on which I think commit this proprietary source code and link it as a sub-module in my public application project.
I performed a test to check if a thus created private sub-module may be accessed by anyone from my public application project, and it seems it's not the case, although the sub-module appears as a link, which is exactly what I wanted: an access to this sub-module for me exclusively, and no access for any person which just want to get my source code.
However is a such practical legal? I.e can I commit the proprietary source code of another company in a private repository I own, if this repository cannot be accessed by other persons than me?


texts:
In the movie Denial (and obviously in real life too) David Irving sues Deborah Lipstadt in the British courts not the American courts.

How does that work? Can people sue other people in foreign countries and force them to respond?

Is she forced to either attend/settle, or can she ignore it?


texts: Can online physical threats be reported as crimes and to what agency?

texts:
Someone has made repeated physical threats (essentially, that they will beat me up) in multiple FB discussions. This person presents themselves under their real identity (is not a troll with a fake name) and I know that because we used to be friends and still have mutual friends. We live in different US states but the threats, of which I have screenshots, were made in a different language though I am sure it can easily be certifiably translated.
Can I report these threats to a law enforcement agency and which agency should it be, considering we live in different jurisdictions?


texts: Could "Brutus is an honorable man" be a defamatory statement in the U.K.?

texts:
"Brutus is an honorable man" is not a defamatory statement on its face. That, I believe, would satisfy U.S. law.

But the quote was from Shakespeare. And the context was an ironic way of implying that Brutus is not an honorable man.

English libel law is more favorable to plaintiffs than is U.S. law. So has anyone gotten into trouble in the U.K. for making a sarcastic comment that implied the opposite of what was nominally being said?

Here's how it might play out in practice:

  "Jane Doe goes out to bars most nights. She is a chaste, virtuous woman.
  Jane Doe is seen with a different man most nights. She is a chaste, virtuous woman.
  Jane Doe hangs out with the "Wild Girls." They are chaste, virtuous women. So are they all."

Would a defendant have to prove that the underlying assertions were true to have a solid defense? Or is the statement, "she is a chaste, virtuous woman" be sufficiently non-libelous by itself?


texts: Does returning an illegal product back to the seller for the refund make one liable for said product distribution?

texts: Suppose you purchased a product on eBay, realized that it was likely illegal (like a bootleg copy of the advertised copyrighted product), and returned it. Does the act of returning the product make you liable for its distribution? If one views the return and refund as a nullification of the original transaction maybe not, but if you consider the act of purchase and the act of the return as two separate actions then maybe the return is a kind of distribution, isn't it?


texts: Is it legal to write PhD theses for other people?

texts:
I got an offer from a newspaper to make my story public on how I wrote a lot of PhD's for paying customers. Do I have to fear legal consequences and what would happen if I make it public (without naming the customers)? I didn't wrote in "dangerous" fields like chemistry or medicine. Only in following fields:

Physics
Mathematics
Computer Science
Biology
Philosophy
German
French
Law
Economy
Scandinavistic
Molecular Biology
Psychology
Etc.

As far as I know, I don't have to fear any legal consequences. But I wanted to ask here to be sure. And do I have to fear problems with lawyers when I go to public with my story? Like they will force me to name my customers? I want to protect my customers - it would be bad for business.

This is a totally theoretical question. I am not asking for legal advice.


texts: Were any laws broken in the publishing of Trump's tax returns?

texts: The New York Times have just published what they claim to be part of Donald Trump's tax return. Assuming their claim is true and that Trump and anyone who had legal representation rights for him did not authorize any release of the documents did the New York Times break any laws in either publishing or acquiring these documents? Or would it be safe to assume that whoever released these documents broke a law?


texts: What does the law say about the cloning of RFID tags?

texts:
In the UK, what does the law say regarding the legality of cloning RFID tags that you own, but did not generate?

I'm particularly interested in cases like the Mifare Classic tags, where you may need to perform an exploit to find encryption keys in order to clone the tag.


texts: How to find an information about corporate assets?

texts:
In continuation to my other question here.
We are trying to prepare yourselves to file a lawsuit against one of the contractors who did a lot of damage during renovations.

