texts: How can one use multi signature transactions/addresses to improve the security of their services?

texts: Multi signature transactions and addresses are heralded to be a good way to improve security of various Bitcoin services. However, how should one go about using them in order to achieve that goal? For example, how would an owner of an exchange, a shop, or a private user would be able to gain the most out of using multi signature transactions and/or addresses?


texts: How can I transfer my bitcoins from my wallet to a market place?

texts: I got a bitcoin coupon as a gift. I got the bitcoins into my wallet (Bread). Now I would like to transfer those coins into a market place like eToro or similar to start by selling some of them. I haven't found a way how to do that so far. Any help would be very welcome.


texts: I used keypool=10000 in the conf file but bitcoin-cli -getinfo shows "keypoolsize":1000. Why?


texts:
I want my app to be able to create addresses and be notified when an address receives a deposit. What I've tried so far doesn't work reliably enough.

I've tried the Coinbase API (address callbacks didn't seem to work at all) and Blockchain.info (sometimes it works fine, but usually it takes several minutes to several hours for the callback to fire).

Are there other APIs that offer address creation with callbacks that don't involve running my own Bitcoin client, or is running your own client pretty much a necessity for reliable notification (within seconds)? Is anyone actually using Coinbase or Blockchain successfully? My service would need rather immediate notification of transfer (number of confirmations isn't important).


texts: I saw here that you can run bitcoin-cli getinfo to see the total number of connections that a node you're running is connected to.  Is there a way to get this information remotely?  For example, say I know that IP X.X.X.X is a bitcoin node, is there a way for me to ask it what nodes it is currently connected to?  Similar to how I can getaddr it?


texts:
About bitcoin,
Which is more anonymous?

1.using mixing service(I heard there are many fraud)

2.buying with amazon gift card in Paxful


texts: How to import multi sig using importmulti correctly?

texts:
I create a 2 of 2 with createmultisig using 02254aba14091e45a9067fbe5b225b3863d1c49650226d583dcede06a7c33f8613 and 02ad64a03b7fc53c02f68eac04743b819bfeeabe6ca7007f473dbaf7c3570f5dc9 pubkeys.

I then

curl --data-binary '{"jsonrpc": "1.0", "id":"curltest", "method": "importmulti", "params":[[{ "scriptPubKey": { "address": "2NETfDLgh1VmER2RGRnEeWqx73Hn4xhJpU5" }, "label": "Imported MultiSig", "timestamp": "now", "keypool": false, "internal": false, "redeemscript": "522102254aba14091e45a9067fbe5b225b3863d1c49650226d583dcede06a7c33f86132102ad64a03b7fc53c02f68eac04743b819bfeeabe6ca7007f473dbaf7c3570f5dc952ae", "pubkeys": ["02254aba14091e45a9067fbe5b225b3863d1c49650226d583dcede06a7c33f8613", "02ad64a03b7fc53c02f68eac04743b819bfeeabe6ca7007f473dbaf7c3570f5dc9"] }], ''{"rescan": false}''] }' -H 'content-type: text/plain;' http://user:password@127.0.0.1:18332/

Which returns a warning:

success = 1;
            warnings =             (
                "Importing as non-solvable: redeemScript does not match the scriptPubKey. If this is intentional, don't provide any keys, pubkeys, witnessscript, or redeemscript."
            );

I am using the address and redemption script createmultisig returns.

What am I doing wrong? Why is the redemption script incorrect?

My goal is to add the multi sig wallet to my node so that I can build transactions with the wallet without having to manually input the redemption script.


texts:
An article released by Blockstream claims that after Segwit, SPV clients can verify that transactions have been accepted by the network without having to download the signatures/witness-data.

I'm trying to understand why this was not possible pre-Segwit. Why was the signature data a part of what's sent to an SPV client, when it was of no use to them anyway?


texts: Is there a way to generate a brain wallet from the command line or console?

texts:
Is there complete solution for console to generate brain wallet? Something like:

echo "sausage" | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' | rmd160 -x | blablabla

I'm read this article: https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Technical_background_of_Bitcoin_addresses

0-1) I'm skip generation public key from private, and start with it like it was a brain wallet "sausage":

2) - Perform a sha256sum from pubkey:

# echo -n 0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6 \
| xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}'
600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408

3) - Perform RIPEMD-160 hashing on the result of SHA-256:

# echo -n 600FFE422B4E00731A59557A5CCA46CC183944191006324A447BDB2D98D4B408 \
| xxd -r -p | openssl rmd160
010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee

4) - Add version byte in front of RIPEMD-160 hash (0x00 for Main Network)

# echo 010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee \
| sed -e 's/^/00/'
00010966776006953d5567439e5e39f86a0d273bee

5) - Perform SHA-256 hash on the extended RIPEMD-160 result

# echo -n 00010966776006953D5567439E5E39F86A0D273BEE \
| xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}'
445c7a8007a93d8733188288bb320a8fe2debd2ae1b47f0f50bc10bae845c094

6) - Perform SHA-256 hash on the result of the previous SHA-256 hash

# echo -n 445C7A8007A93D8733188288BB320A8FE2DEBD2AE1B47F0F50BC10BAE845C094 \
| xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}'
d61967f63c7dd183914a4ae452c9f6ad5d462ce3d277798075b107615c1a8a30

7) - Take the first 4 bytes of the second SHA-256 hash. This is the address checksum

# echo d61967f63c7dd183914a4ae452c9f6ad5d462ce3d277798075b107615c1a8a30 \
| cut -b 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
d61967f6

Am I correct?

8) - Add the 4 checksum bytes from stage 7 at the end of extended RIPEMD-160 hash from stage 4. This is the 25-byte binary Bitcoin Address.

concatenate

9)  - Convert the result from a byte string into a base58 string using Base58Check encoding. This is the most commonly used Bitcoin Address form

I'm take base58 from here: https://github.com/grondilu/bitcoin-bash-tools/blob/master/bitcoin.sh

The result I have is:

declare -a base58=(
      1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    A B C D E F G H   J K L M N   P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
    a b c d e f g h i j k   m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
)

encodeBase58() {
    dc -e "16i ${1^^} [3A ~r d0<x]dsxx +f" |
    while read -r n; do echo -n "${base58[n]}"; done
}
stage24="$(echo -n 0450863AD64A87AE8A2FE83C1AF1A8403CB53F53E486D8511DAD8A04887E5B23522CD470243453A299FA9E77237716103ABC11A1DF38855ED6F2EE187E9C582BA6 \
    | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' \
    | xxd -r -p | openssl rmd160 | awk '{print $2}' \
    | sed -e 's/^/00/')"

stage57="$(echo $stage24 | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' \
    | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' \
    | cut -b 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)"

# stage 89
echo "1$(encodeBase58 "${stage24}${stage57}")"

Bingo!

16UwLL9Risc3QfPqBUvKofHmBQ7wMtjvM

According to Wiki: en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Wallet_import_format

Private Key before importing must be converted the similar way:

declare -a base58=(
      1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    A B C D E F G H   J K L M N   P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
    a b c d e f g h i j k   m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
)

encodeBase58() {
    dc -e "16i ${1^^} [3A ~r d0<x]dsxx +f" |
    while read -r n; do echo -n "${base58[n]}"; done
}

stage12="$(echo -n "18E14A7B6A307F426A94F8114701E7C8E774E7F9A47E2C2035DB29A206321725" | sed -e 's/^/80/')"
stage35="$(echo $stage12 | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}' | xxd -r -p | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}'  | cut -b 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)"

echo "$(encodeBase58 "${stage12}${stage35}")"

Now, I still have an question: How to make brain wallet like "sausage"?


texts: What are the advantages of Schnorr vs ECDSA?

texts:
I understand that Schnorr signatures provide an improvement on ECDSA in that they are a fixed 64 bytes instead of the longer ECDSA sig format, however, I don't see how this is an advantage over ECDSA in any situation except multisig.
With ECDSA, transactions can be signed & verified without needing to include the signer's pubkey in the message. However Schnorr (as described in the recent BIP) doesn't have that advantage, which means that for any transaction not from a multisig address, the necessary space to store all data necessary for verification would be 26 bytes cheaper under ECDSA (assuming a 64 byte Schnorr sig with a 33 byte compressed pubkey vs a ~71 byte ECDSA sig without a pubkey).
With regards to that, why is Schnorr receiving such focus? Do multisig transactions make up enough of Bitcoin's load that Schnorr would be that significant? And why has there been little to no focus on implementing transactions without storing pubkeys (which ethereum has been doing all along)?


texts: Importing private keys creates different address

texts:
How does importing private keys work?

I have previously imported the private key for a 1Archive... address into Bitcoin Core and noted then it added an address like 1AXbRq...  and I didn't follow it up further.

Today I have exported the private key for a 3... address from Bitcoin Core and imported it in Electrum. Electrum adds a 1... address and doesn't see any of the transactions.

How does this work? I understand that there is an underlying 1... address behind a SegWit address but how would I spend any BTC if it is not showing in my wallet balance? What else should I do?

If there is an answered question for this already on Bitcoin.SE I could not find it.

My private key begins with L.


texts: NXT Private blockchain changing the block generation time

texts:
By default the block time for nxt is 60 sec average this is question.

This parameter can be changed to a lower time 10 sec for e.g?

And if  yes what would be the possible impacts (negative and positives)

Thank you.


texts: How can I install Electrum on 32-bit Windows?

texts: So on the Electrum site in the download section for Windows 7 Pro there is no reference to 32 or 64 bit? I need a desktop version in 32-bit?


texts: I've lost my MultiBit data, is there a way to access my wallet?

texts: I have lost access to my wallet. My hard drive is dead and I don't have access to any backup files. Does MultiBit back up everything automatically to the cloud? I know my passcode key and I can see my bitcoins on blockchain.info. I have tried data recovery but the hard drive is not recoverable. I don't know what else to do. Does anyone know how I can regain access to my bitcoins? Appreciate the help. Thanks!


texts: BIP44: What's the use of internal addresses?

texts:
I've read other questions (and their answers) on this but I still don't see the use for internal addresses. I get that you're supposed to send the change of a transaction there but I don't see how this benefits you, all it does is move your remaining funds on an address, right? And you could just as easily move your funds to a new external address. I understand that the point is to use an address only once, but that can also be done with external addresses.

I hope that somebody can explain what benefits internal addresses have,

Thanks in advance!


texts:
I'm a complete beginner to anything and everything about crypto. I've been trying to research a lot about it, and I have recently just been trying to learn and understand some of the basics.
I was wondering if double spending ever happens at all?
Does it happen every day, rarely, or not at all?


texts: Running bitcoin node with already verified blockchain

texts:
I'm following this guide https://stadicus.github.io/RaspiBolt/ to setup a bitcoin full node on my new raspberry pi.

I already downloaded and verified the blockchain on my host machine. I also pruned it (6GB) so it can fit on my microSD card. I moved the blocks and chainstate folders to ~/.bitcoin on my raspberry. But when I run the bitcoind service with the same bitcoin.conf file proposed on the guide, the verificationprogress shows that it starts from 0.

