texts: Is the block 'chain' actually a merkle tree?

texts:
Forgive the noob question, but I have just started seriously looking into block chain and bitcoin.

I tried to implement a very, very basic version of what I understood the block chain to be to understand it better, and eventually found out that bitcoin does not store account balances. It instead references previous transactions for inputs and outputs.

This then led me to reading about the Merkle tree, and how all transactions are derived from the root of the Merkle tree. Does this mean that block chain technology does not actually represent a chain, but rather a tree structure where a certain number of transactions in a specific sub-tree constitute a block of transactions? Or have I just misunderstood it? The very fact that its called blockchain technology is throwing me off.


texts: What bitcoin clients provide GUI support for "BIP 125 Opt-in Full Replace-by-Fee Signaling"?  If there are no GUI bitcoin clients that support it are there supported command line bitcoin clients?


texts: Does descendant size affect transaction fees?

texts: While calculating the transaction fee miners usually take ancestor size into the account. But does the descendant/output also affect the transaction fee calculation? Is descendant count correlated to transaction fee in any way?


texts: How are double spends and "dropped" transactions represented in BlockChain.info API

texts:
I am currently using BlockChain.info's API to do payment verification with, but have a few questions.

How I am using it (I think I am using it in the right way....):

I am issuing a new/clean address to for each sale.
I am then checking the balance of the address and the transactions (tx->out) to get the time of the transaction, the value and the block height (of which I am using to get the confirmed count from)
I then add the transaction details to my database/System and display the relevant message to the user.
An automated script then runs to collect/update the confirmed count (and updates this info into my database).

I have been building this by making bitcoin transactions to myself, but of course all my test transactions are genuine, so I don't know how "bad" transactions will be represented!

What I am unsure on, is how will double spends (or dropped transactions/spends/fraud) be represented?
Will the transaction simply disappear? And will this then effect the balance shown against the address? Or will the block height simply change to 0/NULL?

Any advice on this would be greatly welcomed!


texts: Decentralized escrow functionality built into Bitcoin?

texts:
AFAIK there are a few websites out there that offer escrow services for Bitcoin. Those however are central, i.e. I have to "trust" them.

Is it being discussed, is it theoretically possible, or does the blockchain technology already enable to implement a decentralized escrow service?

After all, it is easy to imagine that an escrow holder could be nothing more than a "virtual" party or a "bot", with its own wallet or private keys, that two negotiating parties could cast into existence. After the transaction has completed (or cancelled), the software would release (or revoke) the entrusted value to the respective party.

Update: If two parties cannot come to agreement, I can think of these solutions for now:

There could be a form of escrow option that will be chosen where at least one party is public facing and reputational, e.g. a (online) shop, that will be trusted by the other party not to deceive.
Two more "ordinarily" trading parties would choose an escrow option where the funds will never be released in the case of conflict at first. If they disclosed identity to each other, a court hearing could then be invoked which should usually come to a resolution, and the losing party will be enforced by law to provide value. Should Bitcoin never be accepted as negotiable matter by traditional jurisdiction, an alternative, equivalent infrastructure is thinkable, but let's leave that to another question for now.
This proposal by user Meni Rosenfeld:

  How about this. There is a box in which there are two types of coins,
  "deposit" and "payment". Both parties have permission to open the box.
  When the box is opened, the deposits go to whoever put them, and the
  payment goes to the party other than the one who opened it.

  So first the buyer and seller both put a small deposit in the box.
  This is safe since they can get it back. Then the buyer puts the
  entire sum of the payment in the box. Now:

  If the seller sends the goods, the buyer will open the box and the
  seller will receive the funds. He is incentivized not to be lazy or
  spiteful because he wants his deposit back.
  If the seller for any reason wants to back out of the deal, he can
  open the box and have the payment return to the buyer, and is
  incentivized to do so because he wants his deposit back.
  If the seller goes with the "reimbursement" plot, the buyer knows
  he is scamming (since the seller should have just opened the box) and
  ignore the request. (There is a potential weakness in that the buyer
  can "defect" and open the box anyway, to get the deposit. This may be
  alleviated by having the buyer's deposit smaller than the seller's,
  giving him more bargaining power).
  A fraudulent seller is not incentivized to try this on N people
  until it succeeds, since every failure costs him his deposit. Hence,
  scenario 3 in which the money is burned should very rarely happen.

  In any case this isn't supposed to be bullet-proof, just a significant
  extra protection for sellers who already pass the sniff-test.

  Additionally, the box can specify a charity address, agreed upon by
  both parties, to which the buyer has permission to send all funds,
  deposits and payment. So in the worst case the money will go to
  charity.

  I'm not sure about the technical implementation details but all this
  should be very doable.


texts: What large and well known companies directly sell BTC?

texts:
At one point TangibleCryptography offered direct sales of Bitcoins in exchange to USD wire transfer, at competitive rates.

Is there a list of active trusted companies that offer this service?


texts: How to send bitcoins without paying or with extreme low fees and without having to proove my identity?

texts:
Of course, I know it’s no longer possible to get a transaction mined without a miner fee since 2011.

It’s for sending from a single address to a single output address. But I have to split the sending in a large amount of transactions.
I only knows about Gdax which pays the transaction fee for the user (thus making sending transaction free), but it requires sending identity document in order to use it.

This question isn’t about doing it… It’s about getting answer that might explain how to do it without knowing an e‑mail address !
Other questions aren’t asking this so that concern cannot be answered on other questions !


texts: do you know why this block is so unusually small?

texts:
i just stumbled upon this block in the blockchain:
https://blockchain.info/block/00000000000000000052fca516261b65a8a455f35f4c2f867acfb08069def3ec
why is it so small with so few transactions?


texts: What happens to a person's bitcoins if they should happen to die prematurely?  Will those coins be lost forever if no one knows that person's wallet info?


texts: Who decided that segwit2x isn't going to happen?

texts:
I have read this article:

https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-segwit2x/2017-November/000685.html

Since bitcoin is a decentralized system, who's decided that segwit2x isn't going to be deployed?


texts: What is the most cost effective GPU mining rig?

texts:
I'm looking for specific part numbers for CPU, GPUs, motherboards, cases, etc.

Assume power doesn't matter.

Also, what sort of hash rate does it get?


texts: Why bitcoin protocol does not use JSON instead of low level data structures?

texts: Wouldn't be easier for the nodes to just build the messages with JSON, then encode it to bytes so it can be transmitted over TCP/IP? I'm not talking about JSON-RPC, but the communication between nodes.


texts: 16 word recovery phrase for blockchain wallet not working

texts: I downloaded my blockchain wallet but now i forget the password and my recovery phrase is 16 word, so I tried them but they are not working. Can somebody please help me?


texts: Is there a way to give `bitcoin-cli` a different default conf directory instead of specifying it each time?

texts:
I have changed the configuration directory for bitcoind.
However when I make a bitcion-cli request:
bitcoin-cli getblockcount

I get an error about RPC credentials using ~/.bitcoin/bitcoin/conf
So for me to actually run the command with the correct config and authnetication cookie I have to specify the configuration directory explicitly every time. Is there a way to make it implicit?
bitcoin-cli -conf=/media/btc/bitcoin/bitcoin.conf getblockcount
581510


texts:
I have a question about practical implementation of one part of Bitcoin protocol.

I'm reading the Protocol Rules for Bitcoin - "tx" messages and point 14 states that "For each input, if the referenced output has already been spent by a transaction in the main branch, reject this transaction".

How does the client validate that output has not been spent? It seems that it should remember all transations and amount of Bitcoins for all known addresses. This would take a lot of memory to store them all. Is there an optimization I'm not aware of?


texts: Is bitcoin egalitarian or is there a hierarchy of owners of the cryptocurrency?

texts:
I hope my question will be well understood and well received. I see bitcoin as a passive system, as far as I know, and therefore egalitarian, but maybe there is a situation where at the point someone puts in a bid for it, the whales get the cheapest bid and at that point it creates hierarchy and inequality, I don't know, so this is why I asked the question.
As a general rule, nobody is going to treat you different as an individual owner of bitcoin whether you buy or sell it, but I don't really know. I don't know how the exchange is programmed, I don't know if it has a high frequency trading that is biased.
Does Satoshi and the original buyers of bitcoin have more power over other bitcoin owners?


texts: Could Bitcoin be based on accounts instead, more like banks?

texts:
In banking, a user's account will have a balance, and when they spend an amount is credited from their balance. For example, the account #310 could have $100, and spending $10 would reduce it to $90.

Bitcoin on the other hand makes you spend all $100 from the account in a transaction, but the transaction could have two outputs ($10 and $90 - you would keep control of the new $90 account).

Why was Bitcoin set up that way instead of the other way? The other way seems more natural. You'd just sign a transaction as coming from your account and going to someone else's account.


texts: Any idea why Bitcoin Core signature is untrusted?

texts:
It's suppose to be a trusted signature, right?. I'm downloading Bitcoin Core from bitcoin.org
gpg --import laanwj-releases.asc
gpg: key 90C8019E36C2E964: 51 firmas no comprobadas por falta de claves
gpg: clave 90C8019E36C2E964: "Wladimir J. van der Laan (Bitcoin Core binary release signing key) <laanwj@gmail.com>" sin cambios
gpg: Cantidad total procesada: 1
gpg:              sin cambios: 1

sha256sum --check SHA256SUMS.asc
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0-aarch64-linux-gnu.tar.gz: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0-aarch64-linux-gnu.tar.gz: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0-arm-linux-gnueabihf.tar.gz: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0-arm-linux-gnueabihf.tar.gz: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0-osx64.tar.gz: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0-osx64.tar.gz: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0-osx.dmg: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0-osx.dmg: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0-riscv64-linux-gnu.tar.gz: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0-riscv64-linux-gnu.tar.gz: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0.tar.gz: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0.tar.gz: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0-win64-setup.exe: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0-win64-setup.exe: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0-win64.zip: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0-win64.zip: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: bitcoin-0.20.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz: No such file or directory
bitcoin-0.20.0-x86_64-linux-gnu.tar.gz: FAILED open or read
sha256sum: WARNING: 20 lines are improperly formatted
sha256sum: WARNING: 9 listed files could not be read

gpg --verify SHA256SUMS.asc
gpg: Firmado el mié  3 jun 10:59:52 2020 WEST
gpg:                usando RSA clave 90C8019E36C2E964
gpg: Firma correcta de "Wladimir J. van der Laan (Bitcoin Core binary release signing key) <laanwj@gmail.com>" [desconocido]
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the owner.
Primary key fingerprint: 01EA 5486 DE18 A882 D4C2  6845 90C8 019E 36C2 E964


texts: Transaction shows up as sent, but was never recieved

texts: I sent 0.002 BTC to 15bPd9YSB3kpuAFFz2tBZh39A3XdnN5UoX (I paid the transaction fee), but Bitcoin-Qt crashed when I pressed send. When I reopened it the transaction showed up, but it isn't in Blockexplorer.com or Blockchain.info or the reciving client. I tried rescanning both the sending and recieving clients.


texts:
Who got the bitcoins when nobody was mining it in the very begin?

