Question: Michael Jackson was one of ten children. Who is the youngest, born in 1966?

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Jackson family

as "Prince", Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson (b. April 3, 1998), and Prince Michael Jackson II also known as "Blanket" now called "Bigi" (b. February 21, 2002), have been discussed in the press numerous times throughout their lives, particularly since their father's death in 2009. Rebbie, Tito, Jackie, Jermaine and Janet Jackson have also had children, who have come under varying degrees of media focus. Austin Brown (b. 1985), the only son of Rebbie Jackson, is a singer and songwriter who has released several successful singles in the pop/R&B genre. Tito Jackson's three sons, Toriano Adaryll "Taj" Jackson, Jr. (b. 1973), Taryll

Jackson family

her will by Randy and Janet Jackson, Katherine lost custody of Michael's children, ultimately regaining it in 2012. Together, Joseph and Katherine Jackson had ten children. Their son Brandon (Marlon's twin) died shortly after birth. The other nine grew up to become professional musicians. There are 26 children that make up the third generation of the Jackson family along with several great-grandchildren. Among them, some have followed in the family's footsteps into the entertainment industry. The three children of Michael Jackson are probably the most well-known of the third generation. Michael Joseph Jackson Jr. (b. February 13, 1997), also known

Michael Jackson

first child at the time. Originally, Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry, but Jackson's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so. Michael Joseph Jackson Jr (commonly known as Prince) was born on February 13, 1997; his sister Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3, 1998. The couple divorced in 1999, and Jackson received full custody of the children. The divorce was relatively amicable, but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006. In 1997, Jackson released "", which contained remixes of hit singles from "HIStory" and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at

Paris Jackson

Paris Jackson Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson (born April 3, 1998) is an American actress, model, and singer. She is the second child and only daughter of Michael Jackson and Debbie Rowe. Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson was born on April 3, 1998, at Spaulding Pain Medical Clinic in Beverly Hills, California. She was named after the French city in which she was conceived. She is the middle child and only daughter of singer Michael Jackson and younger child of Debbie Rowe. She has one older brother, Michael Joseph Jackson, Jr. (“Prince”) and one younger half-brother, Prince Michael Jackson II ("Blanket"). Jackson was raised

Jermaine Jackson

born December 11, 1954, in Gary, Indiana, after his brother Tito Jackson. He is the fourth child born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson. His siblings are Rebbie, Jackie, Tito, La Toya, Marlon, Michael, Randy, and Janet. His father Joseph had musical aspirations, playing guitar with his brother’s band, The Falcons, and Katherine was a passionate pianist and singer, but their large family and lack of money ended their dreams with Katherine becoming a housewife, and Joseph, a steel worker at nearby Inland Steel Company in East Chicago, Indiana, (his parents lived there before they moved to Gary in 1950). While

Janet Jackson

Katherine Jackson

Katherine Jackson

Katherine Esther Jackson (née Scruse, born Kattie B. Screws; May 4, 1930) is the matriarch of the Jackson family of entertainers that includes her children Michael and Janet Jackson.

Jackson family

Jackson family

The Jackson family is an American family of musicians and entertainers from Gary, Indiana. Many of the children of Joseph Walter (or Joe) and Katherine Esther Jackson were successful musicians, notably the brothers that formed the Motown boy band the Jackson 5 (later known as the Jacksons). Several of the siblings also had successful solo careers. Joe worked as their manager. The Jackson family, both as a musical group and as solo artists, have achieved success in the field of popular music from the late 1960s and onward. They are sometimes called the "First Family of Soul" (a title first bestowed on the Five Stairsteps), the "Imperial Family of Pop", or the "Royal Family of Pop", especially following the success of Michael and Janet Jackson, the former of whom is frequently dubbed the "King of Pop" and the latter of whom is frequently dubbed the "Queen of Pop".

The Jackson 5 originally consisted of Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Michael. In 1975, Randy replaced Jermaine. Regarded as the most popular members of the family are Michael and Janet, both of whom have had highly distinguished solo careers and are often hailed as two of the most influential pop and R&B artists in history. All nine of the Jackson siblings have gold records to their credits with La Toya holding the distinction of being the first Jackson sister to attain one (awarded by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique for "Reggae Night", which she co-wrote for Jimmy Cliff). Janet is the first black female to receive the "Billboard" Icon Award.

The Jacksons are one of the most influential families in music history. In 1997, the Jackson 5 was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Michael was inducted as a solo artist in 2001, making him one of the few who have been inducted twice. Joining her brothers, Janet was inducted in 2019.

Michael Jackson

Joe Jackson (manager)

Joe Jackson (manager)

Joseph Walter Jackson (July 26, 1928 – June 27, 2018) was an American talent manager and patriarch of the Jackson family of entertainers. He was inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in 2014.

Michael Jackson

Michael Jackson Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American singer, songwriter and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century and is also regarded as one of the greatest entertainers of all time. Jackson's contributions to music, dance, and fashion, along with his publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon

Jonathan P. Jackson

the courtroom, had promptly aided Jackson, and prosecutor Thomas was paralyzed and a juror was seriously injured. Since the guns that Jackson used were registered to political activist Angela Davis, who had formed a committee supporting the Soledad Brothers, Davis was implicated and stood trial for alleged involvement in the kidnapping. She was acquitted. Jackson was the youngest of five children born to Lester and Georgia Bea Jackson. Raised in Pasadena, California, he attended St Andrew's School from 1965-67 for grades seven and eight, La Salle High School for ninth grade (1967–68), and then Blair High School through his junior

Rebbie Jackson

teens from all over the U.S. who have committed suicide. Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, to a working-class family on May 29, 1950. The daughter of Joseph Walter "Joe" and Katherine Esther (née Scruse), she is the eldest of their 10 children. Her siblings are Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, La Toya, Brandon (d. March 12, 1957), Marlon, Michael (d. June 25, 2009), Randy, and Janet. Joseph was a steel mill employee who often performed in a rhythm and blues (R&B) band called the Falcons with his brother, Luther. His wife, Katherine, is a Jehovah's Witness and raised

Bo Jackson

of Science degree in Family and Child Development at Auburn. In addition, Jackson appeared in small roles as an actor in television shows such as "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" and "Married... with Children", as well as films such as "The Chamber". Jackson, the eighth of ten children, was born on November 30, 1962 and raised in Bessemer, Alabama. He was named after Vince Edwards, his mother's favorite actor. His family described him as a "wild boar hog", as he would constantly get into trouble. He attended school in McCalla, where he rushed for 1,175 yards as a running back

Death of Michael Jackson

He was very mentally aware when we saw him and he was in a very good mood." Jackson is survived by his three children, Michael Joseph Jackson Jr., known as "Prince" (b. 1997); Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson (b. 1998), born during his marriage to his second wife, Debbie Rowe; and Prince Michael Jackson II, known as "Blanket", born in 2002 to a surrogate mother. He is also survived by his brothers, Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Randy; sisters Rebbie, La Toya and Janet; and parents Joseph and Katherine. Katherine was granted temporary guardianship of Michael's three children on June 29, 2009.

Katherine Jackson

Lutheran faith, also practiced the religion, it was often said he decided not to change his faith. As Jackson's brood grew, she quit her position at Sears and settled primarily as a housewife, keeping her children closer to home. By the early 1960s, several of Jackson's sons began to show off their musical talents. In 1963, Joe formed The Jackson Brothers with three of their eldest sons, Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine. Around the same time, Jackson's younger son Michael was also showing off his talent, which was discovered first by Jackson, who noticed Michael, at the age of four, singing

Jackson family

as their full-time manager. After many years as a band and with Michael as lead singer, the group continued to churn out even more hits and wealth, but tensions grew and in 1979, Michael severed ties with his father/manager and went on to pursue a solo musical entertainment career. Four years later, in 1983, Michael's siblings fired Joseph Jackson as their manager. In 1993, Michael Jackson accused his father of physical and mental abuse; a few of the other siblings confirmed this claim, but others denied it. Katherine Jackson (née Kattie B. Scruse) was born on May 4, 1930 in

Personal relationships of Michael Jackson

also said that she and Jackson "would play like little kids" when working on the ”Thriller” video (1983), as she recalled how he was clearly "into Brooke Shields" and kept on teasing her about Shields' visiting the set. In 1974, a 16-year-old Michael Jackson—who would later be dubbed "The King of Pop"—was introduced for the first time to Lisa Marie Presley at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino in Paradise, Nevada by her father, "The King of Rock 'n' Roll", Elvis Presley. Lisa Marie was six at the time, and had been brought to the hotel to watch a show

