Question: The first US National Champions of which sport were Team Roslindale when the first sanctioned Official Nationals were played in Leominster Ma in 1974?

Cosom hockey
street hockey
Driveway hockey
ground hockey
Street Hockey
driveway hockey
Street hockey
Dek hockey
cosom hockey
Road hockey
deck hockey
dek hockey
Ground hockey
road hockey
Deck hockey

Men's National Champions (squash)

Men's National Champions (squash) The Men's National Champions are the National Champions for squash in the United States. These winners are the officially recognized champions by U.S. Squash, the national governing body. From 1907 until 1989, the national championship was contested through hardball squash. When the national governing body began recognizing international softball as the official game in the United States, the national championship also switched to softball. The first softball national championship, also known as the S.L. Green, was conducted in 1990 and was won by Mark Talbott. The S.L. Green, unlike the previous national championship, is limited to

Timeline of women's sports in the United States

tenpin bowling tournament is first established. 1966 - The first intercollegiate women's basketball tournament was played in Pennsylvania. 1966 - Roberta Louise "Bobbi" Gibb was the first woman to run the entire Boston Marathon. 1967 - Kathrine Switzer was the first woman to run the Boston Marathon as a numbered entry. 1969 - Barbara Jo Rubin became the first female jockey to win a race in the United States. 1970 - Mary Jo Peppler of the United States was voted the most outstanding volleyball player in the world at the International Games in Bulgaria. 1971 - Cheryl White, an American,

Intercollegiate sports team champions

winning the “A” division becoming the national champion. Between 1956 and 1988, the National Intercollegiate Squash Racquets Association awarded an additional team trophy based on players’ performances in the national individual tournament. From 1956 to 1968, teams competed with four players, and from 1969 to 1988, they competed with six players. National Scholastic Surfing Association (1978 - ) US Figure Skating United States Synchronized Swimming Preceded by AIAW tournament 1977-82 National Collegiate Table Tennis Association National Collegiate Taekwondo Association USA Team Handball United States Tennis Association, "club-level only" Intercollegiate Tennis Association "(1973–present)" " Division I " " Division III (2001

Sports in New England

Sports in New England Two popular American sports were invented in New England. Basketball was invented by James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895. Also, the first organized ice hockey game in the United States is widely believed to have been played in Concord, New Hampshire in 1883. The region is famous for its passion for baseball and the Boston Red Sox, as well as for the intense rivalry between the Red Sox and the New York Yankees. On November 1, 1924, the Boston Bruins of the National

Boston Pride

in Foxborough, Massachusetts. It was the first outdoor professional Women's hockey game, the first game sanctioned by the NHL and the first game between the NWHL and the CWHL. In the second period of the game, Denna Laing would crash into the boards and suffer a career ending injury in the contest. A rally of support resulted in funds raised for the Denna Laing Foundation. At season's end, the Pride would bring the Isobel Cup to a hospitalized Laing, sharing in the glory. In addition, Laing would win the NWHL's Foundation Award and the Perseverance Award. On April 28, 2016,

History of sport

History of women's ice hockey in the United States

Hockey National Championship. The Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs captured the first NCAA Division I Women's Ice Hockey Championship, defeating the St. Lawrence Skating Saints by a 4-2 tally on March 25, 2001. In 1964, the Brown Bears men's coach Jim Fullerton arranged for Nancy Schieffelin to attend a team practice. She was an experienced player and came to the practice disguised in full uniform. A year later, Brown University had the first women's ice hockey program. The team was known as the Pembroke Pandas. The Pandas had to borrow equipment, and sell hockey rule sheets at the Bears men's games to

Boston Park League

Yard) 1941 - Dick Casey Club (Tobin Club) 1940 - Dick Casey Club (Roslindale Town Team) 1939 - Dick Casey Club (St. Augustine's) 1938 - St. Augustine's (Holy Name) 1937 - Dick Casey Club (Jordan Marsh) 1936 - Roslindale Wolfs (Jordan Marsh) 1935 - Jordan Marsh (Roslindale TT) 1934 - Jordan Marsh (Dick Casey Club) 1933 - Roslindale Town Team (Mulry Club) 1932 - St. Thomas (Roslindale Town Team) 1931 - St. Thomas (Edison Light) 1930 - Agawam A.A. (Gurnett & Co.) 1929 - St. Thomas, J.P. (South End Athletics) Note, Kelley Field is maintained by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts'

América Futebol Clube (RN)

club was the first to be recognized as a State Public Utility instrument. América had been licensed team of the (FNF) for 5 years, between 1960 and 1965, thus the team did not participate in official competitions. Instead, the team committed to the construction of its official ground at Rodrigues Alves Avenue, bourough of Tirol, Natal. In 1974 América was crowned undefeated state champions, playing 20 matches with 12 wins and 8 ties. In 1975, América won the Torneio Norte-Nordeste. Between 1987 and 1992, América won 5 state championships, only losing in 1990. In 1996, the team from Rio Grande

Nate Berkenstock

was among the top teams in the nation in the 1860s, winning an (unofficial) national championship in 1867, the year after Berkenstock retired. On October 30, 1871, the Athletics met the Chicago White Stockings at the Union Grounds in Brooklyn, to decide the 1871 championship. In the first season of America's first professional league, the National Association, the title was decided not by winning percentage but simply "wins"; going into the final game, the Athletics had 20 victories (as did the Boston Red Stockings) while Chicago had 19; the "Championship Committee" decreed before the contest that the winner would take

Sports in Worcester, Massachusetts

in the DCU Center (originally Worcester Centrum) from 1994 to 2005, and the Worcester Sharks, an American Hockey League franchise and developmental team for the NHL's San Jose Sharks. Many historic and local sporting events have occurred in Worcester such as the first official Ryder Cup golf tournament at Worcester Country Club in 1927. The Worcester Worcesters, an early Major League Baseball team, was one of the first teams to play in the nascent National League. This team, which operated from 1880 to 1882, is believed to be the only major league team in history not to have an attached

Harvard Crimson

sloops in 2001 and 2002, and the team race in 2002 and 2003. The team was ranked 11th nationally in 2013 according to Sailing World. Before the NCAA began its tournament in 1959, the annual national champion was declared by the Intercollegiate Association Football League (IAFL) — from 1911 to 1926 — and then the Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association (ISFA), from 1927 to 1958. From 1911 to 1958, Harvard won four national championships. Women's soccer was elevated from a club to a varsity sport at Harvard in 1977. Bob Scalise, Harvard's current athletic director, was the first head coach. The

Sporting clays

introduce the sport to Outdoor Writers. In 1982, the oldest continuous Sporting Clays competitive event (The Norbert Buchmayer Society annual Gathering of Friends) began and continues to this day. In 1985, the United States Sporting Clays Association (USSCA) was formed in Houston, TX. Also in 1985, the Orvis Company sponsored the first U.S. National Sporting Clays Championship, which was held in Houston, Texas and continues to promote the sport via the annual Orvis Cup held at Sandanona Shooting Grounds. In 1989, the National Skeet Shooting Association (NSSA) in San Antonio, Texas, formed the National Sporting Clays Association (NSCA) to provide

National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics

the spring of 1975 and held the first women's national championship volleyball tournament that fall. In 1997, Liz Heaston became the first female college athlete to play and score in a college football game when she kicked two extra points during the 1997 Linfield vs. Willamette football game. Launched in 2000 by the NAIA, the Champions of Character program promotes character and sportsmanship through athletics. The Champions of Character conducts clinics and has developed an online training course to educate athletes, coaches, and athletic administrators with the skills necessary to promote character development in the context of sport. Membership –

Worcester, Massachusetts

and won the league championship in their inaugural season. The Pawtucket Red Sox, the AAA affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, will be moving to Worcester in 2021. A name has not yet been announced. The New England Surge, a member of the Continental Indoor Football League, played their home games in the DCU Center in their two years of existence, 2007 and 2008. Candlepin bowling was invented in Worcester in 1880 by Justin White, an area bowling alley owner. The Worcester County Wildcats are part of the New England Football League, is a semi-pro football team, and play at

Team racing

Trophy, which facilitated considerable British-Irish university and club team racing. Since the 1980s the event has been hosted by the Royal St. George YC alone. As mentioned earlier, the International 14 Class has always had a great interest in team racing. The first recorded team race took place in 1926 when Trent SC challenged the Royal Norfolk & Suffolk YC to a three-a-side match in National 14s (international status was not granted until 1928), so initiating the Trent Inland Waters Challenge Cup. The first international team racing event (three-a-side format), between Canada, the US (two teams from Long Island and

John Kelley (ice hockey)

enlisted until 1946, before returning to coaching. Just three years after serving with the Navy Kelley lead his Boston College team over Dartmouth and win the NCAA National Championship. It would be the first championship won by an Eastern school. The 1949 National Championship was the only one of his career, however he would lead the Eagles back to the title game in 1965. Boston College lost the championship game to Michigan Tech 8-2. On December 26, 1952 Boston’s famous Beanpot Tournament was established. Kelley enjoyed great success in the tournament winning 5 of the first 10. Some have pointed

Sports in Boston

the first formal football club in the United States, was formed in 1861 by schoolboys who played the "Boston game" on Boston Common. They played mostly among themselves early on; though they organized a team of non-members to play a game in November 1863, which the Oneidas won easily. The game caught the attention of the press, and the "Boston game" continued to grow throughout the 1860s. The Boston Braves were established in the city in 1932. The team changed its name to the Boston Redskins the following year, but relocated to Washington, D.C. in 1937. In 1959, Boston business

History of the board game Monopoly

first, matched three United States regional champions against the UK champion and thus could be argued as the first international tournament, true multinational international tournaments were first held in 1975. Both authors (Orbanes and Brandreth) agree that John Mair was the first true World Champion, as decided in tournament play held in Washington, D.C. days after the conclusion of the European Championship (which Mair had also won), in November 1975. By 1982, tournaments in the United States featured a competition between tournament winners in all 50 states, competing to become the United States Champion. National tournaments were held in the

Roller in-line hockey

The year 1977 was also a milestone for women with this championship marking the debut of a women's hockey national championship. Transition from quads to inline The very first inline roller hockey team to earn a USA National Championship title did so at a USA Roller Sports National Championship held in San Diego in July 1993. At the previous 1992 USARS National Championships, also staged in San Diego, the San Diego Hosers won the Senior Gold Division title wearing their customary quad roller skates. As of that time, the Hosers manager/coach Paul Chapey felt that while inline skates were obviously


Question: On 1 June 1958, who became the oldest person to break a world record in a standard Olympic athletic event?

