Question: Where are the headquarters of the Australia Rugby Football Union

orleans infants school
tuiccanham
orleans infants
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Twittenham
Orleans Infants
chase bridge primary school
chase bridge
Orleans Primary School
twickenham
Tuiccanham
twittenham
Twickenham, London, England
orleans primary school
Orleans Infants School
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Twickenham
Chase bridge
Chase Bridge Primary School
Twickenham, Middlesex

Rugby Australia

rugby affiliation to the Australian Capital Territory. In 2017, the Australian Rugby Union was re-branded Rugby Australia, coinciding with relocating to their new premises in Moore Park, Sydney. The organisation's governing structures were overhauled in December 2012, following a review authored by the former federal senator and Minister for Sport, Mark Arbib. Rugby Australia's members (shareholders) include the unions representing each Australian state and territory, together with the Super Rugby bodies within the country and the Rugby Union Players' Association (RUPA). Members exercise their voting rights at the annual general meeting. Under the new constitution adopted in 2012, the eight

Culture of Sydney

Eagles. The Australian Rugby Union headquarters are located in Sydney. The Waratahs play out of the Sydney Football Stadium, and when in Sydney the Wallabies play out of ANZ Stadium. Australian rules football, commonly known as Australian Football League (AFL), is a developing game in most of NSW with increasing popularity. In Sydney, local competitions established in 1880 and again in 1903 competed with rugby union football and then rugby league football. The AFL has two teams from Sydney, the Sydney Swans and the Greater Western Sydney Giants. Formerly South Melbourne, the Swans moved up to Sydney in 1982, after

The Rugby Club

The Rugby Club The Rugby Club (rebranded as The Rugby Club Sydney) is a rugby union-themed Australian licenced club and restaurant filled with sports memorabilia. Located in Rugby Place on Pitt Street, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, it was formed in 1945. Professional rugby union players frequent the restaurant when touring in Australia, a rite of passage in the rugby community. The Rugby Club was formed in 1945 and was originally the Headquarters of the New South Wales Rugby Union and later the Australian Rugby Union and was where Wallabies touring teams were presented their jerseys. It was also

Rugby Australia

Rugby Australia Rugby Australia, known as the Australian Rugby Union until 2017, is the governing body of rugby union in Australia. It was officially constituted in 1949 and is a member of World Rugby (WR), the sport's international governing body. Rugby Australia has eight member unions, representing each state and territory. It also manages Australia's national rugby union teams, including the Wallabies. The original administrative body for rugby in Australia was the Southern Rugby Union, established in Sydney in 1874. Following the first inter-colonial rugby match in 1882 between the New South Wales and Queensland teams, a Northern Rugby Union

Rugby Australia

tours, until the end of the 1940s. However, the various state unions agreed that the future of rugby union in Australia would be better served by having a national administrative body and so the Australian Rugby Football Union was formed at a conference in Sydney in 1945, acting initially in an advisory capacity only. Additional impetus came in 1948 when the International Rugby Football Board invited Australia specifically (rather than a New South Wales representative), to take a seat on the Board. The constitution of the Australian Rugby Football Union was ratified on 25 November 1949 at the inaugural council

World Rugby

World Rugby

World Rugby is the world governing body for the sport of rugby union. It also organises a number of other international rugby competitions, such as the World Rugby Sevens Series, the Rugby World Cup Sevens, the World Under 20 Championship, and the Pacific Nations Cup.

World Rugby's headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland. Each member country must also be a member of one of the six regional unions into which the world is divided: Africa, Americas North, Asia, Europe, South America, and Oceania.

World Rugby was founded as the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) in 1886 by , and , with joining in 1890. , and became full members in 1949. became a member in 1978 and a further 80 members joined from 1987 to 1999. The body was renamed the International Rugby Board (IRB) in 1998, and took up its current name of World Rugby in November 2014.

After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, World Rugby suspended Russia from international and European continental rugby union competition. In addition, the Rugby Union of Russia was suspended from World Rugby.

Rugby union in Australia

Rugby union in Australia

Rugby union is a football code within Australia with a history of organised competition dating back to 1864. Although traditionally most popular in Australia's rugby football strongholds of New South Wales, Queensland and the ACT, it is played throughout the nation.

The principal competition in Australian rugby is Super Rugby, which is a multi-national competition across the South Pacific. Australia enters five teams: the Reds of Queensland, the Waratahs of New South Wales, the Brumbies of the Australian Capital Territory, the Western Force of Western Australia and the Melbourne Rebels of Victoria.

Currently there is no nationwide domestic competition for Rugby union in Australia following the disbandment of the National Rugby Championship in 2020. Competitions below the level of Super Rugby are traditional capital city competitions, such as the Shute Shield of Sydney, Queensland Premier Rugby of Brisbane, the ACTRU Premier Division in Canberra, and Perth's Fortescue Premier Grade. These city-based competitions have traditionally formed the highest level of domestic competition for the sport in Australia.

The national governing body of Rugby Australia launched a new top-level women's 15s competition known as Super W in 2018 featuring five clubs branded as state/territorial teams—the ACT, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia.

The men's national team are the Wallabies, who have won the Rugby World Cup twice, in 1991 and in 1999. The women's national team are the Wallaroos achieving a best result of third place in 2010 during the Women's Rugby World Cup.

Rugby union holds the match attendance record of any football code in New South Wales (109,874), Western Australia (61,241) and the Australian Capital Territory (28,753).

Australia has also achieved success in numerous Rugby Sevens tournaments with the women's sevens team winning the Rugby World Cup Sevens once in 2009, winning gold at the 2016 Olympics, and winning the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series three times. While the men's sevens team has been runners-up twice in the Rugby World Cup Sevens.

Rugby Football League

Rugby Football League

The Rugby Football League (RFL) is the governing body for rugby league in England. Founded in 1895 as the Northern Rugby Football Union following 22 clubs resigning from the Rugby Football Union, it changed its name in 1922 to the Rugby Football League.

Based at Sportcity in Manchester, it is responsible for organising professional competitions and, in association with the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA), the community game. It also provides match officials for every level as well as administering the England national team

The Rugby Football League has been a member of the International Rugby League (IRL) since 1948 and European Rugby League (ERL) since its foundation in 2003.

Twickenham Stadium

Twickenham Stadium

Twickenham Stadium () in Twickenham, south-west London, England, is a rugby union stadium owned by the Rugby Football Union (RFU), English rugby union governing body, which has its headquarters there. The England national rugby union team plays home matches at the stadium.

It is the world‘s largest rugby union stadium, the second largest in the United Kingdom, behind Wembley Stadium, and the fourth largest in Europe.

The Middlesex Sevens, Premiership Rugby fixtures, Anglo-Welsh Cup matches, the Varsity Match between Oxford and Cambridge universities and European Rugby Champions Cup games have been played at Twickenham Stadium. It has also been used as the venue for rugby league Challenge Cup finals and American football, as part of the NFL London Games in 2016 and 2017.

Twickenham Stadium has hosted concerts by Rihanna, Iron Maiden, Bryan Adams, Bon Jovi, Genesis, U2, Beyoncé, The Rolling Stones, The Police, Eagles, R.E.M., Eminem, Lady Gaga, and Metallica.

Rugby Australia

Rugby Australia

Rugby Australia Ltd, previously named the Australian Rugby Union Limited and Australian Rugby Football Union Limited, is an Australian company operating the premier rugby union competition in Australia and teams.<ref name=guardian-2020/> It has its origins in 1949. It is a member of World Rugby. Rugby Australia has eight member unions, representing each state and the Australian Northern Territory and Australian Capital Territory. It also manages national representative rugby union teams, including the Wallabies and the Wallaroos.

Rugby union in the Australian Capital Territory Rugby union is a popular sport in the Australian Capital Territory. Rugby football began to be played in the regions around what is now Canberra more than a century ago. Rugby union was played in and around what is now the Australian Capital Territory well before it separated from New South Wales in 1911. The Goulburn Rugby Union Club was formed in 1872, and became a founding member of the Southern Rugby Union in 1874. Cooma played Snowy River as early as 1876, and Queanbeyan played Yass in 1878. The first match of

History of rugby union in Australia

Australian rules football) travelled to NSW. NSW won by 28 points to 4 at the Sydney Cricket Ground in front of 4,000 spectators. On 2 November, in 1883, the Northern Rugby Union is formed as the rugby body in Queensland after a meeting at the Exchange Hotel. As a result of the formation of the new body, several prominent GPS schools took up rugby as opposed to Melbourne Rules. That same year, the Southern Rugby Union undertakes its inaugural tour of New Zealand, the following year, a New Zealand party comes to Australia and the first club competition is held

Rugby league in New South Wales

governing body for rugby league in areas of New South Wales outside the Sydney metropolitan area and for the Australian Capital Territory. The National Rugby League (NRL) is Australia's top level competition for the sport of rugby league. The headquarters of the National Rugby League (NRL) are in Sydney, which is home to 9 of the 16 National Rugby League (Sydney Roosters, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Parramatta Eels, Cronulla Sharks, Wests Tigers, Penrith Panthers, Bulldogs and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles), as well as being the northern home of the St George Illawarra Dragons, which is half-based in Wollongong. A tenth team, the

