Question: What word is used to describe the process of giving birth by animals such as dogs and wolves?

Birth parturition Parturition births WHELPING Births Whelping birth whelping

Dog breeding

the male parent, a stud, is referred to as the "sire". A litter is those puppies born from the same pregnancy. A "whelp" is a newborn puppy and giving birth in dogs is called "whelping". Dogs commonly give birth in a "whelping box", a simple box or pen provided to the dam to help shelter and contain the puppies. A person who intentionally mates dogs to produce puppies is referred to as a dog breeder. "Line breeding" is the planned breeding of dogs with their relatives. This is done to strengthen the appearance of specific desired traits in offspring. Line

Birth

the birth canal. The complete delivery of the calf (or calves in a multiple birth) signifies the end of stage two. The cow scrambles to her feet (if lying down at this stage), turns round and starts vigorously licking the calf. The calf takes its first few breaths and within minutes is struggling to rise to its feet. The third and final stage of labor is the delivery of the placenta, which is usually expelled within a few hours and is often eaten by the normally herbivorous cow. Birth is termed whelping in dogs. Among dogs, as whelping approaches, contractions

Human–animal breastfeeding

suckled Croesus, Xerxes and Lysimachus. In reality, though, such stories probably owed more to myth-making about such prominent figures, as they were used as evidence of their future greatness. Stories of abandoned children being brought up by animal mothers such as she-wolves and bears were widespread in Europe from the Middle Ages and into modern times. One real-life case was that of Peter the Wild Boy, found in northern Germany in 1724. His coarse, curly hair was attributed to his being (supposedly) suckled by a bear, based on the premise that characteristics of the animal foster mother had been transmitted

Human–animal breastfeeding

reported that in Göttingen women suckled young dogs to dislodge nodules from their breasts. An example of the practice being used for health reasons comes from late 18th century England. When the writer Mary Wollstonecraft was dying of puerperal fever following the birth of her second daughter, the doctor ordered that puppies be applied to her breasts to draw off the milk, possibly with the intention of helping her womb to contract to expel the infected placenta that was slowly poisoning her. Animals have widely been used to toughen the nipples and maintain the mother's milk supply. In Persia and

Firstborn (Judaism)

prior to blessing the Israelites (see: Priestly Blessing). In the Hebrew Bible the feminine plural noun "bechorot" is used to describe "firstlings" of a flock. In rabbinical Hebrew the masculine noun "bechor" is also used of the first born animal to open the womb of its mother. The animal "firstborn beast" (Hebrew "bechor behema" בכור בהמה) is listed as one of the twenty-four priestly gifts. Today, when there is no temple in Jerusalem, most Jewish believers do not give first-born animals to Kohanim. Instead it is customary to sell the mother animal to a non-Jew before it gives birth to

Dog

Dog

The dog (Canis familiaris

The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.<ref name="ADW" /> Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human-canine bond has been a topic of frequent study.<ref name="berns2012" /> This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend".<ref name="Derr" />

Neoteny

Neoteny

Neoteny (), also called juvenilization, is the delaying or slowing of the physiological, or somatic, development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny is found in modern humans compared to other primates. In progenesis or paedogenesis, sexual development is accelerated.
Both neoteny and progenesis result in paedomorphism (as having the form typical of children) or paedomorphosis (changing towards forms typical of children), a type of heterochrony. It is the retention in adults of traits previously seen only in the young. Such retention is important in evolutionary biology, domestication and evolutionary developmental biology. Some authors define paedomorphism as the retention of larval traits, as seen in salamanders.

Feral child

Feral child

A feral child (also called wild child) is a young individual who has lived isolated from human contact from a very young age, with little or no experience of human care, social behavior, or language. The term is used to refer to children who have suffered severe abuse or trauma before being abandoned or running away. They are sometimes the subjects of folklore and legends, typically portrayed as having been raised by animals. While there are many cases of children being found in proximity to wild animals, there is no credible evidence for animals feeding or caring for children. The behaviors described as being "like an animal" have been found to be the result of misdiagnosed conditions such as autism, deafness, or intellectual disability. Some persistent conditions are the result of the children missing the critical period for neurological development.

Mammal

Therianthropy

Therianthropy

Therianthropy is the mythological ability of human beings to metamorphose into animals or hybrids by means of shapeshifting. It is possible that cave drawings found at Les Trois Frères, in France, depict ancient beliefs in the concept.

The best-known form of therianthropy, called lycanthropy, is found in stories of werewolves.

Litter (animal)

Litter (animal) A litter is the live birth of multiple offspring at one time in animals from the same mother and usually from one set of parents, particularly from three to eight offspring. The word is most often used for the offspring of mammals, but can be used for any animal that gives birth to multiple young. In comparison, a group of eggs and the offspring that hatch from them are frequently called a clutch, while young birds are often called a brood. Animals from the same litter are referred to as litter-mates. Animals frequently display grouping behavior in herds,

Therianthropy

and "ailuranthropy" (transformation into a cat). Werehyenas are present in the stories of several African and Eurasian cultures. Ancient Turkic legends from Asia talk of form-changing shamans known as "kurtadams", which translates to "wolfman". Ancient Greeks wrote of "kynanthropy", from κύων "kyōn" (or "dog"), which applied to mythological beings able to alternate between dog form and human form, or who possessed combined dog and human anatomical features. The term existed by at least 1901, when it was applied to stories from China about humans turning into dogs, dogs becoming people, and sexual relations between humans and canines. Anthropologist David Gordon

Carolina Dog

dogs have three estrus cycles in quick succession, which settle into seasonal reproductive cycles when there is an abundance of puppies. This is thought to ensure quick breeding in the wild before diseases, like heartworm, take their toll. Some pregnant dogs also dig dens in which to give birth. Unlike domesticated dogs, wolves, or coyotes, pregnant female Carolina dogs may dig elaborate dens. After giving birth or while pregnant, the dog carefully pushes sand with her snout to cover her excrement. This also helps to evade wolves and coyotes, showing further behavioral adaptation to the wild. Brisbin noted that only

Weasel word

describes how Juno orders the goddess of childbirth, Lucina, to prevent Alcmene from giving birth to Hercules. Alcmene's servant Galanthis, realizing that Lucina is outside the room using magic to prevent the birth, emerges to announce that the birth has been a success. Lucina, in her amazement, drops the spells of binding and Hercules is born. Galanthis then mocks Lucina, who responds by transforming her into a weasel. Ovid writes (in A.S. Kline's translation) "And because her lying mouth helped in childbirth, she [as a weasel] gives birth through her mouth." Definitions of the word 'weasel' that imply deception and

Human–animal breastfeeding

portrayed as having been raised by a she-wolf which suckled the infants, as depicted in the iconic image of the Capitoline Wolf. The Greek god Zeus was said to have been brought up by Amalthea, portrayed variously as a goat who suckled the god or as a nymph who brought him up on the milk of her goat. Similarly, Telephus, the son of the demigod Heracles, was suckled by a deer. Several famous ancient historical figures were claimed to have been suckled by animals; Cyrus I of Persia was said to have been suckled by a dog, while mares supposedly

Birth

Birth Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring. In mammals, the process is initiated by hormones which cause the muscular walls of the uterus to contract, expelling the fetus at a developmental stage when it is ready to feed and breathe. In some species the offspring is precocial and can move around almost immediately after birth but in others it is altricial and completely dependent on parenting. In marsupials, the fetus is born at a very immature stage after a short gestational period and develops further in its mother's womb's pouch. It is not only

Dog

has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat. Wolves, and their dog descendants, likely derived significant benefits from living in human camps—more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as better color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down

Wolf: The Journey Home

area, heading south. After mating, their travels become more urgent to find a home to raise young. They settle in Ninemile Valley, a large forested region that while inhabited by humans, has few roads and homes. Several weeks after they make their den, Marta gives birth to seven pups, though one dies shortly after birth. As spring arrives, the pups grow well under their parents care and begin making their first explorations outside of the den. In early summer, Marta leaves the den to hunt and is killed by a poacher. Greatfoot is left as the sole provider for the

Summa izbu

treating with the birth of piglets of monstrous shape ("kūbu") and then goes on to describe the behavioral anomalies in sows, pigs in general, and wild boars. The series includes omens of public apodoses (mostly tablets 1–17), “If a woman gives birth, and at birth (the child) is already as white as alabaster—end of the reign; omen of a despotic king,” and private apodoses (mostly tablets 18–24), “If a woman gives birth to an ecstatic ["maḫḫu"], male or female, she has been impregnated in the street by a sinful man.” The sinful man being one who has leprosy ("garbānu") or

Human–animal breastfeeding

employ sows as wet nurses but foundered due to opposition to the use of pigs for this purpose. The breastfeeding by humans of animals is a practice that is widely attested historically and continues to be practised today by some cultures. The reasons for this are varied: to feed young animals, to drain a woman's breasts, to promote lactation, to harden the nipples before a baby is born, to prevent conception, and so on. English and German physicians between the 16th and 18th centuries recommended using puppies to "draw" the mother's breasts, and in 1799 the German Friedrich Benjamin Osiander