My question right now, is it possible, and how, to find out what assets the corporation has?
Is it even public information?


texts: Non competitve agreement during probation period

texts:
Quick question- does the non competitive agreement apply during the probation period of 6 months? Or is that depending on the company?.. Im waiting for my contract to come through as i recently got a job offer. I am also waiting for an interview for another job in the similar field and position and if i get that job then im most likely to consider it.

Any advice/ help is much appreciated!

Thank you!


texts: How to avoid inflated/bogus settlement demands in auto accident in California

texts:
Involved in an accident in California, and the other party has hired an atty to request policy limits. Other party was not seriously injured (paramedics left after thoroughly inspecting the other party for 5 minutes and getting the signature of the other party for refusal of ambulance and further medical treatment). Police left after 3 minutes after seeing no one was seriously hurt and getting consent of both drivers.
In the past, experienced a case where GEICO just paid out the full policy limit right away, even though other party's total medical bills and treatment were less than 1/10th of that (minor injuries). Other party in that case had radio silence for a year and ignored GEICO's attempts to reach out, then suddenly hired an atty. Other party's attorney tacked on bogus items to the claim to make it exactly the policy limit and GEICO did not bother to fight, even though some items would have clearly had no evidence to substantiate them.
Am concerned that this case might turn into last time again. How can I encourage GEICO to fight bogus claim items assuming that I give them permission to disclose? Is this just a thing where they don't bother, simply pay the limits and move on, since they'll just collect higher premiums anyway? Does paying the full policy limits increase the premium substantially?


texts: What is the theory that allows a state to appeal a judgment of its own supreme court to the US Supreme Court?

texts:
Suppose John Doe is facing criminal prosecution in Florida. He raises a 4th Amendment issue, and the Florida Supreme Court grants him relief. At this point, the state of Florida can appeal to the US Supreme Court, and the US Supreme Court can, if it chooses, review the judgment of the Florida Supreme Court.

What puzzles me is this: at this point, there is no federal harm to either party. True, the Florida Supreme Court might have used an erroneous federal constitutional theory to tie the hands of the Florida Attorney General, but nothing in the US Constitution says they can't do that.

What is the justification that prevents this from being considered an abstract question?


texts: Can a foreigner win small court claim in the US without appearing in court?

texts:
This question is general; the details below are given to explain the context it came from rather than to ask for specific legal advice.

I recently spent one night at a hotel in Georgia, US. Before turning the lights off I noted a bug on the nightstand but that did not trigger alarms in my mind for some reason.

The next morning I noted swelling, red skin on my neck but did not look into why it was so as I was in hurry to pack my things and leave the hotel. An hour later when the affected area was itching and sore I finally understood that I had been bitten by bed bugs.

According to this article, to be successful in suing a hotel for bed bugs one needs "to show that the hotel either failed to properly deal with a known infestation, or that it didn’t appropriately inspect the premises".

I have done some research and found a few reviews of that hotel where people reported bed bugs and the hotel staff responded, which, in my opinion, should be sufficient proof that the infestation was known to the hotel. Also I have taken photos of the affected areas of my body.

Now, according to this manual on filing a small/magistrate court claim in Georgia:

  The plaintiff must appear in court on the day of the hearing, or the
  judge may ... Allow the defendant to present testimony and give a
  judgment, without hearing from the plaintiff.

That night in the hotel was the last one on my trip to the US — now I am home far away. I am therefore trying to weight the practical likelyhood of winning this case without appearing in court in person and instead doing all communication remotely. What I would like to claim is a compensation for pain and suffering, and the expenses for inspecting and washing my clothes and bed linen at home. A live bug fell off my wallet on arrival home:

So, the question is: how feasible is it for a foreigner to win a magistrate/small court case in Georgia, US without appearing in court because of being home far away?


texts: Is it legal for restaurants to not pay their courier the tips we pay them? I used SkipTheDishes and paid 15% in tip and the driver told me that the tip is given to the restaurant and not to him, which I didn't believe at all, but then the app said that the restaurant is managing its own delivery, so I wondered if there was a legal loophole that allow restaurants to not give the tip you intended to give the courier and fill their own pockets? Can SkipTheDishes or the restaurants doing this be sued?


texts: What is the format of an affidavit of declaration for signing in the vernacular language of a deceased person?

texts:
A person has signed in her vernacular language in some official documents and she has passed away. In her identity document, her name is written in English. As a nominee, her son is asked to provide an affidavit which will declare that the person who has signed in vernacular language and the person whose identity proof is going to be provided are the same.