I've tried with these options too:

prune=6000
reindex=1
reindex-chainstate=1

But none of them make the progress to be completed. I also tried waiting some minutes in order to see if the progress completes faster but that's not the case. What options do I need?


texts: Is there a historical timeseries of market depth & transactions available?

texts: Has anyone stored the historical market depth & tick data from MtGox? Is it available publically? Would be useful if you were making a bot.


texts: Is there any methods to pick a particular UTXO and send it to a particular address in bitcoin regtest mode using bitcoin-cli other than createrawtransaction and sendtoaddress


texts: **SOLVED** Failed to verify this transaction?

texts:
I came across this P2SH multisig transactions 255942b1... on the testnet chain that I failed to verify.

I just couldn't find any matching signatures and public keys in the list provided and there seems to be an empty public key(OP_0 in the pub key script) given in the redeem script.

The scripts I found was

sig script:
OP_0
3046022100a6ad0304388a4df35b444cb96ffee0b393700a6a8612f1e35cc3dc131314f893022100bcc8b2849b04dee59dcedc4fb21a96dda3fd067a381522f37a2b6813c4e1581d01
30450220371b8ee29370e0d23f547163e3c238a40fe279e8edb2b838811cfca7bf5778e0022100f7e81c88ff7ea1c8da2666cae90c6a3c73a6817070c657068c678254fdb0b3f501
520021039039f617d4bd3751bc0550d38e138e7ddd2042f2b137050c872e1be8df4d6aae2103a2b5af230018a36044a0638916829ed8cf6bf745a608fe6dd22ea266a7408e7e53ae

pub key script:
HASH160 bcce3f7e690e5f3bbd1ed6db54dc7317659fa87c EQUAL

redeem script:
2 OP_0
039039F617D4BD3751BC0550D38E138E7DDD2042F2B137050C872E1BE8DF4D6AAE
03A2B5AF230018A36044A0638916829ED8CF6BF745A608FE6DD22EA266A7408E7E
3 OP_CHECKMULTISIG

signature msg:
54481C2DE6433EA934EB5F46B7E5D1A60FDC584873FC0210991C692058E26D4E

And my rebuilt tx for signing(same for both public keys) is

# version
01000000

01

# input 0
46CEA01182F6B49A49BA06C7BA4C7A95F66B0E5B5FD32B29E7BA2F1DF952E6B8 01000000

49

# sig script(now pkscript)
524C0021 039039F6 17D4BD37 51BC0550
D38E138E 7DDD2042 F2B13705 0C872E1B
E8DF4D6A AE2103A2 B5AF2300 18A36044
A0638916 829ED8CF 6BF745A6 08FE6DD2
2EA266A7 408E7E53 AE

FFFFFFFF

02

# output 0
E07CD50400000000
19
76A914ED99B585A4C7B1578A08C599BF7E87351FE3E78E88AC

# output 1
0C57060000000000
17
A914BCCE3F7E690E5F3BBD1ED6DB54DC7317659FA87C87

00000000
01000000

Could anyone please help me check this transaction? Thanks!


texts: Accepting micropayment donations via Lightning Network - what is the most efficient / recommended architecture?

texts:
The difficulty that I am experiencing at the moment - how to accept Lightning Network micropayments donations supporting (shameless plug): https://genesis.re/wiki#Plan_B

Zap / Joule:

I send on-chain BTC to lightning enabled wallet
I open a channel
I do not have inbound capacity to receive lightning payments, need to spend first

(two on-chain transactions and spending money first feels like too much)

Blue Wallet / Bitlum:

they say these are custodial wallets
I do not understand how do they work
is my account balance a cell in a database?

(feel free to educate me - comment section -  in the inner workings of custodial wallets)

Bitrefill

This seems reasonable, created by a reputable organization:

https://www.bitrefill.com/thor-lightning-network-channels

  If someone's looking to receive bitcoin, as tips or other earnings, this is a quick and easy tool to get started.

Maybe there is something better available?

Maybe there is a better way?

EDIT / UPDATE

Exchange sats on Lightning Network into BTC on-chain so to have inbound capacity?

https://lightningconductor.net/invoice

  Use this form to extract credit from your Lightning Channel and turn into BTC. Enter the Bitcoin address you want the funds sent to and amount you want to extract.

https://zigzag.io (temporarily out of supply)


texts: My transaction with 9.565sat/B not yet confirmed please help me out

texts:
https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/1a6e4f94d98f6ce9c7348c0b4187ecb67bbd2119943f8609b4cdfa1690ca5a10
That's the transaction link please help me do something about it I need to use the btc before 21 February


texts: I tried installing Bitcoin on a Ubuntu 18.4 server. The status of the Block is still in 0 even after two days of installation

texts:
I tried installing Bitcoin on a Ubuntu 18.4 server. After installing the Bitcoin core, I started Bitcoin-diamond. The status of the Block is still in 0 even after two days of installation.

I want to know how long it will take to allocate the blocks?


texts: Bitcoind, what's the command to see available funds?

texts: Bitcoind, what is the command to see how many btc is available combined in all wallets?


texts: UTXO Model and Trans Fee / Kb Clarification

texts:
I have been working on understanding the inputs/outputs and transaction details as according to the UTXO model which is discussed in this question and also thinking about how it relates to transaction fee based on size in kb of the transaction which is discussed in this question. I want to clarify a few things, feel free to pick apart anything I say that is wrong in addition to answering my questions - since the questions are derived from my understandings.
It seems that the transaction size is mostly a function of number of inputs and outputs (in the sense that those are the things I as a sender have control over, where the other components contributing to size are more or less static).
Clarification 1: (ignoring the fee and change)
Suppose Alice sends me (Bob!) 2 btc. She got these 2 btc as a result of Larry and Greg each sending her 1 btc. This means she has these two UTXO outputs each for 1 btc associated to her wallet, and when she sends them to me the transaction will have 2 inputs and 1 output, kind of like this transaction I found on a block explorer.

Once this transaction is processed, does my wallet remember that these 2 btc came from separate UTXO's? Or does it "get melted" as someone alluded to in my first link. More precisely, if I send these 2 btc to Gerald, will it show 1 input or 2?
Clarification 2: (with fee and change)
Alice wants to send me 2 btc. She has previously been sent 1 btc by each of Larry, Greg, and Allan. So she has 3 UTXO's associated with her wallet, each worth 1 btc. She goes to send me 2 btc, but needs to cover the fee. For convenience lets say a .5 btc fee. Does this mean she now has 3 inputs and 2 outputs contributing to the size of the transaction (and thus contributing to the size of the fee) (she needs all three coins to pay me and cover the fee, and then I will be one output and her "change address" will be the other.
Lastly, I think I understand that most wallet services "handle" all these details for you in the sense that you can just put the btc address and how much you want to send and they handle the rest. Do they typically do this in a most efficient way? For example, say I use a wallet like a Nano Ledger S. If I have a UTXO for 25 btc, a UTXO for 1 btc, and 5 UTXO's for .5 btc and I go to send someone 1 btc, will it choose the UTXO's that result in the smallest transaction size?
Addendum: I do plan on being active on this site, so please do critique if my questions can be improved to better fit this community.


texts: What is meant by "releasing code tells the hackers what to attack"?

texts:
I came across this statement from a SolidCoin developer:

Can anyone explain this statement?

  [06:48] gavinandresen: I came here to ask RealSolid to be responsible
  and report problems or vulnerabilities to the core bitcoin dev team
  before releasing code that fixes the exploit (because releasing code
  tells the hackers what to attack).  RealSolid, I'll ask again:  are
  you willing to do that?

The user "Gavin" asked RealSolid to first report vulnerabilities and only then fix them, because "releasing code tells the hackers what to attack". The conversation is archived in this chat transcript.


texts: What makes HD wallets resistant to brute force attacks?

texts:
To be more specific, let's consider wallets that use 12 words as a seed.

Total bit width is 132, with 4 bits used as a checksum, so the actual seed size is 128 bits. I know 2^128 allows for LOTS of combinations.

I don't have a formal background in security, but here's what makes me think, as an amateur, that my bitcoins are not secure.

the attacker is not bruteforcing a specific password/seed - there is no username associated with the seed - all the attacker needs is a seed that is being used by someone who hasn't spent all of his bitcoins
with the bitcoin network and HD wallets becoming more popular, there would be more seeds that lead to non-empty addresses. Consider that if the BTC/fiat exchange rate goes through the roof with widespread adoption, even if bruting takes a lot of compute power, the rewards for successful bruting go up

Where did I go wrong with my thinking?


texts:
When a miner hashes a blocksheader and it produces a hash that is lower than the value represented by nBits then the PoW is considered solved.

What exactly does this mean? For example a SHA256 hash has the following structure: c45bc3de9bff9ee27fc7303a3aa4fa8022ab6608d42bbea4d72bbee9b719703b how do you determine whether this is below an nBits value?


texts: My wallet balance says I have 12 mBTC but only allows me to send 2.63 mBTC. How can I fix this?

texts: I have 12mBTC but when I try to send a transaction, after I enter the amount (allocating enough for fees) Electrum says that I have only 2.63 mBTC. When I go back to check, every transaction I received is confirmed for more than a week, how do I fix this?


texts:
I've been very happy to hodl my Bitcoin on a paper wallet (coinglacier.org) and using Sentinel to view the balance of my addresses (using extended public key).

Sentinel is an awesome app, it provides just what I need and is very user friendly!

However, recently I was wondering, whether Sentinel was a privacy leak for me or not. So how is Sentinel scanning the Blockchain for incoming transactions? Is it using SPV, or is it just connecting to a server from Samourai, in a way that Samourai can tell which addresses I am looking after?


texts: Does Bitcoin Core support watch-only wallets?

texts:
Is it possible to use Bitcoin Core in a watch-only mode? I want to be able to generate new addresses in an online instance of Bitcoin Core, but keep the private keys separate on another local Bitcoin Core instance.

How would I be able to do that with Bitcoin Core? I don't want to use any third-party solutions, preferably only Bitcoin Core.


texts:
I just read this answer which states that GPU mining support was removed from cgminer as of version 3.7.2.

Does anybody know what version of bfgminer needs to be used to support GPU mining.

I am currently using bfgminer 3.8.0. On Mac OSX 10.8.5, with an Intel HD Graphics 4000 GPU.


texts: How to obtain the longpoll url using jsonRPCClient

texts:
I'm trying to find the longpoll url for my pool. I've found documentation saying that it is within the headers but I'm unable to see anything. Is there any way to retreave the url via an RPC request? or is the url something that can be easily worked out? I'm using bitcoind and eliopool.
Thanks, James.


texts: Who is a first miner that receive a transaction from end-user?

texts:
This is a First Question.
As you already know, the blockchain like Bitcoin, Ethereum is a software program based on peer to peer network system. so I am wondering that who is a first miner that receive a transaction from end-user that create a transaction such as bitcoin-core program.

This is a Second Question.
I know that SPV node are End-users that use wallet program such as Bitcoin-core.
End-user is a just SPV node that can't verify some transactions and provide information to full-node to quickly find transaction.

