Question: "Which Czechoslovakian composer studied his native folk music and incorporated it into his work, including the opera ""Jenufa""?"

Leoš Janáček

'Comedy performed together with music', since the music and the libretto aren't connected to each other". Janáček's review apparently led to mutual dislike and later professional difficulties when Kovařovic, as director of the National Theatre in Prague, refused to stage Janáček's opera "Jenůfa". From the early 1890s, Janáček led the mainstream of folklorist activity in Moravia and Silesia, using a repertoire of folk songs and dances in orchestral and piano arrangements. Most of his achievements in this field were published in 1899–1901 though his interest in folklore would be lifelong. His compositional work was still influenced by the declamatory, dramatic

Leoš Janáček

assimilation of the rhythm, pitch contour and inflections of normal Czech speech (Moravian dialect) helped create the very distinctive vocal melodies of his opera "Jenůfa" (1904), whose 1916 success in Prague was to be the turning point in his career. In "Jenůfa", Janáček developed and applied the concept of "speech tunes" to build a unique musical and dramatic style quite independent of "Wagnerian" dramatic method. He studied the circumstances in which "speech tunes" changed, the psychology and temperament of speakers and the coherence within speech, all of which helped render the dramatically truthful roles of his mature operas, and became

Leoš Janáček

Leoš Janáček Leoš Janáček (, baptised Leo Eugen Janáček; 3 July 1854 – 12 August 1928) was a Czech composer, musical theorist, folklorist, publicist and teacher. He was inspired by Moravian and other Slavic folk music to create an original, modern musical style. Until 1895 he devoted himself mainly to folkloristic research. While his early musical output was influenced by contemporaries such as Antonín Dvořák, his later, mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern, highly original synthesis, first evident in the opera "Jenůfa", which was premiered in 1904 in Brno. The success of "Jenůfa"

Jenůfa

in the composer's original version, "Jenůfa"'s early popularity was due to a revised version by Karel Kovařovic, altering what was considered its eccentric style and orchestration. Thus altered, it was well-received, first in Prague, and particularly after its Vienna première also worldwide. More than 70 years passed before audiences again heard it in Janáček's original version. Janáček wrote an overture to the opera, but decided not to use it. It was partly based on a song called "Žárlivec" ("The jealous man"). It is now performed as a concert piece under the title "Žárlivost" ("Jealousy"), JW 6/10. The composer dedicated the

Karel Kovařovic

to Leoš Janáček's "Jenůfa" for its premiere in Prague, and it was in his version that the opera was heard for many years. A recording of "The Dogheads", featuring Beno Blachut, exists. Karel Kovařovic Karel Kovařovic (Prague, 9 December 1862 Prague, 6 December 1920) was a Czech composer and conductor. From 1873 to 1879 he studied clarinet, harp and piano at the Prague Conservatory. He began his career as a harpist. In 1900 Kovařovic became the conductor of the national theatre in Prague, due mostly to the success of his opera "The Dogheads", after the novel of the same name

Jenůfa

Jenůfa Jenůfa (Její pastorkyňa, "Her Stepdaughter" in Czech) is an opera in three acts by Leoš Janáček to a Czech libretto by the composer, based on the play "Její pastorkyňa" by Gabriela Preissová. It was first performed at the National Theatre, Brno on 21 January 1904. Composed between 1896 and 1902, it is among the first operas written in prose. The first of Janáček's operas in which his distinctive voice can clearly be heard, it is a grim story of infanticide and redemption. Like the playwright's original work, it is known for its unsentimental realism. While today it is heard

Leoš Janáček

lifetime, Janáček reluctantly conceded to Karel Kovařovic's instrumental rearrangement of "Jenůfa", most noticeably in the finale, in which Kovařovic added a more 'festive' sound of trumpets and French horns, and doubled some instruments to support Janáček's "poor" instrumentation. The score of "Jenůfa" was later restored by Charles Mackerras, and is now performed according to Janáček's original intentions. Another important Czech musicologist, Zdeněk Nejedlý, a great admirer of Smetana and later a communist Minister of Culture, condemned Janáček as an author who could accumulate a lot of material, but was unable to do anything with it. He called Janáček's style "unanimated",

Leoš Janáček

success, but Janáček felt this was no more than a provincial achievement. He aspired to recognition by the more influential Prague opera, but "Jenůfa" was refused there (twelve years passed before its first performance in Prague). Dejected and emotionally exhausted, Janáček went to Luhačovice spa to recover. There he met Kamila Urválková, whose love story supplied the theme for his next opera, "Osud" ("Destiny"). In 1905, Janáček attended a demonstration in support of a Czech university in Brno, where the violent death of František Pavlík, a young joiner, at the hands of the police inspired his piano sonata, "1. X.

The Cunning Little Vixen

as "Jenůfa" and "Káťa Kabanová". In "The Cunning Little Vixen", the composer moved away from the more conversational style of previous and subsequent operas in favor of a more folk-like style, and wove into its fabric some of his most experimental opera concepts (ballet, mime, and orchestral interludes). Janáček based "The Cunning Little Vixen"s tonality on modes (similarly to much output during his last decade), expanding the music's harmonic range through the utilisation of the seventh and ninth chords. The composition makes frequent use of folk-influenced rhythms and "sčasovka" (personally-coined term for a short motif), while it has been noted

Josef Bohuslav Foerster

to Prague on the foundation of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918, thereafter teaching at the conservatory and the university. In 1946 he was declared a National Composer. He died in Nový Vestec. Foerster produced numerous compositions. His music is not nationalistic in the sense of employing the idioms of Czech folk music. His work, words and music, is considered very subjective and personal, mystical and idealistic. Foerster's opera "Eva" is another example, like Leoš Janáček's "Jenůfa", of a libretto based on a play by Gabriela Preissová, though his treatment differs. His compositions include five symphonies (No. 1 in D minor;

Eugen Suchoň

the popular male choral cycle "O horách" ("Of mountains") was a seminal work which established a Slovak national style. This was followed by his monumental cantata, "The Psalm of the Sub-Carpathian Land" (1938). Many folksong arrangements date from this period, which culminated in his opera "Krútňava" ("The Whirlpool", 1949). The success of Krútňava established modern Slovak opera, and drew international attention. From 1948 to 1960 Suchoň was professor and head of the Department of Music Education at the Teacher Training College in Bratislava. Works from this period include the "Fantasies" for Violin and Orchestra, "Metamorphoses" for piano, and the "Symphonic

Leoš Janáček

audiences. He would also inspire later composers in his homeland, as well as music theorists, among them Jaroslav Volek, to place modal development alongside harmony of importance in music. The operas of his mature period, "Jenůfa" (1904), "Káťa Kabanová" (1921), "The Cunning Little Vixen" (1924), "The Makropulos Affair" (1926) and "From the House of the Dead" (after a novel by Dostoyevsky and premièred posthumously in 1930) are considered his finest works. The Australian conductor Sir Charles Mackerras became very closely associated with Janáček's operas. Janáček's chamber music, while not especially voluminous, includes works which are widely considered twentieth-century classics, particularly

Jenůfa

wishes to spend the rest of his life with her. Notes Sources Jenůfa Jenůfa (Její pastorkyňa, "Her Stepdaughter" in Czech) is an opera in three acts by Leoš Janáček to a Czech libretto by the composer, based on the play "Její pastorkyňa" by Gabriela Preissová. It was first performed at the National Theatre, Brno on 21 January 1904. Composed between 1896 and 1902, it is among the first operas written in prose. The first of Janáček's operas in which his distinctive voice can clearly be heard, it is a grim story of infanticide and redemption. Like the playwright's original work,

Leoš Janáček

In 1902, Janáček visited Russia twice. On the first occasion he took his daughter Olga to St. Petersburg, where she stayed to study Russian. Only three months later, he returned to St. Petersburg with his wife because Olga had become very ill. They took her back to Brno, but her health worsened. Janáček expressed his painful feelings for his daughter in a new work, his opera "Jenůfa", in which the suffering of his daughter had transfigured into Jenůfa's. When Olga died in February 1903, Janáček dedicated "Jenůfa" to her memory. The opera was performed in Brno in 1904, with reasonable

Leoš Janáček

school, and held this post until 1919, when the school became the Brno Conservatory. In the mid-1880s, Janáček began composing more systematically. Among other works, he created the "Four male-voice choruses" (1886), dedicated to Antonín Dvořák, and his first opera, "Šárka" (1887–88). During this period he began to collect and study folk music, songs and dances. In the early months of 1887, he sharply criticized the comic opera "The Bridegrooms", by Czech composer Karel Kovařovic, in a "Hudební listy" journal review: "Which melody stuck in your mind? Which motif? Is this dramatic opera? No, I would write on the poster:

Lovro von Matačić

Janáček’s "Jenůfa" at the top of his opera repertoire, Lovro von Matačić’s interest covered a huge span from Palestrina, Monteverdi and Henry Purcell, through Handel, Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven to Mussorgsky, Mahler, Janáček, Smetana, R. Strauss, Wagner, Verdi and others. He was especially dedicated to performing the work of Croatian composers. His first appearances with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra in 1936 already included a suite from Krešimir Baranović’s ballet "Gingerbread Heart" and Jakov Gotovac’s "Symphonic Kolo". The programs of his subsequent international and Croatian performances also included the works of Josip Hatze, Blagoje Bersa, Božidar Širola, Božidar Kunc, Boris Papandopulo,

Geraldine Mucha

also heard pieces by Janáček and Martinů conducted in wartime performances by the Czech émigré Vilém Tausky (1910- 2004). Having arrived in Prague, Mucha hoped to take lessons with Vitězslav Novák (1870-1949), a distinguished composer with a definite late-Romantic approach to music. This did not happen, but in her own music Mucha continued to seek to blend her personal romantic spirit with a more modern, mid-twentieth century sound. In this she shared a similarity with her Czech contemporaries Petr Eben (1929-2007) and Luboš Fišer (1935-1999). Selected works include: Geraldine Mucha Geraldine Thomson Mucha (5 July 1917 – 12 October 2012)

Leoš Janáček

dramatist and translator Max Brod. In the same year, "Jenůfa", revised by Kovařovic, was finally accepted by the National Theatre. Its performance in Prague in 1916 was a great success, and brought Janáček his first acclaim. He was 62. Following the Prague première, he began a relationship with singer Gabriela Horváthová, which led to his wife Zdenka's attempted suicide and their "informal" divorce. A year later (1917), he met Kamila Stösslová, a young married woman 38 years his junior, who was to inspire him for the remaining years of his life. He conducted an obsessive and (on his side at

Otakar Ostrčil

(Johnny's Kingdom, based on a short story by Leo Tolstoy, 1934). His most significant orchestral music includes "Symphony in A" (1906), "Impromptu" (1912), "Suite in c minor" (1914), "Symfonietta" (1922), "Léto" (Summer, tone poem, 1927), and "Křížova cesta" (The Way of the Cross, orchestral variations, 1929). He also composed various works for chamber and choral ensembles. As was the case with his main musical influence, Gustav Mahler, his rigorous conducting schedule rarely allowed free time for composition, with the exception of the summers when the theater was not in season. Like his contemporaries, Vítězslav Novák, Josef Suk, and Otakar Zich,

Leoš Janáček

to criticism, but a rapid decline in "Beseda"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s performance quality led to his recall in 1882. His married life, settled and calm in its early years, became increasingly tense and difficult following the death of his daughter, Olga, in 1903. Years of effort in obscurity took their toll, and almost ended his ambitions as a composer: "I was beaten down", he wrote later, "My own students gave me advice – how to compose, how to speak through the orchestra". Success in 1916 – when Karel Kovařovic finally decided to perform "Jenůfa" in Prague – brought its own problems. Janáček grudgingly


Question: """I'm a dot in place"" has what relation to ""A decimal point""?"

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Decimal separator

decimal separators, but most computer languages and standard data formats (e.g. C, Java, Fortran, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)) specify a dot. The 22nd General Conference on Weights and Measures declared in 2003 that "the symbol for the decimal marker shall be either the point on the line or the comma on the line". It further reaffirmed that "numbers may be divided in groups of three in order to facilitate reading; neither dots nor commas are ever inserted in the spaces between groups" (e.g.). This usage has therefore been recommended by technical organizations, such as the United States' National Institute of

Interpunct

character, . In British typography, the space dot is an interpunct used as the formal decimal point. Its use is advocated by laws and by academic circles such as the Cambridge University History Faculty Style Guide and is mandated by some UK-based academic journals such as "The Lancet". When the British currency was decimalised in 1971, the official advice issued was to write decimal amounts with a raised point (for example, £21·48) and to use a decimal point "on the line" only when typesetting constraints made it unavoidable. This usage, however, has been declining since the mid-1970s, as the importation

Punctuation of English

widely, over time and regionally. For example, these marks are usually left out of acronyms and initialisms today, and in many British publications they are omitted from contractions such as "Dr" for "Doctor", where the abbreviation begins and ends with the same letters as the full word. Another use of this character, as the decimal point, is found in mathematics and computing (where it is often nicknamed the "dot"), dividing whole numbers from decimal fractions, as in "2,398.45". In many languages, the roles of the comma and decimal point are reversed, with the comma serving as the decimal separator and

History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system

manuscript with worked examples available to us, the Bakhshali manuscript (of unclear date), uses a place value system with a dot to denote the zero. The dot was called the "shunya-sthāna", "empty-place." The same symbol was also used in algebraic expressions for the unknown (as in the canonical "x" in modern algebra). Textual references to a place-value system are seen from the 1st century CE onward. The Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu in the 1st century says "when [the same] clay counting-piece is in the place of units, it is denoted as one, when in hundreds, one hundred." A commentary on Patanjali's

Principia Mathematica

dots, or the same number of dots next that have equal or greater "force", or the end of the line. Dots next to the signs ⊃, ≡,∨, =Df have greater force than dots next to ("x"), (∃"x") and so on, which have greater force than dots indicating a logical product ∧. Example 1. The line corresponds to where the colon represents the outer (), the next two dots represent the parentheses around ~p and ~q, the third dot represents the parentheses around p ∧ q, and the fourth dot (rather confusingly) represents the logical symbol ∧ rather than a pair

Interpunct

where the interpunct is used as a decimal point (as noted above, by many mathematics teachers in some countries), then the multiplication sign used is usually a full stop (period), not an interpunct. In computing, the middle dot is usually used to indicate white space in various software applications such as word processing, graphic design, web layout, desktop publishing or software development programs. In some word processors, interpuncts are used to denote not only hard space or space characters, but also sometimes used to indicate a space when put in paragraph format to show indentations and spaces. This allows the

Decimal

but may be a comma "" in other countries (mainly in Europe). For representing a nonnegative number, a decimal consists of It is generally assumed that, if , the first digit is not zero, but, in some circumstances, it may be useful to have one or more 0's on the left. This does not change the value represented by the decimal. For example, . Similarly, if , it may be removed, and conversely, trailing zeros may be added without changing the represented number. For example, and . sometimes, the unnecessary zeros are used for indicating the accuracy of a measurement.

Dot-decimal notation

by a full stop. For example, the hexadecimal number "0xFF000000" may be expressed in dot-decimal notation as "255.0.0.0". In computer networking, the term is often used as a synonym of "dotted quad notation", or "quad-dotted notation", a specific use to represent IPv4 addresses. Object identifiers use a style of dot-decimal notation to represent an arbitrarily deep hierarchy of objects identified by decimal numbers. An IPv4 address has 32 bits. For purposes of representation, the bits may be divided into four octets written in decimal numbers, ranging from 0 to 255, concatenated as a character string with full stop delimiters between

Decimal separator

accommodate it, e.g. 99·95. However, as the mid dot was already in common use in the mathematics world to indicate multiplication, the SI rejected its use as the decimal separator. During the beginning of British metrication in the late 1960s and with impending currency decimalisation, there was some debate in the United Kingdom as to whether the decimal comma or decimal point should be preferred: the British Standards Institution and some sectors of industry advocated the comma and the Decimal Currency Board advocated for the point. In the event, the point was chosen by the Ministry of Technology in 1968.

Radix point

or halfway between the baseline and the top of the numerals. In many other countries, the radix point is a comma (,) placed on the baseline. It is important to know which notation is being used when working in different software programs. The respective ISO standard defines both the comma and the small dot as decimal markers, but does not explicitly define universal radix marks for bases other than 10. Hence, its decimal value can be calculated as: It is now seen that 1101, which is to the left of the radix point, is the binary representation of the decimal

Swedish grammar

decimal point is written as "," (comma) and spelled and pronounced . The digits following the decimal point may be read individually or as a pair if there are only two. When dealing with monetary amounts (usually with two decimals), the decimal point is read as , i.e. "and": 3,50 (), 7,88 (). Ordinals from "first" to "twelfth": Those from "thirteenth" to "nineteenth", as well as "hundredth" and "thousandth", are formed from cardinal numerals with the suffix "-de", e.g. ("13:e"), ("14:e"), ("100:e"), ("1000:e"). Ordinals for the multiples of ten ("twentieth" to "ninetieth") are formed from cardinal numerals with the suffix

Dot-decimal notation

Dot-decimal notation Dot-decimal notation is a presentation format for numerical data. It consists of a string of decimal numbers, each pair separated by a full stop ("dot"). A common use of dot-decimal notation is in information technology where it is a method of writing numbers in octet-grouped base-10 (decimal) numbers separated by dots (full stops). In computer networking, Internet Protocol Version 4 addresses (IPv4 addresses) are commonly written using the quad-dotted notation of four decimal integers, ranging from 0 to 255 each. Dot-decimal notation is a presentation format for numerical data expressed as a string of decimal numbers each separated