Man's best friend (phrase)

humans would leave some of the meat to the wolves. This working relationship eventually led to the evolution of dogs, though there is controversy as to the exact nature of that transition. Some say wolves evolved naturally into dogs, wherein the wolf that worked best with humans slowly began to assimilate and pass their domesticated genes down. Others say that humans took wolf cubs and raised them to be domesticated. Either way, humans and dogs formed a working relationship. Before the 19th century, breeds of dogs (other than lap dogs) were largely functional. They performed activities such as hunting, watching,

Weaning

gradual process that occurs over several weeks. By weaning the puppies slowly, it allows the mothers milk to dry up at a slow pace, making it less stressful for the mother. Naturally, in the wild, the mother will begin weaning off the puppies because the puppies will start developing teeth which will irritate the mother when the puppies are suckling. This causes her to continually leave the puppies for longer periods of time, causing them to gradually be weaned off their mother. Wild dogs will also regurgitate food to transition the puppies to a new diet. During this weaning process

1992 cageless shark-diving expedition

1960, when meeting one was considered to mean certain death. This encounter was with a very gravid female who had come into a small cove to drop her pup/s. She was in such an advanced stage of pregnancy that her body was distorted, with her mouth actually facing forward above her hugely distended stomach. She was what is referred to as a "Drop-Gut". In the animal world a mother is usually very protective and aggressive just before and just after giving birth, and yet this large Apex Predator showed no aggression towards him. Because of this and similar encounters, and

Law of the jungle

behaviour of a wolf in a pack. However, this use of the term has been overtaken in popularity by the other interpretations above. In the novel "The Jungle Book", Rudyard Kipling uses the term to describe an actual set of legal codes used by wolves and other animals in the jungles of India. In Chapter Two of "The Second Jungle Book", Rudyard Kipling provides a poem, featuring the Law of the Jungle as known to the wolves, and as taught to their offspring. In the 2016 Disney adaptation of the novel, the wolves often recite a poem referred as the

Birth

mammals that give birth. Some reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates carry their developing young inside them. Some of these are ovoviviparous, with the eggs being hatched inside the mother's body, and others are viviparous, with the embryo developing inside her body, as in mammals. Large mammals, such as primates, cattle, horses, some antelopes, giraffes, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, elephants, seals, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, generally are pregnant with one offspring at a time, although they may have twin or multiple births on occasion. In these large animals, the birth process is similar to that of a human, though in most the offspring


Question: Name the year in which Driving Miss Daisy won the Best Picture Oscar, Mikhail Gorbachev is elected as the first executive President of the Soviet Union and Iraq invaded Kuwait?

one thousand nine hundred and ninety
one thousand, nine hundred and ninety
1990

Richard D. Zanuck

2, 1954, Leominster, Massachusetts), a former World Bank employee and Carnation Co. office manager, who helped him raise his sons from his second marriage, and would co-produce some of his most memorable films, including "Cocoon" (1985), "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), and "Reign of Fire" (2002). When the Zanucks won the Best Picture Oscar in 1989 for "Driving Miss Daisy", Lili Fini Zanuck was only the second woman in history to have earned an Oscar for Best Picture. In 1998, she directed an episode of the HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon", titled "We Have Cleared the Tower", and

62nd Academy Awards

with one. The telecast garnered more than 40 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for the 62nd Academy Awards were announced on February 14, 1990, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and the actress Geena Davis. "Driving Miss Daisy" received the most nominations with nine total; "Born on the Fourth of July" came in second with eight. Winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 26, 1990. "Driving Miss Daisy" became the third film to win Best Picture without a Best

Driving Miss Daisy

the 62nd Academy Awards: "Driving Miss Daisy" also won three Golden Globe Awards (Best Picture, Best Actor Morgan Freeman, and Best Actress Jessica Tandy) in the Comedy/Musical categories. At the 1989 Writers Guild of America Awards, the film won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. Rounding out its United States awards, the film won both Best Picture and Best Actor from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. In the United Kingdom, "Driving Miss Daisy" was nominated for four British Academy Film Awards, with Tandy winning in the Best Actress category. Tandy and Freeman won the Silver Bear for

Driving Miss Daisy (play)

for a 1989 film of the same name starring Jessica Tandy, Morgan Freeman and Dan Aykroyd. All three actors were nominated for Academy Awards, with Tandy winning the Academy Award for Best Actress. The film received nine nominations total, and won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Uhry also won an Academy Award for his screenplay. Driving Miss Daisy (play) Driving Miss Daisy is a play by American playwright Alfred Uhry, about the relationship of an elderly white Southern Jewish woman, Daisy Werthan, and her African-American chauffeur, Hoke Coleburn, from 1948 to 1973. The play was the first in Uhry's

Ronni Chasen

Golden Pond", and the second film in the Oliver Stone/Michael Douglas "Wall Street" film franchise, "". She was pushing for Oscar recognition for Douglas in his role as the money hungry, risk averse character Gordon Gekko. Chasen successfully directed the Oscar campaign for the 1989 film "Driving Miss Daisy", which won the Academy Award for Best Picture the following year. In addition to being named the Senior Vice President for Publicity at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1993, Chasen owned the PR firm Chasen & Co., in which she focused on artists who composed film music, such as Trevor Horn, Mark Isham, Hans

List of Frontline (American TV program) episodes

"Frontline" is an investigative journalism television program from PBS (Public Broadcasting Service), producing in-depth documentaries on a variety of domestic and international stories and issues, and broadcasting them on air and online. Produced at WGBH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts, and distributed through PBS in the United States, the critically acclaimed program has received every major award in broadcast journalism. Its investigations have helped breathe new life into terrorism cold cases, freed innocent people from jail, prompted U.N. resolutions, and spurred both policy and social change.

Wikipedia:WikiProject Women/Did you know

Driving Miss Daisy (play)

century—the 1915 lynching of Leo Frank, the 1939 "Gone With the Wind" premiere, the 1958 Temple bombing, and the city’s 1964 dinner honoring Martin Luther King’s Nobel Peace Prize." The plays are "Driving Miss Daisy", "The Last Night of Ballyhoo", and "Parade". Off-Broadway (1987–1990) The original Off-Broadway production was staged at Playwrights Horizons Studio Theatre on 42nd Street, opening on April 15, 1987. Directed by Ron Lagomarsino, the role of Daisy was also played by Rochelle Oliver and Frances Sternhagen, replacing Dana Ivey. It later transferred to the John Houseman Theatre, closing on June 3, 1990, with 1,195 performances. US.National

Born on the Fourth of July (film)

American film "Music Box" (1990) and Czech film "Larks on a String" (1969). That same month, the film garnered eight Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture and Best Actor; its closest rival was "Driving Miss Daisy", which received nine nominations. At the 62nd Oscars, Stone won a second Academy Award for Best Director; he had previously won the award for "Platoon". The film also won the Academy Award for Best Film Editing; "Driving Miss Daisy", "The Bear", "Glory" and "The Fabulous Baker Boys" had also been nominated in that category. At the 44th British Academy Film Awards in 1991, the

Bruce Beresford

from the play by Beth Henley, did a segment of the film "Aria" (1987), and did the comedy thriller "Her Alibi" (1989) with Tom Selleck. Beresford directed "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989) with Morgan Freeman and Jessica Tandy, from a play by Alfred Uhry. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture, although Beresford was not nominated as director. The film was a commercial and critical success. Asked if he minded not even being nominated for the Best Director Oscar for "Driving Miss Daisy", Beresford said: "No, not at all. I didn't think it was that well directed. It was very

Susie Diamond

Rita Hayworth. Pfeiffer won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama. The actress was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress but lost to Jessica Tandy's performance in "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), a controversial outcome at the time that disappointed several critics. Additionally, Pfeiffer was recognized with "best actress" accolades from nearly all prestigious American film award organizations between 1989 and 1990. Susie remains Pfeiffer's most critically acclaimed performance to-date, responsible for establishing her as both a bankable film actress and sex symbol. The scene in which Susie seductively performs the jazz

1970s in film

disenfranchisement brought by the excesses of the past twenty years. A deeply unsettling look at alienation and city life, Martin Scorsese's "Taxi Driver" earned international praise, first at the Cannes Film Festival and then at the Academy Awards, where it was nominated for Best Leading Actor (Robert De Niro), Best Supporting Actress (Jodie Foster), Best Score (Bernard Herrmann), and Best Picture. "All the President's Men" dealt with the impeachment of Richard Nixon, while Lumet's "Network" portrayed greed and narcissism in both American society and television media. The film won Oscars for Best Actor (Peter Finch), Best Actress (Faye Dunaway), Best