The Rugby Club

where the Australian Rugby Union and New Zealand Rugby Union Boards agreed to establish the Rugby World Cup and later the Super Rugby and Tri-Nations competitions and the clubhouse of Sydney Harlequins who Participate in the New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union. The Rugby Club The Rugby Club (rebranded as The Rugby Club Sydney) is a rugby union-themed Australian licenced club and restaurant filled with sports memorabilia. Located in Rugby Place on Pitt Street, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, it was formed in 1945. Professional rugby union players frequent the restaurant when touring in Australia, a rite of passage

Culture of Sydney

dictated by wealthy Englishmen whom traditionally played and were supporters of the Rugby code of football, which was largely advertised and passed on to the people of Sydney, including the working class who in back in England largely played soccer. The game quickly grew a working-class following, and has been a Sydney tradition ever since. The headquarters of the Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League (NRL) are in Sydney, which is home to 9 of the 16 National Rugby League (NRL) football clubs (Sydney Roosters, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Parramatta Eels, Cronulla Sharks, Wests Tigers, Penrith Panthers, Bulldogs and Manly-Warringah

History of rugby union in Australia

should be served by a national union in these matters. In 1948, World Rugby, then known as the International Rugby Football Board, extended the invitation to Australia and not the New South Wales Rugby Union, to take a seat on its board. This precipitated into the formation of the Australian Rugby Football Union (ARFU). Eleven delegates from the unions in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and Victoria met on 25 November 1949 for ARFU's inaugural meeting. The idea of a world cup tournament for rugby had arisen several times. Possibly as early as the 1950s murmurings

ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union

ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union The ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union is the governing body for rugby union in the Australian Capital Territory and southern regions of New South Wales. The union is represented by one team in the Super Rugby competition, the Brumbies. The ACT is also home to the Canberra Vikings in the National Rugby Championship. The union was founded in 1937 as the Federal Capital Territory Rugby Union (FCTRU). It became the ACTRU in 1939, and eventually the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union. It received its current name prior to the 2005 Super 12

Rugby Australia

meeting of eleven delegates from the state unions of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, Tasmania and Victoria. The ACT Rugby Union gained membership in 1972. The Northern Territory Rugby Union joined in 1978, initially as an associate union before later being granted membership and voting rights. In 1985 the Australian Rugby Football Union was incorporated as a company and, in 1997, it became simply The Australian Rugby Union Ltd, known as the ARU. The ACT Rugby Union became the ACT and Southern NSW Rugby Union in 2004, after two regions in southern New South Wales switched their

Sport in New South Wales

in a split similar to what had occurred in England, and the working class formed their own competition, the Rugby League, which followed the same rules as the equivalent breakaway competition in England. The game quickly grew a working-class following, and has been a Sydney tradition ever since. The headquarters of the Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League (NRL) are in Sydney, which is home to 9 of the 16 National Rugby League (NRL) football clubs (Sydney Roosters, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Parramatta Eels, Cronulla Sharks, Wests Tigers, Penrith Panthers, Bulldogs and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles), as well as being the

Rugby union in Australia

though the official start of the competition is disputed between that game and the 1932 New Zealand tour to Australia. Until the late 1940s, the administration of the Australian team, including all tours, was handled by New South Wales, being the senior union. A national body, the [Australian Rugby Football Union was formed at a conference in Sydney in 1945, acting initially in an advisory capacity only, and in 1949 was formally constituted and joined the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB), representing Australia. In 1987, the first ever Rugby World Cup was held in both Australia and New Zealand, as

Sport in New South Wales

of Canberra Vikings is the current National Rugby Championship squad. The Australian Rugby Union headquarters are located in Sydney. The Waratahs play out of the Sydney Football Stadium, and when in Sydney the Wallabies play out of ANZ Stadium. Cricket is one of the most popular sports in New South Wales. The NSW Blues are by far the most successful domestic cricket side in Australia having won the First-class competition 44 times and the One-Day Domestic cup nine times. They occasionally play first-class matches against touring International sides. New South Wales have played teams representing every Test-playing nation bar Bangladesh.

Rugby union in Australia

Rugby union in Australia Rugby Union is a winter sport in Australia with a history dating back to 1864. Although traditionally most popular in Australia's rugby football strongholds of New South Wales, Queensland and the ACT, it is played throughout the nation. The principal competition in Australian rugby is Super Rugby, which is a multi-regional competition across the southern hemisphere. With the competition expanding from 14 teams to 15 for 2011 and to 18 teams in 2016, Australia entered five teams—the Reds of Queensland, the Waratahs of New South Wales, the Brumbies of the Australian Capital Territory, the Force of

Australian rules football exhibition matches

both rugby league and rugby union, the VFL/AFL has long shown interest in the nation's capital, largest inland city and 8th largest urban area. The city of Canberra and the Australian Capital Territory, formed in the 1920s and due to proximity generally followed the lead of New South Wales to adopt rugby league, which remains the most popular sport in the city. Rugby union also has some followers. Since 2001, the Kangaroos Football Club have been working to build up a local supporter base by playing "home" games at Manuka Oval. Crowds at Manuka have averaged around 10,000, with a

History of rugby union in Australia

the rugby union at Twickenham, in England. Administration was given over to the Southern Rugby Union in 1881. Rugby began outside of Sydney first in Queensland in 1876, with the first inter-colonial match being played in Sydney in 1882. During these years the rugby that was played, was administered by the Queensland Football Association, which was the organisation administering principally the Melbourne Rules football code. Primarily due to the poor treatment rugby received by the QFA, a new organisation to oversee rugby was founded at a meeting held on 2 November 1883 at the Exchange Hotel in Brisbane. This organisation

Sydney Cricket Ground

and New South Wales Rugby Union. Soon after it opened Sydney FC relocated their Headquarters inside the Sheridan Building. The Sydney Swans headquarters are located in the SCG accessible from Driver Avenue. In total, there are 4 different clubs from 4 different codes of sport with their headquarters reside at the ground. The Trust has commissioned ten bronze sculpture statues to be placed around the grounds of the SCG and SFS. In 2014 the Sydney Cricket and Sports Ground Trust opened the Media Hall of Honour at the MA Noble Stand's media centre with fifteen inaugural inductees: Sydney Cricket Ground


Question: What word links take, write and stand

Under (disambiguation)
Under
under
under disambiguation

Link grammar

link (with arrows) points at the head verb of the sentence; it is the Wall-Verb link. The Wd link (drawn here without arrows) indicates the head noun (the subject) of the sentence. The link type Wd indicates both that it connects to the wall (W) and that the sentence is a declarative sentence (the lower-case "d" subtype). The Ss link indicates the subject-verb relationship; the lower-case "s" indicating that the subject is singular. Note that the WV, Wd and Ss links for a cycle. The Pa link connects the verb to a complement; the lower-case "a" indicating that it is

Link grammar

subject–verb–object language like English, the verb would look left to form a subject link, and right to form an object link. Nouns would look right to complete the subject link, or left to complete the object link. In a subject–object–verb language like Persian, the verb would look left to form an object link, and a more distant left to form a subject link. Nouns would look to the right for both subject and object links. Link grammar connects the words in a sentence with links, similar in form to a catena. Unlike the catena or a traditional dependency grammar, the

Rammstein

them at the end of the clip. The song "Links 2-3-4" ("Links" being German for "left") was written as a riposte to these claims. Kruspe said: My heart beats on the left, two, three, four'. It's simple. If you want to put us in a political category, we're on the left side, and that's the reason we made the song". The song's title refers to the refrain of the German Communist Party song "Einheitsfrontlied", written by Bertholt Brecht: "Drum links, zwei, drei! Drum links, zwei, drei! / Wo dein Platz, Genosse ist! / Reih dich ein, in die Arbeitereinheitsfront /

Standpoint (magazine)

and subscribe!". Considering itself a rare pro-American voice in the UK, it aims to introduce American writers and American intellectual style to British readers. Well-known contributors to the magazine have included Clive James, Jonathan Bate, Michael Burleigh, Ian Bostridge, Joseph Bottum, Julie Burchill, Robert Conquest, George Walden and Douglas Murray, Paul Wolfowitz, Allan Massie, Piers Paul Read, Craig Raine, Joseph Epstein, and Tibor Fischer. Bloggers on the StandpointOnline website include Michael Burleigh, Nick Cohen, Peter Whittle, Jessica Duchen and Joshua Rozenberg. "Standpoint" ignited nationwide controversy with its first issue, in which Michael Nazir-Ali, the Bishop of Rochester, called for the

Stand on the Word

Stand on the Word "Stand on the Word" is a funk / soul song written by Phyliss McKoy Joubert and recorded by the "Joubert Singers", and remixed by George Rodriguez and Tony Humphries on Next Plateau Records Inc " in 1985." The original version is subject to various interpretations, because it was first recorded in 1982 under The Celestial Choir name on the compilation of "The Choirs Of First Baptist Church Of Crown Heights Inc – "Somebody Prayed For This"". The 1985 version is the well-known disco version. Track list on 7" included The track list on the 12" and

Hyperlink

Hyperlink

In computing, a hyperlink, or simply a link, is a digital reference to data that the user can follow or be guided by clicking or tapping. A hyperlink points to a whole document or to a specific element within a document. Hypertext is text with hyperlinks. The text that is linked from is known as anchor text. A software system that is used for viewing and creating hypertext is a "hypertext system", and to create a hyperlink is "to hyperlink" (or simply "to link"). A user following hyperlinks is said to "navigate" or "browse" the hypertext.