Alfred Proksch

6th in the event at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He broke the Austrian record for the event on eight separate occasions. Even after turning 100, he continued to compete at the World's Masters Championships, often unopposed in his age bracket. Having won 14 gold medals at the games after 1994, he was considered the world's oldest active athlete. He was one of the last two known surviving track and field competitors from the 1936 Olympic Games to still be competing (the other being Ljubica Gabric-Calvesi). Proksch was born on December 11, 1908, in Vienna to Ignaz Proksch and Henriette Gaugusch.

John Whittemore

spent several decades competing for the Club West Track Club, which named an annual award for him. John Whittemore John Whittemore (November 20, 1899 – April 13, 2005) was an American centenarian from Montecito, California, who was previously credited as being the "world's oldest athlete". A long time Masters Track athlete, his last competition was on October 5, 2004, just six weeks before his 105th birthday. He threw the javelin and discus on that occasion. Whittemore said of his unique position in the athletic world "If I don't drop it on my foot, I set a world record." Had he

John Whittemore

John Whittemore John Whittemore (November 20, 1899 – April 13, 2005) was an American centenarian from Montecito, California, who was previously credited as being the "world's oldest athlete". A long time Masters Track athlete, his last competition was on October 5, 2004, just six weeks before his 105th birthday. He threw the javelin and discus on that occasion. Whittemore said of his unique position in the athletic world "If I don't drop it on my foot, I set a world record." Had he competed after his birthday it would have necessitated a new age division in a sport divided by

Stanisław Kowalski

he necessitates the creation of a new age division for World Masters Athletics, the M105 division of which he was the only member to have competed. Thus all of his performances are world records. M100 world record holder Hidekichi Miyazaki turned 105 on September 22, 2015 and two days later joined Kowalski as the second competitor in the division though Kowalski was 77 days older when he competed. When he was 104 years old, the Daily Mail did this feature on him. At that time, Kowalski was lauded as the oldest person in Europe to run 100m after running a

Hidekichi Miyazaki

October 3, 2010, on the same track, Miyazaki set the record in the M100 division at 29.83, which is the mark ratified by World Masters Athletics, the world governing body for athletics over age 35. Just three days before his 105-year race, American Donald Pellmann surpassed Miyazaki's M100 record, running 26.99 in a race in San Diego. In that meet, Pellmann also became the first centenarian to record a successful long jump and high jump. Pellmann also attempted a pole vault. Hidekichi Miyazaki Hidekichi Miyazaki (born September 22, 1910), is a Japanese centenarian masters athlete, affectionally nicknamed Golden Bolt, a

Wilma Rudolph

Wilma Rudolph

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was an American sprinter, who became a world-record-holding Olympic champion and international sports icon in track and field following her successes in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games. Rudolph competed in the 200-meter dash and won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne, Australia. She also won three gold medals, in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 x 100-meter relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Rudolph was acclaimed the fastest woman in the world in the 1960s and became the first American woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympic Games.

Due to the worldwide television coverage of the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became an international star along with other Olympic athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson who competed in Italy.

As an Olympic champion in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most highly visible black women in America and abroad. She became a role model for black and female athletes and her Olympic successes helped elevate women's track and field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded as a civil rights and women's rights pioneer. In 1962 Rudolph retired from competition at the peak of her athletic career as the world record-holder in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing in the 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1963 graduate of Tennessee State University became an educator and coach. Rudolph died of brain and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are memorialized in a variety of tributes, including a U.S. postage stamp, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as in numerous publications, especially books for young readers.

Al Oerter

Al Oerter

Alfred Oerter Jr. (September 19, 1936 – October 1, 2007) was an American athlete and a four-time Olympic Champion in the discus throw. He was the first athlete to win a gold medal in the same individual event in four consecutive Olympic Games. Oerter is an inductee of the IAAF Hall of Fame.

Four-minute mile

Four-minute mile

A four-minute mile is the completion of a mile run (1609 m) in four minutes or less. It was first achieved in 1954 by Roger Bannister, at age 25, in 3:59.4. As of April 2021, the "four-minute barrier" has been broken by 1,663 athletes, and is now a standard of professional middle distance runners in several cultures. In the 65 years since, the mile record has been lowered by almost 17 seconds, and currently stands at 3:43.13, by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco, at age 24, in 1999. Running a mile in four minutes translates to a speed of 15 miles per hour (24 km/h).

1958 FIFA World Cup final

1958 FIFA World Cup final

The 1958 FIFA World Cup final took place in Råsunda Stadium, Solna (near Stockholm), Sweden, on 29 June 1958 to determine the champion of the 1958 FIFA World Cup. Brazil won the World Cup by defeating Sweden, the host country, and thus won their first World Cup title.

The 1958 final holds the record for most goals scored in a World Cup Final, and it shares the record for the greatest winning margin (with the 1970 and 1998 tournaments). The records for both the youngest and oldest goalscorer in a World Cup final were set in this match; by Pelé (17 years and 249 days) and Nils Liedholm (35 years, 263 days) respectively. The final also marked several firsts: It was the first final to be disputed between a European team and a team from the Americas. Sweden became the first, and so far, only host to lose a World Cup Final (the Maracanazo of 1950 was the decisive match of the tournament, but was not a 'Final', because Sweden v Spain was played simultaneously). Their loss also meant that for the first and only time a World Cup staged in Europe was not won by a European nation.

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

Ivan Ivančić

the oldest ever World Championships finalist in any event. On August 31, 1983 in Koblenz, less than a month after the Helsinki final, Ivančić set his personal best of 20.77 m. , this is the world masters record in the M45 category (men 45–49 years of age); no other athlete in this age category has managed to come within two and a half meters of this mark. His 1980 mark of 20.44 m was also a world masters record in the M40 category until it was surpassed in 1985. Ivančić retired from professional competition in 1987, at the age of

Harold Chapson

"Sports Illustrated," August 20, 1973 issue. On his 80th birthday, he set the M80 world record in the 800 meters and 1500 meters. He further improved the 800 record, the 1500 record lasted for just over 29 years. Harold Chapson Harold B. Chapson (born July 11, 1902 Pagosa Springs, Colorado-November 19, 1992 in Kaneohe, Hawaii) was an American masters athlete. As the division was in its infancy, Chanson explored the abilities of a 70 plus year old, setting numerous Masters athletics world records in events from 400 metres to 1500 metres. He still holds many American records. In 1998 he

Edith Robinson

1934, she unofficially tied the world record for 100 yards of 11.0 seconds and, through her career, set Australian records from 100 to 440 yards. During the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, as Australia's oldest living Olympian, Robinson was awarded the honour of officially opening the Olympic Village. She died on 7 October 2000, six days after the end of the Games . Edith Robinson Edith (Edie) Frances Robinson (later Mrs. Payne) (26 February 1906 – 7 October 2000) was the first Australian female track and field athlete to compete at an Olympic Games. In the 1928 Amsterdam Games, the first

John Whittemore

celebrating her 104th birthday in August 2013, however she died in March 2014. Everett Hosack, who Jay Leno announced as the "world's oldest athlete" at the time, famously participated in the Penn Relays and USATF National Indoor Championships at age 101. On June 28, 2015, Stanisław Kowalski became the first athlete to compete in the M105 category. Whittemore attended Santa Barbara High School, where he was a long and triple jumper, and graduated in 1917. He often described riding to high school on horseback. Later he attended Stanford University, where he played baseball and was an outstanding tennis player. He

Tommy Green (athlete)

Los Angeles, where he won a gold medal in the first ever men's 50km walk at the Games. At the time he was 38 years old and he remains, as of 2008, the oldest person to have won the event. He contested fewer races in 1933 and 1934, but he set his sights on making an appearance at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin and resumed his heavy regimen of training in 1935. He was runner-up to Harold Whitlock for the British 50 km title that year, but he slid to fourth place in the following year's competition and was

Hidekichi Miyazaki

might not be the sharpest but physically I'm tip-top. I've never had any health problems. The doctors are amazed by me. I can definitely keep on running for another two or three years. It's all about willpower. You have to keep going" Prior to 2015, the title of "World's oldest athlete" was held by American John Whittemore, who did throwing events at age 104 and 10 months in Santa Barbara in 2004. The oldest female athlete was Australian Ruth Frith, mother of Olympian Helen Frith, who was throwing all implements of the throws pentathlon at age 101. Five years earlier,