Susie Diamond

to win, Pfeiffer ultimately lost the award to Tandy, who won for her performance in "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), a result that upset both surprised critics and the general public. Critics believe Tandy won because Academy Award voters felt sentimental towards her age, aided by the fact that her film had been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture while "The Fabulous Baker Boys" was not. Katey Rich of "Vanity Fair" insists that the award rightfully belonged to Pfeiffer, ranking the spectacle among "10 Times the Golden Globes Got It Right and the Oscars Didn't". Pfeiffer became one of

5th Academy Awards

Best Picture without a Best Director nomination until "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), and the third of seven to win without a screenwriting nomination. This was the first of three Oscars in which "two" films not nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ("Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" and "The Guardsman"). This happened again at the 25th and 79th Academy Awards. This year also introduced short films to the Oscars, with "Flowers and Trees" being the first color winner and first animated short winner. This was the first and, to date, only ceremony in which there was a

62nd Academy Awards

at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California on March 3, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Richard Dysart and Diane Ladd. "Driving Miss Daisy" won four awards including Best Picture and Best Actress for Jessica Tandy, the oldest person at the time to win a competitive acting Oscar. Other winners included "Glory" with three awards, "Born on the Fourth of July", "The Little Mermaid", and "My Left Foot" with two, and "The Abyss", "Balance", "Batman", "Cinema Paradiso", "", "Dead Poets Society", "Henry V", "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", "The Johnstown Flood", and "Work Experience"

Driving Miss Daisy

Driving Miss Daisy The story defines Daisy and her point of view through a network of relationships and emotions by focusing on her home life, synagogue, friends, family, fears, and concerns over a twenty five-year period. "Driving Miss Daisy" was a critical and commercial success upon its release and at the 62nd Academy Awards received nine nominations, and won four; Best Picture, Best Actress (for Tandy), Best Makeup and Hairstyling, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 1948, Mrs. Daisy Werthan, or Miss Daisy (Jessica Tandy), a seventy-two-year-old wealthy, Jewish, widowed, retired school teacher, lives alone in Atlanta, Georgia, except for an

David Brown (producer)

debut, for a motion picture. Thereafter, the pair were credited as producers or executive producers of more than a dozen films, including the courtroom drama "The Verdict" (1982), directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Paul Newman; the science-fiction "Cocoon" (1985), directed by Ron Howard; and the comedy-drama "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Jessica Tandy and Morgan Freeman. "Driving Miss Daisy" won four Academy Awards, including the Best Picture award. Without Zanuck, Brown went on to produce films including the drama "Angela's Ashes" (1999) and the romance "Chocolat" (2000). He and partner Zanuck were jointly awarded

Independent Film & Television Alliance

have produced and distributed such Best Picture Oscar winners as "Gandhi" (1982); "Amadeus" (1984); "Platoon" (1986); "The Last Emperor" (1987); "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989); "Dances with Wolves" (1990); "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991); "Braveheart" (1995); "The English Patient" (1996); "Shakespeare in Love" (1998); "Chicago" (2002); "" (2003); "Million Dollar Baby" (2004); "Crash" (2004); "The Departed" (2006); "No Country for Old Men" (2007) "Slumdog Millionaire" (2008), "The Hurt Locker", (2009); "The King's Speech" (2010); and "The Artist" (2011). Most recently, some of the world's most prominent films were produced, distributed and financed by IFTA Members: "Milk" (2008); "The Reader" (2008);

Academy Award for Best Picture

for Best Picture and Best Director have been closely linked throughout their history. Of the 90 films that have won Best Picture, 63 have also been awarded Best Director. Only four films have been awarded Best Picture without receiving a Best Director nomination: "Wings" (1927/28), "Grand Hotel" (1931/32), "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989), and "Argo" (2012). The only two Best Director winners to win for films that did not receive a Best Picture nomination were during the early years of the awards: Lewis Milestone for "Two Arabian Knights" (1927/28), and Frank Lloyd for "The Divine Lady" (1928/29). On June 24, 2009,

Spike Lee

a budget of $175,000, he shot the film in two weeks. When the film was released in 1986, it grossed over $7,000,000 at the U.S. box office. Lee's 1989 film "Do the Right Thing" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1989. Many people, including Hollywood's Kim Basinger, believed that "Do the Right Thing" also deserved a Best Picture nomination. "Driving Miss Daisy" won Best Picture that year. Lee said in an April 7, 2006, interview with "New York" magazine that the other film's success, which he thought was based on safe stereotypes, hurt him more

Threads

Best Design, Best Film Cameraman and Best Film Editor. The chronology of the events leading up to the war is depicted entirely via television and radio news broadcasts, as well as a few newspaper reports. On 5 March 1988, a news broadcast from a car shows that an allegedly US-backed coup d'état in Iran prompts the Soviet Union to occupy the northern part of the country, ostensibly to prevent the return of a pro-Shah regime. The film skips ahead two months to 8 May, when the USA hints at deploying troops to Iran, in order to prevent the Soviets from

The Day After

Meyer; he suggested the story had origins in editing notes received from the White House during the production, which "...may have been a joke, but it wouldn't surprise me, him being an old Hollywood guy." The film also had impact outside the U.S. In 1987, during the era of Mikhail Gorbachev's "glasnost" and "perestroika" reforms, the film was shown on Soviet television. Four years earlier, Georgia Rep. Elliott Levitas and 91 co-sponsors introduced a resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives "[expressing] the sense of the Congress that the American Broadcasting Company, the Department of State, and the U.S. Information


Question: Give a year in the life of composer Frederic Chopin.

Frédéric Chopin

Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter—in the last 18 years of his life—he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann). In 1835, Chopin obtained French citizenship. After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to

Frédéric Chopin

main characters—a rich actress and a prince in weak health—could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant, and he quietly ended their ten-year relationship following an angry correspondence which, in Sand's words, made "a strange conclusion to nine years of exclusive friendship." The two would never meet again. Chopin's output as a composer throughout this period declined in quantity year by year. Whereas in 1841 he had written a dozen works, only six

Frédéric Chopin

1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (known by her pen name, George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis. All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are

Frédéric Chopin

on 16 November 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. By this time he was very seriously ill, weighing under 99 pounds (i.e. less than 45 kg), and his doctors were aware that his sickness was at a terminal stage. At the end of November, Chopin returned to Paris. He passed the winter in unremitting illness, but gave occasional lessons and was visited by friends, including Delacroix and Franchomme. Occasionally he played, or accompanied the singing of Delfina Potocka, for his friends. During the summer of 1849, his friends found him an

Frédéric Chopin

1901. All the music is derived from that of Chopin. Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in numerous films. The 1945 biographical film "A Song to Remember" earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. Other film treatments have included: "La valse de l'adieu" (France, 1928) by Henry Roussel, with Pierre Blanchar as Chopin; "Impromptu" (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; "La note bleue" (1991); and "" (2002). Chopin's life was covered in a BBC documentary "Chopin – The Women Behind The Music" (2010), in a 1999

Frédéric Chopin

Health of Frédéric Chopin

Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and teacher of the Romantic period. With a diverse body of work spanning more than six decades, he is considered to be one of the most prolific and influential composers of his era and remains one of the most popular composers in modern concert piano repertoire.

Liszt first gained renown during the early nineteenth century for his virtuoso skill as a pianist. Regarded as one of the greatest pianists of all time, he toured Europe during the 1830s and 1840s, often playing for charity. In these years, Liszt developed a reputation for his powerful performances as well as his physical attractiveness. In what has now been dubbed "Lisztomania", he rose to a degree of stardom and popularity among the public not experienced by the virtuosos who preceded him. Whereas earlier performers mostly served the upper class, Liszt attracted a more general audience. During this period and into his later life, Liszt was a friend, musical promoter and benefactor to many composers of his time, including Frédéric Chopin, Charles-Valentin Alkan, Richard Wagner, Hector Berlioz, Robert Schumann, Clara Schumann, Camille Saint-Saëns, Edvard Grieg, Ole Bull, Joachim Raff, Mikhail Glinka, and Alexander Borodin.

Liszt was one of the most prominent representatives of the New German School (). He left behind an extensive and diverse body of work that influenced his forward-looking contemporaries and anticipated 20th-century ideas and trends. Among Liszt's musical contributions were the symphonic poem, developing thematic transformation as part of his experiments in musical form, and radical innovations in harmony. Liszt has also been regarded as a forefather of Impressionism in music, with his "Années de pèlerinage", often regarded as his masterwork, featuring many impressionistic qualities. In a radical departure from his earlier compositional styles, many of Liszt’s later works also feature experiments in atonality, foreshadowing the serialist movement of the 20th century.

A Song to Remember

A Song to Remember

A Song to Remember is a 1945 American biographical film which tells a fictionalised life story of Polish pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin. Directed by Charles Vidor and starring Paul Muni, Merle Oberon, and Cornel Wilde.