If nobody mined it what used to happen to them?

Cheers


texts: Why am i picking up 2 blockchains for my BTC address

texts:
So this is my address
38UPP6po1NJvNQoTavvTBzbRi1bKcyR7tZ
And i am picking up 2 blockchains ,one for BTC and BCH ? I did a transfer a week ago and i am not sure why i cant see the funds in my coinbase account ?
Please help


texts: What internet data usage can I expect when mining in pools?

texts:
I plan to connect my ordinary PC to a pool such as NiceHash or CKPool's solo pools and join the 'lottery'. I can run a few hundred Mhs; I know it's low, but that's why it's called lottery...

Before I commence my mining expedition, I would like to know what data usage I can expect, say by running it for 12 hours.

The research I have done on the topic only points to the fact that it is "not much" but given that data costs in South Africa is among the highest in the world, "not much" has a different meaning to us.

The way I understand these solo pools work is that they pre-package the blocks, send it to me and I start hashing. Given the maximum size of 1MB per and for argument's sake they push a new block to me every 5 minutes, that would be ~150MB in 12 hours, which is more than reasonable.

Is there something wrong with my reasoning? If we start to look at 500MB and above per day, that would start to infringe on our personal usage of the data.


texts: How do I get BTC out of my Multibit wallet?

texts:
I have BTC in an old Multibit wallet.  Multibit is no longer support and the problem is you cannot set TX fees.  The standard fees are too low given the current state of the network.  What can I do to get my BTC out?  Is there another software wallet that will let me import my Multibit key?

Also, I tried to send via Multibit a few days ago, but it's not showing up on blockchain.info or blockexplorer.com.  If I do import my private key to another software or online wallet, will it mess anything up being that there is a pending send tx in my Multibit wallet?


texts:
As I haven't got many resources I am unable to test this method however before I spend the time investing in servers and such, I would like to show my idea as to how I will be handling a payments system with my site and whether or not this is a good idea or not.
I will be using Bitcoin-client / core / bitcoind (I don't kknow the difference).
I will first create a new wallet: createwallet "transactions"
Then I will import addresses I already own: importaddress "address" "label" false (rescan: false) and do for around 30 addresses?
Once I have imported the addresses, I will then do rescanblockchain
And now, I should be able to do listreceivedbyaddress <address> and get a list of all of the transactions for an address (which I can then track and use as a transaction)
Question is, will this work? I don't know a great deal about Bitcoin but from my research, this is the only work around I can think of as I have no clue whether this is the correct approach at all.
Ideally, I would like to set and forget the addresses and then whenever a new address has been picked to serve as the address a user will have to send bitcoin too, it will then look for that address, find the latest transaction when there is one and then monitor that transaction.
Just becuse this isn't code, please don't down-vote this. I've been searching for months to find a solution where I don't use some rubbish third party API.


texts:
The Venezuela is about to launch the pre-sale (at 12:30pm GMT) of its Petro cryptocurrency.

For that, they release a buyer manual in Spanish. Do you know where I could find the document translated in English? What is the procedure for participating in the pre-sale?


texts: How to connect to blockchain via a "rig" miner?

texts:
I would like to connect the following rig (please see the photos) to a blockchain platform (I prefer a platform which is simpler to use :) ). Maybe this rig would not be appropriate for Bitcoin, but also Ethereum or Zcash.

What steps do I need to proceed (step by step) to connect to Ethreum or Zcach?

Do I need to connect these devices to a personal computer?


texts: What would the rough hash rate for an ec2 instance be - litecoin

texts:
High-CPU Extra Large Instance

7 GiB of memory

20 EC2 Compute Units (8 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each)

1690 GB of instance storage

64-bit platform

I/O Performance: High

EBS-Optimized Available: 1000 Mbps

API name: c1.xlarge

Above is the specification for an Amazon EC2 instance, I was just wondering if there is any information on what the hash rate would be for litecoins on this Amazon EC2 instance.

Is there any calculations you can use to find out the hash rate from the GHz of a processor?
I know none f the other specs apart from the processor really matter but I'm just not sure what the GHz for the EC2 processor would be.


texts: osx - bitcoin-qt v0.8.6 doesn't starts at osx 10.9 non-developer machine

texts:
I've compiled a bitcoin-qt v0.8.6 on osx 10.9. It successfully runs on developer machine from 'Finder' (as Bitcoin-Qt.app) and from terminal (as ./Bitcoin-Qt.app/Contents/MacOS/Bitcoin-Qt). I've copied it to another machine (also osx 10.9). And it doesn't starts from 'Finder', error message is "applications is damaged or does not contain the necessary libraries" (but continues run from terminal).
Any ideas?


texts: Old Bitcoin QT Core (V0.7) - Sent BTC - Lost?

texts:
I performed a 'Send Bitcoin' transaction from my really old Bitcoin QT Core client (V0.7 2-beta) a few days ago as a Test.
The client is YEARS out of date regarding the Blockchain.

I can see the Transaction Status on the client about an hour after sending it was given as -->

"Status: 0/unconfirmed, broadcast through 28 nodes".

I sent the nominal BTC transaction to an address beginning with "1B.." a legacy BTC address. There was a Transaction fee added natively by the Client (0.0005 BTC).

I’ve got a BTC Transaction ID for the Send BTC - but it is not showing up on blockchain.info, after 2 or 3 days now.. ?

Anyone know what might be the problem ?

ps - If this is a hopeless scenario - is there anywhere I could reverse that transaction ?

Understand a Core Client Upgrade would be the way to go - but I was just checking if I could so a Send (as a Tester), to save me all the time to get my setup up to date, download 145gig etc..

Thanks!


texts: What does this sentence (on ability to broadcast a valid transaction and transfer balance) mean?

texts:
Here is the article.

"The Bitcoin blockchain records every event throughout Bitcoin's history—new coins and evidence of transfers—back to 2009 when the network started," said Valkenburgh. "Every computer on the network also has to be running compatible software so that the nodes can see and validate transactions. So, if your software is not compatible or if you fail to meet or invalidate any of the consensus rules baked into the Bitcoin code base, then the network would ignore your transaction. That's all it is to have a Bitcoin: the ability to broadcast a valid transaction and transfer that balance."

What does the bold sentence mean?

a. If you have a Bitcoin, it means you have the mentioned ability;

b. Only if you have the mentioned ability can you own a Bitcoin.

Does it mean a or b or none of them?


texts: Difference between bitcoin-tx, bitcoin-cli, and bitcoind?

texts:
I just pulled from the bitcoin github and compiled, and noticed that there were three executable generated:

bitcoin-cli  bitcoin-tx   bitcoind

I have not heard of bitcoin-tx before, what is it? What are the main similarities/differences between these three executables?

In addition, I would be interested to find out if there are any plans to further develop these into different, complementary, executables.

Thank you!


texts: Does the protocol ensure that pair keys wallet are unique?

texts:
What mechanism for proof unique pair keys (public key and private key) when creating a wallet with several sources(such as "wallet.btc.com", "wallet.bitcoin.com", "www.blockchain.com/wallet" and... )?
If there is no mechanism what happens if two-person have the same pair keys?


texts: Is there a gambling site where they expose an API for it? I want to build an application that leverages a crypto/bitcoin gambling site's bank roll. Just-dice seems to have the biggest bank roll to take advantage of, has anything been built for something like this?


texts: I need help on how to get the private key....i  have that much on my account and i want to cash out very soon


texts: What exactly were the novel contributions of Bitcoin?

texts:
When Satoshi Nakamoto published the original white paper describing the Bitcoin protocol, they referenced Hashcash and B-money. B-money is a proposal for an electronic cash protocol, similar to Bitcoin. Hashcash is the proof-of-work algorithm used in Bitcoin.

P2P, digital signatures, proof-of-work and electronic cash protocols existed before Bitcoin. What exactly were the novel contributions of the Bitcoin protocol?


texts: I had 3 Bitcoins stored on my PC and I had a backup image of my PC. I restored my PC on another computer from the image and I had 3 Bitcoins on that computer also. I spent 5 Bitcoins as a test, and it worked. What just happened?


texts: Multibit seed/ or files to Electrum wallet

texts:
i tried moving multibit wallet as explained here but failed.  https://youtu.be/E-KcY6KUVnY i have the seed and password from Multibit wallet and some files from backup folder in the 'mbh......aes' format. Any help i'll appreciate
 Am using linux


texts: What is the point of adding transation to block chain

texts:
What is the advantages of adding transaction into the blockchain, instead why can't we go with a normal current way of validating the transaction through dollar, rupees so on.

Is there any advantages of using transaction using blockchain?

Is it more secure or less secure?
 Is it faster or slower? I felt is slower?

Are we going for it is just because we need to use cryptocurrencies?


texts: What is the limitations in Bitcoin's network that can't be change by a Soft Fork?

texts:
I'm trying to understand why (Or how) there is all kinds of different version for the Bitcoin nodes?

I saw that if one node is following the Protocol limitations it can act as a valid node.

Is there a list that gathered all the rules?

Even the one who can be changed by a soft fork.
(block size, SEGWIT etc...)


texts: How do I properly paytomany using electrum via script?

texts:
I know that I can use the GUI to do this and I"m glad to do so...however how would I do this using a bash script?  This is on a Mac but I would just change it for any OS in question.

#!/bin/sh

PAYOUTS=cat ~/Desktop/weeklySummary.csv
WP= /Users/${USER}/.electrum/wallets
PASS= "my_wallet_password"
# echo $PAYOUTS

cd /
./Applications/Electrum.app/Contents/MacOS/Electrum paytomany && $PAYOUTS -w $WP -W PASS

# this is not ready yet!  I have to figure out
# whether or not change address, a fee, and a
# from address are requried to use this

I get thrown some errors for a few missing details.  Am I required to have my wallet password, from address, and change address (I presume the answer is yes)  but furthermore, what are the -h, -v, -P parameters mentioned here?


texts:
What happens when i change the encryption password of Bitcoin-Core wallet?
Is first pass lost forever , where is it saved - on the blockchain or on the wallet.dat file? What if encrypt wallet with pass1 , save wallet.dat  , than change the password and encrypt it again with pass2  -  what will happen if i input the first wallet.dat with pass1 - can i unlock the wallet ?


texts: How would debt work in a bitcoin only economy, and why would anyone ever spend?

texts:
Been keeping track of BTC for a while and have always had these nagging questions about its feasibility as the "future" of currency. I like all the not tracked, no third party involvement, etc (i.e. all the advantages of having an online currency that should most of the time be safe).

However, in economic terms I have always had a hard time getting my head around how it would feasibly work as the prime currency of a country (to keep it simple).

I guess the closest analogy there exists of such a system is the gold standard right way back when. However, and please correct me if I'm wrong, the issues with the gold standard, principally that when theres no more new gold, theres no more growth, doesn't apply to bitcoin. From posts on this sub and others, it seems that the vision is that when bitcoins stop being made, whenever more money supply is needed, the demand for bitcoin will increase and thus price will as well, thus allowing for a smaller fraction of a bitcoin to be worth more (please tell me if I am understanding this very incorrectly). For example, .01 bitcoins at bitcoin price of 50 dollars isn't much but .01 bitcoins at current bitcoin price is nice.