Donald Pellmann

at work during World War II. Other than occasional bowling, softball and golf, he was not involved in athletics for 58 years. Meanwhile, he watched his more athletic friends from the football team have failing ankles, knees and hearts. Pellmann never had those kinds of ailments. On September 20, 2015, Pellmann set five world records at the San Diego Senior Games. Competing in the 100 and older category, he ran the 100-meter dash in 26.99 seconds, beating the previous age-group world record held by Japan's Hidekichi Miyazaki by 2.84 seconds. Pellmann became the first centenarian to clear an official height

Linford Christie

9.96 s in the final, and at the age of 32 years 121 days became the oldest Olympic 100 m champion by four years 38 days. In 1993, he became the first man in history to hold the Olympic, World, European and Commonwealth titles in the 100 m as he was victorious at the Stuttgart World Championships in his fastest ever time of 9.87. He was also voted BBC Sports Personality of the Year. The following year, in 1994, he defended his Commonwealth title in Victoria in his second fastest ever 100m time of 9.91. After 1994, he was less

Wally Hayward

1954, except for 1952 when he chose to rather represent South Africa at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. He finished tenth in the Olympic marathon event. In 1951 and 1953 (first athlete under 6 hours) he broke the down-run record, and in 1954 he broke the up-run record and became the oldest man to win the race at age 45 (later overtaken by Vladimir Kotov in 2004). In 1988 he returned once again to participate. He beat half the finishers with a time of 9h44m. Wally's most dramatic moment came the following year, in 1989, when he completed the

Catherine Gibson

Johnny Wright (born 1929). The oldest was speed walker Tebbs Lloyd Johnson (born 1900), who won a bronze in 50 kilometres race walk. Gibson persevered with competitive swimming through the 1950s and, in the sixteen years of pursuing the sport, managed to achieve 29 UK records. Retiring after marriage, she became a hotelkeeper, and remained widowed after the death of her second husband in 1995. With publicity surrounding London's 2012 Summer Olympics, Brown (the name she has used since her marriage), along with the small number of athletes in their eighties and nineties remaining from the event held 64 years

1908 Summer Olympics

events. Oscar Swahn from Sweden, who won the gold medal for running deer shooting, became the oldest Olympic champion of all time, and set another age record by being 72 years and 279 days old during his triumph at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium. One of the more unusual shooting events in 1908 was dueling. The discipline, which was an associate event (i.e. not official), was performed by facing opponents wearing protective clothing and masks and firing wax bullets. American John Taylor was a member of the winning medley relay team, making him the first African-American athlete to

1956 Summer Olympics

set a high jump record of , and Egil Danielsen of Norway overcame blustery conditions with a remarkable javelin throw of . Throughout the Olympics, Hungarian athletes were cheered by fans from Australia and other countries. Many of them gathered in the boxing arena when thirty-year-old Laszlo Papp of Hungary won his third gold medal by beating José Torres for the light-middleweight championship. A few days later, the crowd was with the Hungarian water polo team in its match against the Soviet Union which took place against the background of the Soviet invasion of Hungary. The game became rough and,

Basil Dickinson

decathlon title. This was his last athletics competition, as the same year he enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force. After World War II he worked in insurance and remained involved in athletics as an administrator. He was the chief judge of the jumping events at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. After the death of Bill Roycroft on 29 May 2011, Dickinson was recognised as Australia's oldest surviving Olympian, and as the last surviving member of the Australian 1936 Olympic team. He died on 7 October 2013, aged 98. Basil Dickinson John Basil Charles Dickinson (25 April 1915 – 7 October

Erwin Jaskulski

asked him to be on their shows but he turned the idea down. Jaskulski died on March 10, 2006, aged 103. Survivors include two sons living in Austria. Erwin Jaskulski Erwin Jaskulski (September 24, 1902 – March 10, 2006) was a Ukrainian-American track athlete. Born in Chernivtsi, he was a Honolulu resident from 1954 until his death. For a period, Jaskulski was the world record holder for the 100 meters, 200 meters and 400 meters in the 95- to 99-year-old and the 100-plus age groups. However, the record for 100 meter for 100 plus age group, which he set on

Ingeborg Sjöqvist

board was 3 m shorter than regulation, and thus she had to stand on a built-up scaffold to train for her 10 m event. She turned 100 in April 2012 and was the world's oldest living Olympian from the death of Guo Jie until her own one week later. In 1939, she married Lennart Ingers (born 14 April 1915), who also became a centenarian in April 2015, after 75 years of marriage. Lennart died on 5 November 2015, just 2 weeks and 3 days before Ingeborg. Ingeborg Sjöqvist Ingeborg Maria Ingers (née Sjöqvist; 19 April 1912 – 22 November 2015)


Question: What was the fate of Lucia di Lammermoor in Donizetti's opera?

she went mad and committed suicide
She went mad and committed suicide

Lucia di Lammermoor

Lucia di Lammermoor Lucia di Lammermoor is a "dramma tragico" (tragic opera) in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti. Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian-language libretto loosely based upon Sir Walter Scott's historical novel "The Bride of Lammermoor". Donizetti wrote "Lucia di Lammermoor" in 1835, a time when several factors led to the height of his reputation as a composer of opera. Gioachino Rossini had recently retired and Vincenzo Bellini had died shortly before the premiere of "Lucia" leaving Donizetti as "the sole reigning genius of Italian opera". Not only were conditions ripe for Donizetti's success as a composer, but there was

Lucia di Lammermoor

He returned to the original key structure and the Mad Scene is quite different. He recorded this version for Sony in 1997. Notes Cited sources Other sources Lucia di Lammermoor Lucia di Lammermoor is a "dramma tragico" (tragic opera) in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti. Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian-language libretto loosely based upon Sir Walter Scott's historical novel "The Bride of Lammermoor". Donizetti wrote "Lucia di Lammermoor" in 1835, a time when several factors led to the height of his reputation as a composer of opera. Gioachino Rossini had recently retired and Vincenzo Bellini had died shortly before the

Lucia di Lammermoor

(Edgardo)</poem> After "Lucia di Lammermoor" was produced in Paris, a French version was commissioned for the Théâtre de la Renaissance in Paris. Donizetti was living there at the time, preparing the revision of "Poliuto" into its French version (which became "Les Martyrs"). "Lucie" opened on 6 August 1839 and this version toured extensively throughout France. The libretto, written by Alphonse Royer and Gustave Vaëz, is not simply a translation, as Donizetti altered some of the scenes and characters. One of the more notable changes is the disappearance of Alisa, Lucia's handmaid and confidante. This allows the French version to isolate

Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani

di Lammermoor" in Naples in 1835, one of the immortal roles of Romantic opera. Duprez was her Edgardo. Donizetti (remarking that she was "not the brightest star") told in a letter how in rehearsal she made an almighty row (which terrified Duprez) because, after Lucia's finale (the Mad Scene) there remained the finale of Edgardo ('Fra poco a me ricovero') before the curtain fell, displacing the final applause from herself to the tenor. She also sang Lucia in the first Paris performance, in December 1837, opposite Rubini (for whom Edgardo became one of his most celebrated roles), a performance received

Lucia di Lammermoor

is: Additionally an off-stage wind band is used; Donizetti did not provide instrumentation. Also, occasionally the glass harmonica is substituted for solo flute in Lucia’s mad scene, per Donizetti’s original score. "Scene 1: The gardens of Lammermoor Castle" Normanno, captain of the castle guard, and other retainers are searching for an intruder. He tells Enrico that he believes that the man is Edgardo of Ravenswood, and that he comes to the castle to meet Enrico's sister, Lucia. It is confirmed that Edgardo is indeed the intruder. Enrico reaffirms his hatred for the Ravenswood family and his determination to end the

Lucia di Lammermoor

Lucia di Lammermoor

Lucia di Lammermoor () is a (tragic opera) in three acts by Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti. Salvadore Cammarano wrote the Italian-language libretto loosely based upon Sir Walter Scott's 1819 historical novel "The Bride of Lammermoor".<ref>The plot of Sir Walter Scott's original novel is based on an actual incident that took place in 1669 in the Lammermuir Hills area of Lowland Scotland. The real family involved were the Dalrymples.

While the libretto retains much of Scott's basic intrigue, it also contains very substantial changes in terms of characters and events. In Scott's novel, it is her mother, Lady Ashton, not Enrico, who is the villain and evil perpetrator of the whole intrigue. Also, Bucklaw was only wounded by Lucy after their unfortunate wedding, and he later recovered, went abroad, and survived them all. In the opera, Lucia's descent into insanity is more speedy and dramatic and very spectacular, while, in the book, it is more mysterious and ambiguous. Also, in the novel, Edgar and Lucy's last talk and farewell (supervised by her mother) is far less melodramatic and more calm, though the final effect is equally devastating for both of them. At the end of the novel, Edgar disappears (his body never found) and is presumably killed in some sort of an accident on his way to have his duel with Lucy's older brother; therefore, he does not commit a spectacular, operatic style suicide with a stiletto on learning of Lucy's death.</ref>

Donizetti wrote "Lucia di Lammermoor" in 1835, when he was reaching the peak of his reputation as an opera composer. Gioachino Rossini had recently retired and Vincenzo Bellini had died shortly before the premiere of "Lucia" leaving Donizetti as "the sole reigning genius of Italian opera". Not only were conditions ripe for Donizetti's success as a composer, but there was also a widespread interest in the history and culture of Scotland. The perceived romance of its violent wars and feuds, as well as its folklore and mythology, intrigued 19th century readers and audiences.