Does End-user has full-node list to provide hint of transaction information ?
If answer of above question is yes, how they know full-node? where is source of full-node list?

Sorry for my English.


texts:
How does one get to be a mining pool operator? Is there an election by people who want to pool their computing resources? What checks and balances exist to ensure that a pool operator doesn't misappropriate funds?

This question was inspired by my comment, and a response on this question? What prevents miners in a pool from retaining the reward?


texts: Is there a way to distinguish miner nodes from other nodes?

texts: In the bitcoin network, there are many different types of nodes. One of these types are miners and in the bitcoin network, is there any way to distinguish a miner node from a non-mining node? I'm asking because part of some research I'm doing, it would be great help to me if I knew which nodes were the mining nodes


texts:
My understanding on bitcoin blockchain technology after going through some articles in past few days. I'm not sure that my understanding is 100% correct. I'm writing so that someone can correct me which will also be helpful for other newcomers.
Case: A wants to send 10 BTC to B

A created an address which is a hash (SHA 256) of several words. Similar for B. This is the private key; ownership validator of Bitcoin amount. Using private key, public key is generated. Wallet applications offer seed words which generates private address by hashing with SHA256 so that even private key is lost it can be relieved from the secret seed words. This public key is known to everyone but private key is secret and must not be shared. It is not possible to get the private key from the public key. Private key is the mathematical proof that A has right to spent certain amount of BTC. This is proving the ownership of money. Let, somehow A has more than 10 BTC right now.

A sends 10 BTC to B's public key. Public key is the 'to address' of the transaction. The message (A sends 10 BTC to B) is signed using A's private key. This is digital signature for the transaction. This transaction message is broadcasted to everyone (the entire blockchain network nodes). Digital signature confirms that the real owner has created the transaction.

The miners will pick this transaction along with other pending transactions and try to create next block of the blockchain. All the transactions are open to everyone. For the example transaction case, miners will validate the transaction whether A really has more than 10 BTC by checking the complete blockchain database (all the completed blocks of the chain). If not, the transaction will be rejected and won't be added to the block he will try to solve the puzzle.

The miners will validate number of transaction from the pending transactions (the transactions which are not added to any block in the blockchain yet).

Different Miner can take different number of valid transactions to form a block. But the miner who wins the mathematical puzzle, his created block will be added as next block to the blockchain. This puzzle is to get hash (SHA 256) as per current difficulty (19 leading zeros of the hash in hex format). This is a trial and error basis process to get the desired hash having 19 zeros. Hash output function looks like below -

SHA256(timestamp + previous block's hash + MarkleRootHash(all valid transactions taken in this block) + nonce)
Miners change nonce (integer number) value every time he tries to get the desired hash according to above mentioned hash generation format. It requires enormous amount of tries hence huge compute power to solve the puzzle. Suppose, a miner has just got hash having 19 zeros. Note that the transaction "A sends 10 BTC to B" is valid and exists in this example block whose hash has just found with 19 leading zeros.

The miner has got the desired hash with a lucky nonce value. Using this nonce value anyone can validate the output 19 zeros hash; hence it is the successful block. This nonce value is actually the proof-of-work. When majority of miners will validate the nonce and get prof-of-work successful, it is gaining to the consensus. Then, the block gets added the blockchain database.

As this block contains transaction "A sends 10 BTC to B". This transaction is also completed successfully. B gets 10 BTC. Ownership of this 10 BTC is with B as B has the private key of the public key used as 'to address' of the example transaction.


texts: how can i get back money from my electronic wallet

texts: I am new to bitcoin and someone (the account manager) call me to buy and i made it last week. However, when i asked the account manager to transfer the money back to my credit card account. They said they have to make it to a mirror transaction first and then need to debit my credit card again. Now, i am no more money in my saving and credit card account and just saw my electronic wallet with money. How can i cash those out from it and transfer back to my credit card account? please help. In fact, i dont know how to operation my electronic wallet.


texts: Are loans with enforced repayment possible on the blockchain?

texts: Are loans with interest possible in Bitcoin, such that repayment is enforceably encoded with Bitcoin Script on the blockchain from the establishment of the lending contract?


texts:
I know and understand the concept of proof-of-stake. Instead of requiring users to do a certain amount of power-intensive hashing "work", it requires you to own a certain stake of the currency in order for you to mine new coins.

But how does the actual mining process work? In PoW mining, people "find" blocks by generating a hash that fulfills a certain condition. How can one mine a PoS block? Is a miner required? Or does just anyone holding coins get their share after a certain amount of time?

In Peercoin specifically, is PoW and PoS mining done independently or do they interfere or influence one another?


texts:
I'm trying to mine a genesis block for an experimental Peercoin clone.

I've already written one using boost threads, and it's been really fun since this is the most processor intensive program I've ever written, but I'm only getting 1M hashes per second, so I'm guessing it's going to take about 72 minutes based assuming initial difficulty 1 and this equation is correct.

Is there a relatively simple way to send the functions to the GPU?

All I'm doing so far is using a "silent" (returns false instead of writing the error to debug.log) CheckBlock() to verify if the nonce is valid or not.

Please show me a simple library that can use the GPU to verify the nonces.


texts: Confusion over 'change' when transferring funds from bitstamp to paper wallet

texts: I was about to transfer my funds from bitstamp -> paper wallet for the first time, but wanted to try it out first with $0.01 etc. I'm worried that since you have to specify where 'change' goes with bitcoin wallets, the rest of my funds will be diverted. Is this incorrect? Thanks in advance.


texts: Bitcoin Core client on multiple computers

texts:
I have one computer with a full node bitcoin core. I would like to have bitcoin-qt installed on a different computer but I don't want to download the full blockchain again in the other computer. I would like to have bitcoind active in the first computer and the second one get transaction information from the first one instead of downloading the full blockchain and getting transaction information from a local blockchain copy. Is it possible to do it? And what about my phone getting transaction information from my computer instead of a public blockchain server?

I know I can use the second bitcoin core on pruning mode, but what about not holding any blockchain data locally in the second computer?


texts: bitcond and bitcoin-Qt system configuration and bandwidth requirements

texts:
What is the best operating system configuration for a computer to run (bitcoind or bitcoin-Qt) and (BFGminer or CGMiner) under Linux, assuming that it will be connected to a 3 Terrahash mining rig on one side and the internet on the other side?

What packages, at minimum, must be installed?

How much bandwidth will I need using the Stratum protocol and how much using the GetBlockTemplate protocol?

EDIT TO ADD:

What I mean by "best configuration" is the minimum configuration that provides the necessary functionality.

I'm willing to bet that 90 percent of what's in a desktop Linux distribution is not needed in this application.

Obviously, a kernel and a shell will be needed.  What else?


texts: What is a good resource to learn about bitcoin

texts:
I’ve got to this point reading various blogs, articles, other stackexchange threads and watching Youtube videos on the subject and still have a ton of questions. I don’t expect the questions below to be answered here, they are just for illustrating my level of understanding and what I’m confused about. What I’m really asking here is to be pointed to an online resoursce (tutorial, lecture, course, etc), that can help me answer ALL these questions below:

1) Ok so I keep hearing about creating a wallet. And just about every resource I’ve come across goes into talking about using something like blockchain.info or coinbase or some site. Now to my understanding, the wallet is essentially made up of two components: the private and public key. So creating a wallet (account) on a site means I’m pretty much allowing the site to know what my private key is, correct? Don’t want an ethical discussion here. Technically speaking, they have my private key correct? If so, how is a bitcoin wallet created this way different to online banking except with no insurance, because it’s some random 3rd party site? I must be missing something here, surely...

2) Next I hear about mining. Being rewarded for solving complex mathematical puzzles and what not. “Complex”? Really? Are they like...differential equations or NP-hard problems? So just, trying a new nonce? Is that really all there’s to this “complex puzzle”? Trying random numbers till something works?

3) Then I hear about specialised mining hardware, and mining farms, and what not. Guessing it’s all to do with (2) above. But what about the actual ‘verification’ bit with transactions? Is that automated too now or?

4) “When a group of transactions is verified and the proof or work done, a new block containing these transactions is added to the block chain once it receives sufficient confirmations”. Oh dear lord, where do I even begin asking about this one. Let’s see...which transactions does one ‘select’ to verify and put in the next block, what happens when someone else creates another block containing some of the transactions you’re attempting to verify as well, what actually does a block contain, is it a hash of all transactions or, wtf confirms a block, is that even a thing, who does that, what’s their incentive? Head exploding People invest in this without knowing all these details, really!?
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=6HFtk29k7-Y

5) “When you send bitcoins to an address, the transaction is broadcast to the network”. What network, how is it broadcast, is there some API that gets called with a request or? Is there some software I MUST download to become a node in this network?

6) Merkel trees. What now?

Ok, so hopefully that gives a good indication of where I’m at. Need help.


texts: My bitcoin transaction has not yet gone through. (4 days)

texts:
I have googled this problem and everyone just keep saying "be patient it will get through sooner or later". Well it has now been 4 days and it still says 0/6 confirmations. I did not send it with a miners fee which is why it's not instant but it feels like 4 days is a long time. I'm using bitcoin-qt wallet on a ubuntu 12.04 computer if that makes any difference. Also when I go to blockchain.info and try to search for my transaction I cant find it. I have right clicked on my transaction and tried to search for everything thats in details but I still cant find my transaction.
Should I just wait and see if its going to get through?

I have read that you can double spend and then send this new one with a miners fee. I have tried to read up about this but I'm quite worried because its a lot of money that I'm sending and I don't want to do anything wrong.


texts: Importprivkey problem for Litecoin clone

texts: I have cloned an older version of Litecoin using a tutorial. I chose the starting letter for the public addresses to be lower case "x". Everything is working fine except for importprivkey. It will always gives error 5 wrong format. I tried using paper wallet generated keys (paper wallet generated private keys starting with addreses K,L and J) while the windows-qt wallet dumprivkey dumps private keys starting with nr 2 but that can not be imported as well. Is it because of letter x? FYI I have compiled a clone using letter "L" (same like Litecoin) and everything works so i doubt there is a coding error.


texts:
Has something changed recently in testnet?
Today I've been seeing new blocks appear every 1-5 seconds instead of the usual 10-20 minutes


texts: How to use Bitcoin Core's submitblock method

texts:
I'm trying to understand how mining works. For learning purpose I'm using Bitcoin Core as solo mining pool. Getblocktemplate will return data that is enough to start mining witch is simple founding correct nonce. But what is next step?

I found in bitcoin core method submitblock that have one argument / block data. I didn't found any example how that data should be build. Please give me some advice.


texts: How can I use the vanity name generator to look for an address?

texts:
How do you use the vanity name generator to look for an address?