Thus, in an all bitcoin economy, this sort of argument would imply the price of bitcoin will continue to rise forever, as long as there is growth (i.e more demand for me bitcoins).

So that doesn't really make much sense to me. Growth in this crypto only world doesn't make much sense to me. . The thought experiment that I have been slowly developing but I can't seem to figure out (probably because of lack of bitcoin knowledge and effort) goes as follows:

Say we have gotten to cap of 21,000,000 bitcoins in the crypto-currency only economy (lets contain it to one country). Lets say that 1 bitcoin = 1,000,000 dollars - I know tha it doesn't make sense to compare it to dollars in a crypto only economy - so lets say instead that .001 bitcoins gets you a very very nice high quality TV. So thats the bitcoin relative price context. Now lets say that our crypto economy is doing well, people are working yea yea and are getting hired and productivity is up and so wages are up (woohoo!), so companies have to pay more bitcoins to their workers. -Here is my first confusion in a bitcoin economy-. In our fiat currency economy, when this happens, companies usually borrow money from banks (who were given it by printing money from FED) and they can fund these larger wages and hire-ings and technology advancement (we could obviously discuss the merits of having inflation baked into growth into our current system, but its not really the subject). Question: how is this planned to function in a bitcoin only future???

Is the price of bitcoin suppose to increase here, so that a smaller percentage of the bitcoin, (i.e. 10% of ancient bitcoin price, i.e. .0001) can buy the same tv as before thus in essence having 10x the money supply (in my hypothetical scenario here). If this is the vision, then what are the mechanisms for the increase in bitcoin price? How is the relative price of bitcoin compared to all goods actually increasing (demand by whom?).

Second Question - if what I suppose in the first question is in fact the vision (please correct me if im wrong!), why would anyone ever spend?

If I know that when there's growth, the relative price of my money goes up, I will just never work and wait for growth to drive my bitcoin price up in effect making me richer by sitting there (I may have not understood something really fundamental here cause this really just doesn't work like that does it?).

Essentially this scenario is the one that I've been trying to wrap my head around. I don't expect some full holistic answer to the whole scenario, just want to understand if this is how bitcoin believers envision an economic system based crypto currency behaves, and how they actually envision it. thanks for any input! Also, If I have stated any complete fallacies or falsehoods, let me know, I think it is at least clear what my question is.


texts: Where can i download latest stable bitcoin-core src files?

texts:
i want to download latest stable bitcoin-core src files. and want to build it on my system from source.

here is latest src of bitcoin-core but its not stable for production ready environment.

https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin

https://bitcoin.org/en/download shows latest version as

Latest version: 0.14.2

Update 1 :

Looks like git checkout is what i am looking for.


texts: Sequence of Mining and Collecting Transactions

texts:
I asked myself about the procedure of "Mining" and "collecting transactions".
The way I understand it both processes are always active running parallel. So I assume a node has somehow two queues: one with the transactions of a block which they are currently mining and another one active collecting the transaction which will be part of the next block. So once a node found the nonce to a block it broadcasts the whole block. All nodes immediately start to mine a block containing the hash of the new (previous) block and the transactions (or a part) they were collecting while mining the previous block.

I already read When does a miner decide to stop collecting transactions and start calculating hashes to try to win?
but like to have a confirmation of my understanding.

Thanks in advance


texts: Why do different currencies use different units of difficulty?

texts:
I'm trying to understand the relationship between difficulty and network hash rate. I feel like I understand it for Etherium, where the difficulty is the same as the total number of hashes the network will have to compute, on average, in order to find the next block.

So right now the Etherium network's difficulty is set to 1,736,382,762,670,750 and its network hash rate is 87.83 TH/s. The block time is 21 seconds, so difficulty / network_hash_rate = block time Makes sense.

My problem comes with coins that aren't using the Etherium POW algorithm. One example is Curecoin, which uses SHA-256 and has a difficulty of only 43,006,378, with network hashrate of 289.05 TH/s and block time of 600 seconds. In this case the algorithm is way off, but I have no idea what difficulty means in this situation.

In other words, how can I know what difficulty actually means?


texts: How to Sync Main Net together with Test3 Net

texts:
After I install the bitcoin core, it just sync the main net.

Is there a way that I can also sync the test3 net for testing/developing purpose?


texts: How do I backup the Bitcoin Core data directory?

texts:
I'd like to be able to backup the Bitcoin Core data directory. I know I can just copy everything except wallet.dat to an external hard drive.

I want to be able to restore it in case of drive crash, catch up, and be able to update the backup with just new blocks, because it would take too long to copy 50+ GB back. Can I do a full folder copy, telling Windows not to replace anything? I think that should work, but there's a block index, and wouldn't keeping the old index with new block data keep Bitcoin Core from knowing about the new blocks I had caught up on?


texts: Where does the Bitcoin Core code serialize the number of transactions?

texts: I've been studying the Bitcoin Core code, and I noticed that it uses a template READWRITE to serialize data structures for storing blocks.  But it never seems to actually call "READWRITE(nTxs)", the VARINT (CompactSize) that encodes the number of transactions.  It reads the transactions to a vector (primitives/block.h), and it almost seems like it just magically knows how many txs there are.  What gives?


texts:
I've been going through main.cpp in order to roughly find out which function calls the best block and I found out depending on situation there are several similar-sounding function names and code extracts that I suspect of calling the best block.
Here's my list:

CBlockIndex *pindexBestKnownBlock
uint256 CCoinsView::GetBestBlock () const
CBlockIndex* pindexBestHeader
CBlockIndex* pindexBestForkTip
pindexBestInvalid
// move best block pointer to prevout block
view.SetBestBlock(pindex->pprev->GetBlockHash());
chainActive.Tip()->GetBlockHash().ToString()

Now my question: Which one of the list items above can I use and modify in a way that calls a block that is n blocks deeper than the best block on the same blockchain?


texts: A website that provides API for multi currencies

texts:
Can you please help me to find a wallet that provides API for multiple currencies such as: BTC, ETH, XMR, BCH, LTC, DASH.

I want to create new address for each of the currencies and check if there is a payment on the address.

Thank you


texts: Transaction verified but didn't arrive at destination wallet?

texts:
First time using bitcoin so after a lengthy verification process I got transaction confirmed via moonpay.

But it hasn't seemed to have arrived at the destination wallet.

So either it did arrive or didn't, but from what I read up and checked it looks like it did just wondering if any way to know for sure? and can learn for next time.

Transaction ID: 5782f49e-c87e-407c-82cb-a1856e8fe96c

Destination wallet address: 1HETiEbuV2q4mPrJmtLLZgzWBZAGLLqJiN

Transaction hash:   2213b1a0d552bd7c73b2597ef0b0df2d18a8984be6a876417cb049ff666b1d39


texts:
Am trying to connect to https://1ml.com/node/02671251b5678771514df8f26cc01508606d697ae8cad38063f84becbd359b189f

From eclair app https://imgur.com/gallery/GoAMpjp   it keeps saying failed to open channel: Ask timed out on [Actor[akka://system/user/$i#-242463098


texts: Capabilities of Bitcoins and their place in the future

texts:
I`ve recently read a presentation that mentioned a couple things about how big would be the potential bandwidth if Bitcoins would handle the transaction volume of Visa:

http://www.slideshare.net/dakami/black-ops-of-tcpip-2011-black-hat-usa-2011

It stated, that storing all Visa transactions would take about 1TB of storage per week. This certainly limits the feasibility of using the Bitcoin protocol as an alternative to existing payment processors. Are there any plausible concepts of what part of the economy Bitcoins might be capable of replacing entirely, and which would be harder or impossible to substitute with 'coins?


texts: BTC graph of Price vs graph of Market Cap inverted today -- is this normal?

texts:
I noticed that today the side-by-graph of BTC price vs BTC market cap, first converged and then crossed and has been inverted for most of the day.
This seems counter-intuitive to me.  My simple-minded expectation is that these are strongly-correlated and the gap between them should stay constant and never converge or invert.
Is this connected in some way connected to the "whale-wallet" that was seized by the US government recently?  In other words, are the exchanges discounting the total market cap by the amount seized or similar?
EDIT: perhaps what I am seeing is due to different graph scales for the two values?


texts: How can I find a Bitcoin address from the transaction time and amount?

texts:
If I know the time of the transaction down to the minute and the amount of Bitcoin, how can I find the transaction id (or transaction ids, assuming there is more than one)?

Is there an online blockchain query tool that will let me do this? I really don't want to have to download the whole blockchain and run code against that.

What would be the easiest way for me to get this info?


texts: How do I create the coinbase from the genesis block?

texts:
I wanted to write an application that given a timestamp(text basically) and a public key will generate a merkle hash for the creation of a new genesis block. So I decided to first try and re-create the one from Bitcoin.

Unfortunately, I am failing somewhere. This is my code http://pastebin.com/sVmZgMt8

So, I should be getting this result, which is available on the Genesis Block wiki article.

04ffff001d0104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73

However while the text in hexadecimal form is there, there is another problem I am getting. This is the output.

1d00ffff000104455468652054696d65732030332f4a616e2f32303039204368616e63656c6c6f72206f6e206272696e6b206f66207365636f6e64206261696c6f757420666f722062616e6b73

The first thing wrong is that the nBits are displayed in an endianness different than the one above, and skimming through the Bitcoin source code a lot I failed to see how and where it was swapped, as the only line is this one

txNew.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() << 486604799 << CBigNum(4) << vector<unsigned char>((const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp, (const unsigned char*)pszTimestamp + strlen(pszTimestamp));

Also, there is an additional 0x04 byte in the Coinbase of the Genesis Block that I am also failing to get, and nowhere did I see it being added OR what it represents.


texts: How do I use Stellar API to power my Universal Trading and Multicurrency Payment+Transacton Gateway?

texts:
I am planning to build on top of Stellar a unified universal gateway+trading platform(all frequencies) for banks and financial institutions to power ultrafast international payment transfers in fiat/crypto currencies, automated equity and forex trading as well as interbank transactions involving trade financing instruments e.g. Conditional Lines of Credit, LCs and Bank Guarantees. I plan to write its low-latency backend in C++ and frontend will comprise of a PID server in combination with a web/JavaScript site as GUI.

The PID server monitors the PID’s of the strategies/transactions running on the server and executes the commands as they come. The server could consist of a webserver listening on port 8888 with a simple JSON interface, to make it super flexible.

How do I use Stellar API to accomplish my goal?


texts: Why blocks are validated instead of transactions?

texts:
In most of the conventional blockchains, blocks are validated instead of transactions. Why cant' transactions validated directly?
The structure of basic blockchains are linked lists, by having DAGs, is it possible to have a graph-chain of transactions?


texts: In a blockchain-based polling/voting system, what is the best way to ensure that nobody votes more than once, and what is the best way to keep votes secret (if that's a requirement)? The info available in the blockchain should be 1) who voted and 2) how many votes for each option.


texts: why should I backup zcash wallet regularly

texts:
On zcash official website, making regular backups of the wallet is recommended.

