Question: Bjrn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson wrote most of the songs for which pop group?

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Benny Andersson

scored their first hits as songwriters in the spring of 1969: "Ljuva sextital" (a hit with Brita Borg) and "Speleman" (a hit for the Hep Stars). As the two couples began supporting each other during recording sessions, the sound of the girls' voices convinced the songwriters to model their 'group' on various MOR acts such as Blue Mink, Middle of the Road and Sweet. Thus, ABBA came to life. The group's breakthrough came with winning the Eurovision Song Contest for Sweden with "Waterloo" on 6 April 1974. During the next eight years, Andersson (together with Ulvaeus) wrote music for and

Björn Ulvaeus

gaining international recognition with ABBA, Ulvaeus was a member of the Swedish folk-schlager band Hootenanny Singers, early known as the "West Bay Singers", who had an enormous following in Scandinavia. While on the road in southern Sweden in 1966, they encountered the Hep Stars, and Ulvaeus quickly became friends with the group's keyboard player, Benny Andersson. The two musicians shared a passion for songwriting, and each found a composing partner in the other. On meeting again that summer, they composed their first song together: "Isn't It Easy To Say", a song soon to be recorded by Andersson's group. The two

ABBA

as a "fisherman" piano player in the "Dancing Queen" scene, while Ulvaeus is seen as a Greek god playing a lyre during the closing credits. Andersson and Ulvaeus have continuously been writing new material; most recently the two wrote seven songs for Anderssons BAO 2011 album 'O Klang Och Jubeltid', performed as usual by vocalists Sjöholm, Körberg and Moreus. In July 2009, BAO released their first international release, now named the Benny Andersson Band, with the album "The Story of a Heart". The album was a compilation of 14 tracks from Andersson's five Swedish-language releases between 1987 and 2007, including

Benny Andersson

achieved a new record in Sweden on the Svensktoppen chart by staying there for 243 weeks with the song ""Du är min man"" ("You Are My Man"), sung by Sjöholm. Andersson composes primarily for his band BAO, with vocalists Sjöholm and Körberg, but he keeps his older material alive by re-visiting it, as in "Mamma Mia!" and the Swedish version of "Chess". For a compilation album of the Glenmark duo Gemini, Andersson had Björn Ulvaeus write new Swedish lyrics for the re-recording of two songs from 1984 and 1987. Andersson and Ulvaeus have continuously been writing new material; most recently

Benny Andersson

Say", eventually recorded by the Hep Stars. He also had a fruitful songwriting collaboration with Lasse Berghagen, with whom he wrote several songs and submitted "Hej, Clown" for the 1969 Melodifestivalen – the Swedish Eurovision Song Festival finals. The song finished in second place. During this contest he met vocalist Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and they soon became a couple. Around the same time his songwriting companion Ulvaeus met vocalist Agnetha Fältskog. The personal relationships and Andersson and Ulvaeus' songwriting collaboration has led quite naturally to the very close co-operation which the four friends had during the following years. Benny and Björn

ABBA

ABBA

ABBA ( , , formerly named Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid or Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Frida) are a Swedish supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha Fältskog, Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. The group's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names arranged as a palindrome. One of the most popular and successful musical groups of all time, they became one of the best-selling music acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982, and in 2022.

In 1974, ABBA were Sweden's first winner of the Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Waterloo," which in 2005 was chosen as the best song in the competition's history as part of the of the contest. After ABBA separated in December 1982, Andersson and Ulvaeus continued their success writing music for multiple audiences including stage, musicals and movies, while Fältskog and Lyngstad pursued solo careers.

Ten years after the group broke up, a compilation, "ABBA Gold", was released, becoming a worldwide best-seller. In 1999, ABBA's music was adapted into "Mamma Mia!", a stage musical that toured worldwide and, as of April 2022, is still in the top-ten longest running productions on both Broadway (closed in 2015) and the West End (still running). A film of the same name, released in 2008, became the highest-grossing film in the United Kingdom that year. A sequel, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again", was released in 2018.

In 2016, the group reunited and started working on a digital avatar concert tour. Newly recorded songs were announced in 2018. "Voyage", their first new album in 40 years, was released on 5 November 2021 to positive critical reviews and strong sales in numerous countries. ABBA Voyage, a concert residency featuring ABBA as virtual avatars, opened in May 2022 in London.

ABBA are among the best-selling music artists in history, with record sales estimated to be between 150 million to 385 million sold worldwide and the group were ranked 3rd best-selling singles artists in the United Kingdom with a total of 11.3 million singles sold by 3 November 2012. ABBA were the first group from a non-English-speaking country to achieve consistent success in the charts of English-speaking countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, United States, Republic of Ireland, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. They are the best-selling Swedish band of all time and the best-selling band originating in continental Europe. ABBA had eight consecutive number-one albums in the UK. The group also enjoyed significant success in Latin America and recorded a collection of their hit songs in Spanish. ABBA were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2002. The group were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010, the first and only recording artists to receive this honour from outside an Anglophonic country. In 2015, their song "Dancing Queen" was inducted into the Recording Academy's Grammy Hall of Fame.

Benny Andersson

Benny Andersson

Göran Bror Benny Andersson (; born 16 December 1946) is a Swedish musician, singer, composer and producer best known as a member of the musical group ABBA and co-composer of the musicals "Chess", "Kristina från Duvemåla", and "Mamma Mia!" For the 2008 film version of "Mamma Mia!" and its 2018 sequel, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again", he worked also as an executive producer. Since 2001, he has been active with his own band Benny Anderssons orkester.

Chess (musical)

Chess (musical)

Chess is a musical with music by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of the pop group ABBA, lyrics by Ulvaeus and Tim Rice, and book by Rice. The story involves a politically driven, Cold War-era chess tournament between two grandmasters, one American and the other Soviet, and their fight over a woman who manages one and falls in love with the other. Although the protagonists were not intended to represent any real individuals, the character of the American grandmaster (named Freddie Trumper in the stage version) was loosely based on Bobby Fischer, while elements of the story may have been inspired by the chess careers of Russian grandmasters Viktor Korchnoi and Anatoly Karpov.

"Chess" allegorically reflected the Cold War tensions present in the 1980s. The musical has been referred to as a metaphor for the whole Cold War, with the insinuation being made that the Cold War is itself a manipulative game. Released and staged at the height of the strong anti-communist agenda that came to be known as the "Reagan Doctrine", "Chess" addressed and satirized the hostility of the international political atmosphere of the 1980s.

As with other productions such as "Jesus Christ Superstar" and "Evita", a highly successful concept album was released prior to the first theatrical production in order to raise money. In the case of "Chess", the concept album was released in the autumn of 1984 while the show opened in London's West End in 1986 where it played for three years. A much-altered US version premiered on Broadway in 1988 with a book by Richard Nelson, but survived only for two months. "Chess" is frequently revised for new productions, many of which try to merge elements from both the British and American versions, but was not revived in the West End until 2018.

"Chess" placed seventh in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the UK's "Number One Essential Musicals".

Björn Ulvaeus

Mamma Mia! (musical)

Mamma Mia! (musical)

Mamma Mia! (promoted as Benny Andersson & Björn Ulvaeus' Mamma Mia!) is a jukebox musical written by British playwright Catherine Johnson, based on songs recorded by Swedish group ABBA and composed by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus, members of the band. The title of the musical is taken from the group's 1975 chart-topper "Mamma Mia". Ulvaeus and Andersson, who composed the original music for ABBA, were involved in the development of the show from the beginning. Singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad was involved financially in the production and she was also present at many of the premieres around the world.

The musical includes such hits as "Super Trouper", "Lay All Your Love on Me", "Dancing Queen", "Knowing Me, Knowing You", "Take a Chance on Me", "Thank You for the Music", "Money, Money, Money", "The Winner Takes It All", "Voulez-Vous", "SOS" and "Mamma Mia". Over 65 million people have seen the show, which has grossed $4 billion worldwide since its 1999 debut. A film adaptation starring Meryl Streep, Colin Firth, Pierce Brosnan, Amanda Seyfried, Christine Baranski, Stellan Skarsgård and Julie Walters was released in 2008.

As of 2020, the show has productions in London's West End, where it is the sixth longest-running show in West End history, as well as various international productions. Its Broadway incarnation closed on September 12, 2015, after a 14-year run, making it the ninth longest-running show in Broadway history.

Benny Andersson

produced eight studio albums with ABBA. The group achieved great success globally and scored a chain of No. 1 hits. After ABBA, Andersson continued writing music with Ulvaeus. Their first project was the stage musical "Chess", written with Tim Rice. The "Chess" concept album – with vocals by Elaine Paige, Barbara Dickson, Murray Head and Swedes Tommy Körberg and Björn Skifs – was released in October 1984, selling two million copies worldwide. The Paige/Dickson duet "I Know Him So Well" became a major UK No. 1 hit, and Murray Head's "One Night in Bangkok" gave Andersson/Ulvaeus a US No. 3

Benny Andersson

a single in Sweden prior to the English version, with vocals by Helen Sjöholm. In the spring of 2009, Andersson also released a single recorded by the staff at his privately owned Stockholm hotel Hotel Rival, titled "2nd Best to None", accompanied by a video showing the staff at work. In 2008, Andersson and Ulvaeus wrote a song for Swedish singer Sissela Kyle, titled ""Jag vill bli gammal"" ("I Wanna Grow Old"), for her Stockholm stage show ""Your Days Are Numbered"", which was never recorded and released but did get a TV performance. Ulvaeus also contributed lyrics to ABBA's 1976

ABBA

a fruitful songwriting collaboration with Lasse Berghagen, with whom he wrote his first Svensktoppen entry, "Sagan om lilla Sofie" ("The Story of Little Sophie"), in 1968. Björn Ulvaeus (born 25 April 1945 in Gothenburg, Sweden) also began his musical career at 18 (as a singer and guitarist), when he fronted the Hootenanny Singers, a popular Swedish folk–skiffle group. Ulvaeus started writing English-language songs for his group, and even had a brief solo career alongside. The Hootenanny Singers and the Hep Stars sometimes crossed paths while touring. In June 1966, Ulvaeus and Andersson decided to write a song together. Their first