Is there an estimate on how long it takes to find addresses of varying lengths and complexities?


texts: BTCPayServer vs. Bitpay or other for accepting bitcoin payments in online store

texts:
For stores that would like to begin accepting bitcoins, would Bitpay or BTCPayServer be a better choice? The first seems to act as an intermediary, whereas the second does not. How do they compare in reputation, reliability, merchant anonymity (no ID submission required), and ease of use?
Ideally, the transactions are entirely in Bitcoin, and not covered later by credit card.
Are there other, better services besides these two?


texts: Bitcoind gui client, wallet client with peer preference, node manager

texts:
first time user here so politely point out any thing I have done wrong.

I am looking for three things, but first let me explain the situation and use case:

I am using bitcond full node on a headless FreeBSD OS server. There is no GUI of any kind.
I am able to use CLI RPC (from an SSH session) to send commands to bitcoind. It works but I'm not a fan of it. I'm able to view account and wallet detail.

I would like to have working, using very secure technology/products:

A very secure 'remote wallet' GUI client that can 'connect' to bitcoind over the IP network. Use case will be 99.999% local LAN only, but if I want to allow it via WAN/Internet I can.  I realize the risks involved doing that over the Internet, but that is what I am looking for.
A bitcoind full node GUI manager. Please do the not confuse this with the first.  This application allows me to use a GUI to securely manage the node itself, via IP.  I'm guessing this would also be via RPC.
A wallet manager application like Armory, but one that allows me to configure it to securely peer only with my full node. Thus when I make transactions, the transactions are securely between my local PC wallet and my node.

See what I mean? I've done lots of looking, but no luck yet. Much thanks all.


texts:
Keep getting this error following attempting to pay an invoice.

root@ubuntu-s-1vcpu-2gb-nyc3-01:~# lncli --network=testnet payinvoice lntb50n1pd65u8fpp5y0dwjcn6uhg05sla3djsa7h483nk07m5fs7v3qmnkcn37fq7n68qdqqcqzys98h745eywzuxcfa6c4avku3xzwxvjmfuvp3qe7r0ejnzt50vz3g565h83k56rz0l2v05575aj8x8738g2nnnm0zm26rgtg209ze2l0qp5gkdlc
Description:
Amount (in satoshis): 5
Destination: 0206b792e8b1bc1642c96d6e0a9abfe8d848355a51de27a035402358998ddb4c68
Confirm payment (yes/no): yes
{
    "payment_error": "unable to route payment to destination: TemporaryChannelFailure(update=(*lnwire.ChannelUpdate)(0xc00056b180)({\n Signature: (lnwire.Sig) (len=64 cap=64) {\n  00000000  af 2d cf db 50 97 e4 df  b4 d2 11 65 09 ba 8e fe  |.-..P......e....|\n  00000010  ad 36 33 c9 73 f2 53 01  25 12 2d 93 45 fd 41 27  |.63.s.S.%.-.E.A'|\n  00000020  76 e3 7d a7 ff 96 ae 6a  64 c7 45 cb d5 a6 0e 52  |v.}....jd.E....R|\n  00000030  78 a3 2d 16 5e 73 cd 3b  4e e2 3d 14 a5 68 fc 41  |x.-.^s.;N.=..h.A|\n },\n ChainHash: (chainhash.Hash) (len=32 cap=32) 000000000933ea01ad0ee984209779baaec3ced90fa3f408719526f8d77f4943,\n ShortChannelID: (lnwire.ShortChannelID) 1414303:221:0,\n Timestamp: (uint32) 1537893401,\n Flags: (lnwire.ChanUpdateFlag) 1,\n TimeLockDelta: (uint16) 144,\n HtlcMinimumMsat: (lnwire.MilliSatoshi) 1000 mSAT,\n BaseFee: (uint32) 1000,\n FeeRate: (uint32) 1,\n ExtraOpaqueData: ([]uint8) \u003cnil\u003e\n})\n)",
    "payment_preimage": "",
    "payment_route": null
}

Both nodes are connected to the same node and should be visible to each other, however payinvoice always seems to fail due to routing.

What is causing this issue and how can I complete a payment correctly?


texts:
I can see from the date of the file (2014) that Bitcoin Core has had activity on my computer, but I am sure that I was not involved in Bitcoin whatsoever during that time. However I was in the early days. Could I have had a wallet that some hacker have emptied? This is from the debug.log (I can upload the whole file if necessary):

Committing 24771 changed transactions to coin database

ProcessBlock: ACCEPTED
2014-02-07 15:12:11 stored orphan tx 96ab951dca26ccd71......(lot of nubers)

Added 1 addresses from 60.242.28.141: 11 tried, 11727 new

received block 00000000000004dd9f5923384efd1440b.... etc....

Is this some proof that actual Bitcoin transactions of coin have been taking place, or just normal startup log text?


texts:
I have some basic doubts about consensus algorithm like hashgraph. For instance, let's take Raft the simplest leader based consensus algorithm, we cannot use it in a decentralised setting because it's very easy for a single attacker to take control of the cluster by spinning thousands of nodes to support him.

"In summary, the voting based algorithm makes it very easy for the attacker whether its leader based or leaderless. So we cannot use it in a decentralised setting."

Algos like PoW make its difficult for a single attacker to take over the network through the computational puzzle.

Taking about hashgraph it's again a voting based algorithm, so wondering how it prevents a single attacker from getting control of the network in a decentralised setting (where you cannot trust your peers)???

I do understand how hashgraph works but wasn't able to visualise it in a decentralised setting. Any insights? Thanks


texts: What is the exact input for the hash function?

texts: I've read that it's some variation of: version, previous block hash, merkle root, time, bits, and nonce, but I'm not certain on where to get this data and how it should be formatted. I'd like to know the exact string I can put into something like this and exactly where I can find it. I've followed this video and downloaded his spreadsheet but am uncertain on which part I can copy into the hash function to get the same output as the spreadsheet. Also wondering about how to convert time to the right format. Thanks in advance.


texts: How can I sign an Ardor transaction using an offline computer?

texts: I would like to generate the transaction json on an online computer. Send it to the offline computer without blockchain, sign it. Send the signed json to an online computer and broadcast it.


texts: Is the current number of confirmations visible somewhere in the raw block?

texts:
Is the current number of confirmations visible somewhere in the raw block output created by blockexplorer or blockhain.info?

Is this information available in the raw stream or is the number of confirmations always "live" calculated by counting the confirmations and not "saved" in the raw stream?


texts:
I see that there are a few sites that provide analytics for this kind of data (here's one:
https://www.tokenanalyst.io/dashboard).
I'm wondering how these companies are able to track this information.  Are the addresses of major exchanges publicly known?  Do the exchanges publish or offer this data?


texts:
I'm getting back into Bitcoin and have started pooling savings together into a wallet. I'm moving on to cold storage and need to order some metal cards to keep safe somewhere. I need to generate an AES 256 password protected key, but I also want to be able to generate a Vanity Address.

I ordered an HD58xx a long time ago because I was running a business that needed disposable vanity addresses (at the time it was faster than anything else out there, beating out top of the line HD79xx cards in vanity generation by about 50%), so I have something that can generate me an address quickly.

I used oclvanitygen in the past, but I believe the type of encryption it offers is outdated and is no longer really used in mainstream wallets. I'm coming back from the 2013-early 2014 era so I'm fairly out of the loop here.

My question is, how should I go about doing this? Would simply creating a key and manually encrypting it with AES256 suffice? What is the most commonly accepted configuration for this type of cold storage?


texts: When did BIP66 switch from activation to enforcement?

texts:
Recently, BIP66 switched from activation (miners enforce rules within block) to enforcement (network enforces rules on all blocks).

I'm having trouble figuring out when this happened, or on what block it happened.


texts: Why is mining described as validation of a block through proof of work when it is the validation that is critical not the proof of work?

texts: That is reward for proof of work provides incentives for miners to validate transactions; it does not validate them through proof of work.


texts: Does Bitcoin use smart contracts to enable multisig?

texts: I have heard that bitcoin does have a limited smart contract and I was wondering whether this is how they created multisig wallets?


texts: Why is my Electron Cash not detecting any servers?

texts: I am using Elecron Cash 2.9.4, and I opened the wallet by using the seed of my old (BTC) Electrum Wallet. I intended to get BCH.


texts: Which peers does a node broadcast a new block to?

texts: In the Bitcoin network, when a miner discovers a new block, he needs to broadcast it to other nodes. Does the node only broadcast to outbound connections or does it broadcast to inbound connections as well? I hope to get the result according to the source code and it would be great if the answer would point out the file of the corresponding code.


texts: Recommended resources or tuts for Bitcoin/Bitcoin Exchange clone using Ruby/Rails?

texts: Are there any reputable resources or tuts for re-building a Bitcoin/Bitcoin Exchange clone using Ruby/Rails (e.g. Michael Hartl tutorial)? I would like to experiment and learn more about blockchain transactions.  Thank you!


texts:
ASICminer did decide to keep the hardware and mine. They're selling
  shares with intent to payout the dividends from whatever profit is
  made.

Okay, so we got three players. ASICminer. Avalon. And butterfly labs. Obviously ASICMiner is the one most convenient. We don't need to do anything. We just pay. And get results.

So where can I buy ASICminer share?

Also how do they pay dividend?

So we own a share. Then we login to their site, and then we insert our bitcoin address? Or what?

Where is their website?


texts: Is this the answer to Bitcoin's massive energy consumption issues?

texts:
In today’s world carbon footprint and efficiency matter.

A lot of real world resources are burned away and a massive amount of computing power and electricity is spent on the bitcoin ledger to verify blocks.

It is necessary but it could be done better and efficiently. Here is my solution using renewable energy with the latest technology.

As I move forward with this project what do you foresee being the largest obstacles? What are any questions that come to mind?

Can you offer any guidance in support of what we are trying to do?


texts: Tx Malleability: Why is the Script not included in the Signed Hash?

texts:
Sipa lists sources of tx malleability here: https://gist.github.com/sipa/8907691

It is clear to me how a change in the signature itself or the signature formating leads to a different tx hash (1. & 2.). But why is it allowed to modify the rest (may be "") of the scripts?

From what I understand only the txin script can be modified because the txout scripts are included in the signature hash(es). Obviously the signature itself can not be included in the signed hash.

For each signature the corresponding txin script is replaced by the appropriate previous output script (?) and all other txin scripts in the tx are removed.

Why is the txin script (without signature, so it is an empty string for a standard tx) not included in the hashed and signed data?

(Please correct me if I got something wrong.)

edit: trying to express myself more clearly:

Of course the range and format of the signature needs to be standardized. But there are other cases of malleability as Sipa points out like adding nonsense OPs to the tx_in script or using alternative OPs that have the same or a similar effect. I am only talking about these other cases.

My point is: The signature itself can not be signed but why are OP codes that may or may not be present in the txin script not signed?

Example:
Today:
 normal txinscript: "sig"          -->  signature format: "" --> valid
 malled txinscript: "OP_NULL sig"  -->  signature format: "" --> valid

Why not:
 normal txinscript: "sig"          -->  signature format: "" --> valid
 malled txinscript: "OP_NULL sig"  -->  signature format: "OP_NULL " --> FAIL

Signature format today replaces the whole txinscript with "". To me it seems that it would be safer to only remove the signature itself but keep the opcodes if present so that it is impossible to alter existing opcodes or add nonsense opcodes.