When I use bitcoin, I have a master private key, and all private keys can be generated using the master key. So I can only backup my wallet once.

So what's different in zcash? Why should I backup the wallet regularly?


texts: I'm developing on the Test network. Are there any "rules" or communication methods I should adopt?

texts:
I'm testing a C# port of the client on the Test network and need to test for a variety of conditions.

Should I communicate to others regarding my actions on the network?  If so, what method of communication should I use?
Is there any expected behavior I should / should not do on the Test network such as mine with FPGA or ASIC?
Suppose I want to co-operatively test the resilience and response to invalid blocks and network attacks, should I do it on the test network?  Where would I coordinate this?


texts: Development questions regarding debugging and control flow

texts:
I'm looking for a better understanding of how the flow of the code works. I'm running bitcoind -regtest in one terminal window, and in the other I'm using bitcoin-cli regtest generate to create blocks. What I'm having trouble with is understanding exactly what is happening in the code when I'm creating blocks.

My assumption was that blockencodings.cpp was used for that, so I put a print statement in it, but nothing ever prints to the console. Is there some issue with printing to the console when regtesting? Or am I not understanding the control flow here. Just looking for some help understanding either debugging, or the chain of functions when generating a block.


texts: Why is this 12-word mnemonic deemed invalid by multiple wallets?

texts:
I have a 12-word mnemonic from a Blockchain.info wallet created in May 2013. But now the Blockchain recovery page[1] tells me this is an invalid seed.

I'm sure this is not user error, since the recovery phrase was found in two different places: backed up in a file on S3, and printed on a piece of paper.

I also tried the Blockchain app as well as Mycelium, and got the same result.

I'm wondering if the standards have changed since 2013 and the type of seed I got is no longer valid? Is there a tool I can try to feed this mnemonic into so I can generate the wallet?

[1] https://blockchain.info/wallet/#/recover


texts: Transaction with OP_RETURN rejected by bitcoind 0.9


texts: P2Pool Payout Addresses vs Worker Addresses

texts:
I initially did a setup of 3 Antminer D3's following DIRECTIONS AT THIS LINK.

I used a payout address for my P2Pool command line that I created in my Dash Core wallet. I did NOT initially use wallet receipt addresses for each of my miner's worker names, but instead called them DASH01, DASH02, DASH03.

As I continued to research, seeking to find ways to optimize my mining and my miners on my P2Pool, I learned to set the difficulty using address+diffnumber. That led me to realize that the REASON I was NOT seeing complete stats for my miners on my P2Pool monitoring web pages, was because I was not using wallet reception addresses generated by my wallet/node for my worker names.

Now that each worker has a separate wallet/node receiving address, I can see all the stats.

Herein lies my question. Should none of my worker addresses use the same address as my payout address? I am confused about this particular point. Thanks for clearing up any conceptual errors too.


texts: Where to find P2pool networks.py settings for altcoins?

texts:
Is there a forum post or website where all the altcoin networks.py settings are being shared? I can see the P2pool forks on Github where people commit their own networks.py settings back to their own repository but none are being merged back into the original forrestv/p2pool repository. For now, I am specifically searching for the Digibyte altcoin but would like to add the other altcoins later on as well.

I am talking about this part:

    litecoin=math.Object(
    PARENT=networks.nets['litecoin'],
    SHARE_PERIOD=15, # seconds
    CHAIN_LENGTH=24*60*60//10, # shares
    REAL_CHAIN_LENGTH=24*60*60//10, # shares
    TARGET_LOOKBEHIND=200, # shares
    SPREAD=3, # blocks
    IDENTIFIER='e037d5b8c6923410'.decode('hex'),
    PREFIX='7208c1a53ef629b0'.decode('hex'),
    P2P_PORT=9 338,
    MIN_TARGET=0,
    MAX_TARGET=2**256//2**20 - 1,
    PERSIST=True,
    WORKER_PORT=9327,
    BOOTSTRAP_ADDRS='...'.split(' '),
    ANNOUNCE_CHANNEL='#p2pool-ltc',
    VERSION_CHECK=lambda v: True,
    VERSION_WARNING=lambda v: 'Upgrade Litecoin to >=0.8.5.1!' if v < 80501 else None,
),

And if none are being shared publicly, how do I edit the settings myself for the different altcoins?


texts: Is it possible to get all transactions from a single address with bitcoind?


texts: How would this normal raw transaction appear if it was a raw segwit transaction?


texts:
How can I build a bitcoinj checkpoint file
like the Bitcoin-wallet checkpoints?


texts: Working with the Bitcoin network protocol

texts:
I am very interested in the p2p protocol used by Bitcoin clients. There are some excellent answers here that describe the way clients connect to the network.

How does the bitcoin client determine the first IP address to connect?
Peer to Peer: Methods of Finding Peers

I want to replicate the peer-to-peer network only without participating in the crypto-currency part. This is for an experiment on peer to peer discovery.

So, can you please show me some code instructions to set-up such a network?


texts: Bitcoin Best Practices by the Bitcoin Foundation

texts:
The Bitcoin Foundation's Executive Director, Peter Vessenes, in his open letter states that the Foundation is aiming to

  Publish a set of best practices for businesses transacting in Bitcoin, covering topics from accounting to physical and digital security

Is there any information on how this set of best practices is being developed, who is working on it and whether any individual can contribute to the works?


texts: Does the www.btc.com pool support Asic Boost? Does it have to support it for me to use Asic Boost on it? If it doesn't support Asic Boost which pools do?


texts: Is it possible to connect to BTCPay server remote c-lightning node?

texts:
I have BTCPay server and would like to use external c-lightning node which i have funded and prefer more over BTCPay server local docker container (DC).

In store configuration i see that there is option to connect to c-lightning over tcp or unix socket (this one is used when i connect internal node because c-lightning DC socket is linked to BTCPay directly).

How can i connect over TCP? As i uderstand this is not public nodes port (9735) which is used to communicate between nodes but some API port? How can i enable it on c-lightning? Is data sent plain and i should secure communication (lan, fw, vpn etc.)?


texts: How do I know my wallet.dat actually already contains 100+ addresses ready to be used?

texts:
I'm using the standard commandline client (under OSX, in case this matters).

I've read in some threads that it is smart enough to pregenerate 100+ addresses to be used in future when you ask them, so that if you backup an earlier wallet, the future private keys are not lost.

This would be cool, but how do I check it is really true?

Every time I "get a new address", it seemed to me it took enough time to suspect it was generating it on the fly, not using it from a pregenerated pool. Maybe it was slow for other reasons, though, and that's why I'd like to check somehow.


texts: How to get a history of incoming and outgoing transactions for a certain address?

texts:
Along with the history of incoming and outgoing transactions, how would I find the first block that that address appeared in (to find when the wallet was created)?
I want to do this by parsing with bitcoin abe or something along those lines.
I'm not the programmer, but I need to know how to tell the developer what I'm looking to create.


texts: Would it be possible to do atomic swaps with Monero and Bitcoin?

texts: Litecoin and Vertcoin is currently testing out atomic swaps with Bitcoin as of 2017-08. Would atomic swaps be possible with Monero?


texts: Multisig scripts hashing (p2sh): difference between legacy and segwit

texts:
Some time ago I noticed that, given the same inputs, addmultisigaddress and createmultisig Bitcoin core's methods were generating different p2sh (addresses).

I asked around and a user from the bitcoin dev list told me that this was because:

  "addmultisigaddress uses the default address type of the wallet, which
  is p2sh-segwit and createmultisig uses a default address type of
  legacy"

An example of this behaviour is:

bitcoin-cli addmultisigaddress 1 '["045897fee25bd7c5692510b2f50fcae9aa20fbc4d49d59814f4c7fdb5c4bc6eb1c0ce382458f9588e922e0d509ed8d34856787380075b00418b02e0bf7c652ef9d","02ac46c6d74d15e60f4f1035ff07ef740aca1d68d55ba0b8d336a73d7a35858831","0224a4dc5620714a9ecf67a09583d1e4c04f5bedb8ecea99028da05bb15a2a7e07"]'
{
  "address": "36ULucjWUTrDvaJzCyhFoVbDoNS6Zum2Du",
  "redeemScript": "5141045897fee25bd7c5692510b2f50fcae9aa20fbc4d49d59814f4c7fdb5c4bc6eb1c0ce382458f9588e922e0d509ed8d34856787380075b00418b02e0bf7c652ef9d2102ac46c6d74d15e60f4f1035ff07ef740aca1d68d55ba0b8d336a73d7a35858831210224a4dc5620714a9ecf67a09583d1e4c04f5bedb8ecea99028da05bb15a2a7e0753ae"
}

bitcoin-cli createmultisig 1 '["045897fee25bd7c5692510b2f50fcae9aa20fbc4d49d59814f4c7fdb5c4bc6eb1c0ce382458f9588e922e0d509ed8d34856787380075b00418b02e0bf7c652ef9d","02ac46c6d74d15e60f4f1035ff07ef740aca1d68d55ba0b8d336a73d7a35858831","0224a4dc5620714a9ecf67a09583d1e4c04f5bedb8ecea99028da05bb15a2a7e07"]'
{
  "address": "3GiimyxF1R5VixfBFAbQZbuy9EesD2r6n1",
  "redeemScript": "5141045897fee25bd7c5692510b2f50fcae9aa20fbc4d49d59814f4c7fdb5c4bc6eb1c0ce382458f9588e922e0d509ed8d34856787380075b00418b02e0bf7c652ef9d2102ac46c6d74d15e60f4f1035ff07ef740aca1d68d55ba0b8d336a73d7a35858831210224a4dc5620714a9ecf67a09583d1e4c04f5bedb8ecea99028da05bb15a2a7e0753ae"
}

The point is that, later, I noticed that with certain public keys the two methods generate the same hash:

bitcoin-cli addmultisigaddress 1 '["03fc5e16d0ece343a94735ca467d5812922fcc30e3ce43ceaf3cff7d7617631146","02ea92a0cd1738cef7502e42fe119a322845f8f1a2dd9b7216635e17dd2fffd101","04633794a75bfbd9fb2bc6bd54836831c0916dc27f9ac528045cc9352bb2cc97a003b3a6ae397101d801f3d95e6a153368b939aaf7b27bd3a5bb8a30ed92aac204"]'
{
  "address": "32AVnYUUSvm4bGgEXoQ2zuFAJBPH4P31Gi",
  "redeemScript": "512103fc5e16d0ece343a94735ca467d5812922fcc30e3ce43ceaf3cff7d76176311462102ea92a0cd1738cef7502e42fe119a322845f8f1a2dd9b7216635e17dd2fffd1014104633794a75bfbd9fb2bc6bd54836831c0916dc27f9ac528045cc9352bb2cc97a003b3a6ae397101d801f3d95e6a153368b939aaf7b27bd3a5bb8a30ed92aac20453ae"
}

bitcoin-cli createmultisig 1 '["03fc5e16d0ece343a94735ca467d5812922fcc30e3ce43ceaf3cff7d7617631146","02ea92a0cd1738cef7502e42fe119a322845f8f1a2dd9b7216635e17dd2fffd101","04633794a75bfbd9fb2bc6bd54836831c0916dc27f9ac528045cc9352bb2cc97a003b3a6ae397101d801f3d95e6a153368b939aaf7b27bd3a5bb8a30ed92aac204"]'
{
  "address": "32AVnYUUSvm4bGgEXoQ2zuFAJBPH4P31Gi",
  "redeemScript": "512103fc5e16d0ece343a94735ca467d5812922fcc30e3ce43ceaf3cff7d76176311462102ea92a0cd1738cef7502e42fe119a322845f8f1a2dd9b7216635e17dd2fffd1014104633794a75bfbd9fb2bc6bd54836831c0916dc27f9ac528045cc9352bb2cc97a003b3a6ae397101d801f3d95e6a153368b939aaf7b27bd3a5bb8a30ed92aac20453ae"
}

I don't get how this can be possible if the inputs and the redeem scripts are the same.