ABBA

allt"" ("He Who's Won It All") for actor/singer Anders Ekborg. Björn wrote English lyrics for two older songs from Benny's solo albums: "I Walk with You Mama" ("Stockholm by Night", 1989) and "After the Rain" ("Efter regnet", 1987) for opera singer Anne Sofie von Otter, for her Andersson tribute album "I Let the Music Speak". Barbara Dickson recorded (but not yet released) a Björn & Benny song called "The Day The Wall Came Tumbling Down"; the song eventually was released by Australian "Mamma Mia!" musical star Anne Wood 201 album of ABBA covers, Divine Discontent. , Björn Ulvaeus has mentioned

Benny Andersson

a breakthrough in March 1965 with their hit "Cadillac", eventually becoming the most celebrated of the Swedish 1960s pop bands. Andersson consolidated his place as the band's keyboardist and musical driving force as well as a teen idol. The band performed mostly covers of international hits, but Andersson soon started writing his own material, and gave the band the classic hits "No Response", "Sunny Girl", "Wedding", "Consolation", "It's Nice To Be Back" and "She Will Love You" amongst others. Andersson met Björn Ulvaeus in June 1966, and the two started writing songs together, their first being "Isn't It Easy To

Benny Andersson

the two wrote seven songs for Andersson's BAO 2011 album "O Klang Och Jubeltid", performed as usual by vocalists Sjöholm, Körberg and Moreus. In July 2009, BAO, now named "The Benny Andersson Band", released their first international record, the album "The Story of a Heart". It was a compilation of 14 tracks from Andersson's five Swedish-language releases between 1987 and 2007, including five songs now recorded with lyrics by Ulvaeus in English, and the new title song premiered on BBC2's "Ken Bruce Show". A Swedish-language version of the title track, ""Sommaren Du Fick"" ("The Summer You Got"), was released as

Stig Anderson

and producer of Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson, who would become the two main songwriters of ABBA. He joined the careers of these two, after previously managing the Hootenanny Singers, of which Ulvaeus was a member. Later, in 1972, he began managing Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and finally in 1976 Agnetha Fältskog (until December 1975, Fältskog was still bound to Cupol/CBS Records under a contract). Prior to ABBA's formation, Björn and Benny were living in a Volkswagen bus and had decided to leave music and gain regular jobs; however, Anderson persuaded them to start a new band, investing considerable money in the

ABBA

besides "Chess" and "Kristina från Duvemåla", Benny Andersson has continued writing songs with Ulvaeus. The pair produced two English-language pop albums with Swedish duo Gemini in 1985 and 1987. In 1987, Andersson also released his first solo album on his own label, Mono Music, called ""Klinga mina klockor"" ("Ring My Bells"), all new material inspired by Swedish folk music – and followed it with his second album titled "November 1989". During the 1990s, Andersson wrote music for the popular Swedish cabaret quartet Ainbusk Singers, giving them two hits: "Lassie" and ""Älska mig"" ("Love me"), and later produced "Shapes", an English-language

Benny Andersson

the Rain" ("Efter regnet", 1987) for opera singer Anne Sofie Von Otter, for her Andersson tribute album "I Let the Music Speak". Barbara Dickson recorded an Ulvaeus and Andersson song called "The Day The Wall Came Tumbling Down"; the song eventually was released by Australian "Mamma Mia!" musical star Anne Wood's album of ABBA covers, "Divine Discontent". As of October 2012, Ulvaeus had mentioned writing new material with Andersson for a BAO Christmas release (also mentioned as a BAO box), and Andersson is busy writing music for a Swedish language obscure musical, "Hjälp Sökes" (""Help is Wanted"") together with Kristina

Benny Andersson

hit in Sweden for Gemini. In 2000, he wrote the music for fellow Swede (no relation) Roy Andersson's film "Songs from the Second Floor" (the music later re-recorded, featuring new lyrics, with BAO! with vocals by Helen Sjöholm). He also wrote the theme for Roy Andersson's next film, "You, the Living", from 2007. Andersson worked on the film adaptation of "Mamma Mia!". He also wrote the film score for the 2012 documentary "Palme" about Swedish prime minister Olof Palme. He later won a Guldbagge Award for Best Original Score, for that film at the 48th Guldbagge Awards. Together with Ulvaeus,

Björn Ulvaeus

Björn Ulvaeus Björn Kristian Ulvaeus (credited as Björn Ulvæus ; born 25 April 1945) is a Swedish songwriter, producer, a member of the Swedish musical group ABBA, and co-composer of the musicals "Chess", "Kristina från Duvemåla", and "Mamma Mia!". He co-produced the film "Mamma Mia!" with fellow ABBA member and close friend Benny Andersson. Björn Kristian Ulvaeus was born in Gothenburg, but as a child he moved with his family to Västervik. His parents were Aina (1909–2005) and Erik Gunnar Ulvaeus (1912–1999). Ulvaeus studied business and law at Lund University after doing his military service with comedian Magnus Holmström. Before

Benny Andersson

English-language album "Shapes", featuring ten new Andersson/Ulvaeus compositions. In 1992, he wrote the introduction melody for the European football championship, which was organised by Sweden that year. From the late 1980s, Andersson had worked on an idea for an epic Swedish language musical based on his affection for traditional folk music, and in October 1995, "Kristina från Duvemåla" premiered in Sweden. The musical was based on "The Emigrants" novels by Swedish writer Vilhelm Moberg. The musical ran successfully for almost five years, before closing in June 1999. An English-language version, simply titled "Kristina", was staged in concert at Carnegie Hall

ABBA

band's active years, it was composed of two couples, the one being Agnetha Fältskog and Björn Ulvaeus, the other Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Benny Andersson. With the increase of their popularity, their personal lives suffered which eventually resulted in the collapse of both marriages. The relationship changes were reflected in the group's music with later compositions featuring more introspective and dark lyrics. After ABBA disbanded in December 1982, Andersson and Ulvaeus achieved success writing music for the stage, while Lyngstad and Fältskog pursued solo careers with mixed success. ABBA's music declined in popularity until the purchase of ABBA's catalogue and record

ABBA

writing new material with Benny for a BAO Christmas release (also mentioned as a BAO 'box'), and Benny is busy writing music for a Swedish language obscure musical, "Hjälp Sökes" ("Help Wanted") together with Kristina Lugn and Lars Rudolfsson, premiering 8 February 2013. Andersson has also written music for a documentary film about Olof Palme, re-recording the track "Sorgmarsch" ("Dirge") from his last album throughout the film. Both female members of ABBA pursued solo careers on the international scene after their work with the group. In 1982, Lyngstad chose Genesis drummer and vocalist Phil Collins to produce the album "Something's

ABBA

for a solo album, as Lyngstad had successfully released her album "Something's Going On" some months earlier. Ulvaeus and Andersson, meanwhile, started songwriting sessions for the musical "Chess". In interviews at the time, Björn and Benny denied the split of ABBA ("Who are we without our ladies? Initials of Brigitte Bardot?"), and Lyngstad and Fältskog kept claiming in interviews that ABBA would come together for a new album repeatedly during 1983 and 1984. Internal strife between the group and their manager escalated and the band members sold their shares in Polar Music during 1983. Except for a TV appearance in


Question: Marat, Robespierre, Danton are names associated with what event at the end of the 18th century?

French Revolution up to the storming of the Bastille

french revolution up to storming of bastille

Jacques Hébert

On 13 July the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat — a Jacobin leader and journalist known for his aggressive rhetoric — by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin, resulted in further increase of Jacobin political influence. Georges Danton, the leader of August 1792 uprising against the King, was removed from the Committee. On 27 July, Maximillien Robespierre, known as "the Incorruptible", made his entrance, and quickly became the most influential member of the Committee as it moved to take radical measures against the Revolution's domestic and foreign enemies. Meanwhile, on 24 June, the Convention adopted the first republican constitution of France, the French

Danton (1983 film)

actors, while Robespierre's allies are played by Poles. Not always rigidly historical, the film draws continual parallels between the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution and the situation in contemporary Poland, in which the Solidarity movement was struggling against the oppression of the Soviet-backed Polish government. The film had 1,392,779 admissions in France. The film begins in Paris in the cold spring of 1794 when the Reign of Terror is in full swing, with vehicles entering the city being searched and long lines of citizens grumbling in the rain as they wait to buy scarce bread. Ill in his

French Revolution

journalist known for his bloodthirsty rhetoric – by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin, resulted in further increase of Jacobin political influence. Georges Danton, the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king, undermined by several political reversals, was removed from the Committee and Robespierre, "the Incorruptible", became its most influential member as it moved to take radical measures against the Revolution's domestic and foreign enemies. The Reign of Terror ultimately weakened the revolutionary government, while temporarily ending internal opposition. The Jacobins expanded the size of the army, and Carnot replaced many aristocratic officers with soldiers who had demonstrated their patriotism,

Fall of Maximilien Robespierre

de-Christianization. The "Citras" (also known as Dantonists or "Indulgents"), formed around Georges Danton as well as the "indulgents" members of the Cordeliers Club, including Camille Desmoulins. They were strongly opposed to the machinery of the Terror and policies of the Committee of Public Safety. Both these factions were charged as conspirators against the Revolutionary Government and sentenced to the guillotine: the Hébertists on 24 March (4 Germinal) and the Dantonists on 5 April (16 Germinal). With these purges, the power of the Committee was reaffirmed. The death of Danton and Desmoulins, both formerly friends of Robespierre, left a deep toll

French Revolution from the summer of 1790 to the establishment of the Legislative Assembly

but many believe that the king caused this massacre. A note written in his handwriting communicated to Lafayette that if citizens arise, dispose of them. In the wake of the massacre, the authorities closed many of the patriotic clubs, as well as radical newspapers such as Jean-Paul Marat's "L'Ami du Peuple". Danton fled to England; Desmoulins and Marat went into hiding. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick William II of Prussia, and the king's brother Charles-Phillipe, comte d'Artois met at Pillnitz Castle in Dresden, where on 27 August 1791 they issued a declaration which considered the cause of Louis XVI

Maximilien Robespierre

Jean-Paul Marat

Jean-Paul Marat

Jean-Paul Marat (; born Mara; 24 May 1743 – 13 July 1793) was a French political theorist, physician, and scientist. A journalist and politician during the French Revolution, he was a vigorous defender of the "sans-culottes", a radical voice, and published his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers. His periodical "L'Ami du peuple" ("Friend of the People") made him an unofficial link with the radical Jacobin group that came to power after June 1793.