Is it because it is not know what part of the script is the signature? I think it could be marked as such should that be the issue.


texts: Switching back and forth between Bitcoin ABC and Core nodes (Ubuntu)

texts: I need to get my pre-fork BCH and the only way to do this turned out to be through Bitcoin ABC client. How do I switch from a Bitcoin Core node installed on Ubuntu to a Bitcoin ABC node and again to Bitcoin Core. Do I need to remove the node completely every time I am switching to another node? I guess both types of nodes can use the same blockchain data (up to the date of the fork) so it would be great to avoid downloading 150GB of data every time. I am new to Ubuntu so I would appreciate clear instructions. Thanks!


texts: Allowing bitcoind startup script to access daemon commands

texts:
I'm trying to create multiple full nodes on a single machine each using a different data directory and static ip's.
My directory layout is

~/bitcoin1
~/bitcoin2
~/bitcoin3

For each direcotry I have a bash script named btc(number) with this:

!/bin/bash
~/bitcoin1/bitcoind -conf=~/bitcoin1/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf

With the config files respectively stating the data directories and parameters.
My issue is whenever I try to run a command like "Getinfo", I have to pass the whole config file argument to the daemon like so:

~/bitcoin1/bitcoind -conf=~/bitcoin1/.bitcoin/bitcoin.conf getinfo

How can I make my start up bash script allow the daemon commands as well?
I'd like to achieve this:

~/bitcoin1/./btc1 getinfo
or btc1 stop

Thanks!
P.S. Sorry for the formatting. Never posted here before...


texts:
I've just heard about another digital currency called Litecoin, which I believe to be based on Bitcoin, are there any more alternatives to Bitcoin & Litecoin?

Any one got a list?
A reason why the alternatives are better and/or worse?
With what intentions where they created.


texts: how does one map a transaction number to a block with just the bitcoind client?

texts:
I realize this can be done at blockchain.info, but would like to find a way to do this with just the bitcoind client. if all I have is the receiving address and the transaction number, I can't figure out what command or set of commands to use. I can get and decode the raw transaction (bitcoind decoderawtransaction $(bitcoind getrawtransaction 3dd264f603f75871c5a36b61db8e137d8cee6b019a8d5bdfdabd7383ccc47068) | less), but that doesn't give me the block number.

note that I can't use gettransaction because my local box (netbook) isn't the origin nor the destination of the transaction; I get error: {"code":-5,"message":"Invalid or non-wallet transaction id"}. I also can't use listreceivedbyaddress for the same reason, although I don't get an error in this case because I did once send to the address in question from my netbook.


texts: OP_CHECKMULTISIG Signature must be zero for failed CHECK(MULTI)SIG operation

texts:
I am trying to spend a P2SH multi-signature output which I have created with rust-bitcoin as follows:
let builder = Builder::new()
        .push_opcode(opcodes::all::OP_PUSHNUM_2)
        .push_key(&pub_a)
        .push_key(&pub_x)
        .push_opcode(opcodes::all::OP_PUSHNUM_2)
        .push_opcode(OP_CHECKMULTISIG);
Script::new_p2sh(&builder.into_script().script_hash())

For creating the scriptSig I have the following code:
let sig_a = secp.sign(&msg, &sk.key);
let sig_x = secp.sign(&msg, &x.key);
let sig_a_der = serialize_sig_der_with_sighash(&sig_a, SIGHASH_ALL);
let sig_x_der = serialize_sig_der_with_sighash(&sig_x, SIGHASH_ALL);
let lock_script_bytes: Vec<u8> = lock_script.to_bytes();
// Now we need to combine the original P2SH script and the actual redeem script
let fin_script = Builder::new()
    .push_opcode(opcodes::all::OP_PUSHBYTES_0) /// Needed because of and issue on OP_CHECKMULTISIG
    .push_slice(&sig_x_der)
    .push_slice(&sig_a_der)
    .push_slice(&lock_script_bytes)
    .into_script();

Now I have tested this on the testnet and am receiving

I have tried to debug this using btcdeb and am seeing the following stack before the OP_CHECKMULTISIG executes:
#0015 OP_CHECKMULTISIG
btcdeb> stack
<01>    02      (top)
<02>    02952453888ebcb21720aa81ef9c43ffdb3127b30c5e2d0f61c1c1550b7a29babf
<03>    03dcc4a286cab7209043e5658bfe6ef08adde7128ee5d9bf74862f27ff15f9d519
<04>    02
<05>    3045022100ae1fe1fb0b02586b012ff01be7835269e6079b85f089123ecaf6a482e0324ca602206d2236fd0d07e018097c19e2c9bb8d0b31e18cf51624275b36e596b1969ac3b901
<06>    3045022100bbf92e527688209bacb3e75501fdf1744a7e6e8cd2c922b499d7b40b8dff6260022045845247d1a1fe04aa1ab1866473acf06abc63d5ecdebe6dae0ff7be3200795f01
<07>
btcdeb> step
                <> POP  stack
                <> POP  stack
                <> POP  stack
                <> POP  stack
error: Signature must be zero for failed CHECK(MULTI)SIG operation
btcdeb>

Afterwards, the stack looks like this:
btcdeb> stack
<01>    3045022100ae1fe1fb0b02586b012ff01be7835269e6079b85f089123ecaf6a482e0324ca602206d2236fd0d07e018097c19e2c9bb8d0b31e18cf51624275b36e596b1969ac3b901                                       (top)
<02>    3045022100bbf92e527688209bacb3e75501fdf1744a7e6e8cd2c922b499d7b40b8dff6260022045845247d1a1fe04aa1ab1866473acf06abc63d5ecdebe6dae0ff7be3200795f01
<03>

The message for the signature is created as follows:
let sighash = tx.signature_hash(ix, &script_pubkey, SIGHASH_ALL.into());
println!("msg: {}", hex::encode(&sighash.as_ref()));
let msg = Message::from_slice(&sighash.as_ref())
    .unwrap();

which outputs 0312f22fd74e55216e51c2724051d8cf9c8833edc1596871fc357a71b3826634.
It seems to me that something is still wrong structurally because after the OP_CHECKMULTISIG has been executed we see that both signatures are actually still on the stack and haven't been popped.


texts: How to correctly set attributes for block hash and nBits in PIVX Fork?

texts:
I've cloned PIVX(basically a DASH fork) and modified basic parameters. It compiles fine. When I'm trying to run it the server starts and the debug log file shows following errors:

  ERROR: CheckProofOfWork() : hash doesn't match nBits
  ERROR: CheckBlockHeader() : proof of work failed
  ERROR: CheckBlock() : CheckBlockHeader failed

To generate my genesis block I've changed the following parameters:

pszTimestamp : Used a random latest news.
vAlertPubKey : Used the alert key from generation commands mentioned in this pastebin link.
scriptPubKey : Used the genesis hex from generation commands mentioned in this pastebin link.
genesis.nTime : Got the latest unix timestamp.
genesis.nNonce : Obtained it from genesis block creation algorithm mentioned in this pastebin link.

I was able to successfully generate new genesis hash as well as merkle root. But after compiling it and I get the above error.

I've tried looking for the solution on the web but most of them had no concrete answers or no answers at all except this one.

It explains that the hash of my genesis block is greater than the target hash which is obtained using nBits variable. So my question is how do I make sure that my genesis hash is less than the target hash to get rid of the errors mentioned?


texts: Installation troubles... Compiling from source code on a mac book pro

texts:
So, I've tried to follow the instructions in /doc/build-osx.md

I installed the dependencies using Homebrew

brew install autoconf automake berkeley-db4 libtool boost miniupnpc openssl pkg-config protobuf qt5

Just to verify if I run this command again, I get the following:

Warning: autoconf-2.69 already installed
Warning: automake-1.15 already installed
Warning: berkeley-db4-4.8.30 already installed
Warning: libtool-2.4.6 already installed
Warning: boost-1.60.0_1 already installed
Warning: miniupnpc-1.9.20151008 already installed
Warning: openssl-1.0.2e_1 already installed
Warning: pkg-config-0.29 already installed
Warning: protobuf-2.6.1 already installed
Warning: qt5-5.5.1_2 already installed

I then run :

 ./autogen.sh

which is fine,

Then I run:

./configure --with-gui=qt5

And after a lot of lines of checking... I get, the following

...
checking miniupnpc/upnperrors.h presence... yes
checking for miniupnpc/upnperrors.h... yes
checking for main in -lminiupnpc... (cached) yes
**configure: error: Qt dependencies not found**

Any ideas what I could to fix this?

Thanks in advance.


texts: Why does the median-past time average the last 11 block timestamps and not the last 12?

texts: As described in BIP-113. Wouldn't the last 12 blocks bring us closer to a one-hour offset (ie 120min, midpoint 60)?


texts:
I tried to build windows version successfully using cross-compilation.
is it possible for osx too? I mean compiling osx version in linux?


texts: Trying to send Bitcoins from testnet to my regtest node

texts:
I send bitcoin regtest server BTC to other bitcoin address of same server. I sent 5 BTC but it shows 50 BTC of that account's associated address. It received 5 BTC.
What's the problem with this account or address?

I used https://tpfaucet.appspot.com/ to get free BTC for regtest server address. I send BTC to many of my addresses but I didn't receive any amount on account associated addresses.
What's the problem on this server or regtest bitcoin?


texts: Is there a tutorial on how to set up a secure enviroment and use Electrum?

texts:
Which OS to use? How to verify that the OS is secure?

How to download and install Electrum securely? There are many methods - binaries, git, homebrew, Ubuntu package, building from source.

Is there a tutorial that has step by step instructions on how to set up a secure environment for Electrum and use it securely?


texts: Who/What generates Bitcoin Hashes to be mined?

texts: Bitcoin miners decrypt hashes, but who or what encrypts them in the first place? After all, something must have encrypted it so that miners could find it.


texts: What the maximum expenditure on a lighting network channel depends on

texts:
I'm new in the lighting network world, and now I have a question on "How it work", so the light network, work with channel and one node for connection to a channel must spend a little of satoshi for "subscribe" to channel, I hope to understand well.

My question is what is the minimum value the satoshi for "subscribe" to the channel?

Also, with the satoshi, I finance the channel and I can spend the maximum value of the loan, right?

An example, if I have a channel X with 10000 satoshi, I can't spend the value with my node > 10000?


texts: Dogecoin qt build compiling error libdb_cxx headers missing

texts:
When I run

MSYS shell:

  ./autogen.sh
  BOOST_ROOT=../boost_1_55_0 ./configure --disable-tests

I got the error:

  error libdb_cxx headers missing

What can I do to fix this?


texts: Mac bitcoin wallet stopped downloading the block chain

texts: The wallet is stuck on 95.48% as it has been for the last few days. Before this the blockchain downloaded fairly rapidly, I have updated the version of the wallet and restarted but this has not fixed the problem.


texts: How to generate Hash160 from a private key with the Bitcoin module

texts:
I want to fix the script code. The script generates from a random private key Bitcoin Address by function (pubtoaddr) and works
on the Bitcoin module:
https://github.com/primal100/pybitcointools/blob/master/cryptos/main.py
from bitcoin import *
import os

    priv = random_key ()
    pub = privtopub (priv)
    addr = pubtoaddr (pub)

....
....