The document containing a hyperlink is known as its source document. For example, in an online reference work such as Wikipedia or Google, many words and terms in the text are hyperlinked to definitions of those terms. Hyperlinks are often used to implement reference mechanisms such as tables of contents, footnotes, bibliographies, indexes, letters, and glossaries.

In some hypertext, hyperlinks can be bidirectional: they can be followed in two directions, so both ends act as anchors and as targets. More complex arrangements exist, such as many-to-many links.

The effect of following a hyperlink may vary with the hypertext system and may sometimes depend on the link itself; for instance, on the World Wide Web most hyperlinks cause the target document to replace the document being displayed, but some are marked to cause the target document to open in a new window (or, perhaps, in a new tab). Another possibility is transclusion, for which the link target is a document fragment that replaces the link anchor within the source document. Not only persons browsing the document may follow hyperlinks. These hyperlinks may also be followed automatically by programs. A program that traverses the hypertext, following each hyperlink and gathering all the retrieved documents is known as a Web "spider" or crawler.

Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking

Links (golf)

Links (golf)

A links is the oldest style of golf course, first developed in Scotland. Links courses are generally built on sandy coastland that offers a firmer playing surface than parkland and heathland courses.

The word "links" comes via the Scots language from the Old English word "hlinc": "rising ground, ridge" and refers to an area of coastal sand dunes and sometimes to open parkland; it is cognate with "lynchet". "Links" can be treated as singular even though it has an "s" at the end and occurs in place names that precede the development of golf, for example Lundin Links in Fife. It also retains this more general meaning in standard Scottish English. Links land is typically characterised by dunes, an undulating surface, and a sandy soil unsuitable for arable farming but which readily supports various indigenous browntop bent and red fescue grasses. Together, the soil and grasses result in the firm turf associated with links courses and the 'running' game. The hard surface typical of the links-style course allows balls to "run" out much farther than on softer turf course after a fairway landing. Often players will land the ball well before the green and allow it to run up onto the green rather than landing it on the green in the more targeted-landing style used on softer surfaces.

Object Linking and Embedding

Object Linking and Embedding

Object Linking & Embedding (OLE) is a proprietary technology developed by Microsoft that allows embedding and linking to documents and other objects. For developers, it brought OLE Control Extension (OCX), a way to develop and use custom user interface elements. On a technical level, an OLE object is any object that implements the codice_1 interface, possibly along with a wide range of other interfaces, depending on the object's needs.

Wiki

Wiki

A wiki ( ) is an online hypertext publication collaboratively edited and managed by its own audience, using a web browser. A typical wiki contains multiple pages for the subjects or scope of the project, and could be either open to the public or limited to use within an organization for maintaining its internal knowledge base.

Wikis are enabled by wiki software, otherwise known as wiki engines. A wiki engine, being a form of a content management system, differs from other web-based systems such as blog software, in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little inherent structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the users. There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines are open-source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding, or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Other rules may be imposed to organize content.

There are hundreds of thousands of wikis in use, both public and private, including wikis functioning as knowledge management resources, note-taking tools, community websites, and intranets. Ward Cunningham, the developer of the first wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, originally described wiki as "the simplest online database that could possibly work". "Wiki" (pronounced ) is a Hawaiian word meaning "quick".

The online encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki-based website, and is one of the most widely viewed sites in the world, having been ranked in the top twenty since 2007. Wikipedia is not a single wiki but rather a collection of hundreds of wikis, with each one pertaining to a specific language. The English-language Wikipedia has the largest collection of articles: , it has over 6 million articles.

Stand (R.E.M. song)

band members were discussing The Banana Splits, The Archies, The Monkees, and similar 1960s pop groups. "They threw these super bubblegummy songs at me, and I said, 'I'll raise you and see you one.' And I wrote the most inane lyrics that I could possibly write. Now, it was a very intentional thing to do that. I really like most of those songs, in fact." Guitarist Peter Buck described "Stand" as "without a doubt, [...] the stupidest song we've ever written. That's not necessarily a bad thing though", comparing the song to "Louie Louie" by the Kingsmen in terms of

Stand on the Word

33 ⅓ RPM extended single included: Stand on the Word (6:40) French artist K.I.M. launched a compilation in 2004 with the song (Miyage, Tigersushi records), that touched underground european electro scene. James Murphy later played it in the ParisParis disco club in Paris in 2005. French electro duo Justice sampled it on its 2007 D.A.N.C.E hit. French director Maïwenn used it the Polisse movie in 2011. The biggest commercial success of the song has been by the French musical project "Keedz" that recorded it in 2008 and was the title track of their similarly titled album "Stand on the Word".,

Take Your Stand

stand, pray for me, shake my hand, tell the truth, keep the faith, preach the Word, and run the race". He then promises to meet him or her on the Kingdom's shore. In context, the Word is the Word of God as revealed in the Bible, and the Kingdom is the Kingdom of God. These songs with related titles may be different from the song which is the subject of this article; additional words in each of their titles do not appear in Johnson's version, suggesting that the difference is likely to be real: This song with a related title

The Stand

This article called up memories of a novel called "Earth Abides", by George R. Stewart. (...) and one day while sitting at my typewriter, (...) I wrote—just to write something: The world comes to an end but everybody in the SLA is somehow immune. Snake bit them. I looked at that for a while and then typed: No more gas shortages. That was sort of cheerful, in a horrible sort of way. "The Stand" was also planned by King as an epic "The Lord of the Rings"–type story in a contemporary American setting: For a long time—ten years, at least—I

The BVI Standpoint

The BVI Standpoint The Standpoint is a defunct newspaper formerly published in the British Virgin Islands. It was originally published under the name Pennysaver, largely as a shopping-coupon promotional newspaper, and later emerged as one of the most influential sources of journalism in the Territory. It was published weekly on Tuesdays. The newspaper's motto (published on its front page every week) is "If you don't stand for something, you'll fall for anything." The motto clearly adds a poignancy to the newspaper's name, and is derived from quotes variously attributed the American clergyman, Peter Marshall, and to the British journalist, Alex

Here I Stand (book)

Here I Stand (book) Here I Stand is a 1958 book written by Paul Robeson with the collaboration of Lloyd L. Brown. While Robeson wrote many articles and speeches, "Here I stand" is his only book. It has been described as part manifesto, part autobiography. It was published by Othello Associates and dedicated to his wife Eslanda Goode Robeson. Foreword Robeson acknowledges his roots and dedicates himself to winning freedom for his people in America. He intends the book not to be an autobiography, but to give insight into his thinking. Prologue Robeson recalls his childhood and upbringing. I Take

Taking a Stand

team coining the phrase "Stand With Rand." Taking a Stand Taking a Stand: Moving Beyond Partisan Politics to Unite America is a book by United States Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky. The book was released on May 26, 2015 by Center Street, a main publishing division of Hachette Book Group USA. It happened to coincide with Paul's filibuster in the United States Senate of the PATRIOT Act provisions which were expected to expire at midnight on June 1, 2015. Paul had previously engaged in a filibuster of the nomination off John O. Brennan as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

Heath Bunting

attributes, hyperlinked words turn from grey to black once visited. In "Own, Be Owned or Remain Invisible" Bunting makes use of appropriation. The work utilises an article about Heath Bunting written by James Flint of "The Telegraph". Instead of presenting the article in its traditional form, Bunting links nearly every word to [insert word].com and alters the color-scheme of the document as per his white-on-white period. "Own, Be Owned or Remain Invisible" addresses the commercialisation of the Internet. By clicking one of the hyperlinked words, the reader is transported to the domain, which may or may not be owned. At

STAND (organization)

STAND (organization) STAND is a student-led movement to end mass atrocities and genocide. At its core, STAND's mission is to empower individuals and communities with the tools to prevent and end mass atrocities and genocide. Students in STAND organize and educate their peers and communities, advocate to their elected officials, divest their schools, cities and states, and raise funds for civilian protection in order to build political will for ending genocide. Concurrently, STAND is investing in the next generation of thought leaders in the genocide prevention movement. Through training programs and annual retreats, STAND fosters and harnesses strategies that will

STAND (organization)

The BVI Standpoint

Hamilton (and frequently misattributed to American politician Alexander Hamilton), but latterly popularised by Ginger Rogers. The BVI Standpoint The Standpoint is a defunct newspaper formerly published in the British Virgin Islands. It was originally published under the name Pennysaver, largely as a shopping-coupon promotional newspaper, and later emerged as one of the most influential sources of journalism in the Territory. It was published weekly on Tuesdays. The newspaper's motto (published on its front page every week) is "If you don't stand for something, you'll fall for anything." The motto clearly adds a poignancy to the newspaper's name, and is derived