What's the difference between the two cases and in general between a legacy multisig transaction and a segwit one?

Reading raw transactions data from the blockchain, how is possible to know whether a script needs to be hashed using legacy or segwit?


texts: what should I do when CDF is really high?

texts: I noticed today on Bitminter that the CDF is over 99% and the block session has been running for almost 12 hours now. what causes such a high CDF and is there anything that can be done about it?


texts:
Here is all we can find in the Lightning Network whitepaper about payment routing process that it is completely unclear to me (at least it is not enough to know what happens exactly at time of finding the best optimized path for a payment between two users):

  "It is theoretically possible to build a route map implicitly from
  observing 2-of-2 multisigs on the blockchain to build a routing table.
  Note, however, this is not feasible with pay-to-script-hash
  transaction outputs, which can be resolved out-of-band from the
  bitcoin protocol via a third party routing service. Building a routing
  table will become necessary for large operators (e.g. BGP, Cjdns).
  Eventually, with optimizations, the network will look a lot like the
  correspondent banking network, or Tier-1 ISPs. Similar to how packets
  still reach their destination on your home network connection, not all
  participants need to have a full routing table. The core Tier-1 routes
  can be online all the time —while nodes at the edges, such as average
  users, would be connected intermittently. Node discovery can occur
  along the edges by pre-selecting and offering partial routes to
  well-known nodes."

I am looking for a document explaining step by step the current routing process used in current Lightning Network to know the steps for finding the best optimized path when user A wants to send an off-chain payment to user B.

P.S. I know that it is possible to use any other routing algorithm as a plug-in; however, I would like to know the current routing protocol used in the current Lightning Network in details (step by step). I also appreciate it if you could propose a document explaining the current routing algorithm in Lightning Network. Thank you


texts: Can you explain to me how this transaction work?

texts:
I was looking at bitcoin rich list and found binance cold wallet

For this transaction in particular https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/afb6523e4f5f060a076dcc2f8e5eb7a1aa58a3831456c62da946e2b5a41c24f0 whats going on under the hood? Why is the same address 8 times as input with different balances(?) number ?

Thanks


texts: Understanding assurance contract in bitcoin scripts

texts:
I'm having a bit of trouble understanding example 3, the bit coin assurance contract on the bitcoin wiki(https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Contract) where senders choose to donate money only if 1000BTC total is raised. Here is the description of the assurance contract example:

An entrepreneur creates a new address and announces that the good will be created if at least 1000 BTC is raised. Anyone can contribute.
Each party wishing to pledge creates a new transaction spending some of their coins to the announced address, but they do not broadcast it. The transaction is similar to a regular transaction except for three differences: Firstly, there cannot be any change. If you don’t have any outputs of the right size, you must create one first by spending to one of your own addresses. Secondly, the input script signature is signed with SIGHASH_ALL | SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY. Finally, the output value is set to 1000 BTC. Note that this is not a valid transaction because the output value is larger than the input value.
The transaction is uploaded to the entrepreneur's server, which saves it to disk and updates its count of how many coins have been pledged.
Once the server has enough coins, it merges the separate transactions together into a new transaction. The new transaction has a single output that simply spends to the announced address - it is the same as the outputs on each contributed transaction. The inputs to the transaction are collected from the contributed pledges.
The finished transaction is broadcast, sending the pledged coins to the announced address.

where each transaction is of the following form from bitcoin wiki(https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Transaction):

Input:
Previous tx: f5d8ee39a430901c91a5917b9f2dc19d6d1a0e9cea205b009ca73dd04470b9a6
Index: 0
scriptSig: 304502206e21798a42fae0e854281abd38bacd1aeed3ee3738d9e1446618c4571d10
90db022100e2ac980643b0b82c0e88ffdfec6b64e3e6ba35e7ba5fdd7d5d6cc8d25c6b241501

Output:
Value: 1000
scriptPubKey: OP_DUP OP_HASH160 404371705fa9bd789a2fcd52d2c580b65d35549d
OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG

I'm having trouble understanding step 4. If the entraprenuer only ends up raising 500BTC and never meets their goal of raising 1000BTC why can't the entraprenuer change the output value to 500BTC, then broadcast the transaction and cash out anyway without each of the the sender's consent?


texts:
All miners at any time must have a consensus on the "difficulty target" to be able to achieve the correct nonce (as answer of proof-of-work).

Assume that the target has been updated (it means that 2016 blocks has been discovered) now, the question is "who" calculates this new target such that every miner achieves the same target that is needed to solve proof-of-work of the next block?

Is it true that it's not possible for an attacker to manipulate the target value to trick the other miners such that they achieve a wrong nonce for proof-of-work?

In other words, how can every miner know that the target value has been changed?

--> Is it by the block header of the last block in the Blockchain?

If so, is this approach accountable to achieve a unique target?

Assume 2016 blocks have been discovered and the target must be updated using the following equation:

time = (difficulty x 2^32) / hashing power of the network

Is it right? It's unclear to me how to determine the value for hashing power of the network.

P.S. Assume also an adversary solves the proof-of-work and then generates a new block but forges the block's times-stamp to trick the network at the time of updating target. Since the target will be updated using the blocks' time-stamp.


texts: Will 8 decimal places really be feasible in the future?

texts:
I had a thought..

Given that block mining rewards halve every 4 years and eventually disappear, miners' incentives to continue mining will be transaction fees. The standard "priority" transaction fee (as far as the Android wallet is concerned) is 0.0001 BTC.

I know that as of now some transactions are mined for free, but to my understanding, transactions that are mined for free have to be at least 0.01 BTC.

My thought is that in the future, transaction fees are likely to rise to a higher rate (let's say 0.001 BTC) and will be required for every transaction. If you don't have at least 0.001 BTC, you basically won't be able to send any BTC to another address, which would seem to render the remaining 5 decimal places useless.

Is there something I'm missing?


texts: I don't want to run a full node yet, but I want to build an application. How and what do I use to query publicly available nodes? What nodes besides blockchain.info are publicly available for me to query over HTTP/HTTPS?


texts: Is the "vin" value field necessary or just a matter of convenience?

texts:
I notice that vin has a value field denoting the amount of money being spent from the input transaction. Am I correct that this is here for convenience and must equal the value of the specified transaction output?
The only other case I can think of is splitting the same transaction output into two transaction inputs, but I don't see the point of this.
"vin": [{
  "txid":"672aeb1bc62b3941f2e9a530ff6d12e5e70c257632d536d5b0633e12b68a915d",
  "vout":1,
  "scriptSig":{
    "asm":"..."
  },
  "addr":"1HKqcNrf3NPuz4s2MdoAzpYYfjYvbbsxZf",
  "value":0.0468234
},
...]


texts:
I would like to know how to run multiple DNS Seeds on the same node.

It seems fairly straight-forward as described in: https://github.com/sipa/bitcoin-seeder

For example, I want two DNS Seeds:
bitcoin-seed.mydomain.com
testnet-seed.mydomain.com

It seems as per the existing instructions I would either need to run multiple VMs or at the very least create new users and redirect port 53 to them. (I am not sure I can redirect port 53 to multiple users)

Is there any way that I can set this up on one VPS with Root access?


texts: How to recognize which output is used as input for a new transaction

texts:
I want to find out which address's coins will be used in a transaction.

I have the txid of a transaction.
In vin I see the txid of the input transaction, but how can I know which output of this transaction is used?

I am using rpc calls called from php.

This is the transaction for which I want to know from which address the coins come:

    "txid" : "6470db622271c3a2910affae11f11d08b278ba790ee13180fbf1b151bd1bb0f5",
    "version" : 1,
    "time" : 1464138669,
    "locktime" : 0,
    "vin" : [
        {
            "txid" : "21129d09deaf685e2d95eec49f6481a2d148183f0dbf226942cfbbf698a7cdea",
            "vout" : 0,
            "scriptSig" : {
                "asm" : "304402205626172faba89dc29d97a1f1638a6341387bc39a2444706a7f6ed95b51b1048102204f64e3c967149bf386b05fb10da0d52257d75074e012abb6ec034d1a00ef5a2701 032200b135d5c1301db7d8afa971871ad24d499e7ac0c15cb374a8e950c7b3d4ae",
                "hex" : "47304402205626172faba89dc29d97a1f1638a6341387bc39a2444706a7f6ed95b51b1048102204f64e3c967149bf386b05fb10da0d52257d75074e012abb6ec034d1a00ef5a270121032200b135d5c1301db7d8afa971871ad24d499e7ac0c15cb374a8e950c7b3d4ae"
            },
            "sequence" : 4294967295
        }
    ],
    "vout" : [
        {
            "value" : 15499.99310000,
            "n" : 0,
            "scriptPubKey" : {
                "asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 ea491757c90b6e83e208b00fcccab53f9aff37b1 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
                "reqSigs" : 1,
                "type" : "pubkeyhash",
                "addresses" : [
                    "Ad8fKrKKNiFEv2TY5tSFp6WXXvWtGehKFX"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "value" : 500.00000000,
            "n" : 1,
            "scriptPubKey" : {
                "asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 bb265fe2e77350425890fb5ad6abda3e28394e20 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
                "reqSigs" : 1,
                "type" : "pubkeyhash",
                "addresses" : [
                    "AYqRygUrwzeh371VZffxu5Emo6XZczxiYQ"
                ]
            }
        }
    ],
    "blockhash" : "000008d45d6cb4ad076c7edfac237917f751a94ea01cd1c0d5d9ca5c4d5ab8cd",
    "confirmations" : 277
}

This transaction is referenced in vin:

{
    "txid" : "21129d09deaf685e2d95eec49f6481a2d148183f0dbf226942cfbbf698a7cdea",
    "version" : 1,
    "time" : 1464138667,
    "locktime" : 0,
    "vin" : [
        {
            "txid" : "0b2b23719e83482bf98d0d3770a523a2c730ea75104a53dd5fa704f0c6d8c6b8",
            "vout" : 0,
            "scriptSig" : {
                "asm" : "3045022100f01c5764fdfbc2e845f87d7e7ed4675027bea854278764d39ce6592f048eeeeb02200fb7d0e2f95720237659d464cfd314881995235222754734792fd14f1cde797301 02e02c24b096413d31648eae4f41e78294c78390a0499e151530d1d388d1edb1a2",
                "hex" : "483045022100f01c5764fdfbc2e845f87d7e7ed4675027bea854278764d39ce6592f048eeeeb02200fb7d0e2f95720237659d464cfd314881995235222754734792fd14f1cde7973012102e02c24b096413d31648eae4f41e78294c78390a0499e151530d1d388d1edb1a2"
            },
            "sequence" : 4294967295
        }
    ],
    "vout" : [
        {
            "value" : 15999.99320000,
            "n" : 0,
            "scriptPubKey" : {
                "asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 6e43b6760addf0a08af83cf1f3fac7e81d404f2a OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
                "reqSigs" : 1,
                "type" : "pubkeyhash",
                "addresses" : [
                    "ARpu6N2Bf24JmmRy2gbZfPr8xJqdHbvimY"
                ]
            }
        },
        {
            "value" : 500.00000000,
            "n" : 1,
            "scriptPubKey" : {
                "asm" : "OP_DUP OP_HASH160 bb265fe2e77350425890fb5ad6abda3e28394e20 OP_EQUALVERIFY OP_CHECKSIG",
                "reqSigs" : 1,
                "type" : "pubkeyhash",
                "addresses" : [
                    "AYqRygUrwzeh371VZffxu5Emo6XZczxiYQ"
                ]
            }
        }
    ],
    "blockhash" : "000008d45d6cb4ad076c7edfac237917f751a94ea01cd1c0d5d9ca5c4d5ab8cd",
    "confirmations" : 277
}

There are two vout and I don't know how to find which one is right.


texts: Where are the receiving and sending address descriptions stored?

texts:
Are the sending and receiving address descriptions stored in the wallet file, or as some other file managed by the Bitcoin client app?

If I move or copy my wallet to a new installation of the Bitcoin client, will I still have my descriptions for my sending/receiving addresses available?


texts: How long for an ASIC cluster to generate most private keys

texts:
So if I understand correctly Bitcoin is based on private keys. These private keys can be generated programmaticaly at a rate of billions per hour (or per ms perhaps with a clever ASIC cluster).  Once a private key has been generated, the Public Key and Address can likewise be generated.

privK = f(x)
pubK  = g(privK)
addr  = h(pubK)

where:

f: Private Key Generator
g: Generates the unique public key from the given private key
h: Generates the unique address from the given public key

So if some clever ASIC designer ran an address generator for the next 140 years, how much of the total address pool would he generate.  I ask, because if an ASIC cracker ever "randomly" generated any address that is already in the block chain, he could claim any of those unspent funds.

At what difficultly level with ASIC key-mining be more profitable then ASIC block-mining?  I think this would be the point at which the bitcoin economy falls apart.

Am I missing something?  Has this been discussed before.  It isn't in any of the "double-spend" studies I've found.


texts: Why can't I participate on bitcointalk.org?

texts:
I just created an account and spend a frustrating hour reading help menus and trying to figure out how to post or reply to posts.

None of the buttons -- New Topic, Reply, Quote -- seem to be showing up.  Is there a verification step that I skipped?

I'm logged it.  I get the "hello [user]" message on top.


texts:
I have been having an issue with bitcoin core lately. It has been causing my computer to randomly reboot about every hour or so. I was on version 17.1 but upgraded to 18.0 hoping that would fix the issue but no dice. I am running it on Linux Mint 19.1 on an Intel Nuc. I regularly update by system and have all current updates. I see nothing wrong in the bitcoin debug log or in the Linux system log. Any help would be appreciated.

Thanks,
C


texts: claim bitcoin cash with bitcoin qt wallet

texts:
I need to claim my bitcoin cash I held my coins in the bitcoin qt wallet from the spring on 2013 to the middle of aug. Can anyone point me in the right direction to get this done?
Thanks


texts: Clarifying descendants/ancestors in error cases for too-long-mempool-chain

texts:
In practice I've seen two instances of the too-long-mempool-chain error when trying to send a transaction:
When there are too many unconfirmed transactions chained together:
"too many descendants for tx <txid> [limit: 25]"

When the chain of unconfirmed transactions is too big in size:
"exceeds descendant size limit for tx <txid> [limit: 101000]"

In the code I also see two more error cases that look similar, but I can't grasp what the difference is in these:
"exceeds ancestor size limit [limit: %u]"

and
"too many unconfirmed ancestors [limit: %u]"

The names "ancestor" and "descendant" seem backwards given that we use the reverse terminology in something like "child pays for parent". Am I thinking about this correctly? Also, when would the latter 2 error messages get triggered?


texts:
On the page of BIP39 specs there's test vector array from Trezor link. It looks like this:

["ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff",

 "zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo wrong",

 "ac27495480225222079d7be181583751e86f571027b0497b5b5d11218e0a8a13332572917f0f8e5a589620c6f15b11c61dee327651a14c34e18231052e48c069",

 "xprv9s21ZrQH143K2V4oox4M8Zmhi2Fjx5XK4Lf7GKRvPSgydU3mjZuKGCTg7UPiBUD7ydVPvSLtg9hjp7MQTYsW67rZHAXeccqYqrsx8LcXnyd"
],

When I try to use any of these mnemonic phrases I can't get matching xpriv... form any of these samples using Bip39 JS lib.

For example:

const MNEMONIC = "zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo wrong";
const seed = Bip39.mnemonicToSeed(MNEMONIC);
console.log("Seed =", seed.toString("hex"));

const rootNode = Bip32.fromSeed(seed, Bitcoin.networks.bitcoin);
console.log("Bip32 Root key =", rootNode.toBase58());

returns totally different results

Seed = b6a6d8921942dd9806607ebc2750416b289adea669198769f2e15ed926c3aa92bf88ece232317b4ea463e84b0fcd3b53577812ee449ccc448eb45e6f544e25b6
Bip32 Root key = xprv9s21ZrQH143K2PfMvkNViFc1fgumGqBew45JD8SxA59Jc5M66n3diqb92JjvaR61zT9P89Grys12kdtV4EFVo6tMwER7U2hcUmZ9VfMYPLC

How can I get these c5525... and xpriv... and what is it exactly?

UPDATE:

as user3074620 suggested, I tried to use 'TREZOR' password, as it's works!

here's code to play someone is interested.


texts: Does the amount of the transaction fee affect the priority of a transaction?

texts:
I've been reading about transaction fees here.

From the aritcle,

  Transaction priority is calculated as a value-weighted sum of input age, divided by transaction size in bytes:
  priority = sum(input_value_in_base_units * input_age)/size_in_bytes
  Transactions need to have a priority above 57,600,000 to avoid the enforced limit (as of client version 0.3.21).

There are rules for determining the transaction fees needed depending on client etc.
My question is does paying a fee increase the priority or else how does it increase the chances that the transaction will be accepted by the network. If it changes the priority, what is the formula for determining priority. If you pay more than the default fee does it increase the priority even more?


texts: How does Ripple ensure that transactions take place

texts:
I am struggling with some concepts in the Ripple system.

As I understand it:

After an American user goes to  a gateway and loads $ into the Ripple system that he wants to send to Cambodia, the money will be sent through the Ripple Network by modifying the accounts of ripple users between the sender and the receiver of the money. At the point it reaches the Cambodian, if he wants to access the real world fiat money, he will go to another Gateway and redeem the money so long as they have a store of $.

The questions that I have are:

How do individuals set who they 'trust' to ensure that accounts remain active and the flow of debts remains valid?

How does the system respond if a user goes bankrupt and becomes unable to pay any debts that he has?

What happens in the situation where there is no line between the sender and the receiver of money or where there is no Gateway that the receiver can use to redeem money?


texts: Help locating bottleneck on new mining rig

texts:
I built a mining rig with 3 Radeon 6850 GPUs.  When I run one miner (either Phoenix or m0mchil's poclbm) it reports a hash rate of a little over 200 Mhash/sec.  When I fire up a second miner pointed at a different GPU, the hash rate of both miners is about half what the one running alone would get. When I fire up a third pointed at the last GPU, all three miners report an even lower hash rate, such that the total is around the 200 Mhash/sec that a solo miner would get.

Initially, I thought that the miners were ignoring the DEVICE=# argument and all using the same GPU. I posted a question seeking help in figuring out why they would do that. @Lodewijk's answer there clued me in to the fact that the miners are using separate GPUs and that there's a bottleneck elsewhere in the system.

So, my question is, what's the likely bottleneck?

I used the recommendations at the bitcoin.it wiki entry on Mining Rigs to pick out my hardware.  I'm running on a Ubuntu 11.10 system, with an msi 890FXA-GD70 motherboard, 2GB Kingston 1333MHz DDR3 Non-ECC RAM, 80GB WD IDE Drive, and a 2.8Ghz AMD Semperon 145 processor. It's on a cable Internet connection with tons of bandwidth and I'm connecting to the Arsbitcoin mining pool.


texts: Any Tutorial to send Bitcoin from Copay to Trezor?

texts:
I am using Copay wallet, and feel comfortable with it.
Now, the tricky part is to send my Bitcoins to my Trezor wallet.

Any feedback on the subject?

Regards


texts:
Three bitcore nodes (version of bitcoind is quite old - 0.12.1) are deployed to the servers on different cloud platforms.

All instances have the same bitcoin.conf files (except of rpcallowip, rpcuser and rpcpassword):

server=1
whitelist=127.0.0.1

txindex=1
addressindex=1
timestampindex=1
spentindex=1

zmqpubrawtx=tcp://127.0.0.1:28332
zmqpubhashblock=tcp://127.0.0.1:28332

rpcthreads=8
rpcworkqueue=32
rpcservertimeout=60
rpcallowip=127.0.0.1
rpcuser=...
rpcpassword=...
uacomment=bitcore

The problem is all of them have considerably different mempools:

first has 33689 txs in mempool
second has 58219 txs
third node has 39540 txs
blockchain.info has 63598 txs

I understand, that mempool is node-specific and there is no "Single Bitcoin Network Mempool". However I need synchronization at least between these three nodes (though it would be better to be as close to blockchain.info as possible).

If there is transaction, that exists in blokchain.info's mempool, but doesn't exist in all three nodes' mempools - it is ok. But as soon as this transaction get to one of these three nodes, it should appear on others as soon as possible.

I've tried using addnode option to force nodes connect to each other, but it didn't helped.

May be I am missing something, or at least there is a way to find the reason of so big differences in mempool ?

Aim of consistent mempool.

We have mobile client and application server, all looking into these nodes (some kind of load balancing). User can be logged into one account on different devices. When server sees transaction in mempool, it should update user's status.

When mempools differ it is possible, that:

User will see different transactions on different devices, which may mess him
User will see transaction, and server will miss it. In such situation user expects, that status will be updated, but server wouldn't do it

So it would be very nice, to have (almost) equal mempools.