But I need to get from a Random Private Key in Hash160
For some reason I could not find such a function in main.py
I searched and found an article
>>> import pybitcointools
>>> privkey = pybitcointools.random_key ()
>>> privkey
'34030ce14e32ac982419b3683af3b59d64a29cc93798cf479d610af49d425d13'
>>> pubkey = pybitcointools.privtopub (privkey)
>>> pubkey
'04ce0ed35340803b0c21f2f7f5d5ab9d687e5fa95a79471c9b5c9d97a0bb170eac1045230cc51d13b85a5f64feb80f8fc19358a396797926e3f89d49066b1abc07'
>>> h160 = pybitcointools.hash160 (pubkey.decode ('hex'))
>>> h160
'1558c7cd9825447a31990ff964f347bb2dbfe9be'
>>> addr = pybitcointools.hex_to_b58check (h160)
>>> addr
'12wsYc4B9c9JeREqstLZXNWa3n4i42M5jg'

Unfortunately I could not get from
 priv = random_key ()  --- > Hash160

How to do it?


texts: How is the P2SH address obtained in decodescript

texts:
Im trying to understand how to obtain the p2SH address when decoding an output script.

r.push_back(Pair("p2sh", CBitcoinAddress(CScriptID(script)).ToString()));

source

As far as I understand CScriptID is the hash160 of the script.


texts: How to change network on BitcoinJS-lib with Coininfo and generate Dogecoin address?

texts:
Can't find out how to change network on BitcoinJS-lib with Coininfo and generate Dogecoin address?

In a Coininfo's example I found this: https://github.com/cryptocoinjs/coininfo#want-to-use-with-bitcore-or-bitconjs-lib

But what to do next?


texts: How to restore Bitcoin Core HD wallet private keys by master key?

texts:
Since version 0.13.0 Bitcoin Core supports HD wallets. In a .txt dump of the wallet (created by JSON-RPC dumpwallet command), one can find an "extended private masterkey" which is intended to be used for generation of rest of the private keys.
How can lost private keys be restored with the help of the mentioned masterkey in Bitcoin Core? I have not found any RPC method that would accept the masterkey to generate private keys


texts: Code change to create TX for send between local addresses

texts:
Need to create a customised client to be able to create TXs on the blockchain when sending between local addresses. This can be done with Coin Control but needs to be done with a headless daemon.

I'm sure that someone will have enabled this on a Bitcoin client before and wondered if anyone knew a commit available for reference.


texts:
I am asking myself how much information can Strike theoretically collect on its users? Does Lightning have any benefits in this case?
https://medium.com/@JimmyMow/announcing-strike-by-zap-4f578c7c8984


texts: I have a old version of Bitcoin QT on Apple

texts:
Which I think is about 3 years plus old but it was on my old computer which died. I have now recovered the drive at the bitcoin-qt application but it won't run on my current computer either due to the operating system or some other issue. The problem is that I don't have the wallet.dat files as I never generated that back on my old computer, so really need to run the old application in order to generate the file. Any suggestion on how to proceed? Is this an issue of finding an old version of the operating system and run the application file there or what other approaches should be taken?

Any help would be much appreciated


texts: How to convert from Ardor time to Unix time?

texts: What is the best approach to convert from Ardor time to Unix time?


texts:
what happens when there is noone doing transactions and miners mine the blocks? Can they mine empty blocks? And how it works when there won't be any hash in empty block or there is a hash?

Thank you


texts: How to get private key from litecoin-qt wallet?

texts:
I want to backup only the private key, not the full litecoin-qt wallet for the reason that the wallet can be used only with litecoin-qt client and if I have to use it after few years or on other machine, I do not want to wait the client to fully download the full blockchain.

Could anyone please let me know how to extract the private key from the wallet file?


texts:
Yesterday I did my first Bitcoin transaction for something physical. I bought a couple of drinks at a pub.

I was shown a QR code which I scanned with my Blockchain.info iPhone app. What caught my eye in the transaction were the miner fees of 0.5 mBTC / 5.7 mBTC = 8.7% (much larger than the 2-4% fee for credit cards).

Is it standard to pay such high miner fees for physical items to expedite confirmation? Did the QR code dictate the miner fee I had to pay, or was it the iPhone app?


texts: bitcoind getnewaddress: Why I can see the generated address on Blockchain.info without broadcast?

texts:
I have a question about bitcoind's getnewaddress command. After I generated by using the command, I can search the address on Blockchain.info. As far as I checked bitcoind's log, bitcoind did not inform about the generating new address to Bitcoin network. So I'm wondering why I can see the information on Blockchain.info. Any help will be appropriated. Thanks.

My address is this.

https://blockchain.info/address/1BKasyZAsA5F6nt7hrNTJq7KQb8rwjhVAv

(update)

I found this log. Is it broadcasting log..?

2014-12-23 16:56:58 keypool added key 111, size=101
2014-12-23 16:56:58 keypool reserve 11
2014-12-23 16:56:58 keypool keep 11


texts: rpi3 bitcoin full node missing wallet commands

texts:
I built a bitcoin full node from 0.15.0.1 that is missing the wallet commands:

pi@raspberrypi:~ $ bitcoin-cli help getwalletinfo

help: unknown command: getwalletinfo

It synced the blockchain fine. I used the instructions here: http://www.raspberrypifullnode.com/

Any suggestions of what might have caused this omission?


texts: bitcoinTestnet Network returning a mainnet address

texts:
I'm using this code to get a new address from an extended public key:

    $index = 97;
    $change = false;
    $key = HierarchicalKeyFactory::fromExtended($tpubaddress, NetworkFactory::bitcoinTestnet());
    $path = ($change ? '1' : '0').'/'.$index;
    $child_key = $key->derivePath($path);
    $address = new PayToPubKeyHashAddress($child_key->getPublicKey()->getPubKeyHash()))->getAddress();
    echo $address;

This is resulting an an address like

15fuesDBKKnEMnrZz3mT9fxbm7dkjwDN3z

which is a mainnet P2PKH address.

Is there a way I can get it to give me a testnet P2PKH address (e.g. mjKxMDjShxKS5LymC43EmctDoB5Sg3n6UZ)?

This is breaking my attempt to create a raw transaction with the address b/c it's from the wrong network. If not, should I report this as an issue on their github project?


texts:
If i want to make a transaction and sent it without fee how long it will be getting conf ?

And my friend told me it will take more than 1 day. Can anyone here explain to me why it can be happen ?


texts: Losing my mind trying to fetch the JSON from bitcoin charts

texts: I have tried various attempts at calling the JSON from bitcoin charts using Javascripts, including using AJAX get method and also the getJson method, but neither are working for me. I saw ways on how to do it using Ruby, but I have no experience using that, so can anyone guide me to how or where I can get it done? Thanks in advance!


texts: how to get a seeed wallet in bitcoin-cli?

texts:
hi how to get a seed wallet in bitcoin_cli ?
I use a bitcoin-cli sethdseed
but error :invalid private key
please help me


texts: bitcoind inconsistent authentication error

texts:
I am using a Linux computer.
The issue I am having is that sometimes I have to use "kill -s 9 (bitcoind pid)" and restart bitcoind using "bitcoind -txindex" because bitcoind will sometimes not let me use "bitcoind stop". For example:

brian@brians-lair3:~/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc15$ bitcoind stop
error: incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)

This happens after bitcoind has been running for a few hours or so.
It also locks me out of bitcoin-cli:

brian@brians-lair3:~/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc15$ bitcoin-cli getinfo -rpcuser=b -rpcpassword=a
error: incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)
brian@brians-lair3:~/Desktop/VH2_apache2/host02/btc15$ bitcoin-cli getinfo
error: incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)

Even when I specify the correct password and username it doesn't work.
Initially when I start bitcoind though, I can use bitcoin-cli:

brian@brians-lair3:~/Downloads/DownloadsArchive$ bitcoin-cli getinfo
{
    "version" : 90300,
    "protocolversion" : 70002,
    "walletversion" : 60000,
    "balance" : 0.00000000,
    "blocks" : 352549,
    "timeoffset" : -1,
    "connections" : 26,
    "proxy" : "",
    "difficulty" : 49446390688.24143982,
    "testnet" : false,
    "keypoololdest" : 1421427760,
    "keypoolsize" : 101,
    "unlocked_until" : 0,
    "paytxfee" : 0.00000000,
    "relayfee" : 0.00001000,
    "errors" : ""
}

Also here is my bitcoin.conf:

rpcuser=b
rpcpassword=a
txindex=1
server=1

here is debug.log, its at this link:

1. goto 66.42.220.205:18809 (its a website) type that in URL box
in a web browser

2. download debug.log

My question is can I prevent bitcoind from eventually coming to a point where I have to restart it using the command "kill -s 9 (pid)" and "bitcoind -txindex", or can I prevent it from coming into a state where it wont let me interact with it? If I can prevent this, how do I?

Also I need to use -txindex because it keeps an index of transactions and I need that for payment processing.

Thanks in advance!


texts:
The original Nakamoto paper states

  routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers

What is meant by "routine escrow mechanisms"?


texts: how is the price of crypto currency computed

texts:
how is the price of any cryptocurrency computed, how is the math equation and who actually does it? if you would say a trading site like Coinbase then i say there are also currencies that are i guess not listed in any trading site and still they have a price.

edit: Ask and bid plays the role in the making of price probably. Of course i can sell 1 btc for $1 if i will want, but when selling i have to know what is the worth of it.. and i need to get it from somewhere. If all sellers need to know it from somewhere, where they take it from? You might say again from trading site (again from bid and ask) it is a bit recursion.

Maybe the source is really the biggest trading site.

Maybe the equation is something like:

price = price * ((ask to buy / ask to sell) * unknownIndex)

And ask to buy and ask to sell is made by the popularity / trust (news articles, expectation)


texts: transfer money to mtgox with visa or mastercoard

texts:
I am looking into add funds tab from mtgox and I can not find an option with visa or mastercard.

E-Currencies:
Liberty Reserve (Instant funding - NO FEE)
PerfectMoney (INSTANT funding - 1% FEE)
Pecunix (INSTANT funding - NO FEE)
HD-Money (INSTANT funding - NO FEE)
VouchX Vouchers (INSTANT funding - NO FEE)
CosmicPay (INSTANT funding - NO FEE)
C-Gold (INSTANT funding - 5% FEE)
SolidTrustPay (WITHIN 1 to 2 business days - 8% FEE)

Banking and other payment methods:
SEPA Euro transfers (WITHIN 1 business day - NO FEE)
International Wire Transfer in USD (WITHIN 1 to 2 business days - NO FEE)
Wire Transfer in GBP (WITHIN 1 to 2 business days - NO FEE)
CASH deposit at 10,000 locations in the USA (WITHIN 1 hour - at 3.75% fee!)
INSTANT EURO BANK TRANSFERS (Coming soon!)
LOCAL AUSTRALIAN BANK DEPOSITS (Coming soon!)

