Question: What sort of plants belong to the genus Ilex?

ilex species
holly berry
Aquifoliaceae
ilexes
Ilex species
Holly family
Ilexes
Ilex
Holly
aquifoliaceae
holly family
holly
Holly berry
ilex

Eryngium

Eryngium Eryngium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae. There are about 250 species. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the center of diversity in South America. Common names include eryngo and amethyst sea holly (though the genus is not related to the true hollies, "Ilex"). These are annual and perennial herbs with hairless and usually spiny leaves. The dome-shaped umbels of steely blue or white flowers have whorls of spiny basal bracts. Some species are native to rocky and coastal areas, but the majority are grassland plants. In the language of flowers, they represent admiration.

Holly

molecular data; it is closely related to "Ilex amelanchier". In Europe the genus is represented by a single species, the classically named holly "Ilex aquifolium", and in continental Africa by this species and ("Ilex mitis"). "Ilex canariensis", from Macaronesia, and "Ilex aquifolium" arose from a common ancestor in the laurel forests of the Mediterranean. Australia, isolated at an early period, has ("Ilex arnhemensis"). Of 204 species growing in China, 149 species are endemic. A species which stands out for its economic importance in Spanish-speaking countries and in Brazil is "Ilex paraguariensis" or "Yerba mate". Having evolved numerous species that are

Holly

Holly Ilex , or holly, is a genus of about 480 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. The species are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide. The genus "Ilex" includes about 480 species, divided into three subgenera: The genus is widespread throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It includes species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, with evergreen or deciduous foliage and inconspicuous flowers. Its range was more extended in the Tertiary period and many species are adapted to laurel forest

Philippe Cuénoud

live specimen of the rare insect species "Oronoqua ibisca" (Issidae), discovered during the field-sampling phase of the project and known otherwise from dead specimens. Cuénoud studied the phylogeny of the "Ilex" genus (hollies and related species, Aquifoliaceae) with Jean-François Manen, and , a study that led to the synonymy of the North American genus "Nemopanthus" with "Ilex". He also studied the plant order Caryophyllales (made up of about 30 plant families, many of which are adapted to dry habitats - e.g. cacti - or carnivory: sundews and nepenthes, among others) with Vincent Savolainen and Mark Chase in Kew Gardens, sequencing

Ilex theezans

f. "glabra" and "puberula". Ilex theezans Ilex theezans, also "I. theæzans" and "I. theazans", is a species of the "Ilex" genus in the Aquifoliaceae family, native to Brazil and typically found amid its Atlantic Forest vegetation. It is sometimes used as an adulterant of maté and sometimes confused with the yerba maté ("I. paraguarensis".) In Brazil, it is sometimes called "orelha-de-mico"; but is more often simply known as "congonha" ("holly") or "caúna" (along with "I. dumosa". The species includes the subspecies "I. theezans hieronymiana"; the varieties "I. theezans" var. "acrodonta", "augusti", "fertilis", "gracilior", "grandifolia", "leptopylla", "pachypylla", "typica", and "warmingiana"; and

Holly

Holly

Ilex (), or holly, is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. "Ilex" has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide. The type species is "Ilex aquifolium", the common European holly used in Christmas decorations and cards.

Ilex aquifolium

Ilex aquifolium

Ilex aquifolium, the holly, common holly, English holly, European holly, or occasionally Christmas holly, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to western and southern Europe, northwest Africa, and southwest Asia. It is regarded as the type species of the genus "Ilex", which by association is also called "holly". It is an evergreen tree or shrub found, for example, in shady areas of forests of oak and in beech hedges. In the British Isles it is one of very few native hardwood evergreen trees. It has a great capacity to adapt to different conditions and is a pioneer species that repopulates the margins of forests or clearcuts.

"I. aquifolium" can exceed 10 m in height, but is often found at much smaller heights, typically tall and broad, with a straight trunk and pyramidal crown, branching from the base. It grows slowly and does not usually fully mature due to cutting or fire. It can live 500 years, but usually does not reach 100.