George Sand

George Sand

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil (; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), best known by her pen name George Sand (), was a French novelist, memoirist and journalist. One of the most popular writers in Europe in her lifetime, being more renowned than both Victor Hugo and Honoré de Balzac in England in the 1830s and 1840s, Sand is recognised as one of the most notable writers of the European Romantic era, with more than 70 novels to her credit and 50 volumes of various works including novels, tales, plays and political texts.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand stood up for women, advocated passion, castigated marriage and fought against the prejudices of a conservative society.

Frédéric Chopin

documentary by András Schiff and Mischa Scorer, and in a 2010 documentary realised by Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda for Italian television. Notes Citations Bibliography Music scores Frédéric Chopin Frédéric François Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up

Frédéric Chopin

years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me ... I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away ..." The two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand's two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving the health of Chopin and that of Sand's 15-year-old son

Portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand

woman at the time, including openly conducting affairs, smoking a pipe and wearing men's clothing. Sand had been a friend of Delacroix for a number of years, though the painter did not hold her work in high regard. She met Chopin in 1836 and from 1838 conducted a relationship with him for ten years, until two years before he died. Much of the composer's best work was done during those ten years. Though their relationship began as physical, Chopin's failing health (described in Sand's autobiographical "Winter in Mallorca") in time changed her role to that of caregiver. Sand introduced Delacroix

Health of Frédéric Chopin

nodes and severe headaches. In 1830, a chronic cold caused nasal swelling which prompted him to cancel planned concerts in Vienna. In 1831, while in Paris, the 21-year-old Chopin had his first episode of hemoptysis (coughing up of blood). In 1835, he suffered a severe two-month bout of laryngitis and bronchitis, and the resulting interruption in his correspondence with Warsaw gave rise to gossip that he had died. In early youth, he treated himself with belladonna. In the final decade of his life, he treated the coughing fits from which he had suffered his entire life with a blend of

Frédéric Chopin

Frédéric Chopin Frédéric François Chopin (; ; ; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation." Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving

Adam Mickiewicz

the Jagiellonian University in Austrian-ruled Kraków, but the offer was soon withdrawn after pressure from Austrian authorities. In the winter of 1848–49, Polish composer Frédéric Chopin, in the final months of his own life, visited his ailing compatriot and soothed the poet's nerves with his piano music. Over a dozen years earlier, Chopin had set two of Mickiewicz's poems to music (see Polish songs by Frédéric Chopin). In the winter of 1849 Mickiewicz founded a French-language newspaper, "La Tribune des Peuples" ("The Peoples' Tribune"), supported by a wealthy Polish émigré activist, . Mickiewicz wrote over 70 articles for the "Tribune"

Paris under Louis-Philippe

Chopin, who arrived in Paris from Poland in September 1831 at the age of twenty-one and never returned to his homeland after the Polish uprising against Russian rule in October 1831 was crushed. Chopin gave his first concert in Paris at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832 and remained in the city for most of the next seventeen years, until his death in October 1849. He gave just 30 public performances during those years, preferring to give recitals in private salons instead. He earned his living mainly from commissions given by wealthy patrons, including the wife of James Mayer

History of music in Paris

sanctuary in Paris. The most famous was Frédéric Chopin, who arrived in Paris in September 1831 at the age of twenty-one, and did not return to Congress Poland because of the crushing of the Polish uprising against Russian rule in October 1831. Chopin gave his first concert in Paris at the Salle Pleyel on 26 February 1832, and remained in the city for most of the next eighteen years. He gave just thirty public performances during these years, preferring to give recitals in private salons. On 16 February 1838 and on 2 December 1841, he played at the Tuileries for

Frederick Niecks

orchestra, with whom he remained until age 21. In 1868 he expressed a desire to move to Great Britain, and Alexander Mackenzie invited him to settle in Scotland, where he became viola player in Mackenzie's string quartet in Edinburgh and an organist and teacher in Dumfries. In 1879 he became a regular contributor to "The Musical Times". In 1884 he published a "Concise Dictionary of Musical Terms", in two editions. In 1888 he published his magnum opus, "Frédéric Chopin as Man and Musician", with a German edition coming out in 1889. This was the first comprehensive biography of Chopin. In

Frédéric Chopin

literature, both in serious critical studies of his life and music and in fictional treatments. The earliest manifestation was probably an 1830 sonnet on Chopin by Leon Ulrich. French writers on Chopin (apart from Sand) have included Marcel Proust and André Gide; and he has also featured in works of Gottfried Benn and Boris Pasternak. There are numerous biographies of Chopin in English (see bibliography for some of these). Possibly the first venture into fictional treatments of Chopin's life was a fanciful operatic version of some of its events. "Chopin" was written by Giacomo Orefice and produced in Milan in

Frédéric Chopin

No. 1 (in E minor) was secretly dedicated to her – "It should be like dreaming in beautiful springtime – by moonlight." His final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: "Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius." In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. On an 1829 return trip to Berlin, he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Posen—himself an accomplished composer and aspiring cellist.

Frédéric Chopin

gave a debut Paris concert at the Salle Pleyel which drew universal admiration. The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the "Revue et gazette musicale": "Here is a young man who ... taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, ... an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else ..." After this concert, Chopin realized that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. Later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons

Frederick Niecks

Institute, in Warsaw, Poland, published a Polish version of Niecks' biography of Chopin. Frederick Niecks Frederick Niecks (3 February 184524 June 1924) was a German musical scholar and author who resided in Scotland for most of his life. He is best remembered for his biographies of Frédéric Chopin and Robert Schumann. Friedrich Maternus Niecks was born in Düsseldorf, son of a conductor and teacher; his grandfather was a professional musician. He studied music under his father; he later studied violin under Leopold Auer and others, and studied piano and composition under Julius Tausch. At age 13 he made his debut

History of music in Paris

King Louis-Philippe and the royal family. (He also gave a recital for the royal family in October 1839 in the "Château de Saint-Cloud"). He earned his living from commissions given by wealthy patrons, including the wife of James Mayer de Rothschild, from publishing his compositions and giving private lessons. Chopin lived at different addresses in Paris: upon his arrival in September 1831 until 1836, at 27 "boulevard Poissonnière", then at 38 "rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin", and 5 "rue Tronchet". He had a ten-year relationship with the writer George Sand between 1837 and 1847. In 1842, they moved together to the

Frédéric Chopin

were written in 1842 and six shorter pieces in 1843. In 1844 he wrote only the Op. 58 sonata. 1845 saw the completion of three mazurkas (Op. 59). Although these works were more refined than many of his earlier compositions, Zamoyski concludes that "his powers of concentration were failing and his inspiration was beset by anguish, both emotional and intellectual." Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste


Question: Which public holiday is celebrated on the first Monday in September in the USA?

labor sunday
laborday
Labor Day'
Labor Day
labor day weekend
labor day
Labor Day (US)
labor day united states
First Monday in September
first monday in september
labor day us
Laborday
Labor day
Labor Day (United States)
Labor Day Weekend
Labor Sunday
LABOR DAY
Labor Day;

Labor Day

the Knights of Labor, which organized the first parade in New York City. In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty states in the United States officially celebrated Labor Day. Canada's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September. More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers' Day on May 1 – the ancient European holiday of May Day. (May Day was chosen by the Second Internationale of socialist and communist parties to commemorate the Haymarket

Public holidays in Chile

agreed to celebrate them on the nearest Sunday. September 11 (the day of the military coup in 1973) was established as a holiday ("Día de la Liberación Nacional", "Day of National Liberation") by the military regime in 1981. In 1998 it was replaced by the "Día de la Unidad Nacional" ("Day of National Unity"), to be observed the first Monday in September. In March 2002 the latter was abolished. The holiday on June 29 (Saint Peter and Saint Paul) was reestablished in September 1985. In 1987, during a visit by Pope John Paul II, Corpus Christi was reestablished (although the

Labor Day

Labor Day Labor Day in the United States of America is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength, prosperity, laws, and well-being of the country. It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend. It is recognized as a federal holiday. Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor. "Labor Day" was promoted by the Central Labor Union and

International Workers' Day

as "Labour Day" within Peru. In the United States, a "Labour Day", celebrated on the first Monday of each September was given increasing state recognition from 1887, and became an official federal holiday in 1894. Efforts to switch Labor Day from September to 1 May have not been successful. In 1921, following the Russian Revolution of 1917, 1 May was promoted as "Americanization Day" by the Veterans of Foreign Wars and other groups in opposition to communism. It became an annual event, sometimes featuring large rallies. In 1949, Americanization Day was renamed to Loyalty Day. In 1958, the US Congress

Labor Day

in September 1882. In connection with this clandestine Knights assembly, a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York. Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration. An alternative thesis is maintained that the idea of Labor Day was the brainchild of Peter J. McGuire, a vice president of the American Federation of Labor, who put forward the

Labor Day

Labor Day

Labor Day is a federal holiday in the United States celebrated on the first Monday in September to honor and recognize the American labor movement and the works and contributions of laborers to the development and achievements of the United States. The three-day weekend it falls on is called Labor Day Weekend.

Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor. "Labor Day" was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor, which organized the first parade in New York City. In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty states in the U.S. officially celebrated Labor Day.<ref name="Bridgemens1921"/>

Canada's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September. More than 80 other countries celebrate International Workers' Day on May 1, the ancient European holiday of May Day. May Day was chosen by the Second International of socialist and communist parties to commemorate the general labor strike and events leading to the Haymarket affair, which occurred in Chicago May 1 – May 4, 1886.

International Workers' Day

Labour Day

Labour Day

Labour Day ("Labor Day" in the United States) is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements of workers. Labour Day has its origins in the labour union movement, specifically the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest.

For most countries, Labour Day is synonymous with, or linked with, International Workers' Day, which occurs on 1 May. For other countries, Labour Day is celebrated on a different date, often one with special significance for the labour movement in that country. Labour Day is a public holiday in many countries.

Federal holidays in the United States

Federal holidays in the United States

Federal holidays in the United States are the eleven calendar dates that are designated by the U.S. government as holidays. On U.S. federal holidays, non-essential federal government offices are closed and federal government employees are paid for the holiday.

Federal holidays are designated by the United States Congress in Title V of the United States Code ().<ref name="cornell" /> Congress only has authority to create holidays for federal institutions (including federally-owned properties), employees, and the District of Columbia. Although not required, as a general rule of courtesy, other institutions, such as banks, businesses, schools, and the stock market, may be closed on federal holidays. In various parts of the country, state and city holidays may be observed concurrently with federal holidays.

Thanksgiving

Thanksgiving

Thanksgiving is a national holiday celebrated on various dates in the United States, Canada, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Liberia, and unofficially in countries like Brazil and Philippines. It is also observed in the Netherlander town of Leiden and the Australian territory of Norfolk Island. It began as a day of giving thanks for the blessings of the harvest and of the preceding year. (Similarly named harvest festival holidays occur throughout the world during autumn, including in Germany and Japan). Thanksgiving is celebrated on the second Monday of October in Canada and on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States and around the same part of the year in other places. Although Thanksgiving has historical roots in religious and cultural traditions, it has long been celebrated as a secular holiday as well.

International Workers' Day

was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty US states officially celebrated Labor Day. Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September, not on 1 May. 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago. In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of

Father's Day

In [[Kenya]], Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday. In [[South Korea]], Parents' day is celebrated on May 8 and is not a public holiday. In [[Latvia]], Father's Day (Tēvu diena) is celebrated on the second Sunday of September and is not a public holiday. In Latvia people did not always celebrate this day because of the USSR's influence with its own holidays. This day in Latvia was 'officially born' in 2008 when it was celebrated and marked in the calendar for the first time on September 14 (second September Sunday)

Labor Day

Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States, especially for back-to-school sales. Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year, second only to the Christmas season's Black Friday. Labor Day Labor Day in the United States of America is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength, prosperity, laws, and well-being of the country. It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day

International Workers' Day

grew, a variety of days were chosen by trade unionists as a day to celebrate labour. In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or Labour Day, was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, Matthew Maguire, a machinist, first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York. Others argue that it was first proposed by Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor in May 1882, after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto, Canada. In 1887, Oregon

Labour Day

is celebrated every 19 June. This holiday was proposed in 1973 to be commemorated on the anniversary of the 1937 Butler labour riots. In the United States, Labor Day is a federal holiday observed on the first Monday of September. It is customarily viewed as the end of the summer vacation season. Many schools open for the year on the day after Labor Day. The holiday is shared with Canada, where it is known as Labour Day (Fête du Travail in French). Labour Day Labour Day (Labor Day in the United States) is an annual holiday to celebrate the achievements

Public holidays in Chile

On January 6, 2007, Law 20,148 replaced Corpus Christi with Our Lady of Mount Carmel, to be observed July 16, starting that year. On September 14, 2007, Law 20,215. declared holidays all September 17s falling on a Monday and all September 20s falling on a Friday. On October 11, 2008, Law 20,299 established Reformation Day on October 31 as a national holiday, starting that year. This holiday is moved to the preceding Friday if it falls on a Tuesday, or to the following Friday if it falls on a Wednesday. On April 30, 2013, Law 20,663 established the regional Battle

Labour Day

countries. In Canada and the United States, the holiday is celebrated on the first Monday of September and considered the unofficial end of summer, with summer vacations ending and students returning to school around then. For most countries, "Labour Day" is synonymous with, or linked with, International Workers' Day, which occurs on 1 May. Some countries vary the actual date of their celebrations so that the holiday occurs on a Monday close to 1 May. Labour Day in Australia is a public holiday on dates which vary between states and territories. It is the first Monday in October in the

Pentecost

Benin and Togo. In Sweden it was also a public holiday, but Pentecost Monday (Annandag Pingst) was replaced by Swedish National Day on June 6, by a government decision on December 15, 2004. In Italy and Malta, it is no longer a public holiday. It was a public holiday in Ireland until 1973, when it was replaced by Early Summer Holiday on the first Monday in June. In the United Kingdom the day is known as Whit Monday, and was a bank holiday until 1967 when it was replaced by the Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May.

Uniform Monday Holiday Act

relocated the date of Columbus Day to the same date as Thanksgiving in Canada. Several Canadian provinces would later establish Family Day which coincides with Washington's Birthday. Uniform Monday Holiday Act The Uniform Monday Holiday Act () is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated

National Public Lands Day

September 24, 2011 and September 29, 2012. National Public Lands Day National Public Lands Day is celebrated annually at public lands in the United States on the fourth Saturday of September. A signature event of the National Environmental Education Foundation, it promotes both popular enjoyment and volunteer conservation of public lands. Three federal agencies and 700 volunteers launched the first National Public Lands Day in 1994. By 2010, participation grew to 170,000 volunteers at over 2,000 sites across the country, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. In addition to National Public Lands Day being a fee-free day (free entry

Public holidays in Chile

two days (until 1914, they occupied September 18, 19 and 20). On November 14, 1921, President Arturo Alessandri Palma promulgated Law 3,810, marking October 12 (Columbus Day) as holiday. On April 30, 1931, President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo promulgated the "Decree Enforceable as Law" ("Decreto con Fuerza de Ley") 130, marking May 1 (May Day) as holiday. In 1932, Provisional President Bartolomé Blanche reinstated the September 20 holiday, which existed until 1944. In 1968, the holidays of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Ascension of Jesus Christ and Corpus Christi were eliminated by Article 144 of Law 16,840. The Catholic Church

Labor Day

such a public celebration, owing to optimum weather and the date's place on the calendar, sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays. Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders. In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as "Labor Sunday", to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement. This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture. In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday.

Von Steuben Day

1970, is normally held every fourth Saturday in September. The Chicago parade was featured in the film "Ferris Bueller's Day Off". While Steuben Day is celebrated in many cities all across the United States, the largest crowds gather in New York City. Every year on the third Saturday in September, German-Americans celebrate the Annual Steuben Parade on Fifth Avenue and an Oktoberfest-style beer fest complete with food and live music in Central Park. The Parade was founded in 1957 and has grown into one of the largest celebrations of German and German-American culture in the United States. In 2010, the

Uniform Monday Holiday Act

Uniform Monday Holiday Act The Uniform Monday Holiday Act () is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays. The Act was signed into law on June 28, 1968, and took effect on January 1, 1971. The Act moved Washington's Birthday (February 22), Memorial Day (May 30), and Veterans Day (November 11) from fixed dates to designated Mondays, and established as a federal holiday Columbus Day—which had previously been celebrated in some states on October 12—to a designated Monday. The Act was designed to

International Workers' Day

September. In 1894, the government of Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson declared the first Monday in September as Canada's official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day. May Day is however marked by unions and leftists. It is celebrated on the 1st of May. May Day is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province of Quebec (though not a provincial state holiday). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or "International Workers' Day"; ) in Montreal goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition


Question: How old were Jimmi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison when they died?