Is it possible? If no, what is the easiest way to do this using MasterCard


texts: Where does Coinify get its Bitcoins, and can I track their exchange rate somewhere?

texts:
I have not found anything in their FAQ. As I understand, you can buy BTC from BTC exchanges, a place where buyers and sellers meet and agree on some price.

If I buy BTC through Coinify, where do they get them? They only list a BTC price on their front page but no source whatsoever.
Provided there is some exchange they use, where can I track the Euro/BTC exchange rate?
Do I have to make multiple accounts for each exchange with the entire verification stuff each time I want to get my BTC somewhere else?


texts: How can I contribute content to bitcoincore.org?

texts: I want to contribute relevant quality content to bitcoincore.org that would be valuable to its readers.


texts: How do private keys in Bitcoin-Qt's encrypted wallet differ from BIP38 private keys?

texts:
Does an encrypted Bitcoin-Qt wallet generate BIP38 private keys?

I saw that Bitcoin private keys start with 5, i.e. unencrypted / no-BIP38 PKs, can be imported on several bitcoin wallets, e.g. Blockchain.info, Electrum, etc., and everyone with access to these unencrypted PKs can spent the bitcoins associated with them without entering a password to validate the transaction.
While BIP38's private keys, i.e. those starting with 6, can be imported to several Bitcoin wallets,those ask the associated password in order to move the coins associated with them.

So let's say that someone would guess my Bitcoin-Qt's encrypted private key, and he imports it on blockchain.info or Electrum. Will he need to enter my password to spent the coins associated to my PK? In other words, do my encrypted Bitcoin-Qt private keys works like any BIP38 PK?


texts: Does createrawtransaction have the ability to create a transaction with custom scripts?

texts:
Does createrawtransaction always use the following script?

scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 <pubKeyHash> OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG
scriptSig: <sig> <pubKey>

If so, how do you create a transaction that uses a custom scriptPubKey value? If not, what is the syntax for writing the JSON that enables custom scriptPubKey values for the transaction using createrawtransaction?


texts:
I just started getting interested in the blockchain a week ago, however there is something I can not just figure out.

Regarding the flag "Spent/Unspent" in transactions. I get that we flag "spent" the output of a transaction if this same output is used as an input in a future transaction.

-Suppose that we make a transaction (transaction 1), and this transaction get included in the blockchain (let's say block 1). We do not spent the output (consider a simple transaction single input & a single output) until 100 blocks later (transaction 2) in the blockchain.

I understand that in transaction 2, in the inputs, there is the info of the previous transactions (since we are implementing hash pointers)like shown below in "prev_out" (JSON format of transaction extracted from Blockexplorer api) :

'inputs': [{'prev_out': {'addr': '1PFtrRjbq4aLfM7k4tyLZ3ZAuTsgLr6Q8Q',
    'n': 0,
    'script': '76a914f423dfee34e4833104508103d89e316b4a49314088ac',
    'spent': True,
    'tx_index': 356882858,

Up to now, there is no problem, I can totally understand that we can add a flag spent/unspent for the previous outputs (inputs) in transaction 2.

Suppose now this is the output of transaction 1 (which we are going to spent 100 blocks later).

By the way, this is a real transaction, its hash: a117a7aab7e2db8ef5fd40e74f72d689e13b733136454d2340a244236fbed9eb

'out': {'addr': '1PFtrRjbq4aLfM7k4tyLZ3ZAuTsgLr6Q8Q',
   'n': 0,
   'script': '76a914f423dfee34e4833104508103d89e316b4a49314088ac',
   'spent': True,
   'tx_index': 356893407,
   'type': 0,
   'value': 16351264}

My question is:
You can see that the flag "spent" is True, How is this even possible ? Because during 99 blocks the transaction was unspent (flag=False). There is only one case possible for the flag "spent" to be True:

-The transaction 2 has to be in the same block as transaction 1. Otherwise if transaction 2 is in block 100 and the flag "Spent" of transaction 1 is True, it means that:

For 99 Blocks the flag was False and in the block 100, we change the flag of transaction 1, which is in block 1.

That means that we changed block 1, hence changed its hash --> impossible given the structure of the Blockchain.

Thank you for enlightening me !


texts: Single "Multiple Inputs Tx" vs Multiple "Single Input Tx"

texts:
Alice owns three addresses A1, A2, A3. She decides to collect the coins held by these addresses into a single coin so she generates a fresh new address A4 for that.

She has the following two options:

1. Single transaction

+--------------+
 |A1          A4|
 |A2    ->      |
 |A3            |
 +--------------+

2. Multiple transactions

+--------------+
 |A1          A4|
 +--------------+

+--------------+
 |A2          A4|
 +--------------+

+--------------+
 |A3          A4|
 +--------------+

She does not want people to know that A1, A2 and A3 are owned by her. And she does not intend to use any mixing services. She also don't mind paying more transaction fees as in option 2.

Option 1

A1, A2 and A3 can be linked together assuming she did not use any Coin Join technique.

Option 2

It can be seen that A4 is reused to receive payments. However A4 has never been seen before this transaction.

Questions on Option 2:

Can someone observing the Blockchain deterministically figure out A1, A2 and A3 belong to same user?
If Alice now spends A4 to Bob (sends all amount, she never uses A4 again), can Bob ever figure out that A1, A2 and A3 belonged to Alice?
What privacy will Alice (or someone down the trail, like Bob) lose if she goes for option 2?
Is reusing addresses to only receive payments and spending that address only once okay?


texts: Sweeping a bitcoin private key using PHP

texts:
Is there a PHP script where it validates a bitcoin private key and also gets the public address from the key?

My goal was to:

verify the private key
Get the public address using that private key
Check the balance using an external api
Sweep if balance > 0

I know I can test it by sending some bitcoins to it, or use electrum to attempt the sweep, but let's say I have 100 private keys I need to verify, how would I go about that?


texts: strange weird address in transaction after send bitcoin bitcoin-qt

texts:
as an example, I have the wallet with address-A (with 10 BTC)
If I send 1 BTC to someone (address-B) then in transaction I see

address-A > 1 BTC > address-B
address-A > 1 BTC > address-C

after, on address-A I have 8 BTC, but my bitcoin-qt show me 9 BTC (as it must be)
why it makes sends to strange address-C ?
=================
Found an answer here https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Change


texts: How safe is BitcoinCore since it is using owner's passphrase?

texts: When I want to create a wallet with BitcoinCore by going File->Create wallet, it asks me to choose a passphrase for it. Over the mouths exploring Bitcoin I learned that it is very unsafe to use custom passwords since they can be easily cracked (if I'm not mistaken, this type of wallet is called Brain wallets). I'm assuming that the passphrase will be used as a seed for a random generator in order to create private key for that wallet, and all this seems pretty unsafe to me.  Also I noticed that there is a checkbox saying Encrypt wallet. Does this mean if I don't make this check, my wallet will be unencrypted and therefore unsafe?


texts: Will g'root be included in the Taproot soft-fork?

texts: G'root, which I understands as generalised Taproot, was announced a year and a half ago. I'm wondering what the development is on it and if it is part of the taproot softfork.


texts:
Last time I used my Bitcoin-qt client was a few months ago.  I made a backup of the wallet to an external USB drive.

Yesterday, I started the client and after it synchronized the block-chain, I saw that I had 0 bitcoins!  I restored the backup wallet.dat file and started it again, it said it was rescanning, and then the same result: 0 bitcoins! Even the transaction history is blank!

I had once done a paper backup but cannot find that now. Would that help?

Is there a way to know if I was hacked and my btc stolen?

Help... any advice and hints appreciated!


texts: How does the Litecoin difficulty get calculated?

texts:
Bitcoin creates 2016 blocks, and if the average time of 2016 blocks is less than 10 minutes, the difficulty increases. If it is more than 10 minutes, the difficulty decreases.

How does the Litecoin mining difficulty get adjusted?


texts: Where can I find the bitcoind bundled with bitcoin-qt in Ubuntu?

texts: I read that bitcoind comes bundled with bitcoin-qt, but I can't find it anywhere on my system after installing bitcoin-qt. I'm using Ubuntu.


texts: Same seed from Electrum but generate different Bitcoin addresses

texts:
I am using Electrum 3.2.2, I have the wallet file generated from Electrum and a password to decrypt the file. There is an error whenever I am trying to send Bitcoin out of that wallet, so I decide to create a new wallet with the same seed.

But with the same seed and same Electrum client version, the Bitcoin addresses in both wallets are completely different, and there is no balance in the newly create wallet.

I have tried to directly import the private key instead of seed to a new wallet, but I am getting a different Bitcoin address as well.

In case there is a solution for the error I mentioned before, here is the message I get:

  error: {'message': 'the transaction was rejected by network
  rules.\n\n16: mandatory-script-verify-flag-failed (Script failed an
  OP_EQUALVERIFY
  operation)\n[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]',
  'code': 1}

Edit: I have tried to validate the private key I get from Electrum on bitaddress.org, apparently the private key does not match my previous wallet address, there might be some issue with my old wallet file.

Edit2:

I have tried to sign message with the address, but failed to verify with the same wallet file under same Electrum client.
After exporting the seed, and using the seed on a newly created wallet, both the old wallet and new wallet show the same master public key, but with entirely different addresses list.
Moving the wallet file to another computer, using the latest Electrum and decrypt the file shows the same old addresses, but the transaction error persist.

The issue might be with the wallet file. I was using Electrum 3.1.3 to generate the wallet several months ago. I might have used an infected client to generate the wallet file.

Edit3: Forget to mention that I am using portable version of Electrum all this time, and it seems to be vulnerable to attack.

At the time of me generating the wallet, my computer is only one month old, not a laptop, and the windows os is directly downloaded from Microsoft and is still unactivated. No anti-virus installed, no suspicious programs or files ever downloaded, and has never noticed any weird activity happening in my computer. So, the chance of being infected is very low.

I believe I am using the official portable Electrum from electrum.org, the wallet file might be modified at the time I generate it.


texts: How can I build litecoin from source in Visual Studio (2010 or 2012)?

texts:
I am curious if anyone has successfully built and linked all dependencies for litecoin and, finally, built litecoin in Visual Studio.

If so, could someone please provide some instructions on how to do this?  I'd like to run some tests and I'm quite familiar with the Visual Studio debugger.


texts: What piece of code would allow me to check if a block has been found then run an operation?

texts:
I am relatively new to C++ and I was wondering if anybody could help me out. I am looking piece of code that will loop until a block is found by a node and then when one is found print a simple output like "Block found".