"Ilex aquifolium" is the species of holly long associated with Christmas, and previously the Roman festival of Saturnalia. Its glossy green prickly leaves and bright red berries (produced only by the female plant) are represented in wreaths, garlands and cards wherever Christmas is celebrated. It is a subject of music and folklore, especially in the British tradition. It is also a popular ornamental shrub or hedge, with numerous cultivars in a range of colours.

Yerba mate

Yerba mate

Yerba mate or yerba-maté ("Ilex paraguariensis"; from Spanish ; , or ; , ) is a plant species of the holly genus "Ilex" native to South America. It was named by the French botanist Augustin Saint-Hilaire. The leaves of the plant can be steeped in hot water to make a beverage known as "mate". Brewed cold, it is used to make "tereré". Both the plant and the beverage contain caffeine.

The indigenous Guaraní and some Tupí communities (whose territory covered present-day Paraguay) first cultivated and consumed yerba mate prior to European colonization of the Americas. Its consumption was exclusive to the natives of only two regions of the territory that today is Paraguay, more specifically the departments of Amambay and Alto Paraná. After the Jesuits discovered its commercialization potential, yerba mate became widespread throughout the province and even elsewhere in the Spanish Crown.<ref name="Cervantes"/>

Mate is traditionally consumed in central and southern regions of South America, primarily in Paraguay, as well as in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil, the Gran Chaco of Bolivia, and southern Chile. It has also become popular in the Druze and Alawite community in the Levant, especially in Syria and Lebanon, where it is imported from Paraguay and Argentina, thanks to 19th-century Syrian immigrants to Argentina. Yerba mate can now be found worldwide in various energy drinks as well as being sold as a bottled or canned iced tea.

Quercus ilex

Quercus ilex

Quercus ilex, the evergreen oak, holly oak or holm oak is a large evergreen oak native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the "Ilex" section of the genus, with acorns that mature in a single summer.

Ilex vomitoria

Ilex vomitoria

Ilex vomitoria, commonly known as yaupon () or yaupon holly, is a species of holly that is native to southeastern North America. The word "yaupon" was derived from the Catawban "yą́pą", from "yą-" tree + "pą" leaf. Another common name, cassina, was borrowed from Timucua (despite this, it usually refers to "Ilex cassine"). The Latin name comes from an incorrect belief by Europeans that the plant caused vomiting in certain ceremonies.

The plant was traditionally used by Native Americans to make an infusion containing caffeine. It is only one of two known plants endemic to North America that produce caffeine. The other (containing 80% less) is "Ilex cassine", commonly known as dahoon holly. Yaupon is also widely used for landscaping in its native range.

Ilex theezans

Ilex theezans Ilex theezans, also "I. theæzans" and "I. theazans", is a species of the "Ilex" genus in the Aquifoliaceae family, native to Brazil and typically found amid its Atlantic Forest vegetation. It is sometimes used as an adulterant of maté and sometimes confused with the yerba maté ("I. paraguarensis".) In Brazil, it is sometimes called "orelha-de-mico"; but is more often simply known as "congonha" ("holly") or "caúna" (along with "I. dumosa". The species includes the subspecies "I. theezans hieronymiana"; the varieties "I. theezans" var. "acrodonta", "augusti", "fertilis", "gracilior", "grandifolia", "leptopylla", "pachypylla", "typica", and "warmingiana"; and the forms "I. theezans"

Plant reproductive morphology

flowers, each without a perianth. (See the illustration of "Alnus serrulata".) Most hollies (members of the genus "Ilex") are dioecious. Each plant produces either functionally male flowers or functionally female flowers. In "Ilex aquifolium" (see the illustration), the common European holly, both kinds of flower have four sepals and four white petals; male flowers have four stamens, female flowers usually have four non-functional reduced stamens and a four-celled ovary. Since only female plants are able to set fruit and produce berries, this has consequences for gardeners. "Amborella" represents the first known group of flowering plants to separate from their common