Positional notation

letters representing 10–50 and/or one chosen from 9 letters representing 1–9, or a zero symbol). Examples: Related topics: Positional notation Positional notation or place-value notation is a method of representing or encoding numbers. Positional notation is distinguished from other notations (such as Roman numerals) for its use of the same symbol for the different orders of magnitude (for example, the "ones place", "tens place", "hundreds place"). This greatly simplified arithmetic, leading to the rapid spread of the notation across the world. With the use of a radix point (decimal point in base-10), the notation can be extended to include fractions

Decimal separator

Decimal separator A decimal separator is a symbol used to separate the integer part from the fractional part of a number written in decimal form. Different countries officially designate different symbols for the decimal separator. The choice of symbol for the decimal separator also affects the choice of symbol for the thousands separator used in digit grouping, so the latter is also treated in this article. Any such symbol can be called a decimal mark, decimal marker or decimal sign. But symbol-specific names are also used; decimal point and decimal comma refer to an (either baseline or middle) dot and

Piphilology

places. (If you prefer to not round π, then replace "cosmos" with "cielo".) Translation: "Níl i mata, a shaoi, eolaíocht nó feidhm." (7 decimal places) — "Wise one, mathematics has neither science nor use." One of the Romanian versions of Pi poems is: There is another phrase known in Romanian that will help to memorize the number by eight decimal places: "Așa e bine a scrie renumitul și utilul număr." — "This is the way to write the renowned and useful number." In the Russian language, there is a well-known phrase in the reform of 1917 orthography of old tradition:

Principia Mathematica

to ⊃, and also adopted a few of Peano's later symbols, such as ℩ and ι, and Peano's practice of turning letters upside down. "PM" adopts the assertion sign "⊦" from Frege's 1879 "Begriffsschrift": Thus to assert a proposition "p" "PM" writes: Most of the rest of the notation in PM was invented by Whitehead. "PM" 's dots are used in a manner similar to parentheses. Each dot (or multiple dot) represents either a left or right parenthesis or the logical symbol ∧. More than one dot indicates the "depth" of the parentheses, for example, ".", ":" or ":.", "::".

0

on the Mathematical Art". Pingala (c. 3rd/2nd century BC), a Sanskrit prosody scholar, used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), a notation similar to Morse code. Pingala used the Sanskrit word "śūnya" explicitly to refer to zero. It was considered that the earliest text to use a decimal place-value system, including a zero, is the "Lokavibhāga", a Jain text on cosmology surviving in a medieval Sanskrit translation of the Prakrit original, which is internally dated to AD 458 (Saka era 380). In this text, "śūnya" ("void, empty")

Positional notation

"W" is balanced with 3 (3) on its pan and 1 and 27 (3 and 3) on the other, then its weight in decimal is 25 or 101 in balanced base-3. The factorial number system uses a varying radix, giving factorials as place values; they are related to Chinese remainder theorem and residue number system enumerations. This system effectively enumerates permutations. A derivative of this uses the Towers of Hanoi puzzle configuration as a counting system. The configuration of the towers can be put into 1-to-1 correspondence with the decimal count of the step at which the configuration occurs and

0.999...

of the numbers 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc. Because there is ultimately no room between 1 and these numbers, the point 1 must be this least point, and so . If one places 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc. on the number line, one sees immediately that all these points are to the left of 1, and that they get closer and closer to 1. More precisely, the distance from 0.9 to 1 is , the distance from 0.99 to 1 is , and so on. The distance to 1 from the th point (the one with 9s after the decimal point) is

Richard's paradox

as follows. The integer part of "r" is 0, the "n"th decimal place of "r" is 1 if the "n"th decimal place of "r" is not 1, and the "n"th decimal place of "r" is 2 if the "n"th decimal place of "r" is 1. The preceding two paragraphs are an expression in English that unambiguously defines a real number "r". Thus "r" must be one of the numbers "r". However, "r" was constructed so that it cannot equal any of the "r" (thus, "r" is an undefinable number). This is the paradoxical contradiction. Richard's paradox results in an untenable


Question: Which bird, that breeds in northern Europe in pine and beech forests, has a chestnut brown back, grey head, dark tail, buff breast and a striped black throat?

fieldfare
turdus pilaris
fieldfares
Fieldfair
Turdus pilaris
fieldfair
Fieldfare
Fieldfares

Eurasian nuthatch

and expanded its range in Wales, northern England, Norway and the High Atlas mountain range in North Africa. "S. e. asiatica" breeds intermittently in Finland and northern Sweden following irruptions. Because large trees are essential, felling or fragmentation of old woodland can lead to local declines or losses. Eurasian nuthatch The Eurasian nuthatch or wood nuthatch ("Sitta europaea") is a small passerine bird found throughout temperate Asia and in Europe, where its name is the nuthatch. Like other nuthatches, it is a short-tailed bird with a long bill, blue-grey upperparts and a black eye-stripe. It is a vocal bird with

Castile and León

with mud. The western capercaillie is a very dark and large rooster that lives in forest environments, so it is very difficult to observe. Among the forest raptors are the accipiter, the eurasian sparrowhawk or the tawny owl, which frequently attack other smaller birds such as eurasian jay, european green woodpecker, fringilla, great spotted woodpecker and typical warbler. The bustard frequents the open plains with rain-fed crops; It is large and has a grayish head and neck and a brown back. In the Castilian-Leonese wetlands during the winter many specimens of greylag goose, which breeds in northern Europe and visits

Chestnut-capped blackbird

Chestnut-capped blackbird The chestnut-capped blackbird ("Chrysomus ruficapillus") is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Paraguay, and Uruguay, where its natural habitats are swamps, ricefields and pastureland. The International Union for Conservation of Nature rates its conservation status as "least concern". The chestnut-capped blackbird is sexually dimorphic. It has a straight dark-coloured beak with a sharp tip, and dark legs. The male has a chestnut-coloured head and throat but is otherwise glossy black; birds in the southern part of the range have darker heads than those in the north. The

Eurasian nuthatch

Eurasian nuthatch The Eurasian nuthatch or wood nuthatch ("Sitta europaea") is a small passerine bird found throughout temperate Asia and in Europe, where its name is the nuthatch. Like other nuthatches, it is a short-tailed bird with a long bill, blue-grey upperparts and a black eye-stripe. It is a vocal bird with a repeated loud "dwip" call. There are more than 20 subspecies in three main groups; birds in the west of the range have orange-buff underparts and a white throat, those in Russia have whitish underparts, and those in the Far East have a similar appearance to European birds,

European serin

length. The upper parts are dark-streaked greyish green, with a yellow rump. The yellow breast and white belly are also heavily streaked. The male has a brighter yellow face and breast, yellow wing bars and yellow tail sides. The song of this bird is a buzzing trill, very familiar in Mediterranean countries. It breeds across southern and central Europe and north Africa. Southern and Atlantic coast populations are largely resident, but the northern breeders migrate further south in Europe for the winter. Open woodland and cultivation, often with some conifers, is favoured for breeding. It builds its nest in a

Wild turkey

Wild turkey

The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an upland ground bird native to North America, one of two extant species of turkey and the heaviest member of the order Galliformes. It is the ancestor to the domestic turkey, which was originally derived from a southern Mexican subspecies of wild turkey (not the related ocellated turkey).

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Chestnut bunting

birds occur in farmland, scrub and woodland edges. Chestnut bunting The chestnut bunting ("Emberiza rutila") is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae found in eastern Asia. It is a fairly small bunting, 14 to 15 cm in length. The tail is fairly short with little or no white on the outer feathers. Breeding males have bright chestnut-brown upperparts and head. The breast and belly are yellow with streaks on the sides. Non-breeding males are similar but duller with the chestnut partly hidden by pale fringes to the feathers. The female is mostly dull brown with dark streaks above

Chestnut-belted gnateater

Chestnut-belted gnateater The chestnut-belted gnateater ("Conopophaga aurita") is a species of bird in the Conopophagidae family, the gnateaters. It is found in the Amazon Basin of northern Brazil, southern Colombia and eastern Peru and Ecuador; also the Guianan countries of Guyana, Suriname and eastern French Guiana. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests. It is a small dark bird with a relatively stout bill, brown upperparts and crown (the latter often tinged rufous), a white supercilium, and pinkish-grey legs. The male has a black frontlet, face and throat, a rufous chest, and buff or white belly. The female has

Alpine accentor

a grey head and red-brown spotting on the underparts. It has an insectivore's fine pointed bill. Sexes are similar, although the male may be contrasted in appearance. Young birds have browner heads and underparts. It is found throughout the mountains of southern temperate Europe, Lebanon and Asia at heights above 2000 m. It is mainly resident, wintering more widely at lower latitudes, but some birds wander as rare vagrants as far as Great Britain. It is a bird of bare mountain areas with some low vegetation. It builds a neat nest low in a bush or rock crevice, laying 3-5