Alexei Shulgin

is flashing in front of our eyes: people, news, goods, theories, images..." and they are invited to utilize their "specially developed, tested, non- aggressive, refreshing, meditative flow of flashing" in the form of various .gifs. Shulgin's blends data curation with poetry in his three sites which he lists at the end of easylife.com. These sites that he describes as "domain name (kind of) poetry", are "Link X", "ABC", and "IBM"(desk.nl/~you/linkx/, desk.nl/~you/abc/, desk.nl/~you/ibm/). By visiting any one of these pages, the viewer is presented with a list or collection of words or letters, such as "bookmark" or "abc", respectively, in the

The Stand

The Stand The Stand is a post-apocalyptic horror/fantasy novel by American author Stephen King. It expands upon the scenario of his earlier short story "Night Surf" and outlines the total breakdown of society after the accidental release of a strain of influenza that had been modified for biological warfare causes an apocalyptic pandemic, which kills off the majority of the world's human population. King dedicated the book to his wife, Tabitha: "For Tabby: This dark chest of wonders." Note that depending upon the edition of the novel, the dates of "The Stand" occur in either 1980–1981, 1985–1986, or 1990–1991. June

Comparison (grammar)

(i.e. the relational kingly topic of the paragraph): The actual last paragraph line contains three words: 'may it be', 'flourish', and 'us'. The verb flourish (from napāhu?, "to light up, to rise"), uses: -e-le-né-ep-pi-, and the spaces. The other two words on the line, are made from two characters, and then one: ""...may it be, flourish-our (relations)."" In Estonian, the superlative form can usually be formed in two ways. One is a periphrastic construction with "kõige" followed by the comparative form. This form exists for all adjectives. For example: the comparative form of "sinine" 'blue' is "sinisem" and therefore the

Donald DeFreeze

"A dark man with no face," and then glanced up and saw that grisly little motto again: Once in every generation the plague will fall among them. And that was that. I spent the next two years writing an apparently endless book called "The Stand". "The Stand" indeed contains a reference to DeFreeze, where it is implied that Randall Flagg was the driving force behind the radicalisation of DeFreeze and gave him the idea to kidnap Patty Hearst and to indoctrinate her rather than to kill her or cash ransom. There is also a reference to DeFreeze and the SLA


Question: Which disc jockey used to advertise Brentford Nylon

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Alan Freeman
alan freeman

History of Brentford F.C. (1954–1986)

Brentford's first-choice kit had also been changed to amber shirts with a blue 'V' around the neck, which was ultimately a single-season experiment. Strike partners Towers and Francis requested to be placed on the transfer list in February 1961 and John Docherty, who had only played 19 matches for the club, departed for a £17,000 fee in March. Brentford finished the 1960–61 season in 17th-place and stalwarts Bristow, Goundry, Heath, Horne and Parsons were released. In an effort to lessen Brentford's debts, Jim Towers and George Francis were sold to rivals Queens Park Rangers for £8,000 and the club slimmed

Radio City (pirate radio station)

of attracting advertisers. One of the early DJ's on Radio City was Tom Edwards. The studio equipment was standard albeit low-budget, comprising a pair (later three) of Garrard turntables, an AKG D12 microphone (the same model used by both Radio Caroline ships, Radio London and Radio 270), domestic tape decks and a basic custom mixer. A US navy transmitter General Electric TCJ-7 (nicknamed "Big Bertha") replaced the bomber transmitter. Most stations played jingles and commercials from cartridges but City used reel-to-reel. In addition to the usual music programmes, subsidised by Dutch and American evangelical shows, City had the only comedy

Bobby Fisher (footballer)

Division Three strugglers Brentford for a £5,000 fee in February 1984, becoming new manager Frank McLintock's second signing for the club. His presence in the defence helped stabilise the defence and guide the Bees away from relegation to a 20th-place finish. He continued as McLintock's first choice right back until March 1985, when young centre back Keith Millen broke into the team and McLintock moved Danis Salman to right back. Fisher had his contract cancelled and departed Brentford on October 1986, having made 56 appearances during just over two and a half years at Griffin Park. Fisher closed out his

Swinging Radio England

At about this time the antenna was damaged in a storm and the ship put into Amsterdam for repairs. Ted Allbeury, formerly of Radio 390, took over as managing director, renaming the station Radio 355, and his new company Carstead Advertising took over from Pier-Vick. Several Radio 390 presenters moved across with him. DJ Tony Windsor became programme director, having shortly left a similar position at Wonderful Radio London. In July the station and its Dutch counterpart Radio 227 simulcast a live concert by guitarist José Feliciano; also that month, the ship radioed an SOS, claiming that a Dutch crewman

The Who Sell Out

which are included as bonus tracks on the remastered CD. The album's release was reportedly followed by lawsuits due to the mention of real-world commercial interests in the "faux" commercials and on the album covers, and by the makers of the real jingles (Radio London jingles), who claimed the Who used them without permission. (The jingles were produced by PAMS Productions of Dallas, Texas, which created thousands of station ID jingles in the 1960s and 1970s). It was the deodorant company, Odorono, who took offence that Chris Stamp made a request for endorsement dollars. "I Can See for Miles" was

Alan Freeman

Alan Freeman

Alan Leslie Freeman, MBE (6 July 1927 – 27 November 2006), nicknamed "Fluff", was an Australian-born British disc jockey and radio personality in the United Kingdom for 40 years, best known for presenting "Pick of the Pops" from 1961 to 2000.

Smashie and Nicey

Smashie and Nicey

Mike Smash and Dave Nice were two fictional television characters who first appeared in the early 1990s TV sketch show "Harry Enfield's Television Programme". They were played by comedians Paul Whitehouse and Harry Enfield respectively.

They are parodies of a certain style of ageing celebrity BBC Radio 1 disc jockey who started out with the station in the 1960s and stayed there until the mid-1990s. The characters incorporated the personalities, character traits and lifestyles of several different real-life DJs. The characters reference such DJs as Tony Blackburn, Dave Lee Travis, Simon Bates, Alan Freeman, Mike Read, Peter Powell, Noel Edmonds and Jimmy Savile amongst others.

Enfield's parody of Radio 1's increasing irrelevance to the youth audience it supposedly catered for was a factor in Matthew Bannister's decision to terminate the employment of many older presenters when he became controller of Radio 1 in 1993.

The characters had their own TV special in 1994, following which Enfield retired them, reflecting the changes at Radio 1. However, they returned for Comic Relief in 1997. Whitehouse and Enfield also reprised their roles to present a special edition of "Pick of the Pops" in 2007, commemorating the 40th birthday of Radio 2 following the death of Alan Freeman. They have been called "one of the great comic creations of our time"

David Hamilton (broadcaster)

David Hamilton (broadcaster)

David Hamilton (born 10 September 1938) is an English radio and television presenter.

Since his broadcasting career began in 1959, Hamilton has hosted over 12,000 radio shows and more than 1,000 TV shows. He is usually known as 'Diddy David Hamilton', a name given to him by the comedian Ken Dodd.

Saint Eligius

Saint Eligius

Saint Eligius (also Eloy, Eloi or Loye; ; 11 June 588 – 1 December 660 AD) is the patron saint of goldsmiths, other metalworkers, and coin collectors. He is also the patron saint of veterinarians, the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME), a corps of the British Army, but he is best known for being the patron saint of horses and those who work with them. Eligius was chief counsellor to Dagobert I, Merovingian king of France. Appointed the bishop of Noyon-Tournai three years after the king's death in 642, Eligius worked for 20 years to convert the pagan population of Flanders to Christianity.

History of radio disc jockeys

charged. During the 1950s, Cleveland radio DJ Bill Randle personalized his own style of record hops called "Randle Romps" which he used to gauge the reactions of teenagers to new records he wished to promote while on the air. Cleveland DJ Alan Freed is credited with breaking down racial barriers by playing and promoting African American music at record hops in the early 1950s and 60s. In 1957 alone, disc jockey and American Bandstand host Dick Clark made 157 appearances at dances and record hops. Detroit radio DJ Robin Seymour is credited with influencing the success of The Supremes and

Jasper Carrott

worked as a musical agent (with John Starkey, who was his manager from 1974 to 1992), as Fingimigig, managing among others Harvey Andrews. He toured UK rugby clubs. He recorded an album in 1973 called "Jasper Carrot – In the Club", which he sold from his van. The album contained the original "Magic Roundabout", although mainly material used in his next three LPs (such as "Hare Krishna", "Car Insurance", "Bastity Chelt", and "Hava Nagila") plus the Fred Wedlock song "The Folker". He had a UK Top 5 chart hit in August 1975 with the novelty record "Funky Moped", written by

Top of the Pops

"disc girl", who would be seen to put the record on a turntable before the next act played their track. However, a Mancunian model, Samantha Juste, became the regular disc girl after a few episodes, a role she performed until 1967. With the birth of BBC Radio 1 in 1967, new Radio 1 DJs were added to the roster – Stuart Henry, Emperor Rosko, Simon Dee and Kenny Everett. Local photographer Harry Goodwin was hired to provide shots of non-appearing artists, and also to provide backdrops for the chart run-down. He would continue in the role until 1973. After two

Don Sherwood (DJ)

has been chronicled in "The Life and Times of the World's Greatest Disc Jockey" by Laurie Harper, the wife of former Sherwood colleague Hap Harper (who did KSFO's traffic reports), published in 1989 by Prima Publishing & Communications, Rocklin, California. KFRC, where Sherwood began his broadcasting career (as an announcer), later became a rock music FM outlet. It was discontinued in 2008 and its last location on the dial, 106.9, began broadcasting KCBS's programming. KCBS, where Sherwood continued his career, is a news and information station, still owned by CBS. KROW in Oakland was purchased by Gordon McLendon in 1959,

Brentford F.C.