Jim Morrison

deaths of Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin. After his death, a notebook of poetry written by Morrison was recovered, titled "Paris Journal"; amongst other personal details, it contains the allegorical foretelling of a man who will be left grieving and having to abandon his belongings, due to a police investigation into a death connected to the Chinese opium trade. "Weeping, he left his pad on orders from police and furnishings hauled away, all records and mementos, and reporters calculating tears & curses for the press: "I hope the Chinese junkies get you" and they will for the [opium] poppy rules

Jim Morrison

Paris. In letters, he described going for long walks through the city, alone. During this time, he shaved his beard and lost some of the weight he had gained in the previous months. He died on July 3, 1971, at age 27. He was found by Courson in a bathtub at his apartment. The official cause of death was listed as heart failure, although no autopsy was performed, as it was not required by French law. His death was two years to the day after the death of the Rolling Stones guitarist Brian Jones, and approximately nine months after the

Janis Joplin

were scattered from a plane into the Pacific Ocean. Joplin's death in October 1970 at age 27 stunned her fans and shocked the music world, especially when coupled with the death just 16 days earlier of another rock icon, Jimi Hendrix, also at age 27. (This would later cause some people to attribute significance to the death of musicians at the age of 27, as celebrated in the notional '27 Club'.) Music historian Tom Moon wrote that Joplin had "a devastatingly original voice", music columnist Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that Joplin as an artist was "overpowering

27 Club

who die at 27." Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison all died at the age of 27 between 1969 and 1971. At the time, the coincidence gave rise to some comment, but it was not until the 1994 death of Kurt Cobain at age 27, that the idea of a "27 Club" began to catch on in public perception. According to Hendrix and Cobain biographer Charles R. Cross, the growing importance of the media—Internet, television and magazines—and the response to an interview of Cobain's mother were jointly responsible for such theories. An excerpt from a statement that

The Peanut Butter Conspiracy

in which Merrill also joined. Here she worked with pianist Ivan Jean, whom she continued to tour with for years to come. Barbara "Sandi" Robison fell ill while performing in Butte, Montana and died of toxic shock poisoning 16 days later, on April 22, 1988, in a hospital in Billings, at the age of 42. Jim Voigt (born September 24, 1946) died of a heart attack on November 7, 2000, at the age of 54. Guitarist Fent continues to create rock and roll through his GreenManMedia label. The three surviving members of The Peanut Butter Conspiracy performed Brackett's song "Eventually"

27 Club

27 Club

The 27 Club is an informal list consisting mostly of popular musicians, artists, actors, and other celebrities who died at age 27.<ref name="Kenny2014" /><ref name="the-27s" /> Although the claim of a "statistical spike" for the death of musicians at that age has been refuted by scientific research, it remains a cultural phenomenon, documenting the deaths of celebrities, many noted for their high-risk lifestyles. Because the club is entirely notional, there is no official membership.

Jim Morrison

Jim Morrison

James Douglas Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was an American singer, poet and songwriter who was the lead vocalist of the rock band the Doors. Due to his wild personality, poetic lyrics, distinctive voice, unpredictable and erratic performances, and the dramatic circumstances surrounding his life and early death, Morrison is regarded by music critics and fans as one of the most influential frontmen in rock history. Since his death, Morrison's fame has endured as one of popular culture's top rebellious and oft-displayed icons, representing the generation gap and youth counterculture.

Together with pianist Ray Manzarek, Morrison founded the Doors in 1965 in Venice, California. The group spent two years in obscurity until shooting to prominence with their number-one single in the United States, "Light My Fire", taken from their self-titled debut album. Morrison recorded a total of six studio albums with the Doors, all of which sold well and received critical acclaim. He was well known for improvising spoken word poetry passages while the band played live. Manzarek said Morrison "embodied hippie counterculture rebellion".

Morrison developed an alcohol dependency throughout the band's career, which at times affected his performances on stage. On July 3, 1971, Morrison died unexpectedly in Paris at the age of 27, amid several conflicting witness reports. His premature death is often linked with the 27 Club. Since no autopsy was performed, the cause of Morrison's death remains disputed.

Although the Doors recorded two more albums after Morrison died, his death severely affected the band's fortunes, and they split up two years later. In 1993, Morrison was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with the other Doors members. In 2011, a "Rolling Stone" readers' pick placed Morrison in fifth position on the magazine's "Best Lead Singers of All Time", and in another "Rolling Stone" list of "The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time", he was ranked 47th. He was also ranked the 22nd greatest singer in rock by "Classic Rock" magazine.

White lighter myth

White lighter myth

The white lighter curse or white lighter myth is an urban legend based on the 27 Club in which it is claimed several musicians and artists died while in possession of a white lighter, leading white lighters to become associated with bad fortune. The myth is primarily based on the deaths of Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, and Kurt Cobain. The myth has been integrated with cannabis culture.

In 2017, published an article discrediting the theory, noting that Bic did not begin producing white disposable lighters until several years after the deaths of members of the 27 Club (including Hendrix, Joplin, Morrison, and Winehouse) and that disposable lighters produced by other companies were not widely available at that time.

Down on Us

Down on Us

Down on Us is a low budget 1984 movie about a US government plot to assassinate 1960s rock stars Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix, using an elite force of killers. It is sometimes known as "Beyond the Doors".

The movie does not use any of the original songs of the artists portrayed due to high royalty fees. Instead, they used songs written to sound like the originals.

Author F. Paul Wilson used a similar premise in his 1987 short story "The Years the Music Died."

Rock and Roll Heaven

Rock and Roll Heaven

"Rock and Roll Heaven" is a song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson, popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973, but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.

Psychedelic rock

figures. Some groups, such as the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Cream, broke up. Hendrix died in London in September 1970, shortly after recording "Band of Gypsys" (1970), Janis Joplin died of a heroin overdose in October 1970 and they were closely followed by Jim Morrison of the Doors, who died in Paris in July 1971. By this point, many surviving acts had moved away from psychedelia into either more back-to-basics "roots rock", traditional-based, pastoral or whimsical folk, the wider experimentation of progressive rock, or riff-based heavy rock. Following the lead of Hendrix in rock, psychedelia began to influence African American

Bill Siddons

the funeral and burial with Courson. However, he never saw Morrison's body due to there being a closed casket and his aversion to seeing his friend dead. “We buried Jim correctly,” says Siddons, “and that perhaps was my greatest achievement: making sure we kept it quiet until it was done the right way. Nothing to hide, but we knew what was going to happen because we’d just been through it with Jimi and Janis." After Morrison's death, Siddons continued to manage the remaining members of the Doors as they released two albums and toured. In 1972 he parted company with

Howard Sounes

July 2013 by Hodder & Stoughton. The book is a study of British singer Amy Winehouse's life in the context of the 27 Club, the group of iconic music stars who died at the same young age, including Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones whose death in 1969 was followed by Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin in 1970, Jim Morrison in 1971, and Kurt Cobain in 1994. Howard Sounes Howard Sounes (born 1965 Welling, South East London, England) is a British author, journalist and biographer. Howard Sounes began his career as a newspaper journalist as a staff reporter for the

Jim Morrison

Crosby said many years later Morrison treated Joplin meanly at a party at the Calabasas, California, home of John Davidson while Davidson was out of town. She reportedly hit him over the head with a bottle of whiskey in retaliation during a fight in front of witnesses. First written about in "No One Here Gets Out Alive", "Break On Through", and later in her own memoir, "Strange Days - My Life with and without Jim Morrison", Morrison participated in a Celtic Pagan handfasting ceremony with rock critic Patricia Kennealy. The couple signed a handwritten document, and were declared wed by

Jim Morrison

Morrison was also well known for improvising spoken word poetry passages while the band played live. Morrison was ranked #47 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time", and number 22 on "Classic Rock" magazine's "50 Greatest Singers in Rock." Ray Manzarek, who co-founded the Doors with him, said Morrison "embodied hippie counterculture rebellion." Morrison developed an alcohol dependency during the 1960s, which at times affected his performances on stage. He died unexpectedly at the age of 27 in Paris. As no autopsy was performed, the cause of Morrison's death remains unknown. James Douglas Morrison was

Talitha Getty

of alcohol and barbiturates found in her blood. Ostensibly, she was in Rome to patch up her marriage. She died within the same 12-month period as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Edie Sedgwick and, as noted, Jim Morrison, other cultural icons of the 1960s. Her friend Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, with whom she had spent time in Marrakesh, had predeceased Hendrix by a little over a year. Talitha Getty Talitha Getty (18 October 1940 – 11 July 1971) was an actress and model of Dutch extraction, born in the former Dutch East Indies, who was regarded as a style

Jim Morrison

Jim Morrison James Douglas "Jim" Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was an American singer, songwriter and poet, best remembered as the lead vocalist of the rock band The Doors. Due to his poetic lyrics, distinctive voice, wild personality, performances, and the dramatic circumstances surrounding his life and early death, Morrison is regarded by music critics and fans as one of the most iconic and influential frontmen in rock music history. Since his death, his fame has endured as one of popular culture's most rebellious and oft-displayed icons, representing the generation gap and youth counterculture. Morrison co-founded the

Brian Jones

"dressing up and posing about" and that he would ask her to do his hair and make-up. Bo Diddley described Brian as "a little dude that was trying to pull the group ahead. I saw him as the leader. He didn't take no mess. He was a fantastic cat; he handled the group beautifully." Jones' death at 27 was the first of the 1960s rock movement; Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison found their own drug-related deaths at the same age within two years (Morrison died two years to the day after Jones). The coincidence of ages has been

Alan Wilson (musician)

He was briefly hospitalized for significant depression, and was released after a few weeks. Although his death is sometimes reported as a suicide, this is not clearly established and he left no note. Wilson's death came just two weeks before the death of Jimi Hendrix and four weeks before the death of Janis Joplin, two artists who also died at the same age. Along with his talent and intellect, Wilson had a reputation for social awkwardness and introversion which may have been a symptom of his depression. Wilson was a passionate conservationist who loved reading books on botany and ecology.