His journalism was known for its fierce tone and uncompromising stance toward the new leaders and institutions of the revolution. Responsibility for the September massacres has been attributed to him, given his position of renown at the time, and an alleged paper trail of decisions leading up to the massacres. Others posit the collective mentality that made them possible resulted from circumstances and not from the will of any particular individual. Marat was assassinated by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathizer, while taking a medicinal bath for his debilitating skin condition. Corday was executed four days later for his assassination, on 17 July 1793.

In death, Marat became an icon to the Montagnards faction of the Jacobins as well as the greater sans-culotte population, and a revolutionary martyr; according to contemporary accounts, some even mourned him with a kind of prayer: "O heart of Jesus! O sacred heart of Marat". The most famous painter in Paris, Jacques-Louis David, immortalized Marat in his iconic painting "The Death of Marat". David and Marat were part of the Paris Commune leadership anchored in the Cordeliers section, from where the Revolution is said to have started in 1789 because those who stormed the Bastille lived there. Both David and Marat were on the Commune's Committee of General Security during the beginnings of what would become known as the Reign of Terror.

Georges Danton

Georges Danton

Georges Jacques Danton (; 26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a French lawyer and a leading figure in the French Revolution. He became a deputy to the Paris Commune, presided in the Cordeliers district, and visited the Jacobin club. In August 1792 he became French Minister of Justice and was responsible for inciting the September Massacres. In Spring 1793 he supported the foundation of a Revolutionary Tribunal and became the first president of the Committee of Public Safety. After the Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793 he changed his mind on the use of force and lost his seat in the committee; Danton and Robespierre became rivals. In early October 1793, he left politics but was urged to return to Paris to plead, as a moderate, for an end to the Terror. Danton's continual criticism of the Committee of Public Safety provoked further counter-attacks. At the end of March 1794, Danton made a speech announcing the end of the Terror. Within a week he became embroiled in a scandal concerning the bankruptcy proceedings of the French East India Company and was guillotined by the advocates of revolutionary terror after accusations of conspiracy, venality and leniency toward the enemies of the Revolution.

Danton's role in the onset of the Revolution has been disputed, especially during French Third Republic; many historians describe him as "the chief force in the overthrow of the French monarchy and the establishment of the First French Republic".

Madame Roland

Madame Roland

Marie-Jeanne 'Manon' Roland de la Platière (Paris, March 17, 1754 – Paris, November 8, 1793), born Marie-Jeanne Phlipon, and best known under the name Madame Roland, was a French revolutionary, salonnière and writer.

Initially she led a quiet and unremarkable life as a provincial intellectual with her husband, the economist Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière. She became interested in politics only when the French Revolution broke out in 1789. She spent the first years of the revolution in Lyon, where her husband was elected to the city council. During this period she developed a network of contacts with politicians and journalists; her reports on developments in Lyon were published in national revolutionary newspapers.

In 1791 the couple settled in Paris, where Madame Roland soon established herself as a leading figure within the political group the Girondins, one of the more moderate revolutionary factions. She was known for her intelligence, astute political analyses and her tenacity, and was a good lobbyist and negotiator. The salon she hosted in her home several times a week was an important meeting place for politicians. However, she was also convinced of her own intellectual and moral superiority and alienated important political leaders like Robespierre and Danton.

Unlike the feminist revolutionaries Olympe de Gouges and Etta Palm, Madame Roland was not an advocate for political rights for women. She believed that women should play a very modest role in public and political life. Already during her lifetime, many found this difficult to reconcile with her own active involvement in politics and her important role within the Girondins.

When her husband unexpectedly became Minister of the Interior in 1792, her political influence grew. She had control over the content of ministerial letters, memorandums and speeches, was involved in decisions about political appointments, and was in charge of a bureau set up to influence public opinion in France. She was both admired and reviled, and particularly hated by the sans-culottes of Paris. The publicists Marat and Hébert conducted a smear campaign against Madame Roland as part of the power struggle between the Girondins and the more radical Jacobins and Montagnards. In June 1793, she was the first Girondin to be arrested during the Terror and was guillotined a few months later.

Madame Roland wrote her memoirs while she was imprisoned in the months before her execution. They are – like her letters – a valuable source of information about the first years of the French Revolution.

Girondins

Girondins

The Girondins ( , ), or Girondists, were members of a loosely knit political faction during the French Revolution. From 1791 to 1793, the Girondins were active in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. Together with the Montagnards, they initially were part of the Jacobin movement. They campaigned for the end of the monarchy, but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the Revolution, which caused a conflict with the more radical Montagnards. They dominated the movement until their fall in the insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793, which resulted in the domination of the Montagnards and the purge and eventual mass execution of the Girondins. This event is considered to mark the beginning of the Reign of Terror.

The Girondins were a group of loosely affiliated individuals rather than an organized political party and the name was at first informally applied because the most prominent exponents of their point of view were deputies to the Legislative Assembly from the département of Gironde in southwest France. Girondin leader Jacques Pierre Brissot proposed an ambitious military plan to spread the Revolution internationally, therefore the Girondins were the war party in 1792–1793. Other prominent Girondins included Jean Marie Roland and his wife Madame Roland. They also had an ally in the English-born American activist Thomas Paine.

Brissot and Madame Roland were executed and Jean Roland (who had gone into hiding) committed suicide when he learned about the execution. Paine was imprisoned, but he narrowly escaped execution. The famous painting "The Death of Marat" depicts the fiery radical journalist and denouncer of the Girondins Jean-Paul Marat after being stabbed to death in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathizer. Corday did not attempt to flee and was arrested and executed.
Section::::Identity.
The collective name "Girondins" is used to describe "a loosely knit group of French deputies who contested the Montagnards for control of the National Convention".

They were never an official organization or political party. The name itself was bestowed not by any of its alleged members but by the Montagnards, "who claimed as early as April 1792 that a counterrevolutionary faction had coalesced around deputies of the department of the Gironde". Jacques-Pierre Brissot, Jean Marie Roland and François Buzot were among the most prominent of such deputies and contemporaries called their supporters "Brissotins", "Rolandins", or "Buzotins", depending on which politician was being blamed for their leadership.

Reign of Terror

constitution of France, the French Constitution of 1793. It was ratified by public referendum, but never put into force. On 13 July the assassination of Jean-Paul Marat – a Jacobin leader and journalist – resulted in a further increase in Jacobin political influence. Georges Danton, the leader of the August 1792 uprising against the king, was removed from the committee. On July 27, 1793, Robespierre became part of the Committee of Public Safety. On 23 August, the National Convention decreed the levée en masse, "The young men shall fight; the married man shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women

Georges Danton

The Convention ruled France until October 1795. Danton was a member; resigning as Minister of Justice once it was clear that the invading Austrian and Prussian armies had been turned back, he took a prominent part in the deliberations and proceedings of the Convention. In the Convention, according to the 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica", Eleventh Edition, "He took his seat in the high and remote benches which gave the name of "the Mountain" to the revolutionists who sat there. He found himself side by side with Marat, whose exaggerations he never countenanced; with Maximilien Robespierre, whom he did not regard very

Pierre-Louis Bentabole

Robespierre, who as a deist and a follower of the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, resented Hérault and other followers of Denis Diderot's naturalism. Hérault was also of an aristocratic background, another suspicious trait. Danton, Hérault and several others were tried before the Revolutionary Tribunal and condemned alongside together. Danton, Hérault, François Joseph Westermann, Camille Desmoulins, and Pierre Philippeaux were guillotined on the same day: 5 April 1794 (16th Germinal in the year II). After the death of Danton and the others, Bentabole realized that he, and some of the other moderate Montigards, now had become Robespierre's targets. Over time, they

Laurence Gronlund

revolutionary Georges Danton in the French Revolution of 1789 to 1794. At the end of his life Gronlund regarded this 1887 work, "Ça Ira! or Danton in the French Revolution," as his most important work. In his book Gronlund attempted to challenge the popular image of Danton, first President of the Committee of Public Safety, as a terrorist and to restore his place to history as a leader of the democratic French revolution. A member of the National Executive Committee of the Socialist Labor Party in 1888, Gronlund broke with the party soon after, ostensibly over its decision to open

Jacobin

("Société des amis de la constitution séants aux Jacobins à Paris") was changed to "Société des Jacobins, amis de la liberté et de l'égalité" (Society of the Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality). In the newly elected National Convention, governing France as of 21 September 1792, Maximilien Robespierre made his comeback in the center of French power. Together with his 25-year-old protégé Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, Marat, Danton and other associates they took places on the left side on the highest seats of the session room: therefore that group around and led by Robespierre was called The Mountain (French: "la

Maximilien Robespierre

361 had to have voted for death. Louis was executed two days later, on 21 January, in the "Place de la Révolution". After the execution of the king, the influence of Robespierre, Danton and the pragmatic politicians increased at the expense of the Girondists. The Girondists refused to have anything more to do with Danton and because of this the government became more divided. The economic situation in France was rapidly deteriorating and the Paris populace became restless. Rioting persisted and a commission of inquiry of twelve members was set up, on which only Girondins sat. Popular militants were arrested.