What could be written in the affidavit for such case?


texts: Was it formerly illegal for a woman to be president of the United States?

texts: Was there some statute or other law a century ago that said only males could serve as president?  If so, when did that change (if in fact it did)?


texts: What is the purpose of a disclaimer like "this is not legal advice"?

texts:
If someone who is not a lawyer is giving out legal advice, does it make any difference if they include a disclaimer along the lines of "this is not legal advice"?

For the purposes of this question, I assume legal advice means one party instructing another party on how to comply with laws (like a consultant might do).

Do they disclaim some kind of liability? Do they merely avoid suggesting they are lawyers when they're not?


texts: Why require unanimous jury for 'not guilty' verdict?

texts: People say that the rationale for requiring unanimous jury decisions is rooted in favouritism of the defendant. But is that true? Without referencing certain game theoretic experiments/models, it seems unusually unfair to require that all jurors vote "not guilty" in order to be acquitted. If a minority of jurors believes in the accused's innocence, it seems like the unanimity requirement may push this minority towards voting "guilty" despite their beliefs.


texts: Could a charity manufacture patented medications for free?

texts:
Let's say there is a patented medication that is very effective and very expensive at the pharmacy, say $1,000/dose. But also assume that the medicine only costs $1 to formulate - most of the "cost" was in the research.

I understand that a competing company cannot legally manufacture and sell a patented medicine to consumers. However, could a nonprofit legally manufacture and give away the patented medicine for free?


texts: Can someone legally withhold showing their arms to a school counselor?

texts:
Here's a scenario I've always been curious about.

Suppose that a 15-year-old high school student in Oregon, USA, is called into the counselor's office because he was reported for having scars on his forearms. The counselor (who the student has no choice in going to see) requests/demands to see the student's arms.

Can the student legally refrain from showing his forearms to the counselor?


texts: My pregnant wife is experiencing a lot of stress at work due to an incompetent manager. What are her rights?

texts:
My wife has had a new boss a few months back. He does not understand the role his team plays in the organisation.

He has tried to force (he uses the word encourage) my wife to take up work that is not in the purview of her role.

He has tried to get her to take on work that other teams have to do (this is documented in the process), all under the name of improving working environment.

He has tried to force (again encourage according to him) her to change her personal development goals in the company.

My wife is 5 months into pregnancy and a few days back I had to take her to the A&E after she complained about severe abdominal pains. This followed an extremely stressful 2 hour long meeting with her boss.

I have observed that she is stressed every time there is a meeting with her boss.

What are her legal rights? She does not want to quit her job. She has absolutely no confidence in the HR.

Can she talk to the doctor and get off for a few days without affecting her maternity leave?


texts: Can I trademark a logo that contains a font licensed under SIL OFL?

texts:
I am trying to determine whether I am able to use an OFL font in my UK trademark.

From the research I have performed myself, I have determined that OFL fonts can be used in logos, as shown here: http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=OFL-FAQ_web#c26665c2

At this point I would assume this means trademarking a logo that contains an OFL font would be fine as a lot of logos are trademarked.

I scanned the page for any mention of the word trademark and found this: http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=OFL-FAQ_web#69733fb4

  3.7 If a trademark is claimed in the OFL font, does that trademark need to remain in modified fonts?

  Answer: Yes. Any trademark notices must remain in any derivative fonts
  to respect trademark laws, but you may add any additional trademarks
  you claim, officially registered or not. For example if an OFL font
  called "Foo" contains a notice that "Foo is a trademark of Acme", then
  if you rename the font to "Bar" when creating a Modified Version, the
  new trademark notice could say "Foo is a trademark of Acme Inc. - Bar
  is a trademark of Roadrunner Technologies Ltd.". Trademarks work
  alongside the OFL and are not subject to the terms of the licensing
  agreement. The OFL does not grant any rights under trademark law. Bear
  in mind that trademark law varies from country to country and that
  there are no international trademark conventions as there are for
  copyright. You may need to significantly invest in registering and
  defending a trademark for it to remain valid in the countries you are
  interested in. This may be costly for an individual independent
  designer.