Marlon Jackson

Orleans during one of the Jacksons' tours. Jackson and Parker have three children: Marlon and Carol have six grandchildren: On July 7, 2009, his family and he offered their final eulogies for Michael, saying he was the "soul" of the family, and breaking down as he tearfully addressed the crowd: "Maybe now Michael, they will leave you alone" and "I would like for you to give our brother, my twin brother, Brandon, a hug for me". Marlon fought back tears as he said, "I love you Michael and I'll miss you". Marlon Jackson Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)

Joe Jackson (manager)

children, ten with his wife Katherine Jackson (née Scruse): In the late 1980s, Joseph's image as a father became tarnished as the media reported stories told by his children that he was abusive towards them. When he managed his family, he allegedly ordered each of them to call him "Joseph", which contributed to several siblings having been estranged from him. Michael Jackson claimed that from a young age he was physically and emotionally abused by his father, enduring incessant rehearsals, whippings and name-calling, but also admitting that his father's strict discipline played a large part in his success. Michael first

Brutha

four-generations musical family. At 5 and 6 years old, Anthony Harrell and Grady Harrell III hooked up with their first cousin Canela Cox and formed the group Papa’s Results, being trained and taught by Grady Harrell II, who was then signed to MCA Records prior to a prison term. The children appeared in his R&B hit single “Sticks and Stone” and Anthony provided the singing voice of "Young Michael Jackson" played by Alex Burell in the 1992 TV mini series, "". Papa's results lasted until Canela moved to Holland to follow her mother's musical career. The brothers filled her spot

Katherine Jackson

after signing with Motown Records in March 1969. During the Jackson 5's 1970–71 heyday, Jackson – along with her three daughters and youngest son – was barely mentioned in the press. This changed in 1974, when Joe began building careers around his three younger children and eldest daughter. Michael often mentioned Jackson lovingly. Jackson started to become part of her husband's management team when the grown-up members of the group (which renamed themselves The Jacksons after splitting from Motown in 1975) reunited for the Victory Tour in 1984. Michael dedicated his 1982 album, "Thriller", to her. Janet Jackson did the

Katherine Jackson

along to the radio while dancing to the rhythm. When she tried to tell Joe of Michael's talent, though, he brushed her aside, but she insisted. A year later, Joe enlisted Michael and older brother Marlon Jackson into the group not as vocalists, but as backing instrumentalists, playing percussion. In 1966, Joe began to see seven-year-old Michael's overall talents three years after Jackson's discovery. Beforehand, Michael had performed onstage without his father's knowledge at several school recitals starting at five. By the end of 1966, Michael was positioned as the second front man of the group after Jermaine. Acting on

Jackson family

in the 1992 miniseries, "", a biopic about the Jackson family. On January 3, 2017, at the age of 50, Janet gave birth to Eissa Al Mana, the newest member of the Jackson family. Jackson family The Jackson family is an American family of musicians from Gary, Indiana. Performing as members of The Jackson 5 and as solo artists, the children of Joseph Walter and Katherine Esther Jackson were successful in the field of popular music from the late 1960s onwards. As a group, the eldest sons Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, Michael, and later with the inclusion of Randy. The

Janet Jackson

on its list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, and in 2010 ranked her fifth among the "Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years". In December 2016, the magazine named her the second most successful dance club artist of all-time after Madonna. She has been cited as an inspiration among numerous performers. Jackson will be inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2019. Janet Jackson was born on May 16, 1966 in Gary, Indiana, the youngest of ten children, to Katherine Esther (née Scruse) and Joseph Walter Jackson. The Jacksons were lower-middle class and


Question: Which Central American country has a currency named in honour of a fifteenth to sixteenth century Spaniard?

Currency of Spanish America

of eight". The new coin design of 1572 (new for America, but already being minted in Spain) is known in English as the shield or the cross type. It was known in Mexico as "maquina de papalote y cruz" (windmill and cross money). These were hammered coins, produced quickly, and they generally deteriorated in quality throughout the period. Most cobs were soon melted down to produce coins, jewelry, etc. But many circulated as coin, but their crude appearance invited clipping, and many were soon lightweight. "Obv".: the crowned Habsburg arms, with mintmark and assayer's initial left and the value right,

Currency of Spanish America

in Spanish. This was the monetary system that the Spaniards brought to the New World. The first distinctive coins minted for Spanish America were copper 4-maravedí pieces authorized for Santo Domingo by Ferdinand on December 20, 1505 (later confirmed by his daughter, Johanna, on May 10, 1531). These coins were minted in Spain (at Burgos and Seville) and shipped to Santo Domingo (Hispaniola), and subsequently also to Mexico and Panama. The first were struck 1502–1504 in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, with an F-I monogram obverse and pillars reverse. Ferdinand died in 1516, and Johanna's son Charles became King

51st state

Belize, which is a constitutional monarchy and was known as British Honduras until 1981). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone. In 1854 the Ostend Manifesto was written, outlining the rationale for the U.S. to purchase Cuba from Spain, implying taking the island by force if Spain refused. Once the document became published many northern states denounced the document. In

SUCRE

East Caribbean dollar, although none of them have agreed to the treaty establishing the SUCRE and the regional payments clearinghouse. The SUCRE is named after Antonio José de Sucre, a leading figure in Latin America's independence struggle. Agreement in general terms for the currency was declared in 2009. The formal treaty establishing the regional payments clearinghouse was signed by the six Latin American presidents in Cochabamba, Bolivia, on October 17, 2009. (The former currency of Ecuador, one of the SUCRE's users, was also called the sucre, but was abandoned and replaced by the US dollar after the economic crisis in

Currency of Spanish America

the rim inscribed PHILIPVS II DEI GRATIA. "Rev".: the quartered arms of Castile and León inside a quatrefoil design, the dividing lines emphasized, looking like a cross, the rim inscribed REX HISPANIARVM ET INDIARVM. The inscriptions are abbreviated on the smaller coins. Minor differences in design detail can be ascribed to a specific mint. Struck at Mexico City 1572–1734, Santo Domingo 1572–1578, Lima 1572–1650, La Plata 1573–1574, Potosí 1574–1650, Panama 1580–1582, Cartagena 1622–1650, and Bogotá 1622–1650. This was the first New World type to be struck in the 8-real denomination. Denomination: 1, 2, 4, and 8 reales Trade with the

Nicaragua

Nicaragua

Nicaragua (; ), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (), is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the country's capital and largest city. , it was estimated to be the second largest city in Central America. Nicaragua's multiethnic population of six million includes people of mestizo, indigenous, European and African heritage. The main language is Spanish. Indigenous tribes on the Mosquito Coast speak their own languages and English.

Originally inhabited by various indigenous cultures since ancient times, the region was conquered by the Spanish Empire in the 16th century. Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821. The Mosquito Coast followed a different historical path, being colonized by the English in the 17th century and later coming under British rule. It became an autonomous territory of Nicaragua in 1860 and its northernmost part was transferred to Honduras in 1960. Since its independence, Nicaragua has undergone periods of political unrest, dictatorship, occupation and fiscal crisis, including the Nicaraguan Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s and the Contra War of the 1980s.

The mixture of cultural traditions has generated substantial diversity in folklore, cuisine, music, and literature, particularly the latter, given the literary contributions of Nicaraguan poets and writers such as Rubén Darío. Known as the "land of lakes and volcanoes", Nicaragua is also home to the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, the second-largest rainforest of the Americas. The biological diversity, warm tropical climate and active volcanoes make Nicaragua an increasingly popular tourist destination. Nicaragua co-founded the United Nations and is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of American States, Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.

New Spain

Latin America

Chile

Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Chile covers an area of , with a population of 17.5 million as of 2017.<ref name="population"/> It shares land borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the north-east, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. Chile also controls the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Isla Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. It also claims about of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The country's capital and largest city is Santiago, and its national language is Spanish.

Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. In 1818, after declaring independence from Spain, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth, ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879–83) after defeating Peru and Bolivia. In the 20th century up to the 1970s Chile saw a process of democratization, rapid population growth and urbanization and increasing reliance on exports from copper mining for its economy. During the 1960s and 1970s, the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. This development culminated with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that overthrew Salvador Allende's democratically elected left-wing government and instituted a 16-year right-wing military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.<ref name="BBC-Chile"/> The regime ended in 1990 after a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a center-left coalition which ruled until 2010.

Chile is a developing country with a high-income economy and ranks 42nd in the Human Development Index. It is among the most economically and socially stable nations in South America, leading Latin America in rankings of competitiveness, per capita income, globalization, state of peace, and economic freedom. Chile also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, democratic development, and has the lowest homicide rate in the Americas after Canada. It is a founding member of the United Nations, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) and the Pacific Alliance, and joined the OECD in 2010.