Georges Danton

The Girondists were clamoring for the heads of Danton and his colleagues in the Mountain (a name for the group of Jacobins in the General Assembly, stemming from their raised seats in the back of the hall), but they would lose this struggle to the death. There is no positive evidence that Danton directly instigated the insurrection of 31 May — 2 June 1793, which ended in the purge of the Convention and the proscription of the Girondists. He afterwards spoke of himself as in some sense the author of this revolution, because a little while before, stung by some

Paris in the 18th century

One of the most extreme of the revolutionaries, Marat, the editor of the radical newspaper "L'Ami du people" ("Friend of the people") had been assassinated on 13 July 1793, and on 22 September 1794, his ashes had been placed with great ceremony in the Pantheon, alongside those of Voltaire and Rousseau. After the downfall of Robespierre, the Convention issued a decree that no one should be entered in the Pantheon who had not been dead for ten years. The "Muscadin"s went even further, invading the Pantheon, destroying Marat's monument and removing his ashes. The artists of Paris were in a

Jean-Paul Marat

he often attacked the most influential and powerful groups in Paris, including the Commune, the Constituent Assembly, the ministers, and the Châtelet. In January 1790, he moved to the radical Cordeliers section, then under the leadership of the lawyer Danton, was nearly arrested for his aggressive attacks against Jacques Necker, Louis XVI's popular Finance Minister, and was forced to flee to London. In May, he returned to Paris to continue publication of "L'Ami du peuple" and briefly ran a second newspaper in June 1790 called "Le" "Junius" "français" named after the notorious English polemicist Junius. Marat faced the problem of

French Revolution

French colonies. Late in August 1792, elections were held, now under male universal suffrage, for the new National Convention, which replaced the Legislative Assembly on 20 September 1792. From the start the Convention suffered from the bitter division between a group around Robespierre, Danton and Marat, referred to as 'Montagnards' or 'Jacobins' or the 'left', and a group referred to as 'Girondins' or the 'right'. But the majority of the representatives, referred to as 'la Plaine', were member of neither of those two antagonistic groups and managed to preserve some speed in the Convention's debates. Immediately on 21 September the

Paris in the 18th century

was ended; the districts of the city, corresponding roughly to the present arrondissements, were placed under the control of the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee, with "National Agents" placed in each district to assure that they observed the decrees of the national government. A struggle for power broke out within the Convention between the supporters of Robespierre and those of Georges Danton, leading to the arrest of Danton and his supporters on 30 March, his judgment by the Revolutionary Tribunal, and his execution on 5 April 1794. On 10 June a new decree deprived those brought before Revolutionary

Georges Danton

a crisis." Ultimately, Danton himself would become a victim of the Terror. As he attempted to shift the direction of the revolution, by collaborating with Camille Desmoulins through the production of "Le Vieux Cordelier", a newspaper that called for the end of the official Terror and dechristianization, as well as launching new peace overtures to France's enemies, those who most closely associated themselves with the Committee of Public Safety, among them key figures such as Maximilien Robespierre and Georges Couthon, would search for any reason to indict Danton for counter-revolutionary activities. These actions would lead to an investigation of Danton’s

Jacques-Alexis Thuriot de la Rosière

of the bolder opponents of Maximilien Robespierre. Georges Lefebvre, a scholar of the French Revolution, counts him as a key ally of Danton, who had been executed by the machinations of Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety 5 April 1794. During the Festival of the Supreme Being (8 June 1794), over which Robespierre presided, Thuriot commented about the chief terrorist, “Look at the bugger; it’s not enough for him to be master, he has to be God.” He chaired the Convention in absence of then-president Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, during the fateful session on 9 Thermidor, Year II (27 July 1794), and

Maximilien Robespierre

penalty, but played an important role in arranging the execution of many political opponents, and of King Louis XVI, which led to the establishment of a French Republic. He is perhaps best known for his role in the French Revolution's Reign of Terror. He was named as a member of the powerful Committee of Public Safety launched by his political ally Georges Danton and exerted his influence to suppress the extreme Hébertists. As part of his attempts to use extreme measures to control political activity in France, Robespierre later moved against the more moderate Danton, who was accused of corruption

Paris in the 18th century

Picpus. Among those executed in the last great surge of the reign of terror were the eminent chemist Lavoisier (8 May 1794) and the poet Andre Chenier, executed 25 July 1794, just two days before the end of the Terror. On June 8, 1793, at the debut of the new wave of terror, Robespierre presided over the Festival of the Supreme Being in the huge amphitheater on the Champs de Mars which had been constructed in 1790 for the first anniversary of the Revolution; the ceremony was designed by the painter David, and featured a ten-hour parade, bonfires a statue


Question: "The US TV series ""Mad Men"" centres around what industry or profession?"

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Advertises
billboard television
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Newspaper advertisement
advertising cliches
commercial advertisement
ethical advertising
Newspaper ad
advertising
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newspaper advertisements
advertize
Ghost branding
Advertiser
textual ads
advertisers
Advertisers
paid media
print ad
List of Advertising Cliches
Print ad
Advertizes
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newspaper advertising
Commercial marketing
commercial marketing
Advertizing
contemporary advertising
commericals
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advertised
list of advertising cliches
advertising media
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advertized
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Non traditional advertising
Ghost ad
Billboard (television)
Newspaper advertising
Pervasive advertising
Commercial Message
Capitalist propaganda
advertisements
Advertize
Advertizements
manufactured demand
Commercial advertisement
Advertizement
glossy brochure
Advertising
advertizement
List of advertising cliches
newspaper advertisement
Textual ads
advertising material
Newspaper advertisements
adverting
Advertising materials
Advertisements
Advertized
alternative advertising
Promotional documents
Advert
capitalist propaganda
insidious adverstising
Paid media
Adverts
Commercial message
The evolution of american advertising
Advertising cliches
advertising materials
Contemporary advertising
advertises
types of advertising
adverted
Adverting
TYPES OF ADVERTISING
advertizing
coroporate propaganda
Adverted
advertise
Advertisment
advertisment
Advertising material
newspaper ad
ghost ad
Manufactured demand
advertizements
Insidious adverstising
ad
list of advertising clichés
Advertising media
adverts
Glossy brochure
pervasive advertising
List of advertising clichés
evolution of american advertising
advertisement
advertiser
Ethical advertising
non traditional advertising
Coroporate propaganda
promotional documents
advertizes
advert

Mad Men

episode, the phrase "Mad men" was a slang term coined in the 1950s by advertisers working on Madison Avenue to refer to themselves, a claim that has since been disputed. The plot focuses on the business of the agencies as well as the personal lives of the characters, regularly depicting the changing moods and social mores of the United States in the 1960s. The series begins in March 1960 and ends November 1970 by the conclusion of season seven. Don Draper (Jon Hamm) is the focus in the series, initially as the talented creative director at Sterling Cooper and later

Public Relations (Mad Men)

Public Relations (Mad Men) "Public Relations" is the season premiere of the fourth season of the American television drama series "Mad Men", and the 40th overall episode of the series. It was written by series creator and executive producer Matthew Weiner, and directed by Phil Abraham. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on July 25, 2010. The episode takes place in November 1964, as the advertisement agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce has just started up, and Don Draper (Jon Hamm) is struggling with his divorce. The agency partners are concerned about the narrow breadth of their client

Mad Men

were women, in contrast to Writers Guild of America 2006 statistics that showed male writers outnumbered female writers by 2 to 1. As Maria Jacquemetton noted: "Mad Men" focuses mostly on Don Draper, although it features an ensemble cast representing several segments of society in 1960s New York. "Mad Men" places emphasis on recollective progression as a means of revealing the characters' past. "Mad Men" depicts parts of American society of the 1960s, cigarette smoking, drinking, sexism, feminism, adultery, homophobia, antisemitism and racism. Themes of alienation, social mobility and ruthlessness set the tone of the show. MSNBC noted that the

Mad Men

show distorts history by not showing black admen, noting real-life successful African American advertising executives who got their start in the 1960s such as Clarence Holte, Georg Olden, and Caroline Robinson Jones. Latoya Peterson, writing in "Slate"'s Double X, argued that "Mad Men" was glossing over racial issues. "Slate" writer Tanner Colby praised the show's treatment of race and Madison Avenue as historically accurate, especially the storyline in the third season episode "The Fog" in which Pete Campbell's idea to market certain products specifically towards African-Americans is struck down by the company. "Slate" also referred to the fourth season episode

Mad Men

Mad Men Mad Men is an American period drama television series created by Matthew Weiner and produced by Lionsgate Television. The series premiered on July 19, 2007, on the cable network AMC. After seven seasons and 92 episodes, "Mad Men"s final episode aired on May 17, 2015. "Mad Men" is set primarily in the 1960s – initially at the fictional Sterling Cooper advertising agency on Madison Avenue in New York City; later at the newly created firm, Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (later Sterling Cooper & Partners) – located near the Time-Life Building at 1271 Sixth Avenue. According to the pilot

Public Relations (Mad Men)

of the "Deseret News" found it to be "a very good episode and a very promising restart", after what he considered a disappointing third season. Public Relations (Mad Men) "Public Relations" is the season premiere of the fourth season of the American television drama series "Mad Men", and the 40th overall episode of the series. It was written by series creator and executive producer Matthew Weiner, and directed by Phil Abraham. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on July 25, 2010. The episode takes place in November 1964, as the advertisement agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce has

AMC (TV channel)

late 2007 the network debuted its first original drama series "Mad Men", a period piece about Madison Avenue advertising executives in the 1960s. The show was immediately lauded by critics, and won 16 Primetime Emmy Awards and a Peabody Award. "Breaking Bad", a drama about a cancer-stricken chemistry teacher involved in making and dealing methamphetamine (played by Bryan Cranston, who had been known primarily for comedic roles in series such as "Malcolm in the Middle" prior to the series), premiered in 2008; also garnering critical acclaim, winning 16 Primetime Emmy Awards, and is regarded as one of the greatest television

Mad Men

Mad Men: The Renegades of Madison Avenue and the Golden Age of Advertising", also thought the show lacked authenticity, stating, "One thing of which they all are all equally contemptuous", in regards to the industry's elite, "is the output of Sterling Cooper. But then they have every right. None of them would ever have wanted to work for Draper and none of his departments would have got a job at any of their agencies. Particularly Draper himself. Too phony." According to an analysis of the language used in "Mad Men" by Benjamin Schmidt, a visiting graduate fellow at the Cultural