I am trying to determine if this means I can or can't use the OFL font in a trademark, but the terminology is confusing me and this is where I would like assistance.

As for the logo itself, it is 4 letters long all of which use the OFL font. The fourth letter is heavily modified to make the logo a little more unique so that it is not purely made up from the font.

Thanks in advance.


texts: GDPR for dummies: can I track anonymous data? can I track how many people accept / refuse my new cookie policy?

texts:
is it legal following the GDPR law, to track anonymous data without consent?

I was reading many articles, but GDPR is so broad, there is so much information that receiving a simple answer as that, seems impossible.

The question is this:

Can I track anonymously, how many people refuse / accept the new cookie consent policy on my website? or do the ones who refuse fall into a black hole?


texts: Why can't federal courts issue advisory opinions?

texts:
In the United States, federal courts are not allowed to issue advisory opinions under the "case or controversy" requirement specified in the Constitution. Many states also do not allow their courts to issue advisory opinions.

Why are advisory opinions prohibited? What's the rationale for the "case or controversy" requirement?


texts: In a multi-defendant federal case where judge has dismissed all but one federal claim and the federal claim goes to final judgment in plaintiff's favor and plaintiff appeals judge's decision to dismiss the state claims; what would happen with supplemental jurisdiction over those state claims?


texts: Why is use of force justified in this way?

texts:
Typically when we see an officer on the media for their use of force, even when the other person was a danger, we see the general public retort with something of the form "lesser force could have been used! Therefore, he was excessive!"

However, correct me if I'm wrong, in most jurisdictions it's more about whether or not another officer would have reasonably responded with similar use of force and not whether a lesser amount of force was possible. I understand that.

But why is that the case? I actually agree with the law in this case generally, I'm just not sure exactly why. Is this because we can just "one-down" every use of force. For example, if it's too much force for an officer to shoot an aggressive, armed man because "he could have tased him" then can't we then argue a taser is excessive because the officer could have tried to disarm the suspect by hand? Is my rationale consistent with how laws justify use of force or is there a different justification?


texts:
Long story short:

  If you plead guilty to a charge from some specific state (say Alaska) and accept a plea bargain in exchange, can the federal government then come in and charge you separately for the same crimes (perhaps under different federal statutes) then use your guilty plea to the state level charges as evidence against you for a larger case?

Long story long, my brother is currently incarcerated in Alaska on drug-related charges awaiting trial and was recently offered a seemingly light plea deal. He tells us horror stories of other people in the penitentiary who've pled guilty to state-level charges with a good plea deal only to be railroaded by the feds with a decades long sentence, using the guilty plea to lesser state-level charges as evidence in a larger case.

Can he be prosecuted on both federal, and state level charges for the same crime? If so, can the feds use his state-level guilty plea?


texts: Can my sibling kick me out of an inherited house?

texts: My father passed away passed 7 years ago and my siblings have been living in the house since. The house is mortgage free and it has been equally inherited by all the children. I recently lost my job and have moved back into the house, but my sibling is threatening to kick me out of the house and remove my claim to the house due to me not paying any bills related to the house over the years. Is this actually possible? What can I do in this situation?


texts: Is it illegal for a parent to refuse to pay medical expenses with child support in the USA?

texts:
I am asking one a friend's behalf.

My friend's parents are divorced, my friend (18, F) is living with her mother and her mother's boyfriend (not married to each other). The mother receives child support however refuses to pay for health insurance. My friend is left without medical coverage, has not been to a doctor for a routine checkup in two years and has not been to a dentist for six years. She is worried about the state of her teeth, but as mentioned she does not have the finances to visit a dentist.