The story concerns the emotionally fragile Lucy Ashton (Lucia) who is caught in a feud between her own family and that of the Ravenswoods. The setting is the Lammermuir Hills of Scotland (Lammermoor) in the 17th century.

Lucia di Lammermoor discography

Lucia di Lammermoor discography

This is a partial discography of Lucia di Lammermoor, an opera by Gaetano Donizetti. It premiered on September 26, 1835 at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples.

Gaetano Donizetti

Il dolce suono

Il dolce suono

"Il dolce suono" ("The Sweet Sound") is the incipit of the recitativo of a "scena ed aria" taken from Act III scene 2, "Lucia di Lammermoor" by Gaetano Donizetti. It is also commonly known as the "mad scene" sung by the leading soprano, Lucia.

Lucia descends into madness, and on her wedding night, while the festivities are still being held in the Great Hall, she stabs her new husband, Arturo, in the bridal chamber. Disheveled, unaware of what she has done, she wanders in the Great Hall, recalling her meetings with Edgardo and imagining herself married to him.

Donizetti intended the aria to be accompanied by the eerie sound of the glass harmonica, though this instrument is often replaced in performance by a flute.

An arrangement of the aria was featured in the film "The Fifth Element", sung by the alien character Diva Plavalaguna voiced by Inva Mula. Russian pop countertenor Vitas recorded a similar shortened version under the title "Lucia Di Lammermoor". While singing the part, Vitas changed the lyric "Edgardo" to "Esther" (hence the text "Esther! io ti son reso!").

The Bride of Lammermoor

The Bride of Lammermoor

The Bride of Lammermoor is a historical novel by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1819, one of the Waverley novels. The novel is set in the Lammermuir Hills of south-east Scotland, shortly before the Act of Union of 1707 (in the first edition), or shortly after the Act (in the 'Magnum' edition of 1830). It tells of a tragic love affair between young Lucy Ashton and her family's enemy Edgar Ravenswood. Scott indicated the plot was based on an actual incident. "The Bride of Lammermoor" and "A Legend of Montrose" were published together anonymously as the third of Scott's "Tales of My Landlord" series. The story is the basis for Donizetti's 1835 opera "Lucia di Lammermoor".

Anna Veleva

National Opera in the role of Lucia in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor. Since making her debut, she has been engaged by Opera Verdi Europa to perform Lucia and a number of other prominent roles, including Gilda (Rigoletto) and Musetta (La Bohème). She also sang with the Bourgass and Varna Opera companies, and toured the United States with the Plovdiv Opera. Veleva has appeared in prominent classical music venues in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Poland in addition to her native country, Bulgaria, where she performed in the New Years Gala Concert at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia, conducted by

Lucia di Lammermoor

relationship. "Scene 2: By a fountain at the entrance to the park, beside the castle" Lucia waits for Edgardo. In her famous aria "", Lucia tells her maid Alisa that she has seen the ghost of a girl killed on the very same spot by a jealous Ravenswood ancestor. Alisa tells Lucia that the apparition is a warning and that she must give up her love for Edgardo. Edgardo enters; for political reasons, he must leave immediately for France. He hopes to make his peace with Enrico and marry Lucia. Lucia tells him this is impossible, and instead they take

Jessica Pratt (soprano)

"Tancredi" in Lausanne, among others. The 2016 performances included her debut at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona as Desdemona in Rossini's "Otello", her debut at the ABAO Bilbao in "La sonnambula", followed by performances of her highly acclaimed Lucia di Lammermoor held for Teatro Regio di Torino and Victorian Opera in Melbourne. The year also marked the addition of two new Donizetti operas to her repertoire with Linda di Chamounix performed for Teatro dell'Opera di Roma and Rosmonda d'Inghilterra first premiered in Florence with Maggio Musicale in concert form and then fully staged for the new Donizetti Festival

L'assedio di Calais

years in Italy and who had starred in "Lucia di Lammermoor" two years earlier. Donizetti wrote that he had written the opera "in accordance with French taste", his offer was ignored and "L'assedio" was not performed in Paris. The opera was recorded in London by Opera Rara in 1988 in its three-act version. The first modern stage revival was presented by the Donizetti Festival at the Teatro Donizetti in Bergamo in September 1990. At the Wexford Festival Opera in Ireland in October 1991 the three-act version was also given. "L'assedio" was given its London stage premiere by the Guildhall School

Adelina Patti

on 24 November 1859 in the title role of Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor" at the Academy of Music, New York. On 24 August 1860, she and Emma Albani were soloists in the world premiere of Charles Wugk Sabatier's "Cantata" in Montreal which was performed in honour of the visit of the Prince of Wales. In 1861, at the age of 18, she was invited to Covent Garden, to execute the role of Amina in Bellini's "La sonnambula". She had such remarkable success at Covent Garden that season, she bought a house in Clapham and, using London as a base, went

Giuseppina Strepponi

she went under contract with Alessandro Lanari of Florence, then known as "the king of impresarios", who was able to secure important engagements for her in the years following. However, within a very short time, she found herself pregnant and had to sing through three pregnancies during the time with Lanari. That same year she reprised the role of Elvira and portrayed the roles of Elena in Donizetti's "Marino Faliero" and the title role in Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor" at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. In 1838 she sang the title roles in Donizetti's "Maria di Rudenz", Bellini's "Beatrice di

Patrizia Ciofi

Figaro", and Lucia in Gaetano Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor" (in both the standard Italian version and the French version "Lucie de Lammermoor" of 1839). Ciofi has also made a number of recordings, including the "Le nozze di Figaro", conducted by René Jacobs, which won the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Opera Recording. Another example is the recording of Giacomo Meyerbeer's Opera "Il crociato in Egitto" together with the Male Soprano Michael Maniaci at La Fenice in Venice. In December 2012, she was brought in at very short notice to sing Isabelle in the revival of Giacomo Meyerbeer's "Robert le diable"

Rosine Laborde

Rossini's "Mosè in Egitto." Two years later, she performed at the Ghent Theatre. Her debut took place on 8 November 1842 in Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor", opera that she sang for the first time in French. In May 1843, she made her first appearance on stage at the theatre of La Monnaie, in Brussels in Lucia. On August 22 of the same year, she married the tenor Jean-Auguste Dur-Laborde. She held the position of light singer at the same time in the grand opéra and the opéra comique until 1848. Engaged at the Paris Opera, she began on 8 April

Gaetano Donizetti

oversee the translation of "Lucia di Lammermoor" into "Lucie de Lammermoor" as well as to write "La fille du régiment", his first opera written specifically to a French libretto. This became another success. After leaving Paris in June 1840, Donizetti was to write ten new operas, although not all were performed in his lifetime. Before arriving in Milan by August 1840, he visited Switzerland and then his hometown of Bergamo, eventually reaching Milan where he was to prepare an Italian version of "La fille du régiment". No sooner was that accomplished than he was back in Paris to adapt the

Lucia di Lammermoor

kill himself on Enrico's sword. He learns that Lucia is dying and then Raimondo comes to tell him that she has already died. Edgardo stabs himself with a dagger, hoping to be reunited with Lucia in heaven. The aria "" following the more recitative "" from the "mad scene" (Act 3, Scene 2), has historically been a vehicle for several coloratura sopranos (providing a breakthrough for Dame Joan Sutherland) and is a technically and expressively demanding piece. Donizetti wrote it in F major, but it is often transposed down a tone (two half-steps) into E-flat. Some sopranos, including Maria Callas,

Lucia di Lammermoor

also a European interest in the history and culture of Scotland. The perceived romance of its violent wars and feuds, as well as its folklore and mythology, intrigued 19th century readers and audiences. Sir Walter Scott dramatized these elements in his novel "The Bride of Lammermoor", which inspired several musical works including "Lucia". The story concerns the emotionally fragile Lucy Ashton (Lucia) who is caught in a feud between her own family and that of the Ravenswoods. The setting is the Lammermuir Hills of Scotland (Lammermoor) in the 17th century. The opera premiered on 26 September 1835 at the Teatro

Lucia di Lammermoor

Lucia, thus increasing the story's emotional impact. Furthermore, Lucia loses most of Raimondo's support; his role is dramatically diminished while Arturo's is increased. Donizetti also added a new character, Gilbert, who is loosely based on the huntsman in the Italian version. However, Gilbert is a more developed figure who serves both Edgardo and Enrico, divulging their secrets to the other for money. The French version is performed far less frequently than the Italian, but it was revived to great acclaim by Natalie Dessay and Roberto Alagna at the Opéra National de Lyon in 2002. It was co-produced by the Boston

Venera Gimadieva

She also sings the title role of "Lucia di Lammermoor" in Limoges, Rheims and Rouen; Giulietta "I Capuleti e i Montecchi" at the Deutsche Oper Berlin; and Elvira, "I puritani" at the Teatro Real Madrid, where she also sang Violetta in the acclaimed David McVicar's production of "La traviata". The 2016-17 season had three more debuts for Venera; La Monnaie in Brussels, Zurich Opera House, and Santa Fe Opera. In Brussels, she performed the role of Queen of Shemakha, which was released on video by BelAir Classique in 2018. In February, she played Lucia in "Lucia di Lammermoor" at the

Gaetano Donizetti

reputation was further consolidated, and Donizetti followed the paths of both Rossini and Bellini by visiting Paris, where his "Marin Faliero" was given at the Théâtre-Italien in March 1835. However, it suffered by comparison to Bellini's "I puritani" which appeared at the same time. Donizetti returned from Paris to oversee the staging of "Lucia di Lammermoor" on 26 September 1835. It was set to a libretto by Salvadore Cammarano, the first of eight for the composer. The opera was based on "The Bride of Lammermoor", the novel by Sir Walter Scott, and it was to become his most famous opera,

Emilia di Liverpool

its premiere in Naples on 8 March 1828 and received only six performances. The 1824 version "was revived in 1838 for three performances, and again in 1871". It was not until 1957 that it received another presentation of any kind, until its UK premiere on 12 June in Liverpool. In September 1957 the BBC presented an abridged radio version which starred the young Joan Sutherland,"who gave a stunning exhibition of her Donizetti style a good eighteen months before her Covent Garden success in "Lucia di Lammermoor". Emilia, daughter of Claudio, the "Count of Liverpool", lives in a hermitage doing good


Question: "Where is the liqueur ""Benedictine"" traditionally made?"