History of Central America

History of Central America

Central America is commonly said to include Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. This definition matches modern political borders. Central America begins geographically in Mexico, at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico's narrowest point, and the former country of Yucatán (1841–1848) was part of Central America. At the other end, before its independence in 1903 Panama was part of South America, as it was a Department of Colombia. At times Belize, a British colony until 1981, where English instead of Spanish is spoken, and where the population is primarily of African origin, has been considered not part of (Spanish-speaking) Central America.Long and narrow, Central America does not have an obvious geographical center. Until the middle of the 20th century there were no roads between the countries, which isolated them from each other, and railroads have never connected them. During colonial times Guatemala was the administrative and religious center; religiously it remains so. However, attempts to create a Central American Political Union, like the European Union, have failed. The countries that joined the EU already had extensive cross-border traffic by train; even today (2021) there is by comparison very little, and none by train. The Central American countries are not seeking to unite, and certainly not with its capital in Guatemala.

The countries, furthermore, are more diverse than they appear at first glance. Some (Guatemala) have a large indigenous or Native American population, others (Costa Rica) do not. Some (El Salvador) are focused on their Pacific coast, while in others (Belize, Honduras) the Caribbean or Atlantic coast is more important. Panama and to a lesser extent Guatemala and Costa Rica have both coasts playing a significant role. Some countries have stable governments (Costa Rica), others do not (Nicaragua, El Salvador). Panama is heavily Americanized, uses the US dollar as its currency, has a large industry and source of revenue (the canal), and a sophistication which comes from the ships and people passing through the country and previously the U.S. military installations in the former Canal Zone.

Central American Spanish

they are called "güilas" or "carajillos". In Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador money is called "pisto", a term coming from the Spanish dish 'pisto'. However, a common slang word used for money in all of the Central American countries (except Belize) is "plata". In Mexico "plata" refers to Mexican pesos while "oro" refers to American dollars. In addition, chucho in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras means dog. Central American Spanish Central American Spanish ( or "castellano centroamericano") is the general name of the Spanish language dialects spoken in Central America. More precisely, the term refers to the Spanish language as

Costa Rican colón

until 1896. This is very common across Latin American countries, where most have (or had at some point) currencies called pesos. Another slang name is caña (Spanish for sugar cane, plural cañas) but this term is more often used in its plural form and for amounts under 100 colones with multiples of ten, except for 5; e.g., 5 cañas, 10 cañas, 20 cañas, etc. This term has become less common. "Teja" (roof tile) is the slang term for one hundred colones, so that five hundred colones coins and notes are called "cinco tejas", while fifty colones coins and notes are

Economy of Central America

country as of January 1, 2001, replacing the Salvadoran colón, Belize is a country where the dollar circulates, but of Belizean type. In the case of Panama two types of currency are circulating, the Panamanian balboa and the US dollar. Guatemala has the highest gross domestic product in Central America, followed by Panama, Costa Rica and El Salvador. The GDP data are based on data from the World Bank corresponding to 2012. The rates of economic growth come from the CIA World Factbook. Regarding exports and imports, the balance is negative in the region, each country consumes more than it

Currency of Spanish America

was not utilized in the Spanish colonies as small change is unresolved and a matter of dispute among economic historians. Royal regulations of 1565 specifically stated that neither gold nor vellón was authorized to be minted in the Indies.) After Philip II ascended the throne in 1556, Mexico City continued minting type 1542 coins in the name of Charles and Johanna. Lima, however, used the inscription PHILIPVS II. From 1565 until 1821 there was an annual galleon convoy (Galeones de Manila-Acapulco) that crossed the Pacific from Acapulco loaded with silver coin, which was exchanged at Manila in the Philippines for

Central American Integration System

and Colombia. Haiti joined SICA in 2013 as an associate member, and the Dominican Republic became a full member on 27 June 2013. The Central American Bank for Economic Integration has not introduced its own common currency, and dollarization is possible. However, for formal purposes the US Dollar is sometimes referred to as "Central American Peso" pegged 1:1 to the Dollar. There are no coins or notes in this currency and it is little known outside of legal circles. Central America is increasing its regional economic development, accelerating its social, political and economic integration. The region has diversified output and

Currency of Spanish America

Currency of Spanish America This article provides an outline of the currency of Spanish America ("las Indias", the Indies) from Spanish colonization in the 15th century until Spanish American independencies in the 19th. This great realm was divided into the Viceroyalty of New Spain (capital: Mexico City), which came to include all Spanish territory north of Panama, the West Indies, Venezuela, and the Philippines, and the Viceroyalty of Peru (capital: Lima), which included Panama and all Spanish territory in South America except Venezuela. The monetary system of Spanish America, originally identical to that of Spain, soon diverged and took on

Currency of Spanish America

Spanish colonial real

called the "real de plata fuerte", became the new standard, issued as coins until the early 19th century. The gold escudo was worth 16 "reales de plata fuerte". Coins were produced at mints in Bogotá, Caracas, Guatemala City, Lima, Mexico City, Popayán, Potosí, Santo Domingo and Santiago. For details, see the: After the independence of Spain's colonies, the real was replaced by currencies also denominated in "reales" and "escudos", including the Argentine real, Central American Republic real, Ecuadorian real, Honduran real, Paraguayan real and Santo Domingo real. From 1572 to 1773 Spanish colonial silver coins were "cobs". Initially cut from

Dobla

coins from Muslim Málaga. These were named ""doblas de la banda"" and were used for many years, although they were not of such fine metal as the traditional form, which in that reign were known as "doblas cruzadas", after the cross appearing in their design. The 15th century was one of extreme monetary confusion in Castile, reaching a peak under Henry IV (1454–1474), who began a simplified standard for currencies. At the Cortes of Segovia in 1471, Henry IV tried to resolve the monetary anarchy then prevailing in his realm. He revalued the gold currency by restoring the old dobla

Currency of Spanish America

and began producing silver coins at Mexico City in April 1536. The first silver struck in the Indies (Spanish America), known as the pillar type because it depicted the pillars of Hercules, were hand struck, typically on a full-sized round planchet of even thickness. "Obv".: the crowned shield of Leon and Castile, quartered with castle and lion, with the pomegranate of Granada at the point of the shield, and on either side a mintmark (M for Mexico), the rim inscribed KAROLVS ET IOHANA REGES. "Rev".: two crowned columns (pillars of Hercules) with PLVS (for "plus ultra") on a banner and

Currency of Spanish America

was 27·064 g, 22 carats fine, 24,808·936 mg pure gold. The Mexico City mint was the first to comply, in 1732, using an up-to-date screw press. An edge design, resembling a tulip, was put on the 8-reales to make any clipping evident. Technical problems and local resistance to design change delayed the adoption of milled coinage at Lima and Santiago until 1751. The milled pillar type of 1732, "columnario" in Spanish, was machine struck on a full-sized round planchet. "Obv".: the crowned arms of Castile and León, the assayer's initial left, the value right, the rim inscribed PHILIP•V•D•G•HISPAN•ET•IND•REX+. "Rev".: two

Bank of Central and South America

Bank of Central and South America The Bank of Central and South America was established in Connecticut in 1922. The next year it acquired some of the assets of the Mercantile Bank of the Americas (est. 1915), including its entire interest in the National Bank of Nicaragua, Banco Mercantil de Costa Rica, Banco Mercantil Americano del Peru, Banco Mercantil Americano de Caracas and Banco Mercantil Americano de Colombia. It had a branch in Hamburg, and 22 branches in Latin America, including four in Venezuela, six in Peru, eight in Colombia, four in Nicaragua, and one in Costa Rica. The shareholders

Currency of Spanish America

as a double doubloon, then as a quadruple pistole, but eventually gained fame as the Spanish doubloon. This doubloon of 8 escudos eventually became the most common Spanish gold coin, equivalent to 16 silver pesos. The 1566 reform also provided for a silver 8-real coin, the "real de a ocho" or "peso duro" (which had already been minted in Spain in limited number). This coin, 39–40 mm, 27·468 g, containing 25·561 g pure silver, was now struck in the Indies, at Lima from 1568 and at Mexico City from 1572. This coin was commonly known in English as the "piece

Salvadoran colón

with the farm's name and were used as payment to employees, the sheets only had value in the farm store that issued it, so it created a kind of monopoly. During the existence of the Central American Federation, the monetary system did not change with respect to the colonial system and continued using silver by weight as the main currency with circulation of macaques and property sheets. Once the federation dissolved, the Salvadoran government decreed the issuance of the first national currency, "Reales", gold coins engraved with an "R" and the "Escudos (Shields)" were silver coins with an "E" engraved.