"The Bees". The nickname was unintentionally created by students of Borough Road College, who attended a match and shouted the college's chant "buck up Bs", in support of their friend and then-Brentford player Joe Gettins. Brentford's predominant home colours are a red and white striped shirt, black shorts and red or black socks. These have been the club's predominant home colours since the 1925–26 season, bar one season – 1960–61 – when yellow (gold) and blue were used, unsuccessfully. The colours on entering the Football League, in 1920–21, were white shirts, navy shorts and navy socks. Away kits have varied

Brentford F.C.

over the years, with the current colours being a predominantly brown shirt with orange shoulders and white trim, brown shorts and socks with orange and white trim. Brentford have had several badges on their shirts since it was formed in 1889. The first one, in 1893, was a white shield, with 'BFC' in blue and a wavy line in blue, which is thought to represent the river and the rowing club, who founded the football club. The next known badge, the Middlesex County Arms, was on shirts donated by a club supporter in 1909. The Brentford and Chiswick arms, as

Simon Ratcliffe

and reached the FA Cup semi-finals. On leaving Norwich, Ratcliffe signed for Third Division Brentford for a club record incoming fee of £100,000. He was soon a regular first team player, helping them win the Third Division title in 1992 and gain a place in the new Division One (as the Second Division was called following the creation of the FA Premier League for the 1992-93 season). For a while Brentford were looking like they could establish themselves as a Division One club and possibly even push for a place in the Premier League, as they entered 1993 in tenth

History of Brentford F.C. (1986–present)

place. The strikeforce had been weakened by the £700,000 sale of Nicky Forster in January 1997 and four defeats in the final four games dropped Brentford back to 4th position and into the playoffs. In-form Bristol City were beaten over two legs in the semi-finals, before the season ended when the Bees were "exposed and outclassed" by Crewe Alexandra in the 1997 Second Division playoff Final at Wembley Stadium. Less than a week before the beginning of the 1997–98 season, a consortium led by manager David Webb bought a majority shareholding in the club, with Webb subsequently stepping down as

Jimmy Savile

the Mecca-owned Palais dance hall in Ilford, Essex, between 1955 and 1956. His Monday evening records-only dance sessions (admission one shilling) were popular with local teens. Savile's radio career began as a DJ at Radio Luxembourg from 1958 to 1967. He ran the "Teen and Twenty Disc Club" ("TTDC"), membership for life, on Radio Luxembourg. For a small fee listeners received a certificate and bracelet with a disc inscribed with the show's name. On the BBC television series "Inside Out", he said the title "Teen and Twenty Disc Club" had been rejected as too long in favour of "Top of

Bill Glazier

to sign for Brentford in a £12,500 deal in August 1975. The move was helped along by Jimmy Hill (by now working as a broadcaster), who put Glazier in touch with Brentford manager John Docherty, who had been looking for a goalkeeper after loanee Steve Sherwood returned to Chelsea. Business interests and problems commuting from his Brighton home meant that Glazier couldn't give his full commitment to the Bees and he left the club after making just 12 appearances. Glazier closed out his career with a spell at North American Soccer League side St. Louis Stars in 1977. Glazier won

Brentford F.C. Reserves and Academy

side was managed by former first team goalkeeper Ted Gaskell, with Eddie Lyons as his assistant. Future key players John Docherty, Tommy Higginson and Peter Gelson began their Brentford careers in the team. Brentford C functioned as a fourth XI and was active during the 1890s. It later became known as Brentford Old Boys. The Brentford FC Community Sports Trust, in partnership with West Thames College, runs an Elite Development Education Football Programme, which sees boys between the ages of 16–18 train with the club three times a week, while also studying for BTEC courses at the college. The course

History of Brentford F.C. (1889–1954)

of the division during the 1915–16, 1916–17 and 1917–18 seasons. The squad was decimated by the call-up of players for service or war work, though Ted Price, Dusty Rhodes, Henry White, Alf Amos and Patsy Hendren were able to remain and play in the majority of the club's matches. There was a high turnover of personnel, with 42 players being used during the 1915–16 season and 58 during 1917–18. During this period, the club wore dark blue shirts with gold collars. With the Hundred Days Offensive underway in France as the 1918–19 season kicked off, the sense of optimism that

History of Brentford F.C. (1889–1954)

Lewis, Dick Molyneux and William Brown were unable to produce better than mid-table finishes in the First Division. Manager Molyneux changed Brentford's colours in 1903 to dark blue and gold stripes, the racing colours of Walter Rothschild, a patron of the club. Brentford moved to Griffin Park, its first permanent home, in time for the beginning of the 1904–05 season. The Bees reached the FA Cup first round proper for the first time in 1905–06, advancing to the third round before succumbing to Liverpool at Anfield. Despite 18 goals from Geordie Reid, Brentford finished bottom of the First Division in

1955–56 Brentford F.C. season

matches of the previous campaign. Brentford finished the season in 6th-place, 11 points behind the leading three clubs, but 22-goal Jim Towers and goalkeeper Gerry Cakebread had established themselves as two of the best players in the Third Division South. Long-serving Jimmy Bain retired at the end of season, after nearly 27 years as a player, assistant manager and caretaker manager at Griffin Park. He received a Long Service Medal from the Football League in recognition of his long service. 1955–56 Brentford F.C. season During the 1955–56 English football season, Brentford competed in the Football League Third Division South. A

Swinging Radio England

despite the fact that it already used a PAMS set. Meanwhile, Radio England countered this by acquiring a new set of jingles from a smaller company, Spot Productions, and requiring that all their DJs talk over them to prevent them from being copied and reused. The decision by Don Pierson to allow Ron O'Quinn as programme director to change the automated system to a live format was the most controversial. O'Quinn, who had been a disc jockey at WFUN, borrowed every kind of format he was familiar with in Georgia and Florida, to create a hybrid sound only ever heard


Question: What was the Roman name for England

Albion
alouion
Albion's shore
Alouion
albion s shore
albion

Toponymy of England

the Roman name. The influence of Latin on British placenames is thus generally only slight. In the so-called "Dark Ages", which followed the end of the Roman Empire, major changes occurred in most of the part of Great Britain now called England. (Brythonic-speaking Cornwall was an exception, more akin to Welsh toponymy.) The language of this region became Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon, a Germanic language originating in north-west Germany and Denmark. Traditionally, this has been supposed to be due to a mass migration of Angles and Saxons into Britain, "pushing back the Celts into Wales and Scotland". Due

Toponymy of England

Brythonic in origin. In the areas of England in which Brythonic languages were not replaced until relatively recently (Cumbria, Cornwall) most placenames are still essentially Brythonic in origin. After the Roman conquest, many Latinate placenames appear, particularly associated with military settlements. Often, these were simply a Latinisation of existing names: e.g. "Verulamium" for "Verlamion" (St Albans); "Derventio" for "Derwent" (Malton). After the collapse of Roman Britain, few of these placenames survived. Most Roman sites are known by later names; many are marked as Roman sites by the suffix "chester/cester/caster" (from the Latin "castra" = camp), but with no reference to

Roman Britain

Roman Britain Roman Britain ( or, later, "", "the Britains") was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD. It comprised almost all of England and Wales and, for a short period, southern Scotland. Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by other Celtic tribes during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. He received tribute, installed a friendly king over the Trinovantes, and returned to

History of England

Northern England, solidified by Hadrian's Wall built in 138 AD, despite temporary forays into Scotland. The Romans and their culture stayed in charge for 350 years. Traces of their presence are ubiquitous throughout England. In the wake of the breakdown of Roman rule in Britain from the middle of the fourth century, present day England was progressively settled by Germanic groups. Collectively known as the "Anglo-Saxons", these were Angles and Saxons from what is now the Danish/German border area and Jutes from the Jutland peninsula. The entire region was referred to as "Hwicce", and settlements throughout the south were called

Kingdom of England

Bede). The name "Engla land" became "England" by haplology during the Middle English period ("Engle-land", "Engelond"). The Latin name was "Anglia" or "Anglorum terra", the Old French and Anglo-Norman one "Angleterre". By the 14th century, "England" was also used in reference to the entire island of Great Britain. The standard title for monarchs from Æthelstan until John was ' ("King of the English"). Canute the Great, a Dane, was the first to call himself "King of England". In the Norman period ' remained standard, with occasional use of ' ("King of England"). From John's reign onwards all other titles were

Britannia

List of Roman place names in Britain

List of Roman place names in Britain

A partial list of Roman place names in Great Britain.