Mad Men

is set not in the late '60s, as the original was, but in 1962." The 2009 TNT series "Trust Me", which ran for one season, was set at a modern-day advertising agency; television critic Tom Shales called it a cross between "Mad Men" and another television show, "Nip/Tuck". Two network television series that premiered in 2011, the short-lived "The Playboy Club" and the one-season "Pan Am", both set in 1963, were frequently referred to as imitations of "Mad Men". The British TV drama "The Hour", which also premiered in 2011, and is set in 1956, was also described as influenced

Mad Men

similar, noting how in the period in which "Mad Men" takes place, "play is part of work, sexual banter isn't yet harassment, and America is free of self-doubt, guilt, and countercultural confusion." The "Los Angeles Times" said that the show had found "a strange and lovely space between nostalgia and political correctness." The show also received critical praise for its historical accuracy – mainly its depictions of gender and racial bias, sexual dynamics in the workplace, and the high prevalence of smoking and drinking. "The Washington Post" agreed with most other reviews in regard to "Mad Men"'s visual style, but

George Lois

music video for Bob Dylan's song "Jokerman." In comments about "Mad Men", a television drama that aspires to depict the advertising industry he worked in, Lois summarized his experiences of the times: "Mad Men" misrepresents the advertising industry of my time by ignoring the dynamics of the Creative Revolution that changed the world of communications forever ... That dynamic period of counterculture in the 1960s found expression on Madison Avenue through a new creative generation—a rebellious coterie of art directors and copywriters who understood that visual and verbal expression were indivisible, who bridled under the old rules that consigned them

Mad Men

first and the last ad featured in the show, Lucky Strike's ad line "It's Toasted" and Coca-Cola's "Hilltop" commercial respectively, are from actual ads (albeit fictionalized in their creations), unlike other ads which were created by the writers solely for the show, although some of these have similarities to actual ads. Mad Men Mad Men is an American period drama television series created by Matthew Weiner and produced by Lionsgate Television. The series premiered on July 19, 2007, on the cable network AMC. After seven seasons and 92 episodes, "Mad Men"s final episode aired on May 17, 2015. "Mad Men"

Mad Men

starting his own ad agency in 1960, said ""Mad Men" is nothing more than the fulfilment of every possible stereotype of the early 1960s bundled up nicely to convince consumers that the sort of morally repugnant behavior exhibited by its characters ... is glamorous and vintage. ... [U]nlike the TV 'Mad Men,' we worked full, exhausting, joyous days: pitching new business, creating ideas, "comping" them up, storyboarding them, selling them, photographing them, and directing commercials. And our only 'extracurricular activity' was chasing fly balls and dunking basketballs on our agency softball and basketball teams!" Andrew Cracknell, author of "The Real

Mad Men

a founding partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce, as are the people in his personal and professional lives. "Mad Men" won critical acclaim for its writing, acting, directing, visual style and historical authenticity; it has won many awards, including 16 Emmys and five Golden Globes. The show was also the first basic cable series to receive the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, winning in each of its first four seasons. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest television series of all-time. In 2000, while working as a staff writer for "Becker", Matthew Weiner wrote the first draft

Mad Men

(leverage, signing bonus, etc..) unknown or little used at the time "creeps in with striking regularity". "Mad Men" has been credited with setting off a wave of renewed interest in the fashion and culture of the early 1960s. According to "The Guardian" in 2008, the show was responsible for a revival in men's suits, especially suits resembling those of that time period, with higher waistbands and shorter jackets; as well as "everything from tortoise shell glasses to fedoras". According to the website "BabyCenter", the show led to the name "Betty" soaring in popularity for baby girls in the United States

Mad Men (season 3)

the "Los Angeles Times" said the series was "a moral drama, a show about deciding who you are and who you want to be, of character as the sum of small choices. There are no heroes or villains here, only people working out or being carried toward their individual destinies. And in who we root for and in what we root for them to choose, we also define ourselves." In one of the few negative reviews, Hank Stuever of "The Washington Post" said that "Mad Men" "has importance sickness, and its idea of levity is to inject moments of utter

Mad Men

series "mostly remains disconnected from the outside world, so the politics and cultural trends of the time are illustrated through people and their lives, not broad, sweeping arguments". Matthew Weiner called the series science fiction in the past. As science fiction can use the future to discuss the contemporary, "Mad Men" uses the past to discuss issues that concern us today that we don't discuss openly. According to Weiner, he chose the 1960s because "every time I would try and find something interesting that I wanted to do, it happened in 1960. It will blow your mind if you look

Mad Men (season 2)

period almost acts as an antagonist for the characters and that "what sets this drama apart from others is the complexity and depth of its themes beyond the obvious." The second season of "Mad Men" was recognized with many award nominations and wins. At the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards, "Mad Men" won Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series (Matthew Weiner and Kater Gordon for "Meditations in an Emergency"), both for the second year in a row. Jon Hamm was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, while John Slattery was nominated for Outstanding Supporting

Mad Men (season 1)

has put on television in some time – an adult drama of introspection and the inconvenience of modernity in a man's world." Robert Bianco of "USA Today" said the show "hopes to come to grips with both what was lost and what has been gained since generation gaps, sexual revolutions, racial divides and Vietnam blasted the '60s apart" and called it a "smart, complex drama". "The New York Times" called it "both a drama and a comedy and all the better for it, a series that breaks new ground by luxuriating in the not-so-distant past." DVD Talk writer Adam Tyner

Mad Men

Time-Life Building. The show's success is also credited with sparking the resurgence of the AMC cable television channel. "Mad Men" was the recipient of many nominations and awards from various organizations, including the American Film Institute, Emmys and Creative Arts Emmys from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, a Peabody Award from the Peabody Board at the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, Satellite Awards from the International Press Academy, and British Academy Television Awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Numerous nominations and award were also received from guilds and societies such as the


Question: "Which is the preposition in the sentence ""Mary put her dog in the basket""?"

in disambiguation
in
In
i n
IN (disambiguation)
I.N.
I N
In.
IN
I.n.
In (disambiguation)

English clause syntax

object is a stronger noun phrase: "He gave it to the dog" would be used rather than ?"He gave the dog it".) Adverbial adjuncts are often placed after the verb and object, as in "I met John yesterday". However other positions in the sentence are also possible; see , and for "phrasal" particles, Phrasal verb. Another adverb which is subject to special rules is the negating word "not"; see below. Objects normally precede other complements, as in "I told him to fetch it" (where "him" is the object, and the infinitive phrase "to fetch it" is a further complement). Other

Lexical semantics

is represented in the underlying structure. As seen in example in (9a) above, "John sent Mary a package", there is the underlying meaning that 'John "caused" Mary to have a package'. Larson proposed that both sentences in (9a) and (9b) share the same underlying structure and the difference on the surface lies in that the double object construction "John sent Mary a package" is derived by transformation from a NP plus PP construction "John sent a package to Mary". Beck and Johnson, however, give evidence that the two underlying structures are not the same. In so doing, they also give

Dislocation (syntax)

is postponed (as in the above example), or a left dislocation, in which it is advanced. Right dislocation often occurs with a clarifying afterthought: "They went to the store" is a coherent sentence, but "Mary and Peter" is added afterward to clarify exactly who "they" are. By contrast, left dislocation is like clefting: it can be used to emphasize or define a topic. For example, the sentence "This little girl, the dog bit her" has the same meaning as "The dog bit this little girl" but it emphasizes that the little girl (and not the dog) is the topic of

Contraction (grammar)

former immediately precedes the latter. Thus ראיתי את הכלב (/ʁaˈʔiti ʔet haˈkelev/, "I saw the dog") may become ראיתי ת'כלב (/ʁaˈʔiti taˈkelev/). In Italian, prepositions merge with direct articles in predictable ways. The prepositions "a", "da", "di", "in", "su", "con" and "per" combine with the various forms of the definite article, namely "il", "lo", "la", "l'," "i", "gli", "gl'," and "le". The words "ci" and "è" (form of "essere", to be) and the words "vi" and "è" are contracted into "c'è" and "v'è" (both meaning "there is"). The words "dove" and any word that begins with "e" are contracted into

Sentence clause structure

"girl", and one predicate, "ran into her bedroom". The predicate is a verb phrase that consists of more than one word. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, "dog", and one predicate, "barked and howled at the cat". This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: "barked" and "howled". This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. "In the backyard" and "at the cat" are prepositional phrases. A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a

Maria Jane Jewsbury

the preposition "of" in the proper place of the preposition "for", which disfigures her style: "I liked it more than I have liked anything of years," "He has not seen you of a year," etc. This idiosyncratic use of the prepositions occurs frequently in the epistles of Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, who, for instance, desires Cardinal Wolsey to "thank his grace (King Henry VIII.) of his diamond that his grace sent me." Half-consciousness of this habitual fault may probably have induced, by way of counteraction, that sort of fantastic daintiness which sometimes vitiates even her family letters. In a

Syntactic hierarchy

dog” or “the girl” in the sentence “the dog loved the girl” act as noun phrases. Verb phrase refers to a phrase that is composed of at least one main verb and one or more helping/auxiliary verb (every sentence needs at least one main verb). For example, the word “loved the girl” in the sentence “the dog loved the girl” acts as a verb phrase. "see also" Adjective phrases (AdjP), Adverb phrases (AdvP), and Prepositional phrases (PP) A phrase structure tree shows that a sentence is both linear string of words and a hierarchical structure with phrases nested in phrases

English clause syntax

either transitive, as in "He writes letters", or intransitive, as in "He writes often"). Some verbs can take two objects: an indirect object and a direct object. An indirect object precedes a direct one, as in "He gave the dog a bone" (where "the dog" is the indirect object and "a bone" the direct object). However the indirect object may also be replaced with a prepositional phrase, usually with the preposition "to" or "for", as in "He gave a bone to the dog". (The latter method is particularly common when the direct object is a personal pronoun and the indirect

Postpositive adjective

"those well-baked; "Going anywhere nice?"; "Nothing important happened"; "Everyone new did not know". All adjectives are used postpositively for qualifying them precisely. The user follows the set formula: "This" can be replaced by "that" or "so", or, archaically and in some dialects, "yea". Without the preposition the formula is even more intuitive in replies. Examples pointing: "Which of the greyhounds do you like?" "Dogs this big." "A dog that weighty would definitely fit the bill." "A dog that tall to match my friend's." Examples figuratively: "A dog so fast it could win at the track". Generally to these scenarios: The