Currency of Spanish America

was commonly known in British North America as the Spanish dollar. Colloquial terms used in New Spain were: "pataca" for the peso (real de a ocho), "tostón" for the medio peso (4 reales), and "peseta" for the 2 reales. Gold circulation became more common in Spanish America after 1704, when the West Indies adopted a gold standard. After 1716 the Spanish mints flooded Spain with debased silver based on the "real sencillo" of 3·067 g, containing 2·556 g silver. These silver coins were called "plata provincial". The silver minted in America was now officially called "plata nacional", but was also


Question: Which cricketer holds the record of taking the most wickets in Test Matches for England?

Ian Botham
Sir Ian Terence Botham
IAN BOTHAM
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Ian Terence Botham
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Sir Ian Botham
sir ian botham

Jim Laker

ten wickets in an innings for Surrey against the Australians. This was the first time a bowler had taken all ten against the Australians since Ted Barratt in 1878. Laker took 46 wickets in the 1956 Ashes series to establish a still-unbroken record for a five-match test series between England and Australia, but Sydney Barnes still holds the world record of 49 wickets taken in 1913/14 for England in South Africa. Laker's effort led to him being awarded the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award in 1956, the first cricketer to win the award. Surrey won the County Championship

Ian Botham

and from 1986 to 1988, he held the world record for the most Test wickets until overtaken by fellow all-rounder Sir Richard Hadlee. He took five wickets in an innings 27 times and 10 wickets in a match four times. In 1980, he became the second player in Test history to complete the "match double" of scoring 100 runs and taking 10 wickets in the same match. Botham has at times been involved in controversy including a highly publicised court case involving rival all-rounder Imran Khan and an ongoing dispute with the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB).

John Snow (cricketer)

This remains the most wickets taken by an England bowler in a series in the West Indies, though it was equalled by Angus Fraser in 1997–98 when he took 27 wickets (18.22) in six tests. Snow was instrumental in England's second series victory in the Caribbean, and they would have to wait 36 years for the next. In 1968 the Australians toured England and they retained The Ashes in a rain-sodden 1–1 draw. They beat England by 159 runs in the First Test at Old Trafford, Snow taking 4/94 on his Ashes debut, but England had only one spinner on

Derek Shackleton

Derek Shackleton Derek Shackleton (12 August 1924 – 28 September 2007) was a Hampshire and England bowler. He took over 100 wickets in 20 consecutive seasons of first-class cricket, but only played in seven Tests for England. As of 2007, he has the seventh-highest tally of first-class wickets, and the most first-class wickets of any player who began his career after World War II. He holds the record for the most first-class wickets taken by any Hampshire player. After his cricket playing career ended, Shackleton became a coach and umpire for several seasons. The cricket writer, Colin Bateman, noted of

Muttiah Muralitharan

the host a 3–0 sweep of the series. Muralitharan finished with six wickets in each innings to claim 10 wickets or more in a Test for the 20th time. However, he was unable to pass Warne's record of 708 wickets when Sri Lanka toured Australia in November 2007, capturing just four wickets in two Test matches. Muralitharan reclaimed the record for most Test wickets during the first Test against England at Kandy on 2007. The spinner bowled England's Paul Collingwood to claim his 709th Test victim and overtaking Shane Warne in the process. Muralitharan reached the mark in his 116th

List of England Test cricket records

List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket ...

List of Australia Test cricket records

List of Test cricket records

Shane Warne

Shane Warne

Shane Keith Warne (13 September 1969 – 4 March 2022) was an Australian international cricketer, whose career ran from 1991 to 2007. Warne played as a right-arm leg spin bowler and a right-handed batsman for Victoria, Hampshire and Australia. He is regarded as one of the greatest bowlers in the history of the sport; he made 145 Test appearances, taking 708 wickets, and set the record for the most wickets taken by any bowler in Test cricket, a record he held until 2007.

Warne was a useful lower-order batsman who scored more than 3,000 Test runs, with a highest score of 99. He retired from international cricket at the end of Australia's 2006–07 Ashes series victory over England.

In the first four seasons of the Indian Premier League (IPL), Warne was a player-coach for Rajasthan Royals and also captained the team. During his career, Warne was involved in off-field scandals; his censures included a ban from cricket for testing positive for a prohibited substance, and charges of sexual indiscretions and bringing the game into disrepute.

Warne revolutionised cricket thinking with his mastery of leg spin, then regarded as a dying art. After retirement, he regularly worked as a cricket commentator and for charities and endorsed commercial products. In recognition of his skill, a statue of Warne bowling was placed outside the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), where he was also honoured with a state memorial service, as well as having a grandstand named in his honour. Warne was posthumously appointed as an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for his service to cricket.

James Anderson (cricketer)

500 wickets in Test matches, and is currently the 4th highest Test wicket-taker of all time. He reached this position on 11 September 2018, when he took his 564th Test wicket, passing Glenn McGrath as the leading wicket-taker among fast bowlers. He is currently ranked No.1 in the ICC Test Bowling Rankings. On 25 July 2016, during the second Test of that year's England-Pakistan series at Old Trafford, he became the first fast bowler to take 50 wickets against all other 7 major Test playing nations, Australia, India, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka and West Indies. On 3

Muttiah Muralitharan

After breaking the world record for the most test wickets in 2007, Muralitharan commented that his 1998 performance at the Oval against England, was his career highlight. He stated "Everyone thought I was a good bowler then and I didn't look back from there." Playing his 58th test, Muralitharan claimed his 300th test wicket when he dismissed Shaun Pollock in the First Test in Durban, in December 2000. Only Dennis Lillee reached the milestone faster, in his 56th test. On 4 January 2002 in Kandy Muralitharan might have finished with the best-ever figures for a single innings, but after he

Brian Statham

latter, Statham did not make the ball swing in flight but, by pitching it on the seam, he could achieve very fast deviation off the pitch which accounted for many a batsman's wicket. In 1963, he briefly held the world record for the most wickets taken in Test cricket and, having been overtaken by Trueman, he ended his international career with 252. His first-class career tally of 2,260 is nineteenth in the all-time list and he has the best (lowest) average of all the top twenty bowlers. His total of 1,816 wickets taken in first-class matches for Lancashire is the

Courtney Walsh

100th Test, against England in Georgetown, Guyana. In 2000, Walsh became the highest wicket-taker in Test cricket, breaking a six-year-old record of Kapil Dev's 434 wickets. He achieved the feat in his 114th match, which are 17 matches less than Kapil Dev. Walsh became the first bowler to reach 500 wickets in the history of Test cricket. He achieved the feat against South Africa in 2001, getting Jacques Kallis leg before wicket in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Throughout his Test career, Walsh produced one of the greatest opening partnership with Curtly Ambrose as a bowler, and shared 421 wickets from 49 matches

Women's Test cricket

cricket; the highest of these was the 242 runs scored by Pakistan's Kiran Baluch against the West Indies in 2004. Mary Duggan, who played for England between 1949 and 1963 is the leading wicket-taker in women's Test cricket, claiming 77 wickets from 17 matches. The next most prolific bowler is Australia's Betty Wilson, who claimed her 68 wickets at the lowest bowling average, 11.80 and the first hat-trick in Women's Test cricket. Both of the players with the best bowling figures, in an innings and in a match, are from the Indian subcontinent; India's Neetu David holds the record for

Jim Laker

on a cricket field". Laker's ten for 53 was the first time a bowler had taken all ten wickets in a test innings. The only other bowler to achieve the feat is India's Anil Kumble, who took ten for 74 at Delhi's Feroz Shah Kotla against Pakistan in 1999. Having already taken nine for 37 in the first innings, Laker's match bowling figures of nineteen for 90 remain a world record in first-class cricket. The record for the most wickets taken in a test match was previously held by England's Sydney Barnes who took seventeen for 159 at the Old

Denis Atkinson

holds the record for bowling the highest number of wicketless overs in a Test innings. He recorded 72 overs, 29 maidens, no wicket for 137 runs for the West Indies against England at Edgbaston, Birmingham, in 1957. When Gary Sobers was a boy Atkinson encouraged him by asking him to bowl to him at practice. Atkinson, who played for the Wanderers Cricket Club in Barbados, was able to leave work at his insurance office early for extra batting practice, and he used to put a shilling on top of the stumps and tell Sobers he could have it if he

Les Jackson (cricketer)

wickets. Statham came back for the final two Tests, and Jack Flavell was picked ahead of Jackson. He never played Test cricket again. The 12-year gap between his appearances is the longest of any England Test player with only two caps. Jackson retired from Derbyshire at the end of the 1963 season, having taken more wickets for Derbyshire than any other bowler, a record that still stands (1,733 first-class wickets at 17.36 apiece). He then played for Enfield in the Lancashire League in 1964, and for Undercliffe in the Bradford League from 1965 to 1970. Jackson, along with Derbyshire namesake