Chestnut-collared longspur

Chestnut-collared longspur The chestnut-collared longspur ("Calcarius ornatus") is a species of bird in the family Calcariidae. Like the other longspurs, it is a small ground-feeding bird that primarily eats seeds. It breeds in prairie habitats in Canada and the northern United States and winters to the south in the United States and Mexico. These birds have a short conical bill, a streaked back and a white tail with a dark tip. In breeding plumage, the male has black underparts, a chestnut nape, a yellow throat and a black crown. Other birds have light brown underparts, a dark crown, brown wings

Chestnut-flanked white-eye

Chestnut-flanked white-eye The chestnut-flanked white-eye ("Zosterops erythropleurus") is a species of bird in the family Zosteropidae. It is migratory, breeding in Manchuria and migrating to central China, Yunnan and northern Southeast Asia in the winter. It is the most migratory species of white-eye. It breeds in poplar, alder and willow forests, thickets and groves, and winters in deciduous and evergreen forests, usually above 1000 m. 10.5 cm length. Distinct chestnut patch on flanks. Bill base and lower mandible may be pinkish. Underparts whiter. Similar species: Japanese White-eye is pale brown on flanks. Habitat: Forests, prefers rather deep mixed and coniferous.

Chestnut-flanked white-eye

Chestnut-backed bush warbler

adult chestnut-backed bush warbler is a drab, unobtrusive bird about long. The sexes are similar. The upperparts are reddish brown, the chin and throat pale grey, the breast deeper grey and the belly, flanks and undertail coverts various shades of brown. There is a pale streak above the eye and a dark eye-stripe. The bill is black and the legs reddish brown. The chestnut-backed bush warbler is found in undisturbed primary montane forest and in secondary forest, as well as adjoining thick scrub, bushes and rank grassland. It has a preference for moss-covered rocks and tree trunks densely clad with

Chestnut-breasted mannikin

in India and dispersed thereafter (towards Africa and Pacific Ocean habitats). Chestnut-breasted mannikin The chestnut-breasted mannikin ("Lonchura castaneothorax"), also known as the chestnut-breasted munia or bully bird (in Australia), is a small brown-backed munia with a black face and greyish crown and nape. It has a broad ferruginous breast bar above a white belly. The species is found in Australia, New Caledonia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. This species has also been introduced to French Polynesia and France. The chestnut-breasted mannikin has a total of six subspecies and seven forms. The subspecies are as follows: "L. castaneothorax" occurs in Tahiti.

Chestnut-breasted mannikin

Chestnut-breasted mannikin The chestnut-breasted mannikin ("Lonchura castaneothorax"), also known as the chestnut-breasted munia or bully bird (in Australia), is a small brown-backed munia with a black face and greyish crown and nape. It has a broad ferruginous breast bar above a white belly. The species is found in Australia, New Caledonia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. This species has also been introduced to French Polynesia and France. The chestnut-breasted mannikin has a total of six subspecies and seven forms. The subspecies are as follows: "L. castaneothorax" occurs in Tahiti. Apparently, it is descended from "L. c. castaneothorax". They are distinguished

Black-throated accentor

Black-throated accentor The black-throated accentor ("Prunella atrogularis") is a small passerine bird found in the Ural, Tian Shan and Altai Mountains. It is migratory, wintering in Afghanistan and neighboring countries. It is a rare vagrant in western Europe. The black-throated accentor builds a neat nest low in spruce thickets, laying 3-5 unspotted blue eggs. It winters in scrub or cultivation. This is a dunnock-sized bird, 13.5–14 cm in length. It has a streaked dark brown back, somewhat resembling a house sparrow, but adults have a black crown, face patch and throat, and a white supercilium. The breast is orange, and

Pale thrush

dark grey with white tips to the outer feathers. The female is similar to the male but duller with a browner head and pale throat. It has harsh "chuck-chuck" and "see-ip" calls and a bubbling alarm call. It breeds in south-east Siberia, north-east China and Korea and may breed in Japan, especially on Tsushima Island. It is largely migratory, wintering in southern and central Japan, South Korea and southern China, occasionally reaching as far as Yunnan, Taiwan and the Philippines. It inhabits forests, scrub, gardens and parks. It is a shy bird which keeps to cover. It can occur in

Graceful prinia

short rounded wings, and a long tapering tail with each feather tipped with black and white. In breeding plumage, adults are grey-brown above, with dark streaking. The underparts are whitish with buff flanks, and the bill is short and black. The sexes are similar. In winter, adults are brighter sandy brown above with weaker streaking, there is more buff on the sides, and the bill is paler. There are 12 subspecies, of which " P. g. akyildizi", of southern Turkey is the darkest, brownest, and most heavily streaked above, and has the brightest buff flanks. The long tail is often

Chestnut-capped puffbird

black. The black collar is parallel to a second deep black stripe, an eye-stripe across the lower eye from the side to the bill. The deep chestnut cap and two black stripes enclose two parallel bright white stripes. The bill is stout, short and medium black, with a decurved tip. The bird has black eyes, black legs, and also short light-buff whiskered-feathers surrounding the base of its bill (moustachial). These bright head colors contrast with a duller colored body and breast. It is found in northwestern South America in the western Amazon Basin of Brazil, in Amazonian Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,

Common blackbird

The male of the nominate subspecies, which is found throughout most of Europe, is all black except for a yellow eye-ring and bill and has a rich, melodious song; the adult female and juvenile have mainly dark brown plumage. This species breeds in woods and gardens, building a neat, mud-lined, cup-shaped nest. It is omnivorous, eating a wide range of insects, earthworms, berries, and fruits. Both sexes are territorial on the breeding grounds, with distinctive threat displays, but are more gregarious during migration and in wintering areas. Pairs stay in their territory throughout the year where the climate is sufficiently

White-browed coucal

White-browed coucal The white-browed coucal or lark-heeled cuckoo ("Centropus superciliosus"), is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa. It inhabits areas with thick cover afforded by rank undergrowth and scrub, including in suitable coastal regions. Burchell's coucal is sometimes considered a subspecies. The white-browed coucal is a medium-sized species growing to in length. The sexes are similar, adults having a blackish crown and nape, a white supercilium, rufous-brown back, chestnut wings, blackish rump and black tail, glossed with green, with a white tip. The underparts are creamy-white, the eyes red, the beak black,


Question: The official World Cup for which sport, held every second year from 1986 to 2004 and annually thereafter, is hosted by a number of countries from Canada, USA, UK, multiple European countries, to Japan, New Zealand, Australia, and Ireland?

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Churchill Cup

Second World War, so it is fitting that this tournament bears his name. Born of an English tour of North America in 2001, the Churchill Cup of Rugby came to fruition in 2003, in Vancouver. The tournament arises out of a 5-year agreement between Rugby Canada, Rugby USA and the Rugby Football Union (England) to hold an annual rugby tournament in North America originally intended to be played between the nations Senior Men's and Women's sides. Canada will host the event from 2003 to 2005, in 2003 and 2004 the event was held in Edmonton, Alberta. While the US will

2013 Festival of World Cups

The LoveRugbyLeague.Com Stadium in Batley and The Tetley’s Stadium in Dewsbury. The second Armed Forces World Cup took place at the Colchester Garrison Sports Stadium. Five nations competed; Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Russia and Serbia. The middle weekend of the tournament coincides with the annual military festival held in Colchester. Five teams took part in the second Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup to be held at Medway Park. The six teams are France, Australia, England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. 2013 Festival of World Cups The 2013 Festival of World Cups is a series of rugby league World Cups held

2026 FIFA World Cup bids

the second hosted by more than one country—the other having been the 2002 tournament, hosted by South Korea and Japan. Upon this selection, each country made hosting records of their own. Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men's and women's World Cup—the latter having been in 2015; Mexico becomes the first country to host the men's World Cup three times—having done so previously in 1970 and 1986; and the United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice—having hosted the 1994 men's and the 1999 and 2003 women's World Cups. The FIFA

Rugby World Cup

IRFB in 1985 and this time successfully passed 10–6. The delegates from Australia, France, New Zealand and South Africa all voted for the proposal, and the delegates from Ireland and Scotland against; the English and Welsh delegates were split, with one from each country for and one against. The inaugural tournament, jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand, was held in May and June 1987, with sixteen nations taking part. New Zealand became the first ever champions, defeating France 29–9 in the final. The subsequent 1991 tournament was hosted by England, with matches played throughout Britain, Ireland and France. This

FIFA World Cup hosts

Cup tournaments. On the other hand, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both the men's and women's World Cups, after Sweden (Men's: 1958/Women's: 1995), United States (Men's: 1994/Women's: 1999, 2003), Germany (Men's: 1974, 2006/Women's: 2011), and France (Men's: 1934, 1998/Women's: 2019). The United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice each. The bidding process for this World Cup has yet to start. Some early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have however been proposed. The first proposed bid has been a collective bid by the

New Zealand national rugby union team

New Zealand national rugby union team

The New Zealand national rugby union team, commonly known as the All Blacks (), represents New Zealand in men's international rugby union, which is considered the country's national sport. The team won the Rugby World Cup in 1987, 2011 and 2015. They were the first country to win the Rugby World Cup 3 times and the first country to retain the Rugby World Cup.