Is it illegal for the mother to refuse to cover the child's health needs?


texts: Could i "Publish" a Open-Source Game/Software on a Platform without consens of the Development Team

texts:
If i saw a Software or Game that is Open-Source (like on GitHub).
Could i be something like a "Publisher" and take this Open-Source Game and put it on a Platform (like Steam) and put my Number as a Publisher without a consensus of the Developers of the Software/Game?

I saw that a Game under GPL on Github, that was make Open-Source after a it was already Published by another Company, was put on Steam (in a very broken State, which results in Work in the Developer Team that they respond to issues that this version has) from an "Random-Guy"

Example is Warzone 2100 which was Release in 3 March 1999 by Eidos Interactive, developed by   Pumpkin Studios. This was then Open-Soure in 2004. Recently i saw it on Steam and was digging a bit and saw that many People had issues and was saying that this shouldn't be on Steam. I saw that there the Publisher was a Single-Person which just put it on Steam. In the GitHub Tickets i also saw that the developers don't agree with this being on Steam. But it isn't taken down till know.

So my Question is: Could i just put some Open-Source Software (which was maybe already published by another Company) on a Platform?

For Example: Like for Example i could take the Game "freeCiv" and put myself as the "Main-Developer" and "Publisher" on a Platform like Steam and upload an Older/buggy Version?


texts: How legally enforceable is this "opt-out" practice

texts:
I received an email from my bank a couple days ago that really has me floored, and I question how it can be legal. The email itself was a short blurb similar to the "We've updated our terms of service" emails, with a link to a document describing what was actually going on. The document itself is an "Arbitration and Waiver of class action." The effective date is defined as "the 61st day after we provide ... [this notice] to you." You have the option to opt out, in writing to a P.O. box. If you don't jump through these hoops "you will be deemed to have consented to [arbitration]." There is also a clause that it is retroactively enforceable if the claims "relate to conduct that happened [before this notice]."

It seems ludicrous to me that the process is

Read bland email and click link to access actual information (action required)
Read document that goes into effect at undefined date
Write a letter with intent to opt-out (action required). No mention of what information to include, and I hope you have envelopes and stamps at the ready otherwise there's another hoop to jump through.

This feels to me like getting people to agree to contracts they've never seen. Can the bank do this? Are companies allowed to create contracts with anything they want in them, and apply them to you because you didn't read an email and subsequently jump through 5 hoops? Is this practice legally enforceable? How does this differ from me dropping off a letter in all my neighbors mailboxes stating that if they don't come to my place with an engraved card stating intent to opt-out, they're agreeing to send me $100 per month for eternity? What do you mean, they had the chance to opt-out!

The actual notice here.


texts: How many years could Chauvin get for tax fraud?

texts: Derek Chauvin was charged with nine counts of felony tax fraud. I looked up the maximum sentence for tax evasion. It is five years. Does this mean that, from taxes alone, Chauvin is eligible for 45 years with multiplication. Is that true?


texts: What should happen if I ask Proxy / VPN provider about their service illegal use against me?

texts:
Let's say I am running a website that somebody is trying to hack, from the logs I got that he is using mostly VPN servers of X company.

So, even if the VPN company adverts themselves for being 100% anonymous (so-called no-logs policy), how will they cooperate if I could prove that their service is used by someone in an illegal way and it hurts me directly?


texts:
Fastest Way to become a US Citizen →

In general, getting a US citizenship is a tedious process it takes a lot of time.

If someone starts a Business in the USA after coming from India and gives employment to Americans can such a person avail his citizenship in very few years?

Can some knowledgeable person help me regarding this?


texts: If someone was charged with 15 counts but was only indicted on 2, can the prosecutor introduce evidence at sentencing of charges that we not indicted?

texts: I just have a question about information being presented that a defendant was not indicted on. If someone was charged with 15 counts of a crime but was only indicted on 2 counts, can the prosecutor introduce evidence at sentencing of charges that the person was not indicted on? And if so isn't that denying the defendant his or her due process because that person was not indicted on those charges?


texts: I've tried googling for this, but haven't been able to come up with a definitive answer. How do I cite in a footnote in Bluebook format a contract between party A and party B signed in 2008?