Frank Worrell Trophy

West Indian fast bowler Courtney Walsh has taken the most wickets in the trophy, with 135 over 38 matches, at an average of 28.68, while Australia's Graham McKenzie has the best bowling figures of 8 wickets for 71 runs, achieved in the second Test of the 1968–69 series. Australian Mark Waugh has taken the most catches, with 45 in 28 matches, while West Indian Jeff Dujon is the most successful wicketkeeper, making 84 dismissals in 23 matches. Frank Worrell became the first black captain of the West Indies cricket team prior to their 1960–61 tour of Australia. The first Test

Sarah Clarke (cricketer)

Barrs as the previous record holder (120 wickets). Sarah Clarke (cricketer) Sarah Louise Clarke (born 28 March 1982, Croydon, Surrey, England) is a cricketer who played 6 one day internationals for the England women's cricket team from her debut against Scotland in August 2001 to her last game against India at Pune in January 2002. Sarah Clarke along with Nicky Shaw holds the record for the highest ever 8th wicket stand in Women's ODI history(85*) She made a top score of 66 not out against Scotland in the European cup and took 5 wickets at 16.8 with her leg spin

Women's Test cricket

the best figures in an innings, having taken eight second innings wickets against England in 1995, while Pakistan's Shaiza Khan took thirteen wickets in a match against the West Indies in 2004. Amongst wicket-keepers, Christina Matthews has taken the most dismissals in her career, accumulating 46 catches and 12 stumpings during her 20 matches for Australia. Lisa Nye holds the record for the most dismissals in a single innings, having been responsible for eight of the ten wickets for England against New Zealand in 1992. Only two players have achieved the all-rounders double of scoring a century and taking ten

Shane Warne

three-Test series against Sri Lanka in Galle, he became the second cricketer after Courtney Walsh to take 500 Test wickets. Warne took five wickets in each innings of the first and second Tests; a further six wickets in the third Test saw him named the player of the series. He broke the record for most career wickets in Test cricket on 15 October 2004 during the second Test of Australia's series against India at Chennai. His dismissal of Irfan Pathan, caught at slip by Matthew Hayden, saw him overtake his Sri Lankan rival, Muttiah Muralitharan, with 533 wickets. Muralitharan, who

Clarrie Grimmett

last four years of his Test career were taken bowling in tandem with fellow leg-spinner Bill O'Reilly. Grimmett remains the one of the few bowlers with career figures of over 200 wickets in fewer than 40 Tests. He held the record for the fastest bowler to take 200 wickets in Tests, doing so in his 36th match. The record stood for 82 years, until Yasir Shah of Pakistan broke that mark in December 2018 against New Zealand. He took a five-wicket haul on 21 occasions, seven times finishing with ten wickets or more in a match. His Test career only

Ian Botham

team in the 1983 semi-final. Botham was the 21st player to achieve the "double" of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test cricket and he went on to score 5,200 runs and take 383 wickets, as well as holding 120 catches. He held the world record for the greatest number of Test wickets from 21 August 1986 to 12 November 1988. His predecessor was Dennis Lillee who had retired with 355 wickets in 70 matches. Botham extended the record to 373 in 94 matches before he was overtaken by Richard Hadlee. Botham ended with 383 wickets in 102 matches while

Terry Alderman

1988. In the 1981 Ashes series he took 42 Test wickets, including nine on debut, the biggest haul in a series since Jim Laker's 46 in 1956 and the fourth-highest total of all time. Alderman's 42 wickets is the record for the most wickets taken in a series without taking 10 wickets in a match. He was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in the Almanack's 1982 edition. He was injured and unable to play for over a year by a shoulder injury sustained on 13 November 1982 when he rashly tackled an English-supporting ground invader at the


Question: Which car manufacturer produces the 'Sigma' model?

Vauxhall vivaro
Vauxhall Arena
chevrolet trafic
Nissan Primastar
Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro Tour
opel arena
General Motors Vivaro
vauxhall arena
renault trafic passenger
Opel/Vauxhall Vivaro
general motors vivaro
opel vauxhall vivaro tour
Renault Trafic Passenger
Vauxhall Vivaro
vauxhall vivaro
nissan primastar
renault trafic
opel vauxhall vivaro
The Vauxhall
Opel Vivaro
Renault Trafic
vauxhall
Chevrolet Trafic
opel vivaro
Opel Arena
VAUXHALL

Sigma Motor Corporation

British Leyland's South African subsidiary in 1979 but the deal fell through almost immediately, leaving Leyland South Africa without a dealer network. Peugeot and Citroën South Africa (PACSA) was taken over by Sigma in early 1979 and French car production was brought to their "Sigma Park" plant east of Pretoria. Sigma's Mazda and Peugeot light commercials were briefly assembled by Sigma Leyland at Blackheath, Cape Town. Sigma made great efforts to develop local models, not sold elsewhere in the world. In their first three years, they developed three such models: the Mitsubishi-engined Mazda 323 GLC 1.6, the luxurious Chrysler L-series,

Chrysler Sigma

Although they were of a previous generation to the front-wheel drive Mitsubishi Sigma sedan (which was similar, but of a narrower bodyshell to the Magna, and fitted with smaller engines) range being sold in New Zealand, they proved popular, particularly with fleets. This final generation of the Sigma ceased production in early 1987, due to the release of the Magna wagon models, completing the overall Magna range. Chrysler Sigma The Chrysler Sigma is a version of the Mitsubishi Galant automobile that was built by Chrysler Australia in Adelaide, South Australia from 1977. When Mitsubishi Motors Australia (MMAL) took over Chrysler

Sigma Motor Corporation

Sigma Motor Corporation "For the Pakistani assembler of Land Rovers see: Sigma Motors" The Sigma Motor Corporation was a South African motor vehicle assembler and distributor. It operated under the Sigma name until 1985 and was based in Silverton, Pretoria. Among the vehicles sold were various models of Mazda, Mitsubishi, Peugeot and Citroën. The Silverton Assembly Plant was originally built in 1961 for Chrysler, and assembled Chrysler Valiants. At some time it operated under the name of Amcar. Chrysler sold its 25% shareholding in January 1983 with the remaining shares being held by Anglo American. Sigma was briefly merged with

Sigma Motor Corporation

and the 2.6-litre Colt Galant. Sigma also sometimes had to choose between Mitsubishi and Mazda products, since the market was limited and local content laws made small production runs uneconomical. For instance, the second generation Mazda Capella was never offered in South Africa, as Sigma chose to build the Colt Galant instead. It is unclear what models were actually assembled at the Silverton Assembly Plant. Some models may have been imported rather than locally assembled. In 1982, models listed for sale were: By January 1984, Mazda 626 and Mitsubishi Tredia models had been added to the line-up, together with additional

Sigma Motor Corporation

was used in advertising. Samcor Sigma Motor Corporation "For the Pakistani assembler of Land Rovers see: Sigma Motors" The Sigma Motor Corporation was a South African motor vehicle assembler and distributor. It operated under the Sigma name until 1985 and was based in Silverton, Pretoria. Among the vehicles sold were various models of Mazda, Mitsubishi, Peugeot and Citroën. The Silverton Assembly Plant was originally built in 1961 for Chrysler, and assembled Chrysler Valiants. At some time it operated under the name of Amcar. Chrysler sold its 25% shareholding in January 1983 with the remaining shares being held by Anglo American.

Automotive industry in Australia

Automotive industry in Australia

A substantial car industry was created in Australia in the 20th century through the opening of Australian plants by international manufacturers. The first major carmaker was Ford Australia and the first Australian-designed mass production car was manufactured by Holden in 1948. Australian manufacture of cars rose to a maximum of almost half a million in the 1970s (10th place in the World) and still exceeded 400,000 in 2004. Australia was best known for the design and production of 'large' sized passenger vehicles. By 2009 total production had fallen to around 175,000 and the Australian market was dominated by cars imported from Asia and Europe.

As of 2015, Australian-designed cars were manufactured by General Motors subsidiary Holden, and Ford Australia, while Toyota Australia manufactured local variants of its international models, particularly the Camry. However, the Ford Australia engine and vehicle plants closed in October 2016 and the Holden and Toyota Australia factories closed in late 2017. Only Ford's design and development facilities remain in operation, leaving Australia as one of 13 countries with the capabilities to design and develop mass market cars from scratch. As of 2020, Holden has been shuttered and will no longer be sold as a GM brand.

Chrysler Sigma

Mitsubishi Galant

Mitsubishi Galant

The Mitsubishi Galant is an automobile which was produced by Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi from 1969 until 2012. The model name was derived from the French word "galant", meaning "chivalrous". There have been nine distinct generations with total cumulative sales exceeding five million units. It began as a compact sedan, but over the course of its life evolved into a mid-size car. Initial production was based in Japan, but from 1994 the American market was served by vehicles assembled at the former Diamond-Star Motors (DSM) facility in Normal, Illinois.