Bénédictine

Bénédictine Bénédictine is a herbal liqueur produced in France. Flavored with some twenty-seven flowers, berries, herbs, roots, and spices, it was developed by wine merchant Alexandre Le Grand in the 19th century, and marketed as having been derived from an original recipe of Benedictine monks of the Abbey of Fécamp in Normandy lost in the ashes of the French Revolution. A drier version, B&B, blending Bénédictine with brandy, was developed in the 1930s. In the 19th century Alexandre Le Grand invented a recipe for an herbal liqueur, helped by a local chemist. To market it, he concocted a story of

Bénédictine

taste toward drier (less sweet) liqueurs, simply by blending Bénédictine with brandy. Originally both products were 43% alcohol by volume (86 proof), but are now 40% alcohol (80 proof). In 1977 the company introduced a 30% alcohol (60 proof) coffee liqueur which was called Café Bénédictine, a blend of Bénédictine and a coffee-flavoured liqueur, but it has been discontinued. The company also produces Bénédictine Single Cask, which comes in a unique black bottle and is only available at the Palais de la Bénédictine's store in Fécamp, Normandy, France. Bénédictine Bénédictine is a herbal liqueur produced in France. Flavored with some

Alexandre Le Grand (merchant)

The modern history of Bénédictine liqueur begins in 1863, when Alexandre Legrand — an industrialist, a merchant in wine and spirits, and also an art collector — discovered in his family library a 16th-century grimoire belonging to the Benedictine abbey of Fécamp. The book would have belonged to his grandfather, Prosper Elie Couillard, a "procureur fiscal" who might have acquired it during the French Revolution. Some sources record that a healthful elixir of 27 herbs and spices was concocted by one "Dom Bernardo Vincelli", a Venetian Benedictine of the Renaissance period who was alleged to have stayed at the abbey

Ettal Abbey

and early 1980s. The monastery runs a brewery, a distillery, a bookstore, an art publishing house, a hotel, a cheese factory joint venture, and several smaller companies. The distillery produces Ettaler Kloster Liqueur, a herbal liqueur which, like that of the Carthusian monks, comes in sweeter yellow and more herbal green varieties. In the tradition of the "Ritterakademie", the abbey established a secondary school (""Gymnasium"") specialising in the humanities and modern languages, with a boarding house. The boarding school and its clergy were charged with sexual and physical child abuse and have been under investigation since 2 March 2010 by

Bénédictine

it having been developed by monks at the Benedictine Abbey of Fécamp in Normandy, and produced until the abbey's devastation during the French Revolution. He began production under the trade name "Bénédictine", using a bottle with a distinguishing shape and label. To reinforce his myth, he placed the abbreviation "D.O.M." on the label, for "Deo Optimo Maximo" ("To God, most good, most great"), used at the beginning of documents by the Benedictine Order to dedicate their work. Much of the Bénédictine drunk outside of France is consumed in the Burnley area of England, due to soldiers from the East Lancashire

Chartreuse (liqueur)

Army engineers to relocate and rebuild it at a location near Voiron where the monks had previously set up a distribution point. After World War II, the government lifted the expulsion order, making the Carthusian brothers once again legal French residents. Today, the liqueurs are produced in Voiron using the herbal mixture prepared by two monks at Grande Chartreuse. They are the only ones to know the secret recipe. The marketing, bottling, packaging, management of the distillery and tours are done by "Chartreuse Diffusion", a company created in 1970. Other related alcoholic beverages are manufactured in the same distillery (e.g.

Chartreuse (liqueur)

of the foundation of the abbey. It is similar to Green Chartreuse, but slightly sweeter. Chartreuse 1605 – Liqueur d'Elixir (56%) was created to commemorate the return of a mysterious manuscript concerning an elixir of long life to the Carthusian monks by Marshal François Annibal d'Estrées. White Chartreuse (30%) was produced and sold between 1860 and 1900. The monks make a Génépi which is the general term in the Alps for a homemade or local liquor featuring local mountain flora. There are hundreds or even thousands of different Génépi liquors made, many simply by families for their own use each

Alexandre Le Grand (merchant)

Bénédictine" displayed at the Salon in 1899 and then at the World's Fair in Paris in 1900. A decade after its launch, Bénédictine was selling 150,000 bottles per year. Its commercial success was so overwhelming that Le Grand in 1876 founded "Bénédictine S.A.", a company dedicated solely to the production of liqueurs. In 1882, the year of its entry into the Bourse, the enterprise opened a new distillery to boost its production from 350,000 bottles annually to almost a million, driven by the Second Empire fondness for liqueurs. Le Grand demonstrated a genius for marketing, deploying the precursors of corporate

Chartreuse (liqueur)

was not a secret but well known. At the death of the pharmacist, his heirs returned the manuscript to the monks who had been back at the Monastery since 1816. In 1838, they developed Yellow Chartreuse, a sweeter version of the Green Chartreuse, 40% alcohol liqueur (80° proof). The monks were again expelled from the monastery following a French law in 1903, and their real property, including the distillery, was confiscated by the government. The monks took their secret recipe to their refuge in Tarragona, Catalonia, and began producing their liqueurs with the same label, but with an additional label

Chartreuse (liqueur)

which said "Liqueur fabriquée à Tarragone par les Pères Chartreux" ("liquor manufactured in Tarragona by the Carthusian Fathers"). At the same time, the "Compagnie Fermière de la Grande Chartreuse", a corporation in Voiron that obtained the Chartreuse assets, produced a liqueur without benefit of the monks' recipe which they sold as Chartreuse. While the French corporation was acting legally in France, the monks successfully prevented the export of the liqueur to many other countries, since the order retained ownership of its foreign trademark registrations, largely because the recipe had been kept secret. On the night of the sinking of the

Chartreuse (liqueur)

the monks. On the way there, the monk was arrested and sent to prison in Bordeaux. He was not searched and was able to secretly pass the manuscript to one of his friends: Dom Basile Nantas. This friend was convinced that the order would remain in Spain and never come back and that the manufacturing of the liqueur would cease. He sold the manuscript to a pharmacist in Grenoble, Monsieur Liotard. In 1810, Napoleon ordered that all "secret" recipes of medicine be sent to the Ministry of Interior for review. The manuscript was sent and returned as "Refused" as it

Bénédictine

Regiment getting a taste for the drink while fighting in the First World War and sheltering at the Abbey, which was being used as a hospital at the time. The family eventually sold the company to Martini and Rossi, which was in turn bought by Bacardi. The recipe is a closely guarded trade secret, purportedly known to only three people at any given time. So many people have tried to reproduce it that the company maintains on its grounds in Fécamp a "Hall of Counterfeits" ("Salle des Contrefaçons"). The bottle and label have been imitated, as has the name "Bénédictine".

Chartreuse (liqueur)

Chartreuse (liqueur) Chartreuse () is a French liqueur made by the Carthusian Monks since 1737 according to the instructions set out in a manuscript given to them by François Annibal d'Estrées in 1605. It is composed of distilled alcohol aged with 130 herbs, plants and flowers. The liqueur is named after the monks' Grande Chartreuse monastery, located in the Chartreuse Mountains in the general region of Grenoble in France. The liqueur is produced in their distillery in the nearby town of Voiron (Isère). Until the 1980s, there was another distillery at Tarragona in Spain. Chartreuse gives its name to the

Alexandre Le Grand (merchant)

Alexandre Le Grand (merchant) Alexandre-Prosper-Hubert Le Grand (6 June 1830 – 25 June 1898) was a wine merchant and industrialist of the 19th century who in 1863 invented the liqueur known as Bénédictine from a mixture of native herbs and exotic spices. Born the son of a sea captain in Fécamp, Le Grand discovered, in 1863, an old grimoire in the library of the abbey of Fécamp containing medicinal and herbal recipes collected by the monks of the abbey. With the aid of a pharmacist, he developed the recipe for the liqueur that would make him famous. Inheriting a habit

Alexandre Le Grand (merchant)

of eclecticism from his father, Alexandre Le Grand raised the Palais Bénédictine, a building whose architectural style was a mélange of Gothic, Renaissance, and art nouveau, and which in 1888 he made into the headquarters of the Bénédictine company. This building still exists and contains, in addition to the distillery, a museum dedicated to the liqueur. In recognition of his achievements, Le Grand was made an Officer of the Legion of Honor, captain of firefighters, a city councilor of Fécamp, a member of the general council of Seine-Maritime, and a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great.