So far.

I've tried:

addnode (to connect to specific nodes)
connect (to connect only to specific nodes), to give it a try, thanks to @whatever

This options were described here, on bitcoin.se, and (alongside with other possible options for bitcoind) in bitcoin wiki. But there is still problem with big difference in mempool's size.


texts: Is it possible to send coins WITHOUT importing private key?

texts: I have a cold storage wallet that I periodically move funds into.  I want to be able to send funds out of the wallet quickly.  Right now, I have to keep a clean VM up with the full blockchain, then import the key, send my funds, and basically revert my VM.  While it's manageable, i'm curious if there is a more elegant solution.


texts: Why "Open Transactions cannot lie on your receipt"?

texts:
FellowTraveller claimed here that :

  OT cannot lie on your receipt. It cannot change your balance or forge
  any of your transactions. (Bitcoin also is like this, but it's still
  worth mentioning.) Combined with an auditing protocol, this makes it
  possible to run low-trust servers.

Can anyone elaborate on this? What prevents the operator of an OT server from changing balances and forging transactions?


texts: how to get one address from two public keys?

texts:
Parsing an input script of a transaction, I’ve come across two public keys in the script. Either public key is 33 byte long.

I know how to transform a single 33 byte long public into an address.

What is the mechanism of obtaining an address from two or more public keys?

Note I’m not interested in the bitcoind technique via the createmultisig command.


texts: Is it possible to shorten the blockchain?

texts:
I've been doing some research into Bitcoin and the blockchain in general, and I've come upon a question that I can't find much of an answer to.

With my current understanding of the blockchain, I wonder if it would possible to create a "summary" block, and start the chain over? reducing its size while still maintaining continuity.

The summary would have the hash of the last block in the old chain.
For length calculation, it would be considered an extension of the old chain, and therefore its length calculated by adding its length to that of the old chain.
I'm thinking that it would need to contain a summary of all accounts at the time of the summarization; essentially it would be the net of the old chain.

I found this question from five years ago, which helped a little bit.

This article states that the current size of the blockchain is over 100GB, and thats from 6 months back.

I'm just trying to learn, and this question has been bugging me for a little while. Is something like this possible?


texts: getrawtransaction seems to only work for certain transactions

texts:
I am working through mastering bitcoin. I am confused by getrawtransaction. I would like to look at the first transaction in block 277316.

from bitcoinrpc.authproxy import AuthServiceProxy, JSONRPCException

# rpc_user and rpc_password are set in the bitcoin.conf file
p = AuthServiceProxy("http://%s:%s@127.0.0.1:8332"%(username, pw))

# look at specific block
blockheight = 277316

# get the hash of that block
block_hash = p.getblockhash(277316)

# get the block
block = p.getblock(block_hash)

# get the transactions in the block
transactions = block['tx']
first_transaction = transactions[0]
print p.getrawtransaction(first_transaction)

Gives this error:

bitcoinrpc.authproxy.JSONRPCException: -5: No such mempool transaction. Use -txindex to enable blockchain transaction queries. Use gettransaction for wallet transactions.

It seems like it only wants to look in the mempool. How do I use the -txindex parameter it suggests?

If I run the below code, it works fine. This is also a transaction from the same block (64th transaction) and clearly not in the mempool. What is the difference between this and the how I get the transaction id in the above code?

print p.getrawtransaction('0627052b6f28912f2703066a912ea577f2ce4da4caa5a5fbd8a57286c345c2f2')


texts: Help linking External Storage for bitcoin data using Raspberry Pi?

texts: I mounted my external disk to wrong directory (wanted it to be ~/bitcoinData) , instead ended up creating a directory on SD card ( /home/pi/bitcoinData ) and now SD card (root) is full. i cannot seem to delete SD card bitcoinData directory (permission denied). how do i fix this? and link hdd to correct directory?


texts: How to verify signed bitcoin messages on my own website?

texts:
On my website, I want to be able to verify that messages are signed by a certain bitcoin address, similar to how it's done here. From my research it seems I have to use JSON RPC with some sort of verify_message(signature, message, addrtype) function?

Is this the only method for doing this? And if so, does this require me to install bitcoind or armory on my web server?


texts: Inflationary (no total coin limit) cryptocurrency where miners keep all new coins

texts:
Is there an inflationary cryptocurrency with following features?

No fixed limit on total coins (coins will be emitted forever).
Miners are the only source of new coins.
Mining reward (new coins) go all to miners.

I found several inflationary ones like Freicoin or Devcoin, but they seem to have various hybrid models where newly mined coins are (at least partially) transferred to other subjects than miners (various foundations, developers etc.).


texts: How does bitcoin do it to generate an (upredictable) hash in each new block with sufficient randomness so that no one can precompute it?


texts: hello please let me know whats wrong with this script for find Reuse R value

texts:
hello friends here is the code to find reuse R values of bitcoin transaction but unfortunately it is not scanning more than 51 transaction secondly it can only use one address at a time and i want to use text file to check multiple addresses as well as i want to save the output in a text file please help me to sort out

import json

import urllib2

import time

import sys

#for some reason blockchain.info api-chain is 59711 blocks short..

blockstart = 170399

blockstart += 59711

blockcount = urllib2.urlopen("https://blockchain.info/de/q/getblockcount").read()

print "WELCOME TO R-scan v0.1.2!"

print "ADDRESS-R-SCAN: "

addr = raw_input("type address:  ")

urladdr = "https://blockchain.info/de/rawaddr/" + str(addr)

#control api-url

print urladdr

addrdata = json.load(urllib2.urlopen(urladdr))

print "Data for pubkey: " + str(addr)

print "number of txs: " + str(addrdata['n_tx'])

#tx-details:

y = -0

inputs = []

while y < addrdata['n_tx']:

print "#################################################################################"

print "TX nr :" + str(y+1)

print "hash: " + str(addrdata['txs'][y]['hash'])

print "number of inputs: " + str(addrdata['txs'][y]['vin_sz'])

#only if

#if addrdata['txs'][y]['vin_sz'] > 1:

zy = 0

while zy < addrdata['txs'][y]['vin_sz']:

  print "Input-ScriptNR " + str(zy+1) + " :" + str(addrdata['txs'][y]['inputs'][zy]['script'])

  inputs.append(addrdata['txs'][y]['inputs'][zy]['script'])

  zy += 1

y += 1

print "compare: "

xi = 0

zi = 1

lenx = len(inputs)

alert = 0

#compare the sig values in each input script

while xi < lenx-1:

x = 0

while x < lenx-zi:

  if inputs[xi][10:74] == inputs[x+zi][10:74]:

      print "In Input NR: " + str(xi) + "[global increment] " + str(inputs[xi])

      print('\a')

                   print "Resued R-Value: "

      print inputs[x+zi][10:74]

                   alert += 1

  x += 1

zi += 1

xi += 1

#check duplicates

#alert when everything ok

if alert < 1:

print "Good pubKey. No problems."

sys.exit()


texts: Where can I download the Litecoin binary for OSX?

texts:
Where can I find a compiled litecoin minerd binary for Mac OS X?

Perhaps a multi-coin implementation?


texts:
Working on regtest (Bitcoin Core 0.15.1) I've realized that some peers are identified just by ip instead of by ip:port when querying bitcoin-cli getpeerinfo. I've noticed that when it happens the connection is always outbound, so the port is actually the one set in the node (in this case 18444), but it doesn't happens with all outbound connections. Does anyone have a clue about what could be the reason?

e.g:

{
    "id": 41,
    "addr": "172.192.0.5",
    "addrlocal": "172.192.0.2:56402",
    "addrbind": "172.192.0.2:56402",
    "services": "000000000000000d",
    "relaytxes": true,
    "lastsend": 1516808394,
    "lastrecv": 1516808394,
    "bytessent": 17600,
    "bytesrecv": 93216,
    "conntime": 1516786190,
    "timeoffset": 0,
    "pingtime": 0.000588,
    "minping": 0.000101,
    "version": 70015,
    "subver": "/Satoshi:0.15.1/",
    "inbound": false,
    "addnode": true,
    "startingheight": 1,
    "banscore": 0,
    "synced_headers": 101,
    "synced_blocks": 101,
    "inflight": [
    ],
    ...
}

Just in case it could matter, all nodes are docker containers connected to the same virtual network (all hosted by the same computer).


texts: What is miner supposed to do when waiting for longpoll

texts:
i am coding simple miner.
I succesfully implemented Getwork in basic form. Next thing is gonna be Longpolling.
If i understand correctly longpoll is just connection that is waiting for next block. So, what happens when I am waiting for longpoll and submit share ? I am supposed to mine further(increase nonce and continue) or simply wait for longpoll. Using only getwork and SSE2 optimized scrypt I was able to get 5kHash/s on my i5-4670K on single thread.


texts: Well I set up a few different bitcoin wallets one night and somehow I have one of my faucets set up to send money to a wallet that I dont remember setting up. I have the bitcoin address but I don't know if its a coinbase, coinmama, torwallet or what? Any ideas how to find out how to log into it?


texts: I had a BTC wallet and had done some mining on my laptop a few years ago, now i can't find it

texts:
So, this is the situation.... I had a BTC wallet and had done some mining on my laptop a few years ago (my now EX wife thought it was a waste of time....lol), now I can't find it and can't open GUIMiner
I have tried to find it to no avail.
How do I find it ?
If I download a new wallet will it automatically find the data file ?
Thanks


texts: How to search for a transaction using a specifc OPCODE?

texts:
I have several OPCODES where I need real worlds examples…

However they are rarely used. So how to search and disassemble an existing mined transaction using it ?


texts:
I'm implementing multisig addresses which is a great solution to a problem, but as far as I can see there's no way to create the multisig address without knowing all the private keys at the start. Isn't that a single point of failure? Whatever system creates the multisig address knows all the private keys.

I was expecting to be able to create a partial multisig address (me) pass the hex result to someone else to add their private key and then off to the escrow to add their private key... kinda like signing of multisig transactions.

You can see in Gavin's example he has all 3 keys at the begining: https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/3966071

Thanks.


texts: Why is my Antminer S9 only using one Chain

texts:
I have 2 AntMiner S9's running. Each of them appears to be operating only at 4.9 TH/s. All 3 of the ASIC's appear to be in good shape, though each of the miners is only using a single ASIC board.