Automotive industry in Japan

Automotive industry in Japan

The automotive industry in Japan is one of the most prominent and largest industries in the world. Japan has been in the top three of the countries with most cars manufactured since the 1960s, surpassing Germany. The automotive industry in Japan rapidly increased from the 1970s to the 1990s (when it was oriented both for domestic use and worldwide export) and in the 1980s and 1990s, overtook the U.S. as the production leader with up to 13 million cars per year manufactured and significant exports. After massive ramp-up by China in the 2000s and fluctuating U.S. output, Japan is currently the third largest automotive producer in the world with an annual production of 9.9 million automobiles in 2012. Japanese investments helped grow the auto industry in many countries throughout the last few decades.

Japanese business conglomerates began building their first automobiles in the middle to late 1910s. The companies went about this by either designing their own trucks (the market for passenger vehicles in Japan at the time was small), or partnering with a European brand to produce and sell their cars in Japan under license. Such examples of this are Isuzu partnering with Wolseley Motors (UK), Nissan partnering with British automaker Austin, and the Mitsubishi Model A, which was based upon the Fiat Tipo 3. The demand for domestic trucks was greatly increased by the Japanese military buildup before World War II, causing many Japanese manufacturers to break out of their shells and design their own vehicles. In the 1970s Japan was the pioneer in the use of robotics in the manufacturing of vehicles.

The country is home to a number of companies that produce cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, ATVs, and engines. Japanese automotive manufacturers include Toyota, Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Isuzu, Hino, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka. Infiniti, Acura, and Lexus are luxury brands of Nissan, Honda and Toyota.

Cars designed in Japan have won the European Car of the Year, International Car of the Year, and World Car of the Year awards many times. Japanese vehicles have had worldwide influence, and no longer have the stigma they had in the 1950s and 1960s when they first emerged internationally, due to a dedicated focus on continual product and process improvement led by Toyota as well as the use of the Five Whys technique and the early adoption of the Lean Six Sigma methodology. Japanese cars are also built in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations and engine displacement is further regulated by road tax bracket regulations, which also affects any imported cars sold in Japan.

Caterham 7

Caterham 7

The Caterham 7 (or Caterham Seven) is a super-lightweight sports car produced by Caterham Cars in the United Kingdom. It is based on the Lotus Seven, a lightweight sports car sold in kit and factory-built form by Lotus Cars, from 1957 to 1972.

After Lotus ended production of the Lotus Seven, Caterham bought the rights to the design, and today make both kits and fully assembled cars. The modern Caterham Seven is based on the Series 3 Lotus Seven, though developed to the point that no part is the same as on the original Lotus.

Various other manufacturers offer a sports car in a similar basic configuration, but Caterham owns various legal rights to the Lotus Seven design and name. The company has taken legal action in the past in order to protect those rights, although in South Africa, it lost its case against Birkin on the basis that it never obtained the claimed rights from Lotus.

Mitsubishi Sigma

in Japan as the Mitsubishi Sigma between 1991 and 1996. The sedan and station wagon models sold in Europe under the same Sigma name, and they also formed the basis of the Australian-made Mitsubishi Magna (second generation). Mitsubishi Sigma Mitsubishi Sigma is an automotive nameplate that was used by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Mitsubishi Motors between 1976 and 1996. Mitsubishi has utilized the "Sigma" name on several different vehicles based on Mitsubishi Galant and Mitsubishi Diamante sold in various markets during this time. Between 1976 and 1987 over three generations, the Mitsubishi Galant sedan sold in Japan was suffixed with

SARD

SARD The company was formed in 1972 as Sigma Automotive Co., Ltd by Shin Kato to develop and produce motorsport related parts and accessories as well as operating their own racing team. Sigma began its racing career in the Fuji Grand Champion Series and for the following year participated for the first time in the 24 hours of Le Mans with their Sigma MC73, powered by a Mazda Wankel engine, becoming the first Japanese car to qualify for Le Mans, before retiring early in the race with electrical problems. The team returned for the following year with a Mazda backed

Mitsubishi Galant

the Galant Wagon variant was sold with the Dodge Colt label in the US and Canada. In Australia, where the car was made locally at Chrysler's Clovelly Park plant, it was marketed as the Chrysler Sigma and, after the 1980 buyout of Chrysler Australia by Mitsubishi, as the Mitsubishi Sigma. Australian content was quite high and included a locally-made 2.6-litre 'Astron' four (introduced 1980) which, in December 1985, replaced the 1.6, 1.85 and two-litre engines used in other export markets. The wagon version was introduced in 1977, a little while after the sedans. A new two-door coupé was introduced in

Mitsubishi Galant

in New Zealand in 1981. The cars sold there were again locally assembled with 1.6 and two-litre engines, and a choice of transmissions and trim. As elsewhere, the wagon versions carried over the old body style with a new nose and interior. Production of the wagon version continued in Australia until 1987 when it was replaced by the new Magna. From 1982 to 1983, some of the Australian Sigmas, which had the carried-over 2.0 or 2.6-litre locally made inline-four engine, were exported to the United Kingdom with the Lonsdale badge, in en effort at circumventing the voluntary import quota restrictions

Chrysler Sigma

Chrysler Sigma The Chrysler Sigma is a version of the Mitsubishi Galant automobile that was built by Chrysler Australia in Adelaide, South Australia from 1977. When Mitsubishi Motors Australia (MMAL) took over Chrysler Australia's manufacturing facilities in 1980, they renamed the vehicle the Mitsubishi Sigma. The range was progressively discontinued and replaced by the Mitsubishi Magna, starting with the sedan in 1985 and the wagon in 1987. Chrysler launched the GE series Sigma in October 1977 to replace the outgoing GD Galant. Assembly occurred at the Tonsley Park, Adelaide plant. The GE series Sigma was the first to introduce the

Lonsdale (car)

a maximum torque of 192 Nm., and was one of the largest post-war four cylinder engines produced. Although the Sigma was merely an Australian version of the Mitsubishi Galant which was already available in the UK, the company's plan was to circumvent the "gentlemen's agreement", a voluntary import quota which limited Japanese-manufactured imports to 11 per cent of the market (which typically amounted to less than 200,000 cars per year). However, the idea proved unsuccessful and most of the cars imported by Lonsdale remained unsold by the time the company ceased trading. Mitsubishi continued to sell the vehicle in the

Mitsubishi Galant

with new grilles and other modifications. Also in 1991, Mitsubishi Motors Company completed a new assembly facility at Barcelona, Venezuela, with the Galant being one of the first models produced. It was sold there until 1994 under the ZX, MF, MS and MX names, which identified the various levels of equipment and transmission. The Sigma designation disappeared with the 1990 model. A new hardtop liftback model was added in 1988, called the (). and in Japan, the Eterna was only sold at a specific retail chain called "Car Plaza". This generation Galant was also sold in Canada as the Dodge

Mitsubishi Galant

transmission, and availability with a turbocharger on certain models. Several trim levels were offered, GL, GLX, GSR, Super Saloon and SE. The top SE versions notably featured 'Sigma' branded alloy wheels, digital instrumentation, climate controlled air conditioning, cruise control, speed-dependent intermittent wipers and a salmon-brown coloured interior treatment, the treatment changing deep red colour as a running change in 1985 on this model. Further running changes concerned the rear styling. For the initial 1984 production run the rear numberplate was located above the bumper, however for 1985 and 1986 the plate was relocated to below the bumper, in the manner

Chrysler Sigma

saw a considerable facelift on both front and rear ends. While it was only introduced to Australia in 1980, the facelift actually appeared on the Japanese home market Galant models and on New Zealand assembled Mitsubishi Sigma models in 1979. The mechanical layout was as before except for addition of a five-speed manual for the 2.6-litre model (with automatic exiled to the options list). The base model was now simply called "Sigma" instead of "Sigma Galant". A GLX model was placed between GL and SE level and was advertised as a "sports pack". A limited run of 1,016 "Peter Wherrett"

Mitsubishi Magna

a sedan only model, but with a station wagon added in June 1987. It was manufactured at Tonsley Park, South Australia. MMAL designated this first Magna as the TM series, with the 1987 and 1989 updates known as the TN and TP series, respectively. Mitsubishi developed the Magna as a replacement for the rear-wheel drive (RWD) Sigma. Previously, Mitsubishi had a larger family car in the form of the mainly six-cylinder Chrysler Valiant, inherited upon MMAL's takeover of Chrysler Australia's operations in 1980. Nevertheless, the Valiant was put out of production the following year, making the medium-sized Sigma MMAL's largest