Chartreuse (liqueur)

and VEP Yellow have generally earned similarly impressive scores. The basic Yellow Chartreuse has received more modest (though still average or above) ratings. Works cited Chartreuse (liqueur) Chartreuse () is a French liqueur made by the Carthusian Monks since 1737 according to the instructions set out in a manuscript given to them by François Annibal d'Estrées in 1605. It is composed of distilled alcohol aged with 130 herbs, plants and flowers. The liqueur is named after the monks' Grande Chartreuse monastery, located in the Chartreuse Mountains in the general region of Grenoble in France. The liqueur is produced in their

Bénédictine

The company prosecutes those it feels are infringing on its intellectual property. The manufacturing process involves several distillations which are then blended. The recipe of Bénédictine is a commercial secret, but it is known to contain 27 herbs and spices, of which the following 21 are publicly known: "Angelica", hyssop, juniper, myrrh, saffron, mace, fir cones, aloe, arnica, lemon balm, tea, thyme, coriander, clove, lemon, vanilla, orange peel, honey, red berries, cinnamon, and nutmeg; leaving six unknown ingredients. The same company also produces "B & B" (or Bénédictine and Brandy), developed in the 1930s in response to a shift in

Liqueur

Liqueur A liqueur (, ) is an alcoholic beverage flavored variously by fruit, herb, spices, flowers, nuts or cream combined with distilled spirit. Often served with or after dessert, they are typically heavily sweetened and un-aged beyond a resting period during production, when necessary, for their flavors to mingle. Liqueurs are historical descendants of herbal medicines. They were made in Italy as early as the 13th century, often prepared by monks, as in Chartreuse). Today they are produced the world over, commonly served straight, over ice, with coffee, in cocktails, and used in cooking. In some areas of the United

Norra Dryckesgränd

known as one of the strictest of the Catholic Church, it was however thrown out of the kingdom by King Gustav Vasa in the 1520s together with many other abbeys. It is since mostly remembered for the liqueur, Chartreuse, produced by the monks in France. While the reason for the present name is unknown, the description of a homicide in the eastern end of the alley in 1622 gives an idea of the reputation it must have had. Arguably, it has been suggested the current name was a jocular corruption of the name of the innkeeper Jochum Fryck (–1714). The

Chartreuse (liqueur)

roots", and that yellow chartreuse is, "Similar to above, adding cardamom seeds and socctrine aloes." However the recipe remains a secret. The monks intended their liqueur to be used as medicine. The recipe was further enhanced in 1737 by Brother Gérome Maubec. The beverage soon became popular, and in 1764 the monks adapted the elixir recipe to make what is now called Green Chartreuse. In 1793, the monks were expelled from France along with all other Religious Orders and manufacture of the liqueur ceased. A copy of the manuscript was made and kept at the Monastery. The original left with


Question: "What song is this lyric from: ""Driver at the engine, fireman rings the bell, sandman swings the lantern to show that all is well""?"

Oh Dear! What Can the Matter Be?

the Blue Engine" (1954), a book in "The Railway Series", Edward's fireman begins to sing this song but is cut off by the driver. This was carried over to the "Thomas & Friends" episode "Bertie's Chase". Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album "101 Gang Songs" (1961) The tune to which the song is sung has been re-used several times, including in a 1967 popular song "Round, Round" recorded by Jonathan King. The song was also sung on two episodes of the children's television program "Barney & Friends". In Kidsongs "Play Along Songs" (1993,) the song

Chimes of Freedom (song)

bells were gently burnin". Bell also notes that the song echoes the imagery of "The Drunken Boat /Le Bateau ivre" by Arthur Rimbaud: "I know skies split by lightning, waterspouts/ And undertows, and tides: I know the night/ And dawn exulting like a crowd of doves". Bell asserts that "Chimes" was "certainly something new, but also something flawed". He describes the song as both thrilling and "loosely and horribly overwritten". Bell suggests the theme of the song is that liberty took many forms, personal and political, civic and artistic, spiritual and physical. The significance of "Chimes" for Bell is that,

Contemplating the Engine Room

a guy who has run away from a farm town, joined the Navy, and found a crew that has built a routine together. When their ship pulls into a port for shore leave, they get drunk, and the boilerman sleepwalks, falls in the water, and drowns. The collection is a bass-driven opera which begins and ends with the same bass figure. The lyrics and music contain countless nautical references, and elements of Richard McKenna's naval novel, "The Sand Pebbles" as well as stories that Watt's dad would tell when he came back from being at sea. “The Bluejacket’s Manual” compares

Delta and the Bannermen

created by the show's incidental music composer Keff McCulloch. The songs featured in the serial were: "Rock Around the Clock"; "Singing the Blues"; "Why Do Fools Fall in Love"; "Mr. Sandman"; "Goodnite, Sweetheart, Goodnite"; "That'll Be the Day"; "Only You"; "Lollipop"; "Who's Sorry Now?" and "Happy Days Are Here Again". McCoy can be seen wearing his glasses in certain long shots of him riding a motorcycle. The motorbike itself a Vincent, made by British manufacturer Vincent Motorcycles. The guitar McCoy is seen hugging at the end of the story is a Squier Stratocaster by Fender, although the model is not

Driver 8

sound like a train whistle. All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe unless otherwise indicated. Driver 8 "Driver 8" is the second single from R.E.M.'s third album, "Fables of the Reconstruction". Released in September 1985, the song peaked at number 22 on the US "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It was not released in Europe. The song refers to the Southern Crescent, a passenger train operated by the Southern Railroad until 1979, and continues today (with fewer stops) as the Amtrak "Crescent". The music video shows Chessie System trains running around Clifton Forge, Virginia.

Dead Man's Party (song)

Man's Party" album. The lyric, "I hear the chauffeur coming to my door/Says there's room for maybe just one more," is a reference to "The Bus-Conductor," a short story by E. F. Benson about a hearse driver, first published in "The Pall Mall Magazine" in 1906. The story has been adapted several times and spawned an urban legend, with each version using the catchphrase, "Room for one more." The song has made many appearances in popular culture. It is perhaps best known for its appearance in the 1986 film "Back to School", where the band performs it at a party.

Missouri Waltz

interview: "If you let me say what I think, I don't give a...about it, but I can't say it out loud because it's the song of Missouri. It's as bad as 'The Star Spangled Banner' as far as music is concerned." The song is played by the University of Missouri's Marching Mizzou at every home football game to a unique marching style in 3/4 time. "Hush-a-bye, ma baby, slumbertime is comin' soon;" "Rest yo' head upon my breast while Mommy hums a tune; " "The sandman is callin' where shadows are fallin', " "While the soft breezes sigh as in

Mr. Sandman

and Orchestra", referring to the group also known as the "Golden Sandpipers"). The revised lyrics included "... bring me a dream/ And wrap it up in a pretty moonbeam/ I'd love to dream that I really can do/ The things that Santa Claus and Peter Pan do" and "...bring me a dream / Bring me a dream that's sweeter than peaches and cream./ Give me a pumpkin (punkin) coach like poor Cinderella/ A pretty satin dress all green and yellow (yella)". Mr. Sandman "Mr. Sandman" (sometimes rendered as "Mister Sandman") is a popular song written by Pat Ballard which was

The Lighthouse (opera)

us." He sings first, with "When I was a kid our street had a gang". Accompanied by 'bones, fiddle, and banjo, it relates a murder committed by Blazes, for which his father was arrested and hanged. Sandy takes his turn with a sentimental love ballad accompanied by cello and piano. The three stanzas turn into a less innocent catch when taken up by the other two: "...O, that you held me...by the cock...I come...crowing loud...I am aroused". Arthur counters with a Salvation Army song on The Golden Calf (brass, clarinet and tambourine) in which he seems personally to glory in

Fables of the Reconstruction

"a man of vision and feeling—a fine example to all" (Finster created the album sleeve for R.E.M.'s "Reckoning" the previous year). "Driver 8" describes the scenery surrounding railroad tracks in somewhat abstract terms. Trains are a frequent motif in rural American music, suggesting the freedom and promise of an escape from one's home environment. Driven by a distinctive guitar riff, "Driver 8" was one of the songs on the album to receive college radio play, and the record company also authorized a music video. Beginning with a soft introduction, "Life and How to Live It" charged through another atmospheric, folk

Starlight Express (song)

major, modulating to E major at the instrumental. In the Broadway production, Greg Mowry sings the song in the key of G major and modulates to Ab. The lyrics were written by Richard Stilgoe. Before the song starts, Poppa and Rusty have the following (sung) conversation; The song begins, and the introduction is the main theme played on a harmonica, and this is repeated for the instrumental. The song has undergone some revision since the show was premiered in London. The first draft started with the line However, the verses were rewritten when the show opened on Broadway, in Germany,