New Zealand has a 76 per-cent winning record in test-match rugby, and has secured more wins than losses against every test opponent. Since their international debut in 1903, New Zealand teams have played test matches against 19 nations, of which 12 have never won a game against the All Blacks. The team has also played against three multinational all-star teams, losing only eight of 45 matches. Since the introduction of the World Rugby Rankings in 2003, New Zealand has held the number-one ranking longer than all other teams combined. They jointly hold the record for the most consecutive test match wins for a tier-one ranked nation, along with England.

The All Blacks compete with Argentina, Australia and South Africa in the Rugby Championship, and have won the trophy nineteen times in the competition's 27-year history. The team has completed a Grand Slam tour against the four Home Nations four times (1978, 2005, 2008 and 2010). World Rugby has named New Zealand the World Rugby Team of the Year ten times since the award was initiated in 2001,<ref name="PastIRBawards">
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and an All Black has won the World Rugby Player of the Year award ten times over the same period. Fifteen former All Blacks have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame.

The team's first match took place in 1884 in New South Wales and their first international test match in 1903 against Australia in Sydney. The following year New Zealand hosted their first home test, a match against a British Isles side in Wellington. There followed a 34-game tour of Europe and North America in 1905 (which included five test matches), where New Zealand suffered only one defeat: their first test loss, against Wales.

New Zealand's early uniforms consisted of a black jersey with a silver fern and white shorts. By the 1905 tour they were wearing all black, except for the silver fern, and the name "All Blacks" dates from this time.

The team perform a haka before every match; this is a Māori challenge or posture dance. Traditionally the All Blacks use Te Rauparaha's haka "Ka Mate", although players have also performed "Kapa o Pango" since 2005.

European Broadcasting Union

European Broadcasting Union

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU; , UER) is an alliance of public service media organisations whose countries are within the European Broadcasting Area or who are members of the Council of Europe. , it is made up of 112 member organizations from 54 countries, and 31 associate members from a further 20 countries. It was established in 1950, and had its administrative headquarters in Geneva and technical office in Brussels.

The EBU owns and operates the Eurovision and Euroradio telecommunications networks on which major television and radio broadcasts are distributed live to its members. It also operates the daily Eurovision news exchange in which members share breaking news footage.

In 2017, the EBU launched the Eurovision Social Newswire, an eyewitness and video verification service. Led by Head of Social Newsgathering, Derek Bowler, the service provides members of the EBU with verified and cleared-for-use newsworthy eyewitness media emerging on social media.

The EBU in co-operation with its members produces programmes and organizes events in which its members can participate, such as the Eurovision Song Contest, its best known production, or the Eurovision Debates between candidates for president of the European Commission for the 2014 and 2019 parliamentary elections. The Director-General is Noel Curran since 2017.

Underwater hockey

Underwater hockey

Underwater hockey (UWH), (also known as Octopush in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (or pusher).

A key challenge of the game is that players are not able to use breathing devices such as scuba gear whilst playing, they must hold their breath. The game originated in England in 1954 when Alan Blake, a founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club, invented the game he called Octopush as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater hockey is now played worldwide, with the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, abbreviated CMAS, as the world governing body. The first Underwater Hockey World Championship was held in Canada in 1980 after a false start in 1979 brought about by international politics and apartheid.

List of association football competitions

This is a list of the association football competitions past and present for international teams and for club football, in individual countries and internationally. Confirmed future competitions are also included.

The competitions are grouped by organising authority: the FIFA (international association), the six confederations (continental associations), and the federations (national associations)

"For more information about each year, season, and other, see: , and

UEFA

UEFA

Union of European Football Associations (UEFA ; ; ) is one of six continental bodies of governance in association football. It governs football, futsal and beach football in Europe and the Eurasian transcontinental countries of Russia, Turkey, Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan, as well as one Asian country Israel. UEFA consists of 55 national association members. Because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, FIFA and UEFA suspended all Russian national teams and clubs from any FIFA and UEFA competitions.

UEFA consists of the national football associations of Europe, and runs national and club competitions including the UEFA European Championship, UEFA Nations League, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Europa Conference League, and UEFA Super Cup, and also controls the prize money, regulations, as well as media rights to those competitions.

Henri Delaunay acted as the first general secretary and Ebbe Schwartz as the first president. The current president is Aleksander Čeferin, a former Football Association of Slovenia president, who was elected as UEFA's seventh president at the 12th Extraordinary UEFA Congress in Athens in September 2016, and automatically became a vice-president of the world body FIFA.

2011 FIFA Women's World Cup

men's UEFA Euro 2016. Later Australia (12 October 2007) and Peru (17 October 2007) voluntarily dropped out of the race as well, leaving only Canada and Germany as the remaining candidates. On 30 October 2007, the FIFA Executive Committee voted to assign the tournament to Germany. Canada was eventually awarded the 2015 Women's World Cup four years later. Upon the selection, Germany became the third country to host both men's and women's World Cup, having hosted the men's twice in 1974 and 2006. After the German Football Association (DFB) expressed its intention to bid for the Women's World Cup, 23

World of Soccer Cup

zvezda) and the second by Celtic, and was the last ever trophy Jock Stein would ever lift for Celtic. World of Soccer Cup The World of Soccer Cup, a football (soccer) friendly tournament, took place in the summer of 1977, hosted by Singapore and Australia. The tournament was the idea of English entrepreneur Reg Lambourne, Strata Travel owner Tom Lawrence and Red Star Belgrade FC Secretary General Dr Miroljub Stojkovic and consisted of two competitions. The first (also known as Metro 20th Anniversary Tournament) was a straight knock-out tournament in Singapore, and the second was a mini-league in which the

Churchill Cup

competition. Originally, New Zealand Māori had been invited, but they declined because it would clash with their fixture with the British and Irish Lions. There was no women's competition in either 2005 or 2006, largely because of Canada's preparations to host the Women's Rugby World Cup in 2006. Originally, the competition was scheduled only to 2007, as the original contract between Rugby Canada, the Rugby Football Union (England) and USA Rugby was a five-year deal. Under the agreement, Canada would host the first three events, while the USA had an option to host in 2006 and 2007. However, because USA

FIFA World Cup hosts

on 1 July 1992. Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco. Result: Bids: On 31 May 1996, the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time. A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea, and the bid was "voted by acclamation", an oral vote without ballots. The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved, edging out Mexico. Results: The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan (the final was held in Japan). Initially,

1966 FIFA World Cup

by Mexico in 1970. It was boycotted by most independent countries from Africa who objected to the qualification requirements. Despite this, the number of entries for the qualifying tournament was a new record, with 70 nations. England was chosen as host of the 1966 World Cup in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960, over rival bids from West Germany and Spain. This is first tournament to be held in a country that was affected directly by World War II, as the four previous tournaments were either held in countries out of war theatres or in neutral countries. Despite the Africans'

Dragon Gold Cup

for this reason was a very well attended event. Until 1965, the year of the first Official World Championship, the Gold Cup was considered the unofficial World Cup. The first rules created by the Clyde Yacht Clubs' Association established that the Cup should be sailed annually and that the Cup should be retained by the winner for one year only. It also established that the event should take place in rotation in the following countries: Scotland, France, Sweden, Germany, Holland and Denmark. With the revision of the rules in 1997, the number of hosting countries was enlarged to eleven: Belgium,

Hlinka Gretzky Cup

three years, as well as the fifth. In its first year, it was known as the Phoenix Cup, after which the Pacific Cup moniker was adopted (with the exception of 1994, when Mexico served as the host country and the tournament was known as La Copa Mexico). In 1996, the tournament was first held in Canada. Beginning in 1997, just four years after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia began alternating as hosts, and the tournament was renamed the Nations Cup. The two countries alternated until 2003, then co-hosted from 2003 through 2017. At this time, it

Women's Rugby World Cup

England. In the Plate competition Canada prevailed over Spain 18–4. Following the first tournament it was decided to move the tournament schedule to the year prior to the next men's world cup therefore reducing the quadrennial cycle to just three years. The next event was originally scheduled to take place in Amsterdam but ended up being moved to Scotland. Eleven countries competed in the tournament with the English meeting the United States in the final for the second time however, in this instance England emerged as winners. The 1998 tournament became the first women's world cup officially sanctioned by the