Premier (company)

small diesel powered van called the Sigma. It was based on a 1980s Mitsubishi Varica design licensed from China Motor in Taiwan, originally intended to be fitted with Peugeot's TUD5 diesel engine. The production version, as finally presented in late 2004, instead had a Hindustan-built 2-liter Isuzu diesel unit. It has and is mated to a four-speed manual gearbox, while the car offers from five to nine seats. A multitude of other versions have since been developed, and as of December 2009 the engine has been replaced by a 1.5 liter IDI diesel (with or without turbo) or by the

Chrysler Sigma

the GL 2.0-litre. This included exterior striping, quartz-halogen high-beam headlights, a sports steering wheel, low-fuel warning light, tachometer and steel belted radial tyres. In March 1978, a Japanese-made, two-door coupé version called the "Sigma Scorpion" was released—based on the Mitsubishi Galant Lambda. Although the Sigma Scorpion shared many common engine and mechanical components with the sedan, all body panels and most interior features were unique to the coupe. On 12 October 1978, a station wagon body variant of the Sigma was released—available in Galant, GL, and SE trims. On 1 November 1979, Chrysler announced and commenced sales of the enlarged,

Mitsubishi Galant

was produced until it was replaced by the new Sigma/Diamante version in 1990. In addition, the taxi-spec sedan fitted with a 1.8-litre LPG engine remained in production for Japanese commercial use until December 1999, when Mitsubishi abandoned that market. For its last three years of production, this model received an LPG-version of the 1834 cc "4G93" engine. The fifth-generation Galant was introduced to the New Zealand market in mid-1984, as the Mitsubishi Sigma. Assembled by Mitsubishi's New Zealand distributors, Todd Motors, the Sigma was available with the choice of 1.8- and 2.0-litre engines, the 2.0 having the option of automatic

Sigma Motor Corporation

variants of the 323, L300 and B-Series (B2200). The Canter trucks were then badged as Mitsubishi rather than Peugeot. In May 1984, the Mitsubishi Starion EX was added at R31,995. In 1985, Sigma was merged with Ford South Africa to create the South African Motor Corporation (Pty) Ltd., known as Samcor for short. Samcor continued to build Ford, Mazda and Mitsubishi products. In 2000, Ford Motor Company completed a buyout of Samcor shares and renamed the company Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa (FMCSA). As of 2015, FMCSA still operates from the same site in Silverton. The slogan "Quality First"

Chrysler Sigma

both outside and in. Externally the GK was changed by having a new bonnet and a shallower grille, while at the rear new taillight clusters (which had actually appeared in certain overseas markets in 1982) and rear valance were fitted, the registration plate being relocated below the bumper. Internally the specifications and trim of the models had changed. Seats were different in certain models, particularly the GL, and all models had the option of power windows (although rare), an option not available in most previous models. The Sigma XL was the entry-level model of the range and came with either


Question: A nanosecond uses the prefix 'nano', which is 10 raised to what negative power?

Nano-

scale of nanometres". See nanoscopic scale. Nano- Nano- (symbol n) is a unit prefix meaning "one billionth". Used primarily with the metric system, this prefix denotes a factor of 10 or . It is frequently encountered in science and electronics for prefixing units of time and length. Examples: The prefix derives from the Greek (Latin "nanus"), meaning "dwarf". The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) officially endorsed the usage of "nano" as a standard prefix in 1960. When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure (as for example in words like "nanoscience"), nano refers

Metric prefix

to by the non-SI term "micron". In some fields, such as chemistry, the ångström (equal to 0.1 nm) historically competed with the nanometre. The femtometre, used mainly in particle physics, is sometimes called a fermi. For large scales, megametre, gigametre, and larger are rarely used. Instead, non-metric units are used, such as astronomical units, light years, and parsecs; the astronomical unit is mentioned in the SI standards as an accepted non-SI unit. The second, millisecond, microsecond, and shorter are common. The kilosecond and megasecond also have some use, though for these and longer times one usually uses either scientific notation

Nano-

Nano- Nano- (symbol n) is a unit prefix meaning "one billionth". Used primarily with the metric system, this prefix denotes a factor of 10 or . It is frequently encountered in science and electronics for prefixing units of time and length. Examples: The prefix derives from the Greek (Latin "nanus"), meaning "dwarf". The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) officially endorsed the usage of "nano" as a standard prefix in 1960. When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure (as for example in words like "nanoscience"), nano refers to nanotechnology, or means "on a

Femtosecond

higher SI unit is 1000 times larger, times of 10 and 10 seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of femtoseconds. Femtosecond A femtosecond is the SI unit of time equal to 10 or / of a second; that is, one quadrillionth, or one millionth of one billionth, of a second. For context, a femtosecond is to a second as a second is to about 31.71 million years; a ray of light travels approximately 0.3 µm (micrometers) in 1 femtosecond, a distance comparable to the diameter of a virus. The word "femtosecond" is formed by the SI prefix "femto"

Femtosecond

Femtosecond A femtosecond is the SI unit of time equal to 10 or / of a second; that is, one quadrillionth, or one millionth of one billionth, of a second. For context, a femtosecond is to a second as a second is to about 31.71 million years; a ray of light travels approximately 0.3 µm (micrometers) in 1 femtosecond, a distance comparable to the diameter of a virus. The word "femtosecond" is formed by the SI prefix "femto" and the SI unit "second". Its symbol is fs. A femtosecond is equal to 1000 attoseconds, or 1/1000 picosecond. Because the next

Nano-

Nano-

Nano (symbol n) is a unit prefix meaning "one billionth". Used primarily with the metric system, this prefix denotes a factor of 10 or . It is frequently encountered in science and electronics for prefixing units of time and length.

The prefix derives from the Greek (Latin ), meaning "dwarf". The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) officially endorsed the usage of "nano" as a standard prefix in 1960.

When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure (as for example in words like "nanoscience"), nano refers to nanotechnology, or means "on a scale of nanometres" (nanoscale).

Nanosecond

Nanosecond

A nanosecond (ns) is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one billionth of a second, that is, of a second, or 10 seconds.

The term combines the SI prefix "nano-" indicating a 1 billionth submultiple of an SI unit (e.g. nanogram, nanometre, etc.) and "second", the primary unit of time in the SI.

A nanosecond is equal to 1000 picoseconds or  microsecond. Time units ranging between 10 and 10 seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of nanoseconds.

Time units of this granularity are commonly found in telecommunications, pulsed lasers, and related aspects of electronics.

Metric prefix

Metric prefix

A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit. All metric prefixes used today are decadic. Each prefix has a unique symbol that is prepended to any unit symbol. The prefix "kilo-", for example, may be added to "gram" to indicate "multiplication" by one thousand: one kilogram is equal to one thousand grams. The prefix "milli-", likewise, may be added to "metre" to indicate "division" by one thousand; one millimetre is equal to one thousandth of a metre.

Decimal multiplicative prefixes have been a feature of all forms of the metric system, with six of these dating back to the system's introduction in the 1790s. Metric prefixes have also been used with some non-metric units. The SI prefixes are metric prefixes that were standardised for use in the International System of Units (SI) by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in resolutions dating from 1960 to 2022. Since 2009, they have formed part of the ISO/IEC 80000 standard. They are also used in the Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM).

Orders of magnitude (time)

Orders of magnitude (time)

An order of magnitude of time is usually a decimal prefix or decimal order-of-magnitude quantity together with a base unit of time, like a microsecond or a million years. In some cases, the order of magnitude may be implied (usually 1), like a "second" or "year". In other cases, the quantity name implies the base unit, like "century". In most cases, the base unit is seconds or years.

Prefixes are not usually used with a base unit of years. Therefore, it is said "a million years" instead of "a mega year". Clock time and calendar time have duodecimal or sexagesimal orders of magnitude rather than decimal, e.g., a year is 12 months, and a minute is 60 seconds.

The smallest meaningful increment of time is the Planck time―the time light takes to traverse the Planck distance, many decimal orders of magnitude smaller than a second.

The largest realized amount of time, based on known scientific data, is the age of the universe, about 13.8 billion years—the time since the Big Bang as measured in the cosmic microwave background rest frame. Those amounts of time together span 60 decimal orders of magnitude. Metric prefixes are defined spanning to , 48 decimal orders of magnitude which may be used in conjunction with the metric base unit of second.

Metric units of time larger than the second are most commonly seen only in a few scientific contexts such as observational astronomy and materials science, although this depends on the author. For everyday use and most other scientific contexts, the common units of minutes, hours (3,600 s or 3.6 ks), days (86,400 s), weeks, months, and years (of which there are a number of variations) are commonly used. Weeks, months, and years are significantly variable units whose length depend on the choice of calendar and are often not regular even with a calendar, e.g., leap years versus regular years in the Gregorian calendar. This makes them problematic for use against a linear and regular time scale such as that defined by the SI, since it is not clear which version is being used.