English grammar

"to whom you were talking" is a post-modifier (a relative clause in this case). Notice the order of the pre-modifiers; the determiner "that" must come first and the noun adjunct "college" must come after the adjectival modifiers. Coordinating conjunctions such as "and", "or", and "but" can be used at various levels in noun phrases, as in "John, Paul, and Mary"; "the matching green coat and hat"; "a dangerous but exciting ride"; "a person sitting down or standing up". See below for more explanation. Noun phrases can also be placed in "apposition" (where two consecutive phrases refer to the same thing),

Preposition and postposition

preposition occurs somewhere other than immediately before its complement. For example, in the English sentence "What did you sit on?" the preposition "on" has "what" as its complement, but "what" is moved to the start of the sentence, because it is an interrogative word. This sentence is much more common and natural than the equivalent sentence without stranding: "On what did you sit?" Preposition stranding is commonly found in English, as well as North Germanic languages such as Swedish. Its existence in German and Dutch is debated. Preposition stranding is also found in some Niger–Congo languages such as Vata and

Bound variable pronoun

phrases – "Mary" and "herself" – are each given a unique index. In (4b), co-indexing takes place, and "herself" changes its index to be the same as the one that "Mary" has. Because of this, "Mary" and "herself" now refer to the same entity in this sentence. If a pronoun has a quantified expression as antecedent, the pronoun must be c-commanded by this antecedent. An antecedent c-commands a pronoun if, when observing the structure of the sentence, a sister of the antecedent dominates the pronoun. The c-command relationship can be shown by drawing a tree for the sentence. Take, for

Verb phrase

plus optional specifiers, complements (not including subject complements), and adjuncts. For example: The first example contains the long verb phrase "hit the ball well enough to win their first World Series since 2000"; the second is a verb phrase composed of the main verb "saw", the complement phrase "the man" (a noun phrase), and the adjunct phrase "through the window" (a prepositional phrase). The third example presents three elements, the main verb "gave", the noun "Mary", and the noun phrase "a book", all which comprise the verb phrase. Note, the verb phrase described here corresponds to the predicate of traditional

Preposition and postposition

"of Jane" – although there are a few exceptions including "ago" and "notwithstanding", as in "three days ago" and "financial limitations notwithstanding". Some languages that use a different word order, have postpositions instead, or have both types. The phrase formed by a preposition or postposition together with its complement is called a prepositional phrase (or postpositional phrase, adpositional phrase, etc.) – such phrases usually play an adverbial role in a sentence. A less common type of adposition is the circumposition, which consists of two parts that appear on each side of the complement. Other terms sometimes used for particular types

Semantic role labeling

representing the predicate, "Mary" as representing the seller (agent), "the book" as representing the goods (theme), and "John" as representing the recipient. This is an important step towards making sense of the meaning of a sentence. A semantic analysis of this sort is at a lower-level of abstraction than a syntax tree, i.e. it has more categories, thus groups fewer clauses in each category. For instance, "the book belongs to me" would need two labels such as "possessed" and "possessor" whereas "the book was sold to John" would need two other labels such as "goal" (or "theme") and "receiver" (or

English language

Anaphorical pronouns such as "that" refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence "I already told you that". The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact"). Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g. "with the dog", "for my friend", "to school", "in England". Prepositions have a wide range of uses in English. They are used to

Preposition and postposition

of adposition include "ambiposition", "inposition" and "interposition". Some linguists use the word "preposition" in place of "adposition" regardless of the applicable word order. The word "preposition" comes from ("before") and ("to put"). This refers to the situation in Latin and Greek (and in English), where such words are placed before their complement (except sometimes in Ancient Greek), and are hence "pre-positioned". In some languages, including Sindhi, Urdu, Turkish, Hindi, Korean, and Japanese, the same kind of words typically come after their complement. To indicate this, they are called "postpositions" (using the prefix "post-", from Latin "post" meaning "behind, after"). There

Pregroup grammar

the core principles behind pregroups and their use in linguistic domains. Let "L" = {John, Mary, the, dog, cat, met, barked, at}, let "T" = {"N, S, N"}, and let the following typing relation holds: A sentence "S" that has type "T" is said to be grammatical if formula_19. We can prove this by use of a chain of formula_11. For example, we can prove that formula_21 is grammatical by proving that formula_22: by first using contraction on formula_24 and then again on formula_25. A more convenient notation exists, however, that indicates contractions by connecting them with a drawn link

Cebuano grammar

Objects" in Cebuano (a.k.a. "the Circumstantial Triggers") is the Voice where the "Topic" of the sentence is the "Indirect Object" (a.k.a. "the Benefactee, the Location, the Goal, etc.") of the sentence. So the verb partly conjugates accordingly. In the examples, the topic is the dog (the "Indirect Object") and it is used as the topic to emphasize that the dog got the gift, nothing else. In context, a person may say this to you when you are confused about whom/what you should get the gift for. Perhaps there is a cat and a dog and the person clarifies that you

Appalachian English

of using the preposition "on" and a verbal noun ending in -ing. Only used in formal and educated writing in the 17th century, it became nonstandard in the 18th century. Some nouns are spoken in pairs, the first noun describing the seemingly redundant second noun, as in "hound dog", "Cadillac car", "widow woman", "toad frog", "biscuit bread", or "rifle gun". "Them" is sometimes used in place of "those" as a demonstrative in both nominative and oblique constructions. Examples are "Them are the pants I want" and "Give me some of them crackers." Oblique forms of the personal pronouns are used


Question: As at early 2015, how many Prime Ministers have served in Australia since 2013?

Prime Minister of Australia

becomes acting Prime Minister in those circumstances. Three Prime Ministers have died in office – Joseph Lyons (1939), John Curtin (1945) and Harold Holt (1967). In each of these cases, the Deputy Prime Minister (an unofficial office at the time) became an interim Prime Minister, pending an election of a new leader of the government party. In none of these cases was the interim Prime Minister successful at the subsequent election. As of , there are seven living former Australian Prime Ministers. The greatest number of living former Prime Ministers at any one time was eight. This has occurred twice:

Prime Minister of Australia

John Curtin, and served until 13 July 1945 when Ben Chifley was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party. The last Prime Minister to serve out a full government term in the office was John Howard, who won the 2004 election and led his party to the 2007 election, but lost. Since then, the five subsequent Prime Ministers have been either voted out of the office mid-term by the caucuses of their own parties, assumed the office mid-term under such circumstances, or both. Prime Minister of Australia The Prime Minister of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The

September 2015 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill

of Prime Minister also means that Australia has had five Prime Ministers in six years. Turnbull is the first former Opposition Leader (in contrast to a sitting one) to become Prime Minister. At 10:40 pm AEST Turnbull and Bishop addressed the press and acknowledged the debt the party owed to Tony Abbott and the Abbott Government's achievements. Turnbull said he would not go to an early election to seek a mandate from the people and that his government would maintain the climate change targets that the Abbott Government committed to. On 21 August 2018, facing a revolt by conservative MPs,

Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia

prime ministers during that time were excluded from consideration, but the serving prime minister, John Howard, was included. The participants in the survey were Judith Brett (La Trobe), Greg Craven (Curtin), David Day (La Trobe), Michael Duffy (freelance), Brian Galligan (Melbourne), Ian Hancock (ANU), John Hirst (La Trobe), Carol Johnson (Adelaide), Stuart Macintyre (Melbourne), Alistair Mant (freelance), Andrew Parkin (Flinders), Tom Stannage (Curtin), Paul Strangio (Monash), James Walter (Monash), and Patrick Weller (Griffith). Geoffrey Blainey, Marian Simms, and several others were invited to participate, but declined. In 2010, a team of researchers from Monash University asked "145 academics that were

Kevin Rudd

the second time. Following the leadership election on 26 June 2013, Julia Gillard resigned as prime minister. After seeking legal advice from the acting Solicitor-General, Robert Orr, the Governor-General, Quentin Bryce, invited Rudd to be sworn in as prime minister for the second time on 27 June. At 9:53 am (AEST), Rudd was sworn in as prime minister for a second term, becoming the second Labor Prime Minister to have a second non-consecutive term; the first was Andrew Fisher. On 4 August 2013, Rudd announced that he had visited Governor-General Quentin Bryce at Parliament House, asking her to dissolve Parliament

List of prime ministers of Australia

List of prime ministers of Australia

The prime minister of Australia is the leader of the Government of Australia and the Cabinet of Australia, with the support of the majority of the House of Representatives. Thirty-one people have served in the position since the office was created in 1901. The role of prime minister is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia, but the prime minister is still appointed by the governor-general who under Section 64 of the constitution has the executive power to appoint ministers of state. The governor-general is appointed by the monarch of Australia based on the advice of the incumbent prime minister.

Federal elections must be held every three years, although prime ministers may call elections early. Prime ministers do not have fixed terms, and generally serve the full length of their term unless they lose the majority of the House or are replaced as the leader of their party. Three former prime ministers lost a majority in the House (Alfred Deakin on two occasions, George Reid and Andrew Fisher), six resigned following leadership spills (John Gorton, Bob Hawke, Kevin Rudd, Julia Gillard, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull) and three died in office (Joseph Lyons, John Curtin and Harold Holt, who disappeared and is presumed to have died). Two prime ministers also lost their role in a double dissolution election, a snap election where the entire Senate stands for re-election rather than the typical half to resolve deadlocks between the two houses. These were Joseph Cook in 1914 and Malcolm Fraser in 1983. One prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was controversially dismissed by the Governor-General during a constitutional crisis.

Since the office was established in 1901, thirty men and one woman have served as prime minister. Robert Menzies and Kevin Rudd served two non-consecutive terms in office whilst Alfred Deakin and Andrew Fisher served three non-consecutive terms. The 31st and current prime minister is Anthony Albanese, since 23 May 2022. There are currently seven living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die was Hawke, on 16 May 2019.