The Doors

Lachaise Cemetery on July 7. The epitaph on his headstone bears the Greek inscription "ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟΝ ΔΑΙΜΟΝΑ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ", literally meaning "According to his own daimōn" and usually interpreted as "True to his own spirit". Morrison died at age 27, the same age as several other famous rock stars in the 27 Club. In 1974, Morrison's girlfriend Pamela Courson also died at the age of 27. The surviving members initially considered replacing Morrison with a new singer. Instead, Krieger and Manzarek took over on vocals. The recording of "Other Voices" took place from June to August 1971, and the album was

Friend & Lover

and lived in the mountains of New Mexico. However, this was short lived. Sometime in 2015-16, she moved back into Chicago to live out the rest of her days with two of her grandchildren and one of her first children. She died on July 4, 2018 at 73. Jim Post was born October 28, 1939, in Houston, Texas. He had previously performed with the folk group the Rum Runners. He went on to record solo albums for labels such as Flying Fish Records and Fantasy Records. Jim, inspired by a New York City love-in, wrote the duo's only significant hit

The Lost Paris Tapes

rejected from at least two Doors albums. . . . It was a drunken, and mostly ad-libbed, recording. Yet, listening carefully . . . , one hears the authentic last of Jim Morrison, two weeks before he died, as he roars spontaneous verses and imagery about his hard-hearted woman, his anguish and his obsessions, easily deploying a poetic champion's compositional facility for the natural cadence and spontaneous rhyme"." The segment was in fact recorded in Los Angeles and not in Paris as previously thought. Morrison offhandedly labeled the resulting reel-to-reel tape of the session "Jomo and the Smoothies", Jomo being

A Tribute to Jim Morrison

A Tribute to Jim Morrison A Tribute to Jim Morrison (later re titled as "The Doors: A Tribute to Jim Morrison" and "No One Here Gets Out Alive: A Tribute to Jim Morrison") is a 1981 documentary about Jim Morrison, lead singer of American rock band the Doors who died in July 1971. The documentary explores Morrison's interest in film (he was a graduate of UCLA film school), poetry, psychology, mysticism and sexuality. Excerpts of Doors songs are included with only TV appearances playing "Light My Fire" and "Touch Me" played in their entirety. It features contemporary interviews with Morrison

Ed Begley Jr.

I see him, fairly regularly, I just had dinner with him, 4 nights ago. We had dinner together at Sarah Nichols's house, his neighbor of mine and friend of his. We had a lovely time and reminisced – he's unbelievable. He's going to be 100 years old, this year, and still very active, getting around on his own. He's a force of nature, so Norman Lloyd was somebody I idolized. When I was quite young, wow James Dean is great and this is one and that. Now look at Janis Joplin, what a great voice and Jim Morrison, those people

Janis Joplin

Janis Joplin Janis Lyn Joplin (January 19, 1943 – October 4, 1970), nicknamed "Pearl", was an American rock, soul and blues singer and songwriter, and one of the most successful and widely known female rock stars of her era. After releasing three albums, she died of a heroin overdose at the age of 27. A fourth album, "Pearl", was released in January 1971, just over three months after her death. It reached number one on the "Billboard" charts. In 1967, Joplin rose to fame during an appearance at Monterey Pop Festival, where she was the lead singer of the then


Question: The name Shqiperia appears on the postage stamps of which country?

Shqipëri
shqipëri
Albanie
Albania (Balkans)
iso 3166 1 al
Albanija
health in albania
shqiperi
Albania
ALBANIA
Shquiperia
Etymology of Albania
albania
ISO 3166-1:AL
albanie
shqiperia
Health in Albania
shqipëria
AlbaniA
shquiperia
Republic of Albania
Republika e Shqipërisë
albenia
Shqipëria
republika e shqipërisë
albania balkans
albanija
Shqiperi
Shqiperia
republic of albania
etymology of albania
Albenia

Names of the Albanians and Albania

explanation that the self-ethnonym is derived from the Albanian word for eagle "shqipe" that is displayed on the national Albanian flag. At the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries, the placename "Shqipëria" and the ethnic demonym "Shqiptarë" gradually replaced "Arbëria/Arbënia" and "Arbëresh/Arbënesh" amongst Albanian speakers. This was due to socio-political, cultural, economic and religious complexities and changes that Albanians experienced during the Ottoman era. "Skipetar" is a historical rendering or exonym of the term "Shqiptar" by some Western European authors in use from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. The term "Šiptar" (Шиптар),

Independent Albania

minister. Independent Albania took over the Ottoman post offices and placed significant efforts to make the Albanian postal service identifiable. Post offices of the independent Albania used the Ottoman postal seals until the end of April and the beginning of May 1913, when they were replaced by the postal seals of Albania with the name of the place in the upper part of the seal and the name of the state, Albania ("Shqipenie"), in the bottom part. On 5 May 1913 the first postage stamps of Albania were put into circulation. On 7 July 1913 Albania submitted an official request

Shqiptar

Shqiptar Shqip(ë)tar (plural: "Shqiptarët"; ), is an Albanian language ethnonym (endonym), by which Albanians call themselves. They call their country "Shqipëria" (). During the Middle Ages, the Albanians called their country "Arbëria" (Gheg: "Arbënia") and referred to themselves as "Arbëresh" (Gheg: "Arbënesh") while known through derivative terms by neighbouring peoples as "Arbanasi", "Arbanenses / Albaneses", "Arvanites" ("Arbanites"), "Arnaut", "Arbineş" and so on. At the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries, the placename "Shqipëria" and the ethnic demonym "Shqiptarë" gradually replaced "Arbëria" and "Arbëreshë" amongst Albanian speakers. This was due to socio-political, cultural, economic and religious complexities

Names of the Albanians and Albania

as "Arbëreshë" () for the people and "Arbëria" () for the country. Contemporary Albanian language employs a different ethnonym, with modern Albanians referring to themselves as "Shqiptarë" and to their country as "Shqipëria". Two etymologies have been proposed for this ethnonym: one, derived the name from the Albanian word for eagle (shqiponjë). The eagle was a common heraldic symbol for many Albanian dynasties in the Late Middle Ages and came to be a symbol of the Albanians in general, for example the flag of Skanderbeg, whose family symbol was the black double-headed eagle, as displayed on the Albanian flag. The

Shqypeja e Shqypenis

Shqypeja e Shqypenis Shqypeja e Shqypenis ('Eagle of Albania') was an Albanian language twice-monthly newspaper published from Sofia, Bulgaria 1909-1911. The first issue was published on May 18 (June 1), 1909. Josif Bageri was the manager of the publication. It covered political, social, cultural and literary affairs. "Shqypeja e Shqypenis" used Gheg orthography. Parts of the newspaper was published in Bulgarian language. The newspaper issues had four pages, format varied between 24x31.2 centimetres to 25x41.6 cm. On October 5, 1910 the spelling of the name was changed to Shqiponja e Shqipenis. In total 42 issues of the newspaper were published.

Postage stamps and postal history of Hungary

The postal history of Hungary is strongly linked to the history of Hungary. While a messenger system was brought to the Carpathian Basin by Árpád as early as 895, modern mail delivery was first organized by the Habsburgs under the Austrian Empire.

After continued development, the postal systems of Austria and Hungary were formally separated following the Compromise of 1867, with both becoming fully independent after 1908. Both world wars caused heavy damage to the infrastructure. The Hungarian Post was nationalized after 1947. Until 1990, the Post Office controlled not only mail and package delivery, but also the full range of telecommunications, including radio, telephone and television transmissions. When the Post Office was split into separate companies, Magyar Posta JSC was established to handle postal administration.

Independent Albania

Independent Albania

Independent Albania () was a parliamentary state declared in Vlorë (at the time part of Ottoman Empire) on 28 November 1912. Its assembly was constituted on the same day while its government and senate were established on 4 December 1912.

The delegation of Albania submitted a memorandum to the London Conference of 1913 requesting international recognition of independent Albania. At the beginning of the conference it was decided that the region of Albania would be under Ottoman suzerainty but with an autonomous government. The requests by the delegation for recognition based on the ethnic rights of Albanians were rejected and the treaty signed on 30 May 1913 partitioned a major part of the claimed lands between Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, leaving as independent territory only a central region, which was put under the protection of the Great Powers. The ambassadors of six Great Powers met again on 29 July 1913 and decided to constitute a new state, the Principality of Albania, as a constitutional monarchy. Finally, with the Treaty of Bucharest being signed in August 1913, this new independent state was established, leaving about 40% of the ethnic Albanian population outside its borders.

Postage stamps and postal history of Albania

Postage stamps from Albania are marked Shqiperia, Shqiperise and Shqiptare.

Albania national football team

Albania national football team

The Albania national football team () represents Albania in men's international football, and is governed by the Albanian Football Association, the governing body for football in Albania.