Because of this, the table below does not include weeks, months, and years. Instead, the table uses the annum or astronomical Julian year (365.25 days of 86,400 seconds), denoted with the symbol a. Its definition is based on the average length of a year according to the Julian calendar, which has one leap year every four years. According to the geological science convention, this is used to form larger units of time by the application of SI prefixes to it; at least up to giga-annum or Ga, equal to 1,000,000,000 a (short scale: one billion years, long scale: one milliard years).

Parts-per notation

Parts-per notation

In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction. Since these fractions are quantity-per-quantity measures, they are pure numbers with no associated units of measurement. Commonly used are parts-per-million (ppm, ), parts-per-billion (ppb, ), parts-per-trillion (ppt, ) and parts-per-quadrillion (ppq, ). This notation is not part of the International System of Units (SI) system and its meaning is ambiguous.

Event-related potential

(e.g., contingent negative variation – CNV, error-related negativity – ERN), most components are referred to by a letter (N/P) indicating polarity (negative/positive), followed by a number indicating either the latency in milliseconds or the component's ordinal position in the waveform. For instance, a negative-going peak that is the first substantial peak in the waveform and often occurs about 100 milliseconds after a stimulus is presented is often called the N100 (indicating its latency is 100 ms after the stimulus and that it is negative) or N1 (indicating that it is the first peak and is negative); it is often followed

Names of large numbers

scientific notation. In this notation, powers of ten are expressed as "10" with a numeric superscript, e.g. "The X-ray emission of the radio galaxy is ." When a number such as 10 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out as "ten to the forty-fifth". This is easier to say and less ambiguous than "quattuordecillion", which means something different in the long scale and the short scale. When a number represents a quantity rather than a count, SI prefixes can be used—thus "femtosecond", not "one quadrillionth of a second"—although often powers of ten are used instead

Metric prefix

micri- (10). Double prefixes have been used in the past, such as "micromillimetres" or "millimicrons" (now nanometres), "micromicrofarads" (now picofarads), "kilomegatons" (now gigatons), "hectokilometres" (now 100 kilometres) and the derived adjective "hectokilometric" (typically used for qualifying the fuel consumption measures). These were disallowed with the introduction of the SI. Other obsolete double prefixes included "decimilli-" (10), which was contracted to "dimi-" and standardized in France up to 1961. In 2010, UC Davis student Austin Sendek started a petition to designate "hella" as the SI prefix for one octillion (Short scale; Long scale: Quadrilliard; 10). The petition gathered over 60,000 supporters

Power of 10

of ten. There are two conventions for naming positive powers of ten, called the long and short scales. Where a power of ten has different names in the two conventions, the long scale name is shown in brackets. The positive 10 power related to a short scale name can be determined based on its Latin name-prefix using the following formula: 10 Examples: Billion = 10 = 10 ; Octillion = 10 = 10 The sequence of powers of ten can also be extended to negative powers. Similarly to above, the negative 10 power related to a short scale name can

Power of 10

is less important. A number written in scientific notation has a significand (sometime called a mantissa) multiplied by a power of ten. Sometimes written in the form: Or more compactly as: This is generally used to denote powers of 10. Where "n" is positive, this indicates the number zeros after the number, and where the "n" is negative, this indicates the number of decimal places before the number. As an example: The notation of "m"E"n", known as "E notation", is used in computer programming, spreadsheets and databases, but is not used in scientific papers. Power of 10 In mathematics, a

Metric prefix

with units of time larger than the second is the same as that of the NIST, but their position with regard to angles differs: they state "However astronomers use milliarcsecond, which they denote mas, and microarcsecond, μas, which they use as units for measuring very small angles." The SI unit of angle is the radian, but, as mentioned above, degrees, minutes and seconds see some scientific use. Official policy also varies from common practice for the degree Celsius (°C). NIST states: "Prefix symbols may be used with the unit symbol °C and prefix names may be used with the unit

Attosecond

can be expressed in attoseconds: Attosecond An attosecond is 1×10 of a second (one quintillionth of a second). For context, an attosecond is to a second what a second is to about 31.71 billion years. The word "attosecond" is formed by the prefix "atto" and the unit "second". "Atto-" was derived from the Danish word for eighteen ("atten"). Its symbol is as. An attosecond is equal to 1000 zeptoseconds, or of a femtosecond. Because the next higher SI unit for time is the femtosecond (10 seconds), durations of 10 s and 10 s will typically be expressed as tens or

Attosecond

Attosecond An attosecond is 1×10 of a second (one quintillionth of a second). For context, an attosecond is to a second what a second is to about 31.71 billion years. The word "attosecond" is formed by the prefix "atto" and the unit "second". "Atto-" was derived from the Danish word for eighteen ("atten"). Its symbol is as. An attosecond is equal to 1000 zeptoseconds, or of a femtosecond. Because the next higher SI unit for time is the femtosecond (10 seconds), durations of 10 s and 10 s will typically be expressed as tens or hundreds of attoseconds: Times which

Picosecond

equal to 1000 femtoseconds, or 1/1000 nanoseconds. Because the next SI unit is 1000 times larger, measurements of 10 and 10 second are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of picoseconds. Some notable measurements in this range include: Picosecond A picosecond is an SI unit of time equal to 10 or / (one trillionth) of a second. That is one trillionth, or one millionth of one millionth of a second, or 0.000 000 000 001 seconds. A picosecond is to one second as one second is to approximately 31,689 years. Multiple technical approaches achieve imaging within single-digit picoseconds: for example,

Decimal time

fractional seconds, multiply the number by 86400. Fractional seconds are represented as milliseconds (ms), microseconds (μs) or nanoseconds (ns). Absolute times are usually represented relative to 1 January 1970, at midnight. Other systems may use a different zero point (like Unix time). In principle, time spans greater than one second are given in units such as kiloseconds (ks), myriasecond (mys), megaseconds (Ms), gigaseconds (Gs), and so on. (The myriasecond is based on the "myria-" prefix, which represented a multiple of 10000 but was made obsolete in the mid-20th century.) Occasionally, these units can be found in technical literature, but traditional

Mathematical coincidence

plausible relations hold to a high degree of accuracy, but are nevertheless coincidental. One example is The two sides of this expression only differ after the 42nd decimal place. The fifth hyperfactorial: 5⁵ × 4⁴ × 3³ × 2² × 1¹ = 86,400,000 is the number of milliseconds in 24 hours. The number of seconds in six weeks, or 42 days, is exactly 10! (ten factorial) seconds (as formula_121 and formula_122 and formula_123). Many have recognized this coincidence in particular because of the importance of 42 in Douglas Adams' "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". formula_24 seconds is a nano-century:

Negative base

store the information normally contained by a negative sign often results in a negative-base number being one digit longer than its positive-base equivalent. The common names for negative-base positional numeral systems are formed by prefixing "nega-" to the name of the corresponding positive-base system; for example, negadecimal (base −10) corresponds to decimal (base 10), negabinary (base −2) to binary (base 2), and negaternary (base −3) to ternary (base 3). Consider what is meant by the representation in the negadecimal system, whose base is −10: Since 10,000 + (−2,000) + 200 + (−40) + 3 = , the representation in negadecimal

Mass

is larger than "c", the denominator in the equation for the energy is "imaginary", as the value under the radical is negative. Because the total energy must be real, the numerator must "also" be imaginary: i.e. the rest mass m must be imaginary, as a pure imaginary number divided by another pure imaginary number is a real number. The negative mass exists in the model to describe dark energy (phantom energy) and radiation in negative-index metamaterial in a unified way. In this way, the negative mass is associated with negative momentum, negative pressure, negative kinetic energy and FTL (faster-than-light). Mass

Power of 10

Power of 10 In mathematics, a power of 10 is any of the integer powers of the number ten; in other words, ten multiplied by itself a certain number of times (when the power is a positive integer). By definition, the number one is a power (the zeroth power) of ten. The first few non-negative powers of ten are: In decimal notation the "n"th power of ten is written as '1' followed by "n" zeroes. It can also be written as 10 or as 1E"n" in E notation. See order of magnitude and orders of magnitude (numbers) for named powers

Metric system

this convention: the prefixes "nano-" and "micro-", for example have Greek roots. During the 19th century the prefix "myria-", derived from the Greek word μύριοι ("mýrioi"), was used as a multiplier for . When applying prefixes to derived units of area and volume that are expressed in terms of units of length squared or cubed, the square and cube operators are applied to the unit of length including the prefix, as illustrated below. Prefixes are not usually used to indicate multiples of a second greater than 1; the non-SI units of minute, hour and day are used instead. On the