Sport in the United Kingdom

it was contested by the other three home nations and the Republic of Ireland, who were the first host nation and winners. The tournament was intended to be played biennially to prevent fixture congestion during World Cup qualification years with the 2013 event to be held at the Millennium stadium in Cardiff, the tournament was cancelled after the first year as very few fans were prepared to travel and the tournament did not create the expected revenues. Scotland and Wales were drawn against each other in World Cup qualification anyway, and a 150th anniversary friendly was organised between Scotland and

Rugby football

games between younger players. Much larger versions of traditional balls are also available for purchase, but these are mainly for their novelty attraction. The Rugby World Cup, which was first held in New Zealand and Australia in 1987, occurs every four years. It is an international tournament organized by World Rugby. The event is played in the union format and features the top 20 teams from around the world. The current world champions are New Zealand, who won the 2015 Rugby World Cup, which was played in England. The Rugby League World Cup was the first World Cup of either

Women's baseball

for official International Baseball Federation sanctioned Women's World Cup competitions. In 2004 five countries competed in the first Women's Baseball World Cup in Edmonton, Canada: the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan and Taiwan. Subsequent tournaments have been held every two years, with the US winning the first two in 2004 and 2006, and Japan winning five consecutive gold medals from 2008-2016. In 2016, the field included twelve teams, more than had competed in any previous Women's Baseball World Cup: Australia, the Netherlands, Canada, Cuba, the United States, Venezuela, Taiwan, Hong Kong, India, Pakistan, Japan, and South Korea. The first Pan

Federation of International Sports Table Football

(2nd, 3rd and 4th place) are mentioned and being updated successively. The first ever Subbuteo table football (soccer) World Cup was played in London (UK/ENG) 1970 with 13 Nations competing. The 'big' three of the 1960s where Belgium, Netherlands, West Germany and Switzerland was the emerging ETF Nation. The four UK Home Nations England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Irland and Eire, as well as from southern Europe Malta and Gibraltar travelled to London. The Americas where represented through the USA and Asia through Israel, which reached against all odds the Semi-Final stage. Stuart Goldman(†) was UK citizen from England and represented

World Cup (men's golf)

World Cup (men's golf) The World Cup of Golf is a men's golf tournament contested by teams of two representing their country. Only one team is allowed from each country. The players are selected on the basis of the Official World Golf Ranking, although not all of the first choice players choose to compete. The equivalent event for women was the Women's World Cup of Golf, played from 2005 to 2008. The tournament was founded by Canadian industrialist John Jay Hopkins, who hoped it would promote international goodwill through golf. It began in 1953 as the Canada Cup and changed

Cricket World Cup hosts

4 (including the first three World Cups). They hosted it in 1975, 1979, 1983, 1999 and will host their fifth in 2019. England are also the only nation to have hosted a World Cup alone, doing it in 1975 and 1979. In 1983 & 1999, despite being regarded as the only host for the tournament, some matches were played in Ireland, Netherlands, Scotland and Wales. The West Indies hosted the tournament in 2007 but are not considered as sole hosts because the West Indies represents a sporting confederation of 15 mainly English-speaking Caribbean countries, British dependencies and non-British dependencies. England

FIFA World Cup

Chile, England, Argentina, Spain, the United States, Japan and South Korea (jointly), South Africa and Russia have each hosted once. Qatar are planned as hosts of the 2022 finals, and 2026 will be jointly hosted by Canada, the United States and Mexico, which will give Mexico the distinction of being the first country to have hosted games in three finals. The world's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England, which ended in a 0–0 draw. The first international tournament, the inaugural British Home Championship, took place in 1884. As football


Question: Why was Korean short-track speedskater Kim Dong-Sung disqualified from the men's 1500 metre final at the 2000 Olympics?

Kim Dong-sung

the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City. Despite being ranked first in the world for all three Olympic disciplines, Kim ended up being shut out of medals at the Olympics. Controversy surrounded his disqualification at the 1500 metre race, where it was originally thought that he won the 1500 metre gold medal after crossing the line first in the final but was disqualified for blocking Apolo Ohno. Many skating pundits and fans refused to accept the DQ saying that Ohno just made an exaggeration just like Kim hit him and then he was saying he deserved the gold medal.

Kim Dong-sung

Ohno's gesture (throwing up his hands) was widely mocked by Korean media as "Hollywood action" at that time. Italian skater Fabio Carta, who finished fourth in the five-person 1500 m final with Kim and Ohno, also objected to the referee's ruling to disqualify Kim. "We should use a rifle on Ohno," Carta said. "It's absurd that the Korean was disqualified. I don't know what happened." The Korean Olympic Committee took the protest to the Court of Arbitration for Sport after an initial appeal to the International Skating Union had been rejected, but the arbitration panel finally dismissed South Korea's appeal

Kim Dong-sung

1000 m, two in 1500 m, two in 3000 m). Kim, however, had controversial disqualifications in the quarterfinals of the 500 metres and 1000 metres at the final World Cup race in Beijing, China. Since Kim earned 75 points and Li Jiajun was 2 points behind Kim in the overall standings before the Beijing race, Korean media said the disqualification decisions were completely biased toward the Chinese skater for his overall title. Li eventually won the overall 1998–1999 World Cup title and Kim would have to settle for third spot on the overall podium. Ironically, a month after the Beijing

Kim Dong-sung

against Kim that U.S. Speedskating brought. A series of exhausting confrontations and unfavorable local media reports left him frustrated and he finally came back to South Korea in November 2011. However, U.S. Speedskating continued to investigate and imposed a lifetime ban on Kim, but the American Arbitration Association reduced the ban to six years in May 2012. Kim is currently serving as a short track speed skating commentator for KBS. Kim Dong-sung Kim Dong-Sung (Hangul: 김동성, Hanja: 金東聖, born 9 February 1980) is a South Korean former short track speed skater. He won a gold medal in 1000m race and

Kim Dong-sung

relays that year. In particular, he astounded spectators and competitors alike when he sprinted ahead during the 1500 m final race and retained his speed throughout, eventually winning the gold by finishing one and a half lap before his competitors. He also showed a remarkable comeback in the 5000 metre relay, after Ahn Hyun-soo fell over with four laps to go, by regaining a 20-metre gap between the Canadian team and the Korean team to seize the gold medal by 0.005 seconds. Kim posted a thread on one of Korean online communities the reason why he made such gap. Kim

Kim Dong-sung

Short-track speed skating

Short-track speed skating

Short-track speed skating is a form of competitive ice speed skating. In competitions, multiple skaters (typically between four and six) skate on an oval ice track with a length of . The rink itself is long by wide, which is the same size as an Olympic-sized figure skating rink and an international-sized ice hockey rink. Related sports include long track speed skating and inline speed skating.

Apolo Ohno

Apolo Ohno

Apolo Anton Ohno (; born May 22, 1982) is an American retired short track speed skating competitor and an eight-time medalist (two gold, two silver, four bronze) in the Winter Olympics. Ohno is the most decorated American at the Winter Olympics and was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 2019.

Raised by his father, Ohno began training full-time in 1996. At the age of 14, he became the youngest U.S. national champion in 1997 and was the reigning champion from 2001–2009, winning the title a total of 12 times. Ohno has been the face of short track in the United States since winning his medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics.<ref name="popular1"/><ref name="hollywood"/> He won his first overall World Championship title at the 2008 championships.

Ohno's accolades and accomplishments include the United States Olympic Committee's Male Athlete of the Month in October 2003 and March 2008, U.S. Speedskating's Athlete of the Year for 2003, and a finalist for the 2002, 2003, and 2006 Sullivan Award, which recognizes the best amateur athlete in the United States.

Since gaining recognition through his sport, Ohno has worked as a motivational speaker, philanthropist, started a nutritional supplement business, and won the 2007 season of "Dancing with the Stars". Ohno later became host of a revival of "Minute to Win It" on Game Show Network and served as a commentator for NBC's coverage of the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi and the 2018 Winter Games in Pyeongchang. Outside of competing, he has been an entrepreneur in the health, wellness, and technology industries.

Viktor An

Viktor An

Viktor An (; born Ahn Hyun-soo () on November 23, 1985), is a South Korean-born Russian short-track speed skating coach and retired short-track speed skater. With a total of eight Olympic medals, six gold and two bronze, he is the only short track speed skater in Olympic history to win gold in every distance, and the first to win a medal in every distance at a single Games. He has the most Olympic gold medals in the sport, three of which he won in the 2006 Winter Olympics and the other three in the 2014 Winter Olympics. Considered to be the greatest short track speed skater of all time, he is a six-time overall World champion (2003-2007, 2014), two-time overall World Cup winner (2003–04, 2005–06), and the 2014 European champion. He holds the most overall titles at the World Short Track Speed Skating Championships, and is the only male short track skater to win five consecutive world titles.