There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight

sings the title line from this song in a scene where he uses his "joy buzzer" to electrocute the character Antoine Rotelli in the 1989 film "Batman". Catwoman directly refers to the song title as Selina Kyle while asking Bruce Wayne if he plans to attend the tree relighting ceremony in the 1992 film "Batman Returns" In 1964, the song was played for laughs at a "very" slow tempo by the Hooterville Volunteer Fire Department Band on the American sitcoms "Petticoat Junction" and "Green Acres". In 1994, the melody was used for "The Chewing Song" in the film ""The Road

She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain

that the returning Christ is pictured as driving. Like many spirituals originating in the African-American community, this was probably a coded anthem for the Underground Railroad. The secularized version was sung by railroad work gangs in the Midwestern United States in the 1890s. Currently the song is usually sung in collections of children's music. The song has been recorded by musicians ranging from Tommy Tucker Time (78'inch) to Pete Seeger and Barney the Dinosaur. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album "101 Gang Songs" (1961). Harking back to the original lyrics of "When the Chariot Comes",

Midnight Special (song)

as "the Negro jailbird's ballad to match "Hard Times Poor Boy." Like so many American folk songs, its hero is not a man but a train." The light of the train is seen as the light of salvation, the train which could take them away from the prison walls. It is highly reminiscent of the imagery of such gospel songs as "Let the Light from your Lighthouse Shine on Me." Carl Sandburg had a different view. He believed the subject of the song would rather be run over by a train than spend more time in jail. The song, as

The Sandman: A Game of You

story of some of the characters of the second, "The Doll's House", and is closely linked with the ninth, "". Each of the issues in the collection takes its name from a song, including Lullaby of Broadway (represented as "Lullabies of Broadway"), Bad Moon Rising, taken from the Creedence Clearwater Revival song, "Beginning to See the Light", a Velvet Underground song, "Over the Sea to Sky," from a Scottish folk song, and "I Woke Up and One of Us Was Crying" from Elvis Costello's "I Want You." It is preceded by "" and followed by "". The central character of

The Eyes of Texas

"I've Been Working on the Railroad." It is common practice that the last line, "Til Gabriel blows his horn," is sung and played to a slightly slower beat than the rest of the song. Students, faculty, staff, athletes, and alum punctuate each beat of the last line with a small chopping motion of their right raised arm and "Hook 'Em" hand sign. -Walker, Texas Ranger uses a rewritten version in the opening credits " the eyes of the Ranger are upon you every wrong you do he's gonna see" The Eyes of Texas "The Eyes of Texas" is the school

Light at the End of the Tunnel (musical number)

saying, one of many inspired by the railway. Other's include 'On the Right Track' and 'Full Steam Ahead'. The lyrics include a verse and a chorus which pay respect the father of steam, James Watt. and later; The German version. The title translates as 'A Light at the very end of the Tunnel'. The Megamix was added into the London re-write in 1992, and was added to the German production in 2003. It is an assortment of verses from 'Light at the End of the Tunnel' with lines/verses from other popular songs added in between. As the original material was

She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain

some religious songs. Examples include "What Wondrous Love Is This", "Brave Benbow", "The Ballad of Captain Kidd", "Sam Hall", and "Ye Jacobites by Name". The first printed version of the song appeared in Carl Sandburg's "The American Songbag" in 1927. Sandburg reports that a negro spiritual “When the Chariot Comes", sung to the same melody, was adapted by railroad workers in the 1890s in the Midwest. It is often heard today with responses that add on to the previous verse. The song ostensibly refers to the Second Coming of Christ and subsequent Rapture, with the "she" referring to the chariot

Imaginaerum

"Dark Passion Play's" "The Poet and the Pendulum" at 13 minutes. It is divided into four parts and especially influenced by poet Walt Whitman. One acoustic piece is also called "a Moominvalley Christmas Carol". One song, referenced to as "the Nukkumatti song" ("nukkumatti" being Finnish for "sandman") is described as "a pounding, twisted and chorusless ghost train ride is sure to bring a smile to your face. At least it has done so to everyone who has heard it. Danny Elfman goes humppa", and another is described as "something completely different from anything we've ever done. All of us need

New York, New York (On the Town)

Johnny Depp's Ichabod Crane utters "The Bronx is up and the Battery's down" to his traveling party in the final scene. Alex, Marty, Gloria and Melman sing the chorus of the song in "" The song was parodied in an episode of The Critic. The song was performed by the bells on Disney's Sing Along video: "Let's Go to the Circus". During "Wheel of Fortune"'s first road trip to New York in 1988, the song was played over an image montage of the city, and the lyrics were altered from "It's a helluva town" to "It's a wonderful town". New


Question: Typically, a male moose sheds its antlers how frequently?

Antler

and female reindeer antlers differ in several respects. Males shed their antlers prior to winter, while female antlers are retained throughout winter. Also, female antler size plateaus at the onset of puberty, around age three, while males' antler size increases during their lifetime. This likely reflects the differing life history strategies of the two sexes, where females are resource limited in their reproduction and cannot afford costly antlers, while male reproductive success depends on the size of their antlers because they are under directional sexual selection. In moose, antlers may act as large hearing aids. Equipped with large, highly adjustable

Moose

for the winter, but retain them until the following spring. Birds, carnivores and rodents eat dropped antlers as they are full of protein and moose themselves will eat antler velvet for the nutrients. If a bull moose is castrated, either by accidental or chemical means, he will quickly shed his current set of antlers and then immediately begin to grow a new set of misshapen and deformed antlers that he will wear the rest of his life without ever shedding again. The distinctive-looking appendages (often referred to as "devil's antlers") are the source of several myths and legends among many

Moose

the deer family. Cows select mates based on antler size. Bull moose use dominant displays of antlers to discourage competition and will spar or fight rivals. The size and growth rate of antlers is determined by diet and age; symmetry reflects health. The male's antlers grow as cylindrical beams projecting on each side of the head at right angles to the midline of the skull, and then fork. The lower prong of this fork may be either simple, or divided into two or three tines, with some flattening. Moose antlers are broad and palmate (flat) with tines (points) along the

Moose

the mating season males drop their antlers to conserve energy for the winter. A new set of antlers will then regrow in the spring. Antlers take three to five months to fully develop, making them one of the fastest growing animal organs. Antler growth is "nourished by an extensive system of blood vessels in the skin covering, which contains numerous hair follicles that give it a 'velvet' texture." This requires intense grazing on a highly-nutritious diet. By September the velvet is removed by rubbing and thrashing which changes the colour of the antlers. Immature bulls may not shed their antlers

Western moose

females or to announce to other males that they are in the area. In the event of a fight over mating rights, bull moose risk locking their antlers, which almost always results in them both dying from starvation. Western moose females will have, on average, one or two calves at once. A female may attack if she feels that her calves are threatened, although, at around 10–11 months yearling Western moose are chased off by their mothers to fend for themselves. With a population of about 950,000 individuals, they are hunted every autumn and winter in both Canada and the

Moose

Moose

The moose (in North America) or elk (in Eurasia) (Alces alces) is a member of the New World deer subfamily and is the only species in the genus Alces. It is the largest and heaviest extant species in the deer family. Most adult male moose have distinctive broad, palmate ("open-hand shaped") antlers; most other members of the deer family have antlers with a dendritic ("twig-like") configuration. Moose typically inhabit boreal forests and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of the Northern Hemisphere in temperate to subarctic climates. Hunting and other human activities have caused a reduction in the size of the moose's range over time. It has been reintroduced to some of its former habitats. Currently, most moose occur in Canada, Alaska, New England (with Maine having the most of the lower 48 states), New York State, Fennoscandia, the Baltic states, Poland, Kazakhstan, and Russia.

Its diet consists of both terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Predators of moose include wolves, bears, humans and (rarely) wolverines. Unlike most other deer species, moose do not form herds and are solitary animals, aside from calves who remain with their mother until the cow begins estrus (typically at 18 months after birth of the calf), at which point the cow chases them away. Although generally slow-moving and sedentary, moose can become aggressive, and move quickly if angered or startled. Their mating season in the autumn features energetic fights between males competing for a female.

Antler

Antler

Antlers are extensions of an animal's skull found in members of the Cervidae (deer) family. Antlers are a single structure composed of bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and blood vessels. They are generally found only on males, with the exception of reindeer/caribou. Antlers are shed and regrown each year and function primarily as objects of sexual attraction and as weapons.

In contrast to antlers, horns—found on pronghorns and bovids, such as sheep, goats, bison and cattle—are two-part structures that usually do not shed. A horn's interior of bone is covered by an exterior sheath made of keratin (the same material as human fingernails and toenails).

Rut (mammalian reproduction)

Rut (mammalian reproduction)

The rut (from the Latin "rugire", meaning "to roar") is the mating season of certain mammals, which includes ruminants such as deer, sheep, camels, goats, pronghorns, bison, giraffes and antelopes, and extends to others such as skunks and elephants. The rut is characterized in males by an increase in testosterone, exaggerated sexual dimorphisms, increased aggression, and increased interest in females. The males of the species may mark themselves with mud, undergo physiological changes or perform characteristic displays in order to make themselves more visually appealing to the females. Males also use olfaction to entice females to mate using secretions from glands and soaking in their own urine.<ref name=":1" />

During the rut (known as the "rutting period" and in domestic sheep management as "tupping"), males often rub their antlers or horns on trees or shrubs, fight with each other, wallow in mud or dust, self-anoint and herd estrus females together. These displays make the male conspicuous and aids in mate selection.