The prime ministership of Frank Forde, who was prime minister for seven days in 1945, was the shortest in Australian history. Menzies served the longest, with eighteen years over two non-consecutive periods.

Prime Minister of Australia

Prime Minister of Australia

The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister heads the executive branch of the federal government of Australia and is also accountable to federal parliament under the principles of responsible government. The current prime minister is Anthony Albanese of the Australian Labor Party, who became prime minister on 23 May 2022.

Formally appointed by the governor-general, the role and duties of the prime minister are not described by the Australian constitution but rather defined by constitutional convention deriving from the Westminster system. To become prime minister, a politician should be able to command the confidence of the House of Representatives. As such, the prime minister is typically the leader of the majority party or coalition. Prime ministers do not have a set duration or number of terms, but an individual's term generally ends when their political party loses a federal election, or they lose or relinquish the leadership of their party.

Executive power is formally vested in the monarch and exercised by the governor-general on advice from government ministers, who are nominated by the prime minister and form the Federal Executive Council. The most senior ministers form the federal cabinet, which the prime minister chairs. The prime minister also heads the National Cabinet and the National Security Committee. Administrative support is provided by the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The prime minister has two official residences: The Lodge in Canberra and Kirribilli House in Sydney, as well as an office at Parliament House.

Thirty-one people have served as prime minister, the first of whom was Edmund Barton taking office on 1 January 1901 following federation of the British colonies in Australia. The longest-serving prime minister was Robert Menzies, who served over 18 years, and the shortest-serving was Frank Forde, who served one week. There is no legislated line of succession, however convention determines that the governor-general shall commission the deputy prime minister on a caretaker basis in the event of a vacancy.

Julia Gillard

Anthony Albanese

Tony Abbott

Abbott Government

on 18 September 2013. Fifteen of Abbott's ministers had served in the Howard Government. The Leader of the National Party, Warren Truss, became Deputy Prime Minister, Joe Hockey assumed the post of Treasurer and Deputy Liberal Leader Julie Bishop became the first woman appointed Foreign Minister of Australia. Senator Mathias Cormann was promoted to the position of Minister for Finance. Of the three female members of the Abbott Shadow Cabinet, Julie Bishop retained her position in Foreign Affairs following the 2013 election, while Bronwyn Bishop became Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, and the Shadow Industry Minister Sophie Mirabella

Simon Crean

for his entire quarter-century in Parliament. Crean is the first person to serve as a minister under four Labor Prime Ministers (Hawke, Keating, Rudd and Gillard) since Jack Beasley (who served under James Scullin, John Curtin, Frank Forde and Ben Chifley). On 26 June 2013, after Kevin Rudd was re-elected as party leader replacing Julia Gillard, Crean stood for the position of Deputy Prime Minister (a job once held by his father) but was defeated in the Caucus vote by Anthony Albanese by 61 votes to 38. On 1 July after failing to become Deputy Prime Minister, Crean announced that

Rudd Government (2013)

ballot resign from politics at the next election. Rudd agreed to this condition and contested the ballot, and was elected leader by 57 votes to 45. Rudd was sworn in as Prime Minister by Governor-General Quentin Bryce on 27 June 2013. Seven senior ministers resigned their positions, refusing to serve under Rudd and Gillard announced her intention not to re-contest her seat at the forthcoming election. Albanese was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister, and Chris Bowen was appointed Treasurer, replacing Wayne Swan. Labor initially enjoyed a brief resurgence in opinion polls following Rudd's return to the leadership. On 26 July,

Second Gillard Ministry

Prime Minister in March 2013, Simon Crean was sacked as a minister. Cabinet ministers Chris Bowen and Martin Ferguson, minister Kim Carr, and parliamentary secretary Richard Marles resigned their positions. On 25 March 2013, Prime Minister Gillard announced a reconstituted Cabinet and Ministry. The following Ministers held office from 25 March 2013 until the end of the Ministry in June 2013. Second Gillard Ministry The Second Gillard Ministry (Labor) was the 67th ministry of the Australian government, led by Prime Minister Julia Gillard. It succeeded the first Gillard ministry upon its swearing in by Governor-General Quentin Bryce on 14 September

Kevin Rudd

(see First Rudd Ministry), breaking with more than a century of Labor tradition whereby the frontbench was elected by the Labor caucus, with the leader then given the right to allocate portfolios. On 3 December 2007, Rudd was sworn in as the 26th Prime Minister of Australia by Governor-General Michael Jeffery. Rudd was the first Labor Prime Minister in over a decade, and the first ever to make no mention of the monarch when taking his oath of office. He also became only the second Queenslander to lead his party to a federal election victory (the first being Andrew Fisher

Tony Abbott

Constitutional War". In 2012, he released a compilation of key speeches from that year, entitled "A Strong Australia". Tony Abbott Anthony John Abbott (born 4 November 1957) is an Australian politician who served as the 28th Prime Minister of Australia from 2013 to 2015 and Leader of the Liberal Party from 2009 to 2015. He served as Leader of the Opposition from 2009 to 2013. Abbott was first elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Warringah in 1994. Abbott was born in London to an Australian mother and a British father, and moved to Sydney at the age of two. He

Turnbull Government

2 November 2015, Turnbull announced that the Queen approved the Government's request to amend the Order's letters patent and cease awards as Knights and Dames in the Order of Australia after Cabinet agreed that the titles were no longer appropriate in the modern awards system. Turnbull was sworn in as prime minister at around 1:30 pm AEST on 15 September 2015, by the Governor-General, Sir Peter Cosgrove, in a ceremony at Government House. Question Time for the House of Representatives was delayed until 2:30 pm AEST to accommodate this. Turnbull announced his new ministry on 20 September. In an extensive

Turnbull Government

from his ministry, but increased the number of cabinet ministers from 19 to 21. Polling was initially favourable to Turnbull following the leadership change, but the Coalition faced internal tensions. By March 2016, Labor and the Coalition were back to 50–50 in Newspoll results. In his final address to the media as Prime Minister, Abbott expressed pride in the record of his government, but warned against a "poll-driven" political culture and unnamed media figures and politicians who would "connive at dishonour" by spreading anonymous, self-serving claims: "A febrile media culture has developed that rewards treachery" he said. In the months

Abbott Ministry

the House of Representatives were rearranged following Tony Abbott's sacking of Phillip Ruddock on 13 February 2015. Abbott Ministry The Abbott Ministry (Liberal–National Coalition) was the 69th ministry of the Government of Australia. It succeeded the Second Rudd Ministry after a federal election that took place on 7 September 2013. It was led by Prime Minister, Tony Abbott. Abbott announced his first ministry on 16 September 2013, and the ministry was sworn in by the Governor-General on 18 September. Abbott expressed regret at the low number of women in cabinet, but still received strong criticism on the lack of female

Australia

Within Australian political culture, the Coalition is considered centre-right and the Labor Party is considered centre-left. Independent members and several minor parties have achieved representation in Australian parliaments, mostly in upper houses. In September 2015, Malcolm Turnbull successfully challenged Tony Abbott for leadership of the Coalition, and was sworn in as the 29th Prime Minister of Australia. The most recent federal election was held on 2 July 2016 and resulted in the Coalition's forming a majority government. On 24 August 2018, Turnbull resigned after his party voted for a leadership spill. Treasurer Scott Morrison was elected as party leader and

2016 Australian federal election

defeating the six-year Labor government. Labor held 55 seats, and crossbenchers held the remaining five. The Abbott government was sworn into office on 18 September 2013. Kevin Rudd resigned as Labor's leader following the defeat of the party. Chris Bowen became the interim leader in the approach to a leadership election. Two candidates, Anthony Albanese and Bill Shorten, declared their candidacy; Shorten was declared the winner on 13 October 2013. As a result of lost ballot papers, on 18 February 2014 the High Court of Australia, sitting as the Court of Disputed Returns, ordered a new half-Senate election for Western

Rudd Government (2007–10)

his candidacy and resigned as party leader, leaving Gillard to take the leadership unopposed. Gillard was then sworn in as Australia's 27th Prime Minister by Governor-General Quentin Bryce and became Australia's first female Prime Minister on 24 June 2010, with Treasurer Wayne Swan appointed as Deputy Prime Minister. In the aftermath of the 2010 leadership challenge, Shorten, a former trade union leader, and key Parliamentary member of the Labor Right Faction, nominated the government's handling of the insulation program; the sudden announcement of change of policy on the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme; and the way in which they had "introduced

2016 Australian federal election

the vote 54–44 and on 15 September was sworn in as prime minister, starting the Turnbull government. On 11 February 2016 Warren Truss, the Deputy Prime Minister, announced his decision to retire from politics at the 2016 federal election and immediately stood aside as Leader of the Nationals. Barnaby Joyce was elected as Leader and was sworn as the Deputy Prime Minister, and Fiona Nash was elected as Deputy Leader of the Nationals. Truss also resigned from the Turnbull Ministry. Ian Macfarlane attempted to defect from the Liberal to the National party room with accompanying demands for additional Nationals cabinet

2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis

being found ineligible, retaking his Resources and Northern Australia portfolio which had been temporarily held by Joyce. Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull took on Joyce's other portfolio of Agriculture and Water Resources. Nash's roles were given to Darren Chester and Mitch Fifield as acting ministers. Nigel Scullion became the parliamentary leader of the National Party, while the position of Deputy Prime Minister remained vacant. Julie Bishop, deputy leader of the Liberal Party, is to serve as acting prime minister when necessary. The seats of the disqualified Senators were filled by countbacks of the 2016 Senate election results in their states of

Tony Abbott

compilation of nine of his "landmark speeches" from 2012, including his budget reply and National Press Club addresses. At the federal election on 7 September 2013, Abbott led the Liberal/National coalition to victory over the incumbent Labor government, led by Kevin Rudd. Abbott and his ministry were sworn in on 18 September 2013. The Prime Minister was the subject of criticism for his decision to only include one woman, Deputy Liberal leader Julie Bishop, in his cabinet. On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders,


Question: "How many films were made by director Sir Peter Jackson from Tolkien's short book, ""The Hobbit""?"