In 2008, Ahn suffered a knee injury and could not regain his health by the time the national qualifiers for Vancouver 2010 came around. His recovery being slow and his South Korean local team dissolved in 2010, Ahn, aiming for his second Olympics, became a Russian citizen the next year and began racing for the Russian team. After winning gold in Sochi, Ahn explained his reasons for joining the Russian team saying, "I wanted to train in the best possible environment and I proved my decision was not wrong." As expected, a gold-winning athlete leaving the national team caused public uproar in South Korea. However, it was aimed not at Ahn, but at the country's skating union. Most South Korean fans in a poll said they understood his decision. Ahn continued his skating career in his adopted nation until 2019 and declared his retirement in April 2020.

Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics

Short track speed skating at the 2002 Winter Olympics was held from 13 to 23 February. Eight events were contested at Salt Lake Ice Center (normally called Delta Center (now Vivint Arena)). Two new events were added for these games, with the men's and women's 1500 metres making debuts.

Kim Dong-sung

Kim began to be hampered with knee problems after the 1997 World Championships, which caused him to miss most of the 1997–1998 season. In February 1998, a year after winning the overall world championship title, Kim competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano as a favorite. While he met disappointment in the 500 metres, he won the gold medal in the 1000 metres. After trailing Li Jiajun of China at the final corner of the last lap in the 1000 m final race, Kim stuck out his foot to get his blade to cross the line first, catching Li

Short track speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 1500 metres

the final lap, Lee Ho-suk made a last-minute daring inside pass on Sung Si-bak, only to have his blade collide with Si-bak to cause both skaters to fall and slam into the barriers. This allowed Ohno and his fellow American skater J. R. Celski to move into second and third positions behind the eventual winner, Lee Jung-su. Lee Ho-suk was later disqualified by judges for causing the crash, and Sung Si-bak took fifth place. Following the race, gold medalist Lee Jung-su told the media that he did not feel good about his win because of his teammates' misfortune. He credited

Kim Dong-sung

World Cup, Li Jiajun did not make any individual medal at the 1999 Winter Asian Games in Gangwon, South Korea, controversially disqualified as well in the 500 metres and 1500 metres. At the first race of the 1999–2000 World Cup in Montreal, Kim won the 500 metres and 1000 metres, ranked first in the overall competition. Kim continued his successful run at the second 1999–2000 World Cup race in Salt Lake City, where he won the overall competition again with five gold medals and one silver finishing on podium in all disciplines. At the third race in Nobeyama, Kim finished

Kim Dong-sung

5000 metre relays. At the third race of the World Cup in Calgary, He placed first overall and won three gold medals. At the fourth race in Sofia, He won gold in all three individual disciplines of the Olympics (500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m), finishing first in the overall competition again. Kim eventually secured his second overall World Cup title at the last race of the season in Amsterdam, where he finished second overall with the 1500 metre gold. Kim made a good recovery through the 2001–02 World Cup Series and was highly expected to win multiple medals at

Kim Dong-sung

off-guard by 0.053 seconds. He also helped the Korean team to win the silver medal in the 5000 metre relay. After the Nagano Olympics, Kim underwent his first arthroscopic surgery and was sidelined for the better half of a year. Kim came back from injury for the third race of the 1998–1999 World Cup in Zoetermeer, where he finished first overall winning gold in the 500 metres, 1500 metres and 5000 metre relay. Kim continued to dominate at the fourth race in Székesfehérvár and fifth race in Nobeyama, placing first overall in both with five individual gold medals (one in

South Korea, Apolo Ohno and J. R. Celski of the United States, Liang Wenhao of China, and Olivier Jean of Canada. Jean actually placed seventh in his semifinal heat, but advanced to the medal race after judges ruled that he had been interfered with during the race. The South Korean skaters and Ohno jostled for the lead during much of the race, switching the lead positions multiple times. Entering the final lap, the three South Koreans had passed Ohno and were in a position to sweep the medals in the event. However, at the entrance of the last corner on

Kim Dong-sung

Kim Dong-sung Kim Dong-Sung (Hangul: 김동성, Hanja: 金東聖, born 9 February 1980) is a South Korean former short track speed skater. He won a gold medal in 1000m race and silver medal in 5000m relay at the 1998 Winter Olympics. He has been a two-time Overall World Champion in 1997 and in 2002 and two-time Overall World Cup Champion (1999-2000, 2001-2002). Kim Dong-sung was born in Seoul, the third of three children of Kim Tae-young and his wife Yoo Young-hee. Kim started skating and competing in long track when he was seven years old, but switched to short track two

Kim Dong-sung

best.'" Kim claimed on a 2012 episode of the South Korean TV talk show "Golden Fishery" that he had never said such a thing to Ohno. A month later, Kim won all possible six gold medals in the men's category at the 2002 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships (overall, 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m relay), a feat achieved by no other man in the history of the competition. Though Canada's Sylvie Daigle achieved the same feat in the women's sport at the 1983 World Championships in Tokyo, no World Championship title was awarded for

Kim Ki-hoon

Lillehammer, winning the 1000 metres with a time of 1:34.57. In 2002, Kim was appointed as a coach of the Korean national short track speed skating team. He participated in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver as the head coach of the South Korean national team. Kim is currently serving as a full professor at Ulsan College. Kim Ki-hoon Kim Ki-hoon (born July 14, 1967) is a retired short track speed skater and the first gold medalist in the Winter Olympics for Korea. Kim is a three-time Olympic Champion and 1992 Overall World Champion. Kim first garnered attention when he

Kim Dong-sung

of the disqualification of Kim. The South Korean delegation threatened to boycott the Olympic closing ceremony to protest what they believed was biased refereeing. The incident provoked anti-American sentiment among South Koreans. When the South Korean national soccer team scored an equalizer against the United States in the group stage at the 2002 FIFA World Cup that June, the players celebrated with a speed skating motion that mocked Ohno. In Ohno's autobiography, "Zero Regrets: Be Greater Than Yesterday," he wrote, "Kim came up to me after one of the races and said, in English, 'You're number one. You are the

Sung Si-bak

relay. In the first of these events, the 1500 m, Sung was among the three leading skaters, all South Koreans, going into the final lap when he was taken out by his teammate Lee Ho-Suk who attempted to pass him and both collided and slid into the wall. The fall allowed Americans Apolo Anton Ohno and J. R. Celski to take silver and bronze. Lee Ho-Suk was disqualified for causing the fall, and Sung who would have gotten silver, finished in 5th place. In the heat race for the 1000 m competition, he set an Olympic Record with a time

Apolo Ohno

ahead of Ohno but was disqualified for impeding, awarding the gold medal to Ohno. Fourth-place finisher of the race, Fabio Carta of Italy, showed his disagreement with the disqualification decision saying it was "absurd that the Korean was disqualified". China's Jiajun Li, who moved from bronze to silver, remained neutral saying: "I respect the decision of the referee, I'm not going to say any more". Steven Bradbury, the 1000 m gold-medal winner, also shared his views: "Whether Dong-Sung moved across enough to be called for cross-tracking, I don't know, he obviously moved across a bit. It's the judge's interpretation. A

Kim Ki-hoon

Kim Ki-hoon Kim Ki-hoon (born July 14, 1967) is a retired short track speed skater and the first gold medalist in the Winter Olympics for Korea. Kim is a three-time Olympic Champion and 1992 Overall World Champion. Kim first garnered attention when he participated in the short-track demonstration event at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, winning the gold medal in the 1500 metres. Kim swept all the gold medals available in short track speed skating at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, winning won the gold medal in the 1000 metres in a world record time of 1:30.76, and

Anti-American sentiment in Korea

with three laps remaining, and on his third attempt to pass on the final lap, Kim drifted slightly to the inside where Ohno raised his arms and came out of his crouch to signal that he was blocked. Fourth-place finisher of the same race, Fabio Carta of Italy, showed his disagreement with the decision saying that it was "absurd that the Korean was disqualified." China's Li Jiajun, who moved from bronze to silver, remained neutral saying: "I respect the decision of the referee, I'm not going to say any more." Steven Bradbury of Australia, the 1000 m gold medal winner,

James Hewish

James Hewish James Hewish is a controversial Australian short track speed skating referee who works for ISU. He participated in the 2002 Salt Lake City and 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics as the chief referee in the short track speed skating events. In the 1500 m Short Track Speed Skating event of the 2002 Winter Olympics, James Hewish gave gold to Apolo Anton Ohno even though the South Korean skater Kim Dong-Sung was first to cross the finish line. James Hewish disqualified Kim Dong-Sung for blocking Ohno and violating the rule of cross-tracking. James again disqualified the South Korean team, who


Question: "Which game has been played in England since Tudor Times, with the earliest reference being in 1744 in ""A Little Pretty Pocketbook"" where it is called Baseball?"

rounders
irish rounders
Irish rounders
Rounders

Origins of baseball

the Prince of Wales, played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex. The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, also in Surrey. By 1796, the rules of this English game were well enough established to earn a mention in the German Johann Gutsmuths' book on popular pastimes. In it he described "" ('Ball with safe places, or the English base-ball') as a contest between two teams in which