The rut in many species is triggered by shorter day lengths. For different species, the timing of the rut depends on the length of the gestation period (pregnancy), usually occurring so the young are born in the spring. This is shortly after new green growth has appeared thereby providing food for the females, allowing them to provide milk for the young, and when the temperatures are warm enough to reduce the risk of young becoming hypothermic.

Deer

Deer

Deer or true deer are hoofed ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups of deer are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the elk (wapiti), the red deer, and the fallow deer; and the Capreolinae, including the reindeer (caribou), white-tailed deer, the roe deer, and the moose. Male deer of all species (except the water deer), as well as female reindeer, grow and shed new antlers each year. In this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are part of a different family (Bovidae) within the same order of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla).

The musk deer (Moschidae) of Asia and chevrotains (Tragulidae) of tropical African and Asian forests are separate families that are also in the ruminant clade Ruminantia; they are not especially closely related to Cervidae.

Deer appear in art from Paleolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion, and literature throughout history, as well as in heraldry, such as red deer that appear in the coat of arms of Åland. Their economic importance includes the use of their meat as venison, their skins as soft, strong buckskin, and their antlers as handles for knives. Deer hunting has been a popular activity since the Middle Ages and remains a resource for many families today.

Red deer

Red deer

The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species. A male red deer is called a stag or hart, and a female is called a hind. The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Anatolia, Iran, and parts of western Asia. It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains of Northern Africa; its early ancestors are thought to have crossed over to Morocco, then to Algeria, Libya and Tunisia via the Strait of Gibraltar, becoming the only species of true deer (Cervidae) to inhabit Africa. Red deer have been introduced to other areas, including Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Argentina. In many parts of the world, the meat (venison) from red deer is used as a food source.

Red deer are ruminants, characterized by a four-chambered stomach. Genetic evidence indicates that the red deer, as traditionally defined, is a species group, rather than a single species, though exactly how many species the group includes remains disputed. The closely related and slightly larger American elk, or wapiti, native to North America and northeastern Asia, had been regarded as a subspecies of red deer, but recently it has been established as a distinct species. The ancestor of all red deer (and wapiti) probably originated in central Asia and resembled sika deer. Additional genetic research has suggested that the closest living species to the red deer is the European fallow deer, "Dama dama".

Although at one time red deer were rare in parts of Europe, they were never close to extinction. Reintroduction and conservation efforts, such as in the United Kingdom and Portugal, have resulted in an increase of red deer populations, while other areas, such as North Africa, have continued to show a population decline.

Moose

outer edge. The antlers of mature Alaskan adult bull moose (5 to 12 years old) have a normal maximum spread greater than . By the age of 13, moose antlers decline in size and symmetry. The widest spread recorded was across. (An Alaskan moose also holds the record for the heaviest weight at .) Antler beam diameter, not the number of tines, indicates age. In North America moose ("A. a. americanus") antlers are usually larger than those of Eurasian moose and have two lobes on each side, like a butterfly. Eurasian moose antlers resemble a seashell, with a single lobe

Alaska moose

contact with, including humans, wolves, other deer or even bears. Bull moose often get their antlers locked during a fight, and both moose typically die from starvation. Bull moose call out a subtle mating call to attract female moose and to warn other males. If a male moose loses to another male, he has to wait another year to mate. Alaska moose mate every year during autumn and winter, and usually produce one or two offspring at a time. At around 10–11 months, yearling Alaska moose leave their mothers and fend for themselves. Alaska moose are hunted for food and

Moose

races is the Alaskan subspecies ("A. a. gigas"), which can stand over at the shoulder, has a span across the antlers of and averages in males and in females.<ref name="Nancy Long / Kurt Savikko"></ref> Typically, however, the antlers of a mature bull are between 1.2 m (3.9 ft) and 1.5 m (4.9 ft). The largest confirmed size for this species was a bull shot at the Yukon River in September 1897 that weighed and measured high at the shoulder. There have been reported cases of even larger moose, including a bull that reportedly scaled , but none are authenticated and

Elk

is shed in the summer when the antlers have fully developed. Bull elk may have eight or more tines on each antler; however, the number of tines has little to do with the age or maturity of a particular animal. The Siberian and North American elk carry the largest antlers while the Altai wapiti have the smallest. The formation and retention of antlers is testosterone-driven. After the breeding season in late fall, the level of pheromones released during estrus declines in the environment and the testosterone levels of males drop as a consequence. This drop in testosterone leads to the

Eastern moose

eight sharp incisors on its lower jaw. Eastern moose are the third largest subspecies of moose only behind the western moose and the Alaskan moose. Males stand on average at the shoulder and average . Females stand on average 1.7m (5–6 ft) at the shoulder and weigh . Eastern moose antlers have an average span of about 1.5m (5–6 ft) across. Eastern moose are solitary most of the year, only come into contact to mate or compete for breeding rights. Females without calves are mostly peaceful towards humans. Males use mating calls to attract females or challenge other bulls. At

Antler

functioned only in male-male competition for mates, the best evolutionary strategy would be to shed them immediately after the rutting season, both to free the male from a heavy encumbrance and to give him more time to regrow a larger new pair. Yet antlers are commonly retained through the winter and into the spring, suggesting that they have another use. Wolves in Yellowstone National Park are 3.6 times more likely to attack individual male elk without antlers, or groups of elk in which at least one male is without antlers. Half of all male elk killed by wolves lack antlers,

Moose

dominant and one bull may retreat, however, the interaction can escalate to a fight using their antlers. Female moose have an eight-month gestation period, usually bearing one calf, or twins if food is plentiful, in May or June. Twinning can run as high as 30% to 40% with good nutrition Newborn moose have fur with a reddish hue in contrast to the brown appearance of an adult. The young will stay with the mother until just before the next young are born. The life span of an average moose is about 15–25 years. Moose populations are stable at 25 calves

Elk

shedding of antlers, usually in the early winter. During the fall, elk grow a thicker coat of hair, which helps to insulate them during the winter. Males, females and calves of Siberian and North American elk all grow thin neck manes; female and young Manchurian and Alaskan wapitis do not. By early summer, the heavy winter coat has been shed, and elk are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies. All elk have small and clearly defined rump patches with short tails. They have different coloration based on the seasons and types

Moose

is unknown, but theories state that it might be used in mating, as a visual and olfactory signal, or as a dominance signal by males, as are the antlers. On average, an adult moose stands high at the shoulder, which is more than a foot higher than the next largest deer on average, the elk. Males (or "bulls") normally weigh from and females (or "cows") typically weigh , depending on racial or clinal as well as individual age or nutritional variations. The head-and-body length is , with the vestigial tail adding only a further . The largest of all the

Chital

incisors. Chital in the Sunderbans may be omnivores; remains of red crabs have been found in the rumen of individuals. Breeding takes place throughout the year, with peaks that vary geographically. Sperm is produced year-round, though testosterone levels register a fall during the development of the antlers. Females have regular oestrus cycles, each lasting three weeks. The female can conceive again two weeks to four months after the birth. Males sporting hard antlers are dominant over those in velvet or those without antlers, irrespective of their size. Courtship is based on tending bonds. A rutting male fasts during the mating

Rut (mammalian reproduction)

seeks the moose cow in estrus and the instances of displacement feeding and tension between rival males increases. Once a potential mate has been found the male enters the display stage of the stage which lasts one to three days. During this time he will court the female by standing sidewise three to five yards from the female moose to show himself as mate. If successful he will get to mate with her for several days and then move on to a new partner. This pattern of behaviours will then repeat with successive mates until late October or early November.

Western moose

its lower jaw. They also have a tough tongue, gums, and lips to help chew woody vegetation. Male Western moose stand anywhere from at the shoulder. Their antlers span and they weigh anywhere from . Female Western moose stand at on average, and weigh anywhere from . Western moose do not form social bonds and only come into contact to mate or to battle for a mate. Elevated testosterone levels during mating season mean that bulls may attack anything during mating season, including humans, wolf packs, brown bears, elk, and black bears. They use a subtle mating call to attract

Reindeer

of points, lower and upper. Antlers begin to grow on male reindeer in March or April and on female reindeer in May or June. This process is called antlerogenesis. Antlers grow very quickly every year on the males. As the antlers grow they are covered in thick velvet, filled with blood vessels and spongy in texture. The antler velvet of the barren-ground caribou and boreal woodland caribou is dark chocolate brown. The velvet that covers growing antlers is a highly vascularised skin. This velvet is dark brown on woodland or barren-ground caribou and slate-grey on Peary caribou and the Dolphin-Union

Moose

seems to be spreading. Moose are mostly diurnal. They are generally solitary with the strongest bonds between mother and calf. Although moose rarely gather in groups, there may be several in close proximity during the mating season. Mating occurs in September and October. The males are polygamous and will seek several females to breed with. During this time both sexes will call to each other. Males produce heavy grunting sounds that can be heard from up to 500 meters away, while females produce wail-like sounds. Males will fight for access to females. Initially, the males assess which of them is

Reindeer

living deer species. Antler size measured in number of points reflects the nutritional status of the reindeer and climate variation of its environment. The number of points on male reindeer increases from birth to five years of age and remains relatively constant from then on. "In male caribou, antler mass (but not the number of tines) varies in concert with body mass." While antlers of bull woodland caribou are typically smaller than barren-ground caribou, they can be over one metre across. They are flattened, compact and relatively dense. Geist describes them as frontally emphasized, flat-beamed antlers. Woodland caribou antlers are