Thanks!


texts: Why bitcoind does not respect rpcbind for testnet?

texts:
For some reason testnet does not respect bitcoin.conf RPC configuration:

admin@az-bitcoind:~$ sudo netstat -natp | grep 8332
tcp        0      0 10.18.0.1:8332          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      582/bitcoind
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:8332          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      582/bitcoind
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:18332         0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      581/bitcoind
tcp6       0      0 ::1:18332               :::*                    LISTEN      581/bitcoind

Expected: bitcoind bound to 10.18.0.1:8332 and 10.18.0.1:18332 and 127.0.0.1:8332 and 127.0.0.1:18332

Reality: bitcoind bound to 10.18.0.1:8332 and 127.0.0.1:8332 and 127.0.0.1:18332 and ::1:18332. NOT 10.18.0.1:18332

Here is my bitcoin.conf

# Accept command line and JSON-RPC commands
server=1

# Set database cache size in megabytes (4 to 16384, default: 450)
dbcache=1536

# Set the number of script verification threads (-6 to 16, 0 = auto, <0 = leave that many cores free, default: 0)
par=1

# Set to blocksonly mode, sends and receives no lose transactions, instead handles only complete blocks
blocksonly=0
maxmempool=256

# Tries to keep outbound traffic under the given target (in MiB per 24h), 0 = no limit (default: 0)
maxuploadtarget=256

# Maintain at most <n> connections to peers (default: 125)
maxconnections=32

# Username for JSON-RPC connections
rpcuser=bitcoinrpc

# Password for JSON-RPC connections
rpcpassword=b956a61a2b6b8d30a744165384e3b61e

# Allow JSON-RPC connections from, by default only localhost are allowed
rpcbind=127.0.0.1
rpcbind=10.18.0.1
rpcallowip=127.0.0.1
rpcallowip=10.18.0.0/24

# Maintain a full transaction index, used by the getrawtransaction rpc call (default: 0)
txindex=1

# Make the wallet broadcast transactions (default: 1)
walletbroadcast=1

Am I doing something wrong?


texts: What is the relationship of the Lightning Network and the Bitcoin protocol?

texts:
Is Lightning running on the Bitcoin protocol or on another blockchain?
Is is something like a sidechain?
Where are the bitcoins in the Lightning Network stored?


texts: In PoS how is Net Stake Weight calculated

texts:
In PoS coins there is a common 'time to stake' estimate, this is based on the users own accumulated stake amount as a proportion of the network wide stake weight.

However there is no way for any node to reliably estimate the network stake weight, in theory it's just all nodes individual weights added together, but as no single node is guaranteed to see all others without duplication, I wanted to understand how this is calculated.


texts: Is there a source for historical LTC trades available?

texts:
From bitcoincharts.com can download historical trade histories for BTC on various exchanges vs various currencies.

Where can I find something comparable for LTC?  I want to get historical trades for LTC vs USD & CNY.  1 year or more would be ideal.


texts: Overclock Antminer U3 running on raspberry pi

texts:
I have an Antminer u3 running on a raspberry pi using bfgminer. Its currently running at 47GH/s. Does anyone know if  is possible to over clock it using BGFminer so that it will run at 55 - 60 GH/s?

if i cant do it using BFGminer is there another mining software i can do it in?

any suggestions would be welcome and would be appreciated:)


texts:
I had chosen at random an index for storing some bitcoins. My key derivation path is Bip32 m/0h/1

How would I go about generating all 2 billion keys and check which one has the funds I stored?

The bip32gen software is too slow for this to happen anytime soon.

Any ideas?


texts:
I run ubuntu 12.04 and had to reinstall the OS so I copied wallet.dat and saved them into another computer, now that I am done installing the OS and then installed dogecoind and replaced wallet.dat file but it says

message":"ReserveKeyFromKeyPool() : read failed"}


texts:
I'm running bfgminer with block erupters, and all is working fine 90% of the time. However, if my internet connection drops briefly, then I get nothing but Rejected shares from that point onwards. This never rectifies itself unless I restart bfgminer. This probably happens once every few days which is a little frustrating.

Does anyone have any idea why is happens?  And what I can do about it?

Thanks

?


texts: What are the problems with normal currency that may be solved by using Bitcoins?

texts:
I've watched the video on weusecoins.com and read some of the FAQ, read information about wallets etc, but I still can't find any information about why we should use Bitcoins? What are the issues with normal currency?

I know that this is a very beginner question.

The only things I can find so far are:

It's not controlled by a government or company. But what further advantages of this are there?
Open source, but why should currencies be open source?
It has very good security, but don't banks spend billions on security as well?
BTCs are limited in number: Is this to prevent artificial inflation of currency?

Please note: This is not some kind of horrible troll question, I'm genuinely trying to learn about BTC.


texts: I created 2 different wallets at block chain. The first one gave me an address for receiving btc. I used that address for a purchase, however, now when I login to my wallet, it no longer shows that address. Luckily, I saved it, and can search for it. It does show the btc I purchased, but requires me to enter the private key before moving them. I thought the entire address I sent for the btc included the private key. I also checked the other wallet I created, and the address I first got is not there either. These are the only 2 wallets I created and I know I received the original address from one of them. I know there are hackers out there, but that is not me. This is MY wallet, and I paid a lot of money for the btc, but clearly I screwed up somewhere. This is the address: 1593pt67xM8KRZ23Akxp2KwCj856fCfWSh


texts:
I tried using the R scanner from the following link https://github.com/ca333/rng-scanner/blob/master/rscan.py, then I got results like this

Bitcoin Address : 3EZ5yV5FARDqEZTXzwWNt33XLVhv7hqAS2
R: 09a8bcef1c9f806b7ba1f6f07d2ac45469a0e860fb14e3e151ce1e710483
TxId : 9ae7ce79fa8501dd92ade347fae7c1737ccefa6db204a2fae485634c265d5494

then I open the transaction link and see the sigscript and witness of the transaction

https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/9ae7ce79fa8501dd92ade347fae7c1737ccefa6db204a2fae485634c265d5494

What does sigscript and witness mean of the transaction? Why are the sigscript and witness forms different from the transactions below?

https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/c525f9a78b92a1082ef690ef538c803fa4ed2f4b1c008a8effc3cba3ac6773d3


texts: Is there a list of altcoin communities that has the most active developers?

texts:
In terms of updating the codebase, bug response, new features etc.

Who are the front runners that at least update at least once or twice a month?

If an altcoin that doesn't even update their codebase or bug responses within a month should not qualify.


texts: Why would I choose to use Bitcoin and not other crypto currencies like Ethereum or Dash? Why is Bitcoin better or worse than the rest?

texts: The title basically says it all, I'm a new investor looking to fill out my portfolio but I also want to know the lay for the market, what cryptos are worthwhile, and why?


texts: Bitcoin: what if I was about to sign an offline transaction using the transaction history and I get paid into same address

texts:
while using an offline client I have to copy and paste transaction history of the address I want to spend coins from. What if there was a new bitcoin transfer into my address before sending the signed transaction to the network?
Does the transaction fail? or work fine because there are more bitcoins than shown in transaction history


texts:
From where I can get bip39 (2048 words) 12 words length possible combinations.

Note: I am not talking about the wordslist of bip39 (2048 words).


texts: How to import wallet.dat.txt file, to convert a txt document into usable BTC?

texts:
this will be my first time posting here so please forgive any newbyness.

A friend recently gave me an old thumbdrive with a wallet.dat.txt file on it. He had bought a full BTC but didn't know what he was doing or how to spend it so he said I can keep it if can figure it out.

I'm semi-familiar with BTC but know almost nothing about paper wallets/cold storage. After some research, I discovered I might could import it here: https://blockchain.info/wallet/import-wallet

However, I get the following error message: Unknown File Type wallet.dat.txt

I think perhaps he may have played with it trying to get the BTC, and opened the .dat with a word processor which converted the file to wallet.dat.txt

Is there any way to convert the wallet.dat.txt back into wallet.dat? Or is that even the problem here?

Just trying to get at that free 1 BTC. Please help! Any/all advice is welcome!


texts: bitcoin address after transaction security questions

texts:
I found an old paper wallet on an old computer of mine which is offline (I can count the number of coins with my fingers). I would like to distribute these coins now among 6-9 wallets (I want to give some family members coins) and have a few questions. Partially they are also out of curiousity, since I am learning more about bitcoin now that I have discovered the coins again.
1.) Is it safe if I create a raw transaction on the offline computer so I can execute it on my online computer?
2.) I read that making a transaction will reveal the public address of the current address. I also read that the signature of multiple transactions can help hackers to figure out my private key. It is therefore recommended to empty the old address when I move stuff around. Nevertheless, I am curious about the following:
However, wouldn't you say that the old address is still relatively secure after doing a single transaction? Meaning, while I should empty the old address at some point, a brute force attack would most likely not be able to hack the public key within a month of the transaction.
3.) If I send the bitcoins to multiple addresses in one multi-recipient transaction, will this raw transaction have a signature for each receiver? Or will I only sign with one signature (effectively the same as if I just moved money to one address)? Meaning, does an address become more exposed after a single multi-recipient transaction vs. a single one-recipient transaction?


texts:
What are the different coinjoin implementations being used right now?
What are the trade-offs involved in using one of them?


texts:
Can you eventually hold the bitcoins in your hand, like real cash dollars or euros or something? If so, how?

I've gone through all the service previews and introduction videos (actually, a video), and didn't see anything about this particular point.

I don't have a credit card, and I'm in a country where banking services aren't so profound and  people don't use credit cards (Libya). Does a Bitcoin account rely on having a credit card, and will the coins you gather be added to your bank account?


texts: Does a thin client testnet wallet exist which allows offline signing?

texts:
I appreciate I can do offline singing with bitcoin-core, but it's complex.  To make it easier, I would have to download the entire blockchain.

I have searched up electrum, but can't seem to find a testnet option.

Any ideas?


texts: hi people just i am join on this site.can anyone Help by telling me how to convert Satoshi into bitcoin?


texts: How to generate valid BTC address to withdraw coins to

texts:
I set up bitcoind, and the complete blockchain is synced. I created a wallet, and I loaded the wallet.
How can I generate an address to deposit BTC to? I tried bitcoin-cli getnewaddress and I get this address bc1q4mglxdp28f693lw476fnmcesq25tmfkcsfqnpk, but at the Huobi exchange when I try to withdraw 0.001 BTC to that address as a test, I get the message "Invalid address."
What am I doing wrong? How can I create a valid BTC address on my loaded wallet to send BTC to?


texts: Security for bitcoin businesses with Employees

texts:
Have been investigating some of the gateway apps and offline systems that are being developed. I was wondering what is the most secure way for a business to conduct itself. Let's use a bar as an example.

I would assume a strategy like this would be a start.

Owner creates a cold storage wallet with some read only addresses. I am thinking as this being the safe. (maybe even print some out so employees can easily cash out)
The bar then has an online accessible wallet.
He outfits his mobile devices running one of the online gateways or maybe even the electrum wallets.
Patron is ready to pay, the employee rings up the bill and says $xx.xx
The employee and the patron do their transactions.

Here is the question...

How often should the employee dump the coin into the cold storage safe? I would think they would need some in case they needed to reimburse a customer.

What do you guys think is the optimal way for a business of anytime, customers or not should handle their coin?