This list includes only names documented from Roman times. For a more complete list including later Latin names, see List of Latin place names in Britain.

The early sources for Roman names show numerous variants and misspellings of the Latin names. Moreover, one of the principal authorities, Ptolemy, wrote in Greek so names that he records need to be transliterated back into Latin to reveal the original form.

Roman Britain

Roman roads in Britannia

Roman roads in Britannia

Roman roads in Britannia were initially designed for military use, created by the Roman Army during the nearly four centuries (AD 43–410) that Britannia was a province of the Roman Empire.

It is estimated that about of paved trunk roads (surfaced roads running between two towns or cities) were constructed and maintained throughout the province. Most of the known network was complete by 180. The primary function of the network was to allow rapid movement of troops and military supplies, but it subsequently provided vital infrastructure for commerce, trade and the transportation of goods.

A considerable number of Roman roads remained in daily use as core trunk roads for centuries after the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410. Some routes are now part of the UK's national road network. Others have been lost or are of archeological and historical interest only.

After the Romans departed, systematic construction of paved highways in the United Kingdom did not resume until the early 18th century. The Roman road network remained the only nationally managed highway system within Britain until the establishment of the Ministry of Transport in the early 20th century.

Roman cities in Britain

Roman cities in Britain

This is a list of cities in Great Britain during the period of Roman occupation from 43 AD to the 5th century.

Roman cities were known as "civitas" in Latin. They were mostly fortified settlements where native tribal peoples lived, governed by the Roman officials. The majority of the cities ("civitates") listed are either former Iron Age tribal capitals, strategic settlements on Roman roads, trading posts between tribal groups or, occasionally, ports, although the latter two were more usually not defined as "civitas". A small number of these cities were settlements of Roman origin, the most famous of which is Aquae Sulis, modern day Bath. At least 26 of the current 63 cities in England and Wales were fortified "civitates" during the Roman era, the most famous being Camulodunum, modern day Colchester, the first capital of the Roman province of Britannia, and Londinium, modern day London, the later capital of the province and current capital of both England and the United Kingdom today.

This list covers cities throughout Great Britain but does not include Cornwall or Scotland where the Romans had less influence. The list shows the modern (Anglo-Saxon) settlement names as well as the native Brythonic and Roman names for the settlement. "Civitates" were prefixed with Caer in Brythonic which roughly equates to the same word in modern Welsh, meaning "stronghold", "fortress", or "citadel", usually written in Anglo-Saxon as -caster, -cester, and -chester. The eighth century Welsh monastic author of the "Historia Brittonum", Nennius, recorded 28 "civitates", which together make up a large proportion of the cities in this list (26 out of the 28 are listed with their likely locations, but several are by no means certain). However, "Caer Custoeint" and "Caer Brithon" are not included, the former having an unknown location and the latter being in Scotland and unlikely to actually have been a Roman "civitas". Many of the Roman "civitates" transitioned into Anglo-Saxon settlements during the Dark Ages, remaining as cities or large towns today. Others, however, fell into disrepair and little but ruins remain, often close to small villages.

Toponymy of England

is known as Common Brittonic. Hundreds of placenames across the whole of England are of Brittonic origin, and the modern languages of Cornish and Welsh are descended from it. Cumbric was spoken in northwestern England, Northumbria and Lowland Scotland until the 11th century. In Wales and Cornwall, most placenames are, respectively, Welsh or Cornish. In Cumbria, there are Celtic placenames, mostly associated with natural features rather than settlements. These include the mountains Blencathra and Helvellyn, and the rivers Ehen and Cocker. Very few Roman names survived the end of Roman Britain in their original form, though many Roman settlements were

Celtic language decline in England

a "vicus", and others end in elements denoting Roman features, such as "-caster", denoting "castra" ('forts'). There is a substantial body of names along the lines of "Walton"/"Walcot"/"Walsall"/"Walsden", many of which must include the Old English word "wealh" in the sense 'Celtic-speaker', and "Comberton", many of which must include Old English "Cumbre" 'Britons'. These are likely to have been names for enclaves of Brittonic-speakers─but again are not that numerous. In the last decade, however, scholars have stressed that Welsh and Cornish place-names from the Roman period seem no more likely to survive than Roman names in England: 'clearly name loss

Roman Britain

II" (Caerleon). On the basis of the Verona List, the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province. In the 12th century, Gerald of Wales described the supposedly metropolitan sees of the early British church established by the legendary SS Fagan and "Duvian". He placed Britannia Prima in Wales and western England with its capital at "Urbs Legionum" (Caerleon); Britannia Secunda in Kent and southern England with its capital at "Dorobernia" (Canterbury); Flavia in Mercia and central England with its capital at "Lundonia" (London); "Maximia" in northern England with its capital at

Londinium

Welsh or Old English names, as their original Roman names have been entirely lost due to the lack of written and inscribed sources. (It was customary elsewhere to name roads after the emperor during whose principate they were completed, but the number and vicinity of routes completed during the time of Claudius would seem to have made this impractical in Britain's case.) The road from the Kentish ports of Rutupiae (Richborough), Dubris (Dover), and Lemanis (Lympne) via Durovernum (Canterbury) seems to have first crossed the Thames at a natural ford near Westminster before being diverted north to the new bridge

Celtic language decline in England

"lēd-rïd" 'grey ford' was more plausible. In particular, there are clusters of Cumbric place-names in northern Cumbria and to the north of the Lammermuir Hills. Even so, it is clear that Brittonic and Latin place-names in the eastern half of England are extremely rare, and although they are noticeably more common in the western half, they are still a tiny minority─2% in Cheshire, for example. Likewise, some entirely Old English names explicitly point to Roman structures, usually using Latin loan-words, or to the presence of Brittonic-speakers. Names like "Wickham" clearly denoted the kind of Roman settlement known in Latin as

Britain (place name)

In Old English or Anglo-Saxon, the Graeco-Latin term referring to Britain entered in the form of "Bryttania", as attested by Alfred the Great's translation of Orosius' "Seven Books of History Against the Pagans". The Latin name "Britannia" re-entered the language through the Old French '. The use of "Britons" for the inhabitants of Great Britain is derived from the Old French "bretun", the term for the people and language of Brittany, itself derived from Latin and Greek, e.g. the of Procopius. It was introduced into Middle English as ' in the late 13th century. There is much conflation of the

England

a reference to the white cliffs of Dover (the only part of Britain visible from the European mainland) or from the phrase the "island of the "Albiones"" in the now lost "Massaliote Periplus", that is attested through Avienus' "Ora Maritima" to which the former presumably served as a source. "Albion" is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, "Lloegr", and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend. The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that

Maxima Caesariensis

Londinium (London) and southeastern England. Following the Roman conquest of Britain, it was administered as a single province from Camulodunum (Colchester) and then Londinium (London) until the Severan Reforms following the revolt of its governor Clodius Albinus. These divided the territory into Upper and Lower Britain ("Britannia Superior" and "Inferior"), whose respective capitals were at Londinium and Eboracum (York). During the first phases of the Diocletian Reforms, Britain was under the control of the Allectus's Britannic Empire as part of the Carausian Revolt. At some point after the territory was retaken by Constantius Chlorus in 296, the Diocese of the

Londinium

the Roman legions, the area was almost certainly lightly rolling open countryside traversed by numerous streams now underground. Archaeologist Lacey Wallace notes that "Because no LPRIA settlements or significant domestic refuse have been found in London, despite extensive archaeological excavation, arguments for a purely Roman foundation of London are now common and uncontroversial." The city's Latin name now seems to have derived from an originally Brittonic one. However, significant pre-Roman finds in the Thames, especially the Battersea Shield (Chelsea Bridge, perhaps 4th-century BC) and the Wandsworth Shield (perhaps 1st-century BC), both assumed to be votive offerings deposited a couple of

Londinium

a figure ever existed. Instead, the Latin name was probably based on a native Brittonic placename reconstructed as *"Londinion". Morphologically, this points to a structure of two suffixes: "-in-jo-". However, the Roman "Londinium" was not the immediate source of English "London" (), as "i"-mutation would have caused the name to have been "Lyndon". This suggests an alternative Brittonic form "Londonion"; alternatively, the local pronunciation in British Latin may have changed the pronunciation of "Londinium" to "Lundeiniu" or "Lundein", which would also have avoided "i"-mutation in Old English. The list of the 28 Cities of Britain included in the 9th-century "History

Roman roads in Britannia

section of Watling Street was begun in the years following the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD, it may have been known to the Romano-Britons as the "Via Claudia" in honour of Emperor Claudius (r.41-54 AD) who led the military campaign. The only Anglo-Saxon name which might be etymologically linked to an original Roman name is the Fosse Way between Exeter and Lincoln. "Fosse" may derive from "fossa", the Latin word for "ditch". But this is likely to be attributable to a popular, rather than official, Roman name for the route. Generally the Roman roads in Britain have names

Roman Britain

the Romans withdrew. It later split into regional languages, notably Cumbric, Cornish, Breton and Welsh. Examination of these languages suggests some 800 Latin words were incorporated into Common Brittonic (see Brittonic languages). The current majority language, English, is based on the languages of the Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe from the 5th century onwards. Roman Britain Roman Britain ( or, later, "", "the Britains") was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD. It comprised almost all of England and Wales and, for

Britain (place name)

linguist Karl Schmidt states that the "name of the island was originally transmitted as Πρεττανία (with Π instead of Β) ... as is confirmed by its etymology". According to Barry Cunliffe: Following Julius Caesar's expeditions to the island in 55 and 54 BC, "Brit(t)an(n)ia" was predominantly used to refer simply to the island of Great Britain. After the Roman conquest under the Emperor Claudius in AD 43, it came to be used to refer to the Roman province of Britain (later two provinces), which at one stage consist of part of the island of Great Britain south of Hadrian's wall.