Key config items:
1. I am using Slushpool on one Antminer. I'm using Antpool on the other. The pools are showing at least one live pool server.
2. I see all ASIC's showing positive status.
3. They are set up in a pretty cool room (10-deg C) with sufficient power

I looked for support on this and I don't see it anywhere--is this a hardware issue? It looks like it isn't as the boards are all showing ok?


texts: Could BTC be changed so that it limited the amount of computation power a given miner used?

texts: I am assuming this would be hard or impossible to prevent miners from circumventing but would there be a way to change the algorithm to limit how many transactions a given mining installation could process per day, etc.? This is to address the energy use concerns we are recently hearing about.


texts: Help------ -dumpprivkey gives key connected to different address

texts: So I bought my first bitcoin yesterday and I generated my first address which is the one I used to receive the bitcoins. Now since I am still trying to sync, I have no idea if I received these coins as I cannot access the address using the directory. I checked blockchain and it says the address received the money but I can only view it as a spectator as Bitcoin Core is giving me the wrong private key. When i bounce between commands it always comes back to this random address that it has now added to my list of receiving address'. I find this very odd as the address that received the money is part of the address' connected to my wallet, but its as if the first address was overridden or something. Do you guys think there is any hope? Any insight is much appreciated thanks


texts: Why does "Hodl Hodl" not seem to... support Bitcoin?

texts:
After listening to this podcast, I got extremely excited for Hodl Hodl: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJe7LIZ6cdI
But then I went to their site and see this: https://lend.hodlhodl.com/offers/lend
Every single offer just talks about "Eth" or "DAI" or "Liquid" or "USDT" or "WBTC" or some other cryptic symbol. What?
I thought this was about lending Bitcoin? Not Ether or a bunch of "weirdcoins" which I don't have and don't want.
What am I missing now? It doesn't even let you select "BTC" in the list of currencies, so it's not just currently unavailable, but entirely unavailable.
What's said in the podcast and the actual webpage seem to have nothing to do with each other. I'm confused. What am I missing?
UPDATE: I've sat here for an hour and tried to register an account. Even when it eventually stops showing the CAPTCHAs, it just reloads the registration form. This is not a real website. It's just yet another vaporware/scam. Sigh.


texts: Satoshi Nakamoto's Transaction Chain Diagram Hash Value

texts:
In Satoshi Nakamoto's diagram:

The line coming from transaction block 1 and going the the "Hash" label in transaction block 2 appears to represent the hash of the entire transaction block (Owner 1's Public Key + Hash + Owner 0's Signature) rather than represent the Hash value shown in transaction block 1 (in which case the line should (technically) be attached to the Hash block rather than to the border of the transaction block). Can anyone confirm exactly how the Hash value shown is computed and whether or not it contains the previous owner's signature?


texts: Month into crypto and have some questions

texts: I've been invested in btc, eth, and ltc for about a month on Coinbase. I'm still working to learn about this expansive realm. I don't totally understand the need for a wallet and how that works. Somehow I can keep my money growing in the exchange and keep them secure in a wallet? How do I do that and what should I use? I've also heard things about protecting your "keys". What are keys and what is the best way to protect them? Thank you for your answers!


texts: Check an outpoint's scriptPubKey against known scripts

texts:
So I would like to check if coin.out.scriptPubKey is part of GetScriptForDestination(mypubkey.GetID())

A simple comparison isn't possible as the scriptPubKey (when I decode it) contains only the native SegWit address while the output GetScriptForDestination() will return all associated addresses.

Is there a nice and clean way to do this or do I need to work my way through?


texts: Why does the script contain the hash of the public key

texts: The ScriptPubKey contains the hash of the public key, and this is compared to the public key in the ScriptSig. It is not possible to derive the public key from the hash (address). But when the output is spent, the public key is visible to the world. This isn't a problem though, and the same public key (address/private key) can be used multiple times. So why have the hash step? Why not just have the public key in the ScriptPubKey as well, without the OP_HASH160 step? The hash doesn't add any security (afaict), since an address can be reused multiple times without loss of security (only privacy).


texts: Ok, let's say I have an offline wallet for storing my bitcoin, now I have got a good amount of bitcoin, but i don't want to take out everything from the wallet, I only want to take out a small amount, is that possible?


texts: Recover Wallet password (MultiBit Classic Version : 0.5.14) MAC

texts:
Back in 2013 my parents bought 2 BTC, put a password on the wallet and haven't touched it sense. I am 80% sure I have the password correct, but no luck. But they were smart enough to back up all of their info, such as the wallet-backup, the key-backup, the Wallet Unenc-backup, and a rolling backup on to CDs.

I tried to move the wallet onto other platforms, but had no luck without the password. I managed to view it on blockchain, but it's labeled as "Watch Only". The only way I can get access to it is if I do QR code scan, but my private key I can get at is a string of numbers and digits in the backup files else I can somehow turn that into a QR code. So I was thinking perhaps the password can be hidden in the .key file or can be opened though the .wallet cipher in the Unenc-backup. This version of MultiBit is old so it does not have the 12 word recovery system please help.


texts: Can a malicious majority miner rewrite history?

texts:
Is it the case that a malicious miner with the majority of hash power (say, 99%) can perform a double-spending attack by rewriting history?

If so, I can't understand how. If not, under what circumstances is double-spending possible at all?

Consider the following simple assumptions:

A malicious miner M controls 99% of hash power
M does not control much "relay power" (e.g. it only operates a single node in the network)
The current legit blockchain (before the attack) is forkless, and consists of block B0,B1,...,B10, and 100% of the nodes in the network agree on that.
The attacker wants to void blocks B6-B10
The attacker mined alternative blocks B6' (on top of B5), B7', ..., B11'.

How can the attacker carry out the attack?

If he publishes B6' first, wouldn't all nodes reject it for being built on top of a block other than the last, thus preventing the attack?

If he publishes B11' first, wouldn't all nodes reject it for being built on top of an unknown block (not seeing B10' yet), thus preventing the attack?


texts: Electrum 2.0: non-BIP39/32 standardisation complicates matters immensely. Why?

texts:
Electrum 2.0 has been causing me some frustration, insofar as it seems to be a non-standard implementation of BIP32/BIP39 (HD wallets, mnemonic seed, respectively). The wallet in question is a 2of2 multisig wallet (all P2SH), with the 2nd extended public key being created in pybitcointools using

bip32_privtopub( bip32_master_key( sha256("a password") ) ),

then imported into Electrum.

Given the 13 word seed, which itself is non standard since the last word is a checksum, it's proven impossible to export the xpriv key from Electrum.

How is a mnemonic seed converted to a BIP32 standard extended private key (given the client itself won't allow it)? : EDIT1: with great difficulty, see my answer below

(REFOCUSED) QUESTION: *why does Electrum:

stray from BIP0039?
make exporting the master BIP32 private key impossible?
return partially signed P2SH hex Txs which are malformed?


texts: I am looking for Java Json-Rpc for Litecoin or any implementation for Litecoin


texts: Why is it so hard for alt clients to implement Bitcoin Core consensus rules?

texts: I understand that one can never be certain that an alt Bitcoin client is fully in consensus, but what is it about the consensus rules that makes them so hard to implement in other clients?


texts: List All the transactions of an adress - API

texts:
I am looking for a way to list all the transactions of an address. For instance, if we use the Blokchain.info API we get:

url='https://blockchain.info/rawaddr/1PFtrRjbq4aLfM7k4tyLZ3ZAuTsgLr6Q8Q'
request=requests.get(url)
addr=request.json()

Total number of transactions that have ever been made:

addr['n_tx']
69990

Now if we want to access to the list of these transactions:

addr['txs']

We get a list of transactions that have been by this address, but when we check the lenght of this list to see how much transactions we got:

len(addr['txs'])

we find 50.

With Blockexplorer API, we can have up to 1000 transactions for an adress.
I have tried some other API like SoChain, still the same issue (only 50 transactions).

Do you know a way to have access to all the transactions given an adress - just the list of their hashes - (in our case it is 69990) ?

I do not want to download the blockchain because I just do not have enough space for it.

Thank you !


texts: Standard CLI tool to calculate a public key out of a private key

texts:
Is there a standard, or at least well-accepted, CLI tool that calculates the public key out of a private key?

I've done my homework erading How do you get a Bitcoin Public Key from a Private Key, but it's from May 2014, and hopefully tooling has improved since then.


texts:
How do I solo mine with an AntMiner?

AntMiners use cgminer, which certainly supports GBT, but when I use http://<my_local_net_ip>:8332/ and my bitcoind username and password for "Worker" and "Password," respectively, on the "Miner Configuration" tab of my AntMiner's page, the AntMiner says my "pool" is dead. bfgminer can connect, via RPC, to my local bitcoind "pool" just fine, so the issue is with AntMiner/cgminer.


texts: When, and why did people use 1-starting P2PKH address to represent bare-pubkey P2PK outputs?

texts:
I notice that some web blockchain explorer, like https://blockstream.info, doesn't show the famous "Satoshi's bitcoin genesis address" (1A1zP1eP5QGefi2DMPTfTL5SLmv7DivfNa) for me in the genesis block: https://blockstream.info/block/000000000019d6689c085ae165831e934ff763ae46a2a6c172b3f1b60a8ce26f

The same happens to the famous "first used (spent) bitcoin address ever" (12cbQLTFMXRnSzktFkuoG3eHoMeFtpTu3S) as well:
https://blockstream.info/block/000000008d9dc510f23c2657fc4f67bea30078cc05a90eb89e84cc475c080805

AFAIK, these addresses have been mentioned in various places, like this analysis on genesis block - despite technically such addresses "didn't exist at all" because P2PK outputs are different than P2PKH outputs.


texts: Some question about block and block chain.....really confuse me!

texts:
Here are my questions:

Because miners can choose which transaction will be added in block by themselves, so what if two miners broadcast two blocks almost at the same time, one is bigger(has more transactions), another is smaller. Which of the two blocks will be accepted?
When miner creating blocks, transactions in that block affect the result?
For example, if miner A is creating a block, but now there is a new transaction is broadcasted on network, will A stop current work then add new transaction as one of the input then recreate block?
If above is the case, then I think because transactions will happen at anytime, so some miner will creating block, before the block is created, there is a new transaction on network, so they abort current work, take the new transaction as one of the input, start create block again, then there is another new transaction on network, miner stop current work .......
so they will never finish...
Say if at current time there exist spilt of block chain, we call them A and B. A is "longer" then B, as the result B will be eventually forgotten, but what happened about the transactions in blocks on B? The block which is different between A will be unpacked, reconfirm the transaction then create new block, add new block on A?
The new block will be create approximately 10 min, but I saw on blockchain.info

why the time between these two blocks are just 2 min?


texts: What does the sum column in Ripple.com order book mean?

texts:
Look at this entry:

Sum BTC     Size BTC    Bid Price XRP
3.77987104  2.77987104  22,999.9999

How is the sum of 3.77987104 calculated?


texts:
Who is responsible for ensuring that the bitcoin protocol is not violated in the network?
    1. The market forces behind the supply and demand of bitcoin
    2. Miners
    3. Consensus of the miners
    4. Developers of the bitcoin protocol


texts:
With the recent increase in articles about the threat of Bitcoin vs central banks, government and other authorities over the money supply, I am wondering how well authorities are prepared and actively dealing with the situation.

Yes, most are probably aware of it by now. There have been some official statements by several agencies. Most notable I could find are the ECB: Virtual Currency Schemes (PDF, European Central Bank - October 2012), U.S. Senators seek crackdown on "Bitcoin" currency (Reuters, June 2011) and FBI Fears Bitcoin’s Popularity with Criminals (Wired, May 2012)

Is there any proof that serious plans are in the works to 'crackdown on Bitcoin' - either directly by creating laws or indirectly by influence on the market?