British Americans

London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex. The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, also in Surrey. English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008. This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A

Origins of baseball

the hand. Another early print reference is Jane Austen's novel "Northanger Abbey", originally written 1798-1799. In the first chapter the young English heroine Catherine Morland is described as preferring "cricket, base ball, riding on horseback and running about the country to books". About the same time, Austen's cousin Cassandra Cooke mentioned baseball in her novel "Battleridge". In her 1820s "Village Sketch" "Jack Hatch", author Mary Russell Mitford wrote: In 1828, William Clarke of London published the second edition of "The Boy’s Own Book", which included rules for rounders (the oldest known use of that name), and contains the first printed

Origins of baseball

mentions baseball: "the younger Part of the Family, perceiving Papa not inclined to enlarge upon the matter, retired to an interrupted Party at Base-Ball (an infant Game, which as it advances in its teens, improved into Fives)." Although "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" first appeared eleven years earlier, no copies of the first or other early editions have surfaced to date, only the tenth and later editions from 1760 forward. Therefore, "The Card" was the oldest surviving reference to baseball until the Bray diary was discovered in 2008. The earliest recorded game of base-ball involved none other than the family of

Baseball

games of stoolball and "tut-ball". The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book", by John Newbery. Block discovered that the first recorded game of "Bass-Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants. By the early 1830s, there were reports of a variety of uncodified bat-and-ball games recognizable as early forms of baseball being played around North America. In 1845, Alexander Cartwright, a member of New York City's Knickerbocker Club, led

History of baseball

in England; recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of each other, and that the game's most direct antecedents are the English games of stoolball and "tut-ball". It has long been believed that cricket also descended from such games, though evidence uncovered in early 2009 suggests that cricket may have been imported to England from Flanders. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book", by John Newbery. It contains a rhymed description of "base-ball" and a woodcut that shows a field

Origins of baseball

"Morris-dancing, cudgel-playing, baseball and cricket" occurring on Sundays. However, David Block, in "Baseball Before We Knew It" (2005), reports that the original source has "stoolball" for "baseball". Block also reports the reference appears to date to 1672, rather than 1700. A 1744 book in England by children's publisher John Newbery called "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" includes a woodcut of a game similar to three-base stoolball or rounders and a rhyme entitled "Base-Ball". This is the first known instance of the word baseball in print. In 1755, a book entitled "The Card" by John Kidgell, in volume 1 on page 9,

A Little Pretty Pocket-Book

eventually the Newbery Medal was named after him. The book was re-published in Colonial America in 1762. Dr A S W Rosenbach called this book, "One of the most influential and important books in the history of juvenile literature." The book includes a woodcut of stool-ball among other period games, and includes a rhyme entitled "Base-Ball." This is the first known reference to "base-ball" or "baseball" in print, though it actually meant the game rounders, an ancestor of modern baseball. Of baseball's English origin: "The game of Rounders has been played in England since Tudor Times, with the earliest reference

History of baseball

set-up somewhat similar to the modern game—though in a triangular rather than diamond configuration, and with posts instead of ground-level bases. Block discovered that the first recorded game of "Bass-Ball" took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey. This early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants. Rounders was also brought to the United States by Canadians of both British and Irish ancestry. The first known American reference to baseball appears

Pittsfield, Massachusetts

to a 1791 by-law prohibiting anyone from playing "baseball" within of the new meeting house in Pittsfield. A reference librarian, AnnMarie Harris, found the actual by-law in the Berkshire Athenaeum library, and its age was verified by researchers at the Williamstown Art Conservation Center. If authentic and if actually referring to a recognizable version of the modern game, the 1791 document, would be, as of 2004, the earliest known reference to the game in America. ("See Origins of baseball.") The document is available on the Pittsfield Library's web site. A finding that baseball was invented in 1839 by Abner Doubleday

Baseball Before We Knew It

the late 18th century. Block's new evidence in the matter includes the first known record of the term "base-ball" in the United States. It came in a 1791 ordinance in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, that banned ballplaying near the town's new meetinghouse. However, that was not the first appearance of "base-ball" in print. That distinction belongs to an English book, "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" (1744). By 1796 the rules of this English game were well enough established to earn a mention in German scholar Johann Gutsmuths book on popular pastimes, that described ""Englische Base-ball"" involved a contest between two teams, in which

Origins of baseball

England game" or "Massachusetts baseball"; in 1858 a set of rules was drawn up by the Massachusetts Association of Base Ball Players at Dedham. This game was played by teams of ten to fourteen players with four bases 60 feet apart and no foul territory. The ball was considerably smaller and lighter than a modern baseball, and runners were still put out by "soaking". The myth that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in 1839 was once widely promoted and widely believed. There is no evidence for this claim except for the testimony of one unreliable man decades later, and there is

History of sport

American colonies. One notable discovery found in a shed in a village in Surrey, southern England, in 2008 was a handwritten 18th-century diary belonging to a local lawyer, William Bray. "Went to Stoke church this morn.," wrote Bray on Easter Monday in 1755. "After dinner, went to Miss Jeale's to play at base ball with her the 3 Miss Whiteheads, Miss Billinghurst, Miss Molly Flutter, Mr. Chandler, Mr. Ford and H. Parsons. Drank tea and stayed til 8." In the 1870s the game split between the professionals and amateurs; the professional game rapidly gained dominance, and marked a shift in

Origins of baseball

in Boston, Massachusetts. A unique British sport, known as British baseball, is still played in parts of Wales and England. Although confined mainly to the cities of Cardiff, Newport and Liverpool, the sport boasts an annual international game between representative teams from the two countries. British "baseball", however, is much more akin to rounders, as it was in fact called until 1892, and represents a rounders variant somewhat hybridized under the influence of 19th-century American touring teams. According to many sources, the earliest appearance of the word "baseball" dates from 1700, when Anglican bishop Thomas Wilson expressed his disapproval of

History of sport

the south, and American football spreading to the north after the Civil War. There is documented evidence of baseball in england.London, England (CNN) -- An extract from an 18th-century diary containing the oldest known reference to baseball is among the items on display in a new exhibition in London exploring the English origins and cricketing connections of America's national sport. While baseball was once claimed to have been invented in the U.S. in the mid-19th century, recent findings suggest a sport of the same name may have evolved decades earlier alongside cricket, crossing the Atlantic with English settlers to the

British baseball

British baseball British baseball, or Welsh baseball (), is a bat-and-ball game played primarily in Wales, but also with a strong history in Merseyside, England. It is closely related to the game of rounders. In the tradition of bat-and-ball games, Baseball has roots going back centuries, and there are references to "baseball" and "rounders" from the beginning of the eighteenth century. Baseball emerged as a distinct sport in 1892 when associations in Wales and England renamed the sport in favour of the more traditional rounders. Bat-and-ball games in Britain have a long history and a game called base ball" was

Origins of baseball

as to declare that the Knickerbocker Club comprised English expatriates who introduced "their" game to America for the first time in 1845. The Mills Commission, at the other extreme, created an "official" and entirely fictional All-American version attributing the game's invention to Abner Doubleday in 1839 at Cooperstown, New York (current site of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum). Both were entirely wrong, since this much is clear: baseball, or a game called "base ball", had been played in America for many years by then. The earliest explicit reference to the game in America is from March 1786

History of baseball

only underhand pitching was allowed. While there are reports that the New York Knickerbockers played games in 1845, the contest long recognized as the first officially recorded baseball game in U.S. history took place on June 19, 1846, in Hoboken, New Jersey: the "New York Nine" defeated the Knickerbockers, 23–1, in four innings. With the Knickerbocker code as the basis, the rules of modern baseball continued to evolve over the next half-century. In the mid-1850s, a baseball craze hit the New York metropolitan area. By 1856, local journals were referring to baseball as the "national pastime" or "national game." A

British baseball

concepts of cricket and the more standard versions of rounders. The sport is the subject of a song, "The Baseball Song", by The Hennessys, from their album "Cardiff After Dark". British Baseball Club websites Video British baseball British baseball, or Welsh baseball (), is a bat-and-ball game played primarily in Wales, but also with a strong history in Merseyside, England. It is closely related to the game of rounders. In the tradition of bat-and-ball games, Baseball has roots going back centuries, and there are references to "baseball" and "rounders" from the beginning of the eighteenth century. Baseball emerged as a

Rounders

ball; or if, while running, they are touched with the ball by a fielder. The game of rounders has been played in England since Tudor times, with the earliest reference being in 1744 in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" where it was called base-ball. In 1828, William Clarke in London published the second edition of "The Boy's Own Book", which included the rules of rounders and also contained the first printed description in English of a bat and ball base-running game played on a diamond. The following year, the book was published in Boston, Massachusetts. The first nationally formalised rules were