Flavia Caesariensis

church established by SS Fagan and "Duvian", Gerald of Wales placed Flavia around London, extending into Mercia. Bertram's highly-influential forgery "The Description of Britain" placed it similarly: although not including London, it included central England and was bound by the Severn, the Thames, the North Sea, and the Humber and Mersey; this was accepted for a century from the 1740s to the 1840s before being revealed as a forgery. Modern scholars usually place Londinium in Maxima rather than Flavia. Birley has argued that Maxima and Flavia originally consisted of a single province, which received the name "Britannia Caesariensis" as a

Fordcroft Anglo-Saxon cemetery

a part of the Roman Empire, but following the collapse of Roman rule in 410 CE, many signs of Romano-British society began to disappear, replaced by those of the ascendant Anglo-Saxon culture. Later Anglo-Saxon accounts attribute this change to the widescale invasion of Germanic language tribes from northern Europe, namely the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Archaeological and toponymic evidence shows that there was a great deal of syncretism, with Anglo-Saxon culture interacting and mixing with the Romano-British culture. The Old English term "Kent" first appears in the Anglo-Saxon period, and was based on the earlier Celtic-language name "Cantii". Initially applied


Question: What is the German term for wine made from fully ripened grapes

kabinettwein Kabinettwein kabinett Kabinett

German wine

the wine. Ripeness Classifications of German wines (any grape variety): In general, the ripeness classifications of German wines reflect minimum sugar content in the grape (also known as "potential alcohol" = the amount of alcohol resulting from fermenting all sugar in the juice) at the point of harvest of the grape. They have nothing to do with the sweetness of the wine after fermentation, which is one of the most common mis-perceptions about German wines. On wine labels, German wine may be classified according to the residual sugar of the wine. Trocken refers to dry wine. These wines have less

Spätlese

wines, Spätlese wines are much less common than in Germany. Spätlese Spätlese (literal meaning: "late harvest"; plural form is "Spätlesen") is a German wine term for a wine from fully ripe grapes, the lightest of the late harvest wines. Spätlese is a riper category than Kabinett in the "Prädikatswein" category of the German wine classification and is the lowest level of "Prädikatswein" in Austria, where Kabinett is classified in another way. In both cases, Spätlese is below Auslese in terms of ripeness. The grapes are picked at least seven days after normal harvest, so they are riper and have a

Trockenbeerenauslese

Trockenbeerenauslese Trockenbeerenauslese (literal meaning: "dried berries selection") is a German language wine term for a medium to full body dessert wine. "Trockenbeerenauslese" is the highest in sugar content in the "Prädikatswein" category of the Austrian and German wine classifications. "Trockenbeerenauslese" wines, often called "TBA" for short, are made from individually selected grapes affected by noble rot, i.e. ""botrytized"" grapes. This means that the grapes have been individually picked and are shrivelled with noble rot, often to the point of appearing like a raisin. They are therefore very sweet and have an intensely rich flavor, frequently with a lot of caramel

Beerenauslese

Beerenauslese Beerenauslese (literal meaning: "selected harvest of berries") is a German language wine term for a late harvest wine. Beerenauslese is a category in the "Prädikatswein" category of the Austrian and German wine classifications, and is a category above Auslese. Beerenauslese wines, often called "BA" for short, are usually made from grapes affected by noble rot, that is "botrytized" grapes. The grapes for "Beerenauslese" wines are those that have been individually picked. These wines are typically very sweet and rich, and most age very well. The finest Beerenauslese wines are generally considered to be made from the Riesling grape variety,

Auslese

and a higher extraction of tannin levels. These wines are also increasingly labelled Erstes Gewächs and Grosses Gewächs rather than Auslese. Auslese Auslese (literal meaning: "selected harvest"; plural form is "Auslesen") is a German language wine term for a late harvest wine and is a riper category than Spätlese in the "Prädikatswein" category of the Austrian and German wine classification. The grapes are picked from selected very ripe bunches in the autumn (late November-early December), and have to be hand-picked. Generally Auslese wine can be made in only the best harvest years that have been sufficiently warm. A small proportion

Kabinett

Kabinett

Kabinett (literal meaning: cabinet), or sometimes Kabinettwein (literal meaning: a wine set aside in a cabinet), is a German language wine term for a wine which is made from fully ripened grapes of the main harvest, typically picked in September, and are usually made in a light style. In the German wine classification system, Kabinett is the lowest level of "Prädikatswein", lower in ripeness than Spätlese.

In Austria, Kabinett is subcategory of "Qualitätswein" rather than a "Prädikatswein", and the term always designates a dry wine.

In the Czech Republic, Kabinet is a category of "Quality Wine with Predicate" (Czech: "Jakostní víno s přívlastkem"). Wines of this style are usually light and dry.

Spätlese

German wine classification

German wine classification

The German wine classification system puts a strong emphasis on standardization and factual completeness, and was first implemented by the German Wine Law of 1971. Nearly all of Germany's vineyards are delineated and registered as one of approximately 2,600 Einzellagen ('individual sites'), and the produce from any vineyard can be used to make German wine at any quality level, as long as the must weight of the grapes reaches the designated minimum level. As the current German system does not classify vineyards by quality,<ref name=":0" /> the measure of wine ’quality’ is the ripeness of the grapes alone.

Approximately 200 wine makers have been organised since 1910 in the Verband Deutscher Prädikats- und Qualitätsweingüter (VDP). To counter the shortcomings of the 1971 law, the VDP nowadays classifies the best vineyards by its own rules into 'VDP.Grosse Lage' (Grand cru) and 'VDP.Erste Lage' (Premier cru) based on 19th century Prussian tax maps. Most of these wine makers are based in the regions of Mosel, Pfalz, and Franken.

The classification of wines has been reorganized since 1 August 2009 by the EU wine market organization. The traditional German wine classification remained mostly unchanged, as the European system follows the origin-related system like in Germany and most areas of France (AOC). The already existing protection of geographical indication was transmitted through this step as well to the wine classification.

German wine

German wine

German wine is primarily produced in the west of Germany, along the river Rhine and its tributaries, with the oldest plantations going back to the Roman era. Approximately 60 percent of German wine is produced in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, where 6 of the 13 regions ("Anbaugebiete") for quality wine are situated. Germany has about 103,000 hectares (252,000 acres or 1,030 square kilometers) of vineyard, which is around one tenth of the vineyard surface in Spain, France or Italy.<ref name="Statistics 19-20"/> The total wine production is usually around 10 million hectoliters annually, corresponding to 1.3 billion bottles, which places Germany as the eighth-largest wine-producing country in the world. White wine accounts for almost two thirds of the total production.

As a wine country, Germany has a mixed reputation internationally, with some consumers on the export markets associating Germany with the world's most elegant and aromatically pure white wines while other see the country mainly as the source of cheap, mass-market semi-sweet wines such as Liebfraumilch. Among enthusiasts, Germany's reputation is primarily based on wines made from the Riesling grape variety, which at its best is used for aromatic, fruity and elegant white wines that range from very crisp and dry to well-balanced, sweet and of enormous aromatic concentration. While primarily a white wine country, red wine production surged in the 1990s and early 2000s, primarily fuelled by domestic demand, and the proportion of the German vineyards devoted to the cultivation of dark-skinned grape varieties has now stabilized at slightly more than a third of the total surface. For the red wines, Spätburgunder, the domestic name for Pinot noir, is in the lead.

Straw wine

Straw wine

Straw wine, or raisin wine, is a wine made from grapes that have been dried to concentrate their juice. The result is similar to that of the ice wine process, but is a much older process and suitable for warm climates. The technique dates back to pre-Classical times with wines becoming fashionable in Roman times and in late Medieval/Renaissance Europe when wines such as Malmsey ('Malvasia' originally from Greece) and Candia (from Crete) were highly sought after. Traditionally, most production of these wines has been in Greece, the islands of Sicily, Cyprus, Northern Italy and the French Alps. However, producers in other areas now use the method as well.

Under the classic method, after a careful hand harvest, selected bunches of ripe grapes will be laid out on mats in full sun. (Originally the mats were made of straw, but these days the plastic nets for the olive harvest are likely to be used). This drying will probably be done on well exposed terraces somewhere near the wine press and the drying process will take around a week or a little longer. Small scale productions were laid out on flat roofs; however, if this still happens, it is extremely rare nowadays.