Peter Jackson

Peter Jackson Sir Peter Robert Jackson (born 31 October 1961) is a New Zealand film director, screenwriter and film producer. He is best known as the director, writer, and producer of the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy (2001–03) and the "Hobbit" trilogy (2012–14), both of which are adapted from the novels of the same name by J. R. R. Tolkien. Other films include the critically lauded drama "Heavenly Creatures" (1994), the mockumentary film "Forgotten Silver" (1995), the horror comedy "The Frighteners" (1996), the epic monster remake film "King Kong" (2005), the supernatural drama film "The Lovely Bones" (2009), and the

Peter Jackson

categories; all three "Lord of the Rings" pictures as well as "King Kong" won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects in their respective years. In total Jackson's directed efforts have been the most awarded films at three separate Academy Award ceremonies, the 74th, 76th and 78th. Peter Jackson Sir Peter Robert Jackson (born 31 October 1961) is a New Zealand film director, screenwriter and film producer. He is best known as the director, writer, and producer of the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy (2001–03) and the "Hobbit" trilogy (2012–14), both of which are adapted from the novels of the

Peter Jackson

with "an obsession verging on religious". He had no formal training in film-making, but learned about editing, special effects and make-up largely through his own trial and error. As a young adult, Jackson discovered the work of author J. R. R. Tolkien after watching "The Lord of the Rings" (1978), an animated film by Ralph Bakshi that was a part-adaptation of Tolkien's fantasy trilogy. When he was 16 years old, Jackson left school and began working full-time as a photo-engraver for a Wellington newspaper, "The Evening Post". For the seven years he worked there, Jackson lived at home with his

Peter Jackson

refused to drop a client-confidentiality clause that allowed them to publicly reply to his criticisms. Jackson won the rights to film Tolkien's epic in 1997 after meeting with producer Saul Zaentz. Originally working with Miramax towards a two-film production, Jackson was later pressured to render the story as a single film, and finally overcame a tight deadline by making a last-minute deal with New Line, who were keen on a trilogy. Principal photography stretched from 11 October 1999 to 22 December 2000 with extensive location filming across New Zealand. With the benefit of extended post-production and extra periods of shooting

Peter Jackson

with Jackson as a writer and executive producer and Guillermo del Toro directing. In early 2010, del Toro dropped out due to production delays and a month later Jackson was back in negotiations to direct "The Hobbit"; and on 15 October he was finalised as the director—with New Zealand confirmed as the location a couple of weeks later. The film started production on 20 March 2011. On 30 July 2012, Jackson announced on his Facebook page that the two planned Hobbit movies would be expanded into a trilogy. He wrote that the third film would not act as a bridge

The Hobbit (film series)

In January 2015 a fan going by the name of "TolkienEditor" recut the three Hobbit films into a single, four-and-a-half-hour film that removed much content that many fans had complained about. Much of this material was seen as superfluous, admittedly added by Jackson at the request of the studio, in order to make the films more appealing to a wider audience. This was quickly followed by several other fan made editions with different approaches and lengths. The Hobbit (film series) The Hobbit is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based

Peter Jackson

between "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" films, but would continue to expand "The Hobbit" story by using material found in the "Lord of the Rings Appendices". On 16 October 2018 Jackson's documentary film about the soldiers of the First World War, "They Shall Not Grow Old", was premiered as the Special Presentation at the BFI London Film Festival, attended by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. The film was simultaneously screened in 2D and 3D at cinemas, schools and special venues across the UK. Attended by Jackson, the simulcast included a special post-screening Q&A with Jackson, hosted by

Christopher Tolkien

of the Norse Völsung cycle, followed by "The Fall of Arthur" in May 2013, and by "" in May 2014. In 2001, he received some attention for his stance toward "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson. He expressed doubts over the viability of a film interpretation that retained the essence of the work, but stressed that this was just his opinion. He voiced sharper criticism in a 2012 interview with "Le Monde": "They gutted the book, making an action film for 15 to 25-year-olds." In 2008 Christopher Tolkien commenced legal proceedings against New Line Cinema,

Peter Jackson

between Wingnut Films (Jackson's production company) and New Line Cinema, Jackson would not be directing the film. New Line Cinema's head Robert Shaye commented that Jackson "...will never make any movie with New Line Cinema again while I'm still working at the company...". This prompted an online call for a boycott of New Line Cinema, and by August 2007 Shaye was trying to repair his working relationship. On 18 December 2007, it was announced that Jackson and New Line Cinema had reached agreement to make two prequels, both based on "The Hobbit", and to be released in 2012 and 2013

Brian Sibley

and "The Maps of Tolkien's Middle-earth" with artist John Howe. He is also the author of the children's book, "The Frightful Food Feud", and has edited, among other books, "The Pooh Sketchbook" and "The Pooh Book of Quotations" and "The Wisdom of C. S. Lewis". The author of "The Lord of the Rings: The Making of the Movie Trilogy" and other books accompanying "The Lord of the Rings", he subsequently published the official biography of the films' director, "Peter Jackson: A Filmmaker's Journey". His most recent books include " – The Official Movie Guide", " – The Official Movie Guide",

Fran Walsh

his hand at fantasy, Jackson turned to Miramax to make a film based on the works of writer J.R.R. Tolkien. In 1998, New Line Cinema provided the necessary financial backing to make a three-part adaptation of Tolkien's classic "The Lord of the Rings". Walsh, with Jackson and Philippa Boyens, is credited for writing the screenplays for "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy (2001–2003) (Stephen Sinclair has a writing credit on second film "The Two Towers"). They shared many awards, including an Oscar for their adapted screenplay for "". She also was one of the film's producers and co-composer of

Middle-earth in film

action adaptation of "The Lord of the Rings," with Peter Jackson as director. Eventually, with Miramax owner Disney becoming increasingly uneasy with the sheer scope of the proposed project, Jackson was given the opportunity to find another studio to take over. In 1999, New Line Cinema assumed production responsibility (while Miramax executives Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein retained on-screen credits as executive producers). The three films were shot simultaneously. They featured extensive computer-generated imagery, including major battle scenes utilizing the "Massive" software program. The first film subtitled, "" was released on December 19, 2001, the second film subtitled, "" on

J. R. R. Tolkien

Line Cinema released "The Hobbit", a series of three films based on "The Hobbit", with Peter Jackson serving as executive producer, director, and co-writer. The first instalment, "", was released in December 2012; the second, "", in December 2013; and the last instalment, "", in December 2014. On 13 November 2017, it was announced that Amazon had acquired the global television rights to "The Lord of the Rings". The series will not be a direct adaptation of the books, but will instead introduce new stories that are set before "The Fellowship of the Ring." The press release referred to "previously

The Lord of the Rings (film series)

the source. All three films were shot over eight years simultaneously and entirely in Jackson's native New Zealand. One in every 160 New Zealanders was part of the production. Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the book's general storyline, they do omit some of the novel's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material. Set in the fictional world of Middle-earth, the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins (Elijah Wood) as he and the Fellowship embark on

The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)

as saying "Peter Jackson did say that the first film inspired him to go on and do the series, but that happened after I was bitching and moaning to a lot of interviewers that he said at the beginning that he never saw the movie. I thought that was kind of fucked up." On the audio commentary for the DVD release of "", Jackson acknowledges one shot, a low angle of a hobbit at Bilbo's birthday party shouting "Proudfeet!", as an intentional homage to Bakshi's film. Bakshi is quoted as saying that he had "mixed feeling[s]" about Jackson's adaptations, although

Rankin/Bass Productions

version of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit". It was followed in 1980 by an animated version of "The Return of the King" (the animation rights to the first two volumes were held by Saul Zaentz, producer of Ralph Bakshi's animated adaptation "The Lord of the Rings"). Other books adapted include "The Last Unicorn" by Peter S. Beagle, a rare theatrical release, Peter Dickinson's "The Flight of Dragons" and Kenneth Grahame's "The Wind in the Willows". In addition to their prime time specials, Rankin/Bass produced several regular cartoon series, including "The King Kong Show", "The Jackson 5ive", co-produced with Motown

Cinema of New Zealand

(1989). He was eventually noticed by Hollywood, and in the 2000s directed "The Lord of the Rings" series. Although made with mainly foreign funding (helped by a tax break from the New Zealand government) and featuring a primarily international cast, Jackson filmed the movies in New Zealand, using a largely Kiwi production crew, helping create an enormous skill base in the New Zealand film industry. This has led to a number of prominent Hollywood films being made in New Zealand, with major international productions not only filming there but also using the country's various post-production facilities and special effects companies.

The Hobbit (film series)

The Hobbit (film series) The Hobbit is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the 1937 novel "The Hobbit" by J. R. R. Tolkien, with large portions of the trilogy inspired by the appendices to "The Return of the King", which expand on the story told in "The Hobbit", as well as new material and characters written especially for the films. Together they act as a prequel to Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy. The films are subtitled "" (2012), "" (2013), and "" (2014). The screenplay

Andrew Lesnie

Peter Jackson's "Lord of the Rings" trilogy, and received an Oscar for his work on "" in 2002. Since then, he filmed several other Jackson-directed films, including "King Kong" and "The Lovely Bones", and also filmed "The Hobbit" films directed by Jackson. Lesnie used motion picture camera company Arri's Arriflex 435, Arriflex 535, and ArriCam Studio 35mm film cameras for the trilogy. He used Carl Zeiss Ultra Prime Lenses and Kodak's 5279 (tungsten-balanced) film stock to photograph the films. Lesnie planned far ahead into the production with Peter Jackson with previsualisation programs to help establish frame sizes and angles, as

Middle-earth

film trilogy, produced in New Zealand under the direction of Peter Jackson. Although Tolkien's novel "The Hobbit" is a single book, unlike "The Lord of the Rings", "The Hobbit" film series is a trilogy like "The Lord of the Rings" film series. The films were released in December 2012, December 2013, and December 2014. The works of Tolkien have been a major influence on role-playing games along with others such as Robert E. Howard, Fritz Leiber, H. P. Lovecraft, and Michael Moorcock. Although the most famous game to be inspired partially by the setting was Dungeons & Dragons, there have