Albania competes in the three major international football tournaments; the FIFA World Cup, UEFA European Championship and UEFA Nations League. Albania was the winner of the 1946 Balkan Cup and the 2000 Malta Rothmans International Tournament. At Euro 2016, Albania made its second appearance at a major men's football tournament after 50 years.

Since its completion in 2019, Arena Kombëtare (), known as Air Albania Stadium for sponsorship reasons, has been the team's home ground. Albania's highest FIFA World Ranking was 22nd in August 2015.

The colours of the team are red, white and black, and the double headed eagle its symbol. Its supporters are collectively known as the "Tifozët Kuq e Zi" and display as well as the country's national flag colours, red and black.

In 2020, Albania won for the first time a group by finishing first in group 4 of UEFA Nations League C and has been promoted in UEFA Nations League B.

Korçë

Shqypeja e Shqypenis

1913 were overprinted with ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ 1914 ΧΕΙΜΑΡΡΑ (Greek Chimarra 1914). This set exists both with and without the letters "ΣΣ" (for S. Spyromilios) in manuscript. Counterfeits of both this and the first Chimarra set from February are plentiful. Four unofficial issues were also produced in 1914; one consisting of overprinted Albanian stamps (six values), the other three bearing new designs of varied quality. These three were produced for Erseka (seven values), Koritsa (three values) and Moschopolis (fifteen values). They were likely issued for publicity and propaganda purposes; their regular postal use is questionable, though cancelled specimens of the Erseka and

Massachusetts Albanian American Society

networking events throughout the year. Every November 28, since 2004, Maas Besa has raised the Albanian Flag at Boston City Hall to commemorate the Albanian Independence Day. Albanians call themselves "Shqipetare" ( English: "Sons of the Eagle", is a term used mainly by foreigners, it was extensively used during the 18th and 19th centuries by travelers from Western Europe), and they call their country "Shqiperia" ("Land of the Eagle" - respectively). The Albanian flag is red, with a black double-headed eagle in the center. The name "Albania" was given by Robert Guiscard and his followers because when they invaded Albania

Names of the Albanians and Albania

recruited (mid 18th - early 19th centuries) by the Kingdom of Naples that indicated their general origins (without implying ethnic connotations) or fighting style, due to the reputation Albanians held of serving as mercenaries in Ottoman armies. "Shqip(ë)tar" and "Shqyptar" (in northern Albanian dialects) is the contemporary endonym used by Albanians for themselves while "Shqipëria" and "Shqypnia/Shqipnia" are native toponyms used by Albanians to name their country. All terms share the same Albanian root "shqipoj" that is derived from the Latin "excipere" with both terms carrying the meaning of "to speak clearly, to understand". While the Albanian public favours the

Sheper

era in Albania they settled in the area. Sheper Sheper (definite form: "Sheperi") is a community in the Gjirokastër County, southern Albania. Sheperi is the largest village of the former Zagori municipality. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Libohovë. It is mountainous village located 30 km from the city of Gjirokastër, about 800 meters above sea level. Due to heavy migration, its current population is about 100 inhabitants. Sheper is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian population. Sheper is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian population and some Aromanian families. The Aromanian presence in Sheper dates

Posta Shqiptare

Posta Shqiptare Posta Shqiptare is the national postal service of Albania. "Posta Shqiptare sh.a." is a public limited company owned by the Albanian Government. As of 2017 its CEO was Laert Duraj. Albania's postal service dates back to the Ottoman Empire. Based on historical archives and contemporary sources, the first post offices probably opened during the 1840s and 1850s. A more organized service started in 1878, and offices were opened in every city. At the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, two overseas shipping companies established offices in Albania, which also served as post offices

Culture of Albania

Albanians called their country Arbëri or Arbëni and referred to themselves as Arbëreshë or Arbëneshë until the sixteenth century as the toponym Shqipëria and the demonym Shqiptarë gradually replaced Arbëria and Arbëresh. The terms are interpreted as the Land of Eagles and Children of Eagles. The double-headed eagle is the national and ethnic symbol of all Albanian-speaking people. The symbol appears in a stone carving dating from the tenth century as the Principality of Arbanon was established. It was also used as a heraldic symbol by a numerous noble families in Albania at that time. The double-headed eagle appears as

Posta Shqiptare

for deliveries abroad. These were the Austrian Lloyd Company and the Italian Company of Apulia. They had establishments in all coastal cities of Albania: Shkodër, Durrës, Vlorë, Sarandë and Shëngjin. On 5 December 1912, one week after Albania declared its independence, the Provisional Government of Ismail Qemali founded the Albanian postal, telephonic and telegraphic services. The Provisional Government also founded the Ministry of Telegraphs and Communications, whose first minister was Lef Nosi. The first Albanian postal stamps were issued on 5 May 1913. Under this government, six different stamps were produced. On 7 July 1913, the Albanian Provisional Government applied

Compendium of postage stamp issuers (Aa–Al)

the World Wars but is now part of Syria. It was a coastal enclave between Hatay and Lebanon. A coastal republic on the Adriatic Sea in south-east Europe which used stamps of Turkey from 1870 to 1913. Albania was occupied by German forces after the fall of Italy in the Second World War. Relevant stamps are catalogue nos 389–408 of Albania. Following Italy's abortive invasion of Greece in 1940, Greek forces occupied much of southern Albania until driven back by the German army which reinstated Italian rule. Greek stamps with overprint were issued in the occupied zone. Albania was occupied

Postage stamps and postal history of Greece

drachma values from this set were re-issued in 1926, printed in Vienna using new plates. The Aegean islands of Ikaria and Samos successfully rebelled against Ottoman rule shortly before the First Balkan War, in July and September 1912 respectively. The former was declared the "Free State of Ikaria" by a provisional government, which proceeded to issue its own stamps. These were printed by Stangel & Co. in Athens and issued in October 1912. They were inscribed ΕΛΕΥΘΕΡΑ ΠΟΛΙΤΕΙΑ ΙΚΑΡΙΑΣ (Free State of Ikaria) and depicted Penelope, the wife of Odysseus. The values in this set of eight consisted of 2,

All of these have been counterfeited. Greek forces were driven out of Epirus by Italy in 1916; at the same time, Koritsa came under French occupation. Under French administration, a short-lived Republic of Korçë was formed there and stamps were issued in December 1916. They were produced by further overprints of a double-headed eagle and new values in centimes on Greek stamps with the B. ΗΠΕΙΡΟΣ overprint. In October 1940, Italy launched an invasion of Greece from Albania. A Greek counter-attack succeeded in occupying much of southern Albania, including Epirus. During this period of Greek control, which lasted until the

German invasion of April 1941, the overprint ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΙΣ (Hellenic Administration) in black or carmine was applied to Greek definitive issues, airmail stamps, postage due stamps and charity stamps. The overprinted issues were withdrawn from sale in June 1941. Postage stamps and postal history of Northern Epirus The postal history of Northern Epirus, a region in the western Balkans, in southern modern Albania, comprises two periods; 1912–1916 and 1940-41. Northern Epirus was under Greek administration during the First Balkan War (1912–1913), but it was then awarded to the newly founded Albanian state by the Florence Protocol (1913). During this period,

Krystallopigi

unit, to the east and southeast; and Kastraki community, Kastoria regional unit, to the south. A major road border crossing into Albania is located here. The Albanian side of the border crossing is known as Kapshtica, 9 km east from Bilisht. Until 1926, the village was known as "Smardesi" (). In the Bulgarian it is known as Смърдеш, "Smardesh" or "Smrdesh", while in Macedonian as Смрдеш, "Smrdeš". The modern name Krystallopigi means "crystal spring". The village was mentioned in an Ottoman defter of 1530, under the name of "Ismirdesh", and was described as having 53 households. The bigger part of

Albanian lek

1923 Italian paper circulated at Scutari, Durazzo, Valona, and Argyro-Castro, and the Greek drachma at Kortcha, the values of which varied according to locality and the prevailing rates of exchange as compared with gold. The lek was named after Alexander the Great, whose name is often shortened to "Leka" in Albanian. Alexander's portrait appeared on the obverse of the 1 lek coin, while the reverse showed him on his horse. The name "qindarkë" comes from the Albanian "qind", meaning one hundred. The word is thus similar in formation to "centime", cent, etc. Between 1926 and 1939 the name "Franga" was

launched an invasion of Greece from Albania. A successful Greek counter-attack occupied much of southern Albania, including Epirus. This lasted until 1941, when Germany invaded and conquered Greece. As earlier, overprinted Greek stamps were used in Epirus during the period of Greek control. The first stamps used in Epirus, following its occupation by Greece in 1912, were Greek stamps overprinted with ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΙΣ (Hellenic Administration); these were succeeded in 1913 by newly issued Greek stamps, the so-called "Campaign issue". Both were meant only for use in the newly occupied areas, or "New Territories". Following Greece's 1914 withdrawal and the founding