Under less labour-intensive versions of the technique, easily portable racks might be used instead of mats or nets, or the grapes are left lying on the ground beneath the vines, or even left hanging on the vine with the vine-arm cut or the stem twisted. Technically speaking the grapes must be cut off from the vine in order for the wine to be a 'straw wine'. If the grapes are just left to over-ripen before being harvested, even if this is to the point of raisining, this is a 'late harvest' wine.

The exact technique used varies according to local conditions, traditions and increasingly modern innovations. In some regions the grapes are laid first in the sun and later covered or they are covered at night to protect them against dew fall. In cooler, damper regions, the entire drying process takes place indoors in huts, attics or greenhouses with the bunches lying on racks or hanging up with good air circulation.

Straw wines are typically sweet to very sweet white wines, similar in density and sweetness to Sauternes but potentially sweeter. They are capable of long ageing. The low yields and labour-intensive production method means that they are quite expensive. Around Verona red grapes are dried, and are fermented in two different ways to make a strong dry red wine (Amarone) and a sweet red wine (Recioto della Valpolicella).

Spätlese

Spätlese Spätlese (literal meaning: "late harvest"; plural form is "Spätlesen") is a German wine term for a wine from fully ripe grapes, the lightest of the late harvest wines. Spätlese is a riper category than Kabinett in the "Prädikatswein" category of the German wine classification and is the lowest level of "Prädikatswein" in Austria, where Kabinett is classified in another way. In both cases, Spätlese is below Auslese in terms of ripeness. The grapes are picked at least seven days after normal harvest, so they are riper and have a higher sugar content. Because of the weather, waiting to pick

Rosé

(Pinot noir) and Ruländer (Pinot gris). Under German wine law the wine must be made to at least QbA level (meaning the grapes must be harvested with a ripeness level of at least 51°Oe to 72°Oe. A specialty of the Rems Valley in nearby Württemberg region is a style of wine known as "Schillerwein". Produced in the area for over 300 years, Schillerwein is made from pressing and co-fermenting red and white grape varieties together. While not always a rosé, the color of Schillerwein range from dark red to pale pink depending on the grape varieties and percentage of each

German wine

produce well-balanced wines of concentrated flavours rarely exceed 50 hl/ha. Many wines in Germany are produced using organic farming or biodynamic methods. Chaptalization is allowed only up to the QbA level, not for "Prädikatswein" and all wines must be fermented dry if chaptalised. To balance the wine, unfermented grape juice, called Süssreserve, may be added after fermentation. German wine classification is sometimes the source of confusion. However, to those familiar with the terms used, a German wine label reveals much information about the wine's origin, minimum ripeness of the grapes used for the wine as well as the dryness/sweetness of

Auslese

Auslese Auslese (literal meaning: "selected harvest"; plural form is "Auslesen") is a German language wine term for a late harvest wine and is a riper category than Spätlese in the "Prädikatswein" category of the Austrian and German wine classification. The grapes are picked from selected very ripe bunches in the autumn (late November-early December), and have to be hand-picked. Generally Auslese wine can be made in only the best harvest years that have been sufficiently warm. A small proportion of the grapes may be affected by noble rot in some regions although this never dominates the character of the wine.

German wine

only for domestic consumption, but also export. An important event took place in 1775 at Schloss Johannisberg in Rheingau, when the courier delivering the harvest permission was delayed for two weeks, with the result that most of the grapes in Johannisberg's Riesling-only vineyard had been affected by noble rot before the harvest began. Unexpectedly, these "rotten grapes" gave a very good sweet wine, which was termed Spätlese, meaning late harvest. From this time, late harvest wines from grapes affected by noble rot have been produced intentionally. The subsequent differentiation of wines based on harvested ripeness, starting with Auslese in 1787,

German wine classification

The ripeness categories are referred to as "quality levels," which is a misnomer - ripeness is always a clue to a wine's body, but not necessarily a predictor of its quality. Also, ripeness is determined by sugar content at harvest and does not reflect the sugar content in the final wine. Thus a wine in any of the German categories can be dry (trocken) or fairly dry (halbtrocken.) The quality system of wines has been reorganized since 1 August 2009 by the EU wine market organization. The traditional German wine classification was superseded by an origin-related system (Terroir). The already

German wine

was usually light colored, closer to rosé or the red wines of Alsace. However recently there has been greatly increased demand and darker, richer red wines (often barrique aged) are produced from grapes such as Dornfelder and Spätburgunder, the German name for Pinot noir. Perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of German wines is the high level of acidity in them, caused both by the lesser ripeness in a northerly climate and by the selection of grapes such as Riesling—which retain acidity, even at high ripeness levels. Viticulture in present-day Germany dates back to Ancient Roman times, to sometime from 70

Alsace wine

the bottle type is actually called "vin du Rhin", i.e., "Rhine wine bottle". Without being mandated by law, this bottle format is also common and traditional in many German regions, particularly for Riesling and other traditional white wine varieties. There are two late harvest classifications, Vendange Tardive (VT) and Sélection de Grains Nobles (SGN). "Vendange Tardive" means "late harvest" (which in German would be "Spätlese"), but in terms of must weight requirements, VT is similar to Auslese in Germany. "Sélection de Grains Nobles" means "selection of noble berries", i.e. grapes affected by noble rot, and is similar to a German

Completer

Malanstraube, Malanstraube Weisse, Räuschling Edelweiss, Zürichersee, Zürichseer, Zürirebe, and Zurichersee. Completer Completer or Malanstraube is a white Swiss wine grape variety grown primarily in eastern Switzerland around Graubünden. The Completer vine was once domesticated but has now become mostly feral though some Swiss winemakers will make limited quantities of wine harvested from the wild vines. Wine produced from Completer tends to be very full bodied and aromatic. According to wine expert Jancis Robinson, some ampelographers speculate that the Lafnetscha grape grown in the Valais region in southwest Switzerland is actually Completer of which Lafnetscha is a known synonym. Completer is

Trockenbeerenauslese

requirements may be 150 grams per liter, but in exceptional circumstances, the wines may contain more than 300 grams of sugar per liter and may approach the very rare "Tokaji Eszencia" in concentration. Trockenbeerenauslese Trockenbeerenauslese (literal meaning: "dried berries selection") is a German language wine term for a medium to full body dessert wine. "Trockenbeerenauslese" is the highest in sugar content in the "Prädikatswein" category of the Austrian and German wine classifications. "Trockenbeerenauslese" wines, often called "TBA" for short, are made from individually selected grapes affected by noble rot, i.e. ""botrytized"" grapes. This means that the grapes have been individually

Austrian cuisine

council. Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest whose alcoholic fermentation is not finished yet and is not separated yet from his yeast) is called "Heuriger" and gives its name to inns in Vienna and its surroundings, which serve "Heuriger" wine along with food. In Styria, Carinthia and Burgenland the "Heuriger" inns are known as "Buschenschanken". In Upper Austria, Burgenland, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, "Most", the fresh juice of grapes or apples is produced, while "Sturm" ("storm"), a semi-fermented grape-juice is drunk after the grape harvest. "Most" and "Sturm" are the pre-stages of wine.

German wine classification

Each of these wines is made of 100% Riesling and is classified into three categories: ‘Handstreich’, ‘Felsenspiel’ and ‘Meisterstück’. The categories are distinguished by their sensory features, their residual acidity-to-sugar-ratio, and the volume of alcohol. German wine classification The German wine classification system puts a strong emphasis on standardization and factual completeness, and was first implemented per the German Wine Law of 1971. Almost all of Germany's vineyards are delineated and registered as one of approximately 2,600 Einzellagen ('individual sites'), and the produce from one can be used to make German wine at any quality level, depending not on yields

Late harvest wine

at time of harvest. Within the Qualitätswein mit Prädikat classification, there are four levels of late harvest wines, roughly ranging from dry to very sweet: Spätlese ("late harvest"), Auslese ("selected harvest"), Beerenauslese ("selected berries harvest") and Trockenbeerenauslese ("selected dried-berries harvest") with the last two levels being botrytized. Ice wines are popular in the cold northernly wine regions of Germany and Canada where the grapes can freeze on the vine. As the grapes are pressed, the frozen water crystals are eliminated leaving the highly concentrated sugar behind. Raisin wines are sometimes made from grapes that have been left on the vine

Completer

Completer Completer or Malanstraube is a white Swiss wine grape variety grown primarily in eastern Switzerland around Graubünden. The Completer vine was once domesticated but has now become mostly feral though some Swiss winemakers will make limited quantities of wine harvested from the wild vines. Wine produced from Completer tends to be very full bodied and aromatic. According to wine expert Jancis Robinson, some ampelographers speculate that the Lafnetscha grape grown in the Valais region in southwest Switzerland is actually Completer of which Lafnetscha is a known synonym. Completer is also known under the synonyms Lafnaetscha, Lafnetscha, Lafnetsela, Lindauer, Malans,

Kabinett