Ilex glabra

consumed by local bird populations. Cultivars of species plants (see for example Ilex glabra 'Shamrock') typically have better form (more compact, less open, less leggy and less suckering) that the species. Genus name in Latin means oak in probable reference to the similarity of the holly leaf to the leaf of a Mediterranean oak known as Quercus ilex (holly oak). Species name means smooth in reference to plant leaf surfaces. Gallberry honey is a highly rated honey that results from bees feeding on inkberry flowers. This honey is locally produced in certain parts of the Southeastern U. S. in areas

Holly

refuge as a species relict in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains sufficiently far from areas of extreme cold and aridity and protected by the oceanic influence. The genus is distributed throughout the world's different climates. Most species make their home in the tropics and subtropics, with a worldwide distribution in temperate zones. The greatest diversity of species is found in the Americas and in Southeast Asia. "Ilex mucronata", formerly the type species of "Nemopanthus", is native to eastern North America. "Nemopanthus" was treated as a separate genus with eight species. of the family Aquifoliaceae, now transferred to "Ilex" on

Ilex aquifolium

on the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board's monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in Portland. During the Cenozoic Era, the Mediterranean region, Europe, and northwest Africa had a wetter climate and were largely covered by laurel forests. Holly was a typical representative species of this biome, where many current species of the genus "Ilex" were present. With the drying of the Mediterranean Basin during the Pliocene, the laurel forests gradually retreated, replaced by more drought-tolerant sclerophyll plant communities. The modern "Ilex aquifolium" resulted from this change. Most of the last remaining laurel forests around the Mediterranean

Holly

habitat. It occurs from sea level to more than with high mountain species. It is a genus of small, evergreen trees with smooth, glabrous, or pubescent branchlets. The plants are generally slow-growing with some species growing to tall. The type species is the European holly "Ilex aquifolium" described by Linnaeus. Plants in this genus have simple, alternate glossy leaves, frequently with a spiny leaf margin. The inconspicuous flower is greenish white, with four petals. They are generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants. The small fruits of "Ilex", although often referred to as berries, are technically drupes.

Holly

endemic to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. Often the tropical species are especially threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation. At least two species of "Ilex" have become extinct recently, and many others are barely surviving. They are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the autumn and early winter the fruits are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the fruits soften, and become milder in taste. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in

Ilex ambigua

inches) long by 7 cm (2.8 inches) wide. The leaf margins are partially or entirely toothed or wavy. The species is dioecious, with male and female reproductive parts occurring on separate individuals. The fruit is a spherical red drupe. The seeds are dispersed by animals, which eat the fruits. "Ilex ambigua", grows in many types of sandy habitat, such as sand scrub and hammocks and hardwood forests and woodlands. It may grow with pines such as loblolly, slash, and shortleaf pine, and oak species. It sometimes grows with its relative, American holly. Ilex ambigua Ilex ambigua is a species of

Ilex verticillata

hollies which are deciduous, losing their leaves in the fall. In wet sites, it will spread to form a dense thicket, while in dry soil it remains a tight shrub. The leaves are glossy green, long, broad, with a serrated margin and an acute apex. The flowers are small, in diameter, with five to eight white petals. The fruit is a globose red drupe in diameter, which often persists on the branches long into the winter, giving the plant its English name. Like most hollies, it is dioecious, with separate male and female plants; the proximity of at least one

Ilex canariensis

European holly, endemic to Madeira and the Canary Islands. It has two sub-species both of them having the trunk clear with white and brown spots. It reproduces by seeds and shoots. "Ilex canariensis" needs high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperature. It is threatened by habitat loss. The species is found mainly at lower altitudes in scrub and laurisilva where moisture in the air condenses or at the bottom of the ravines or near wet areas. Laurisilva may be increasing in Madeira, but throughout much of the range there are pressures, particularly from sheep and goats grazing and fires.

Ilex canariensis

leaves have ovate to ovate to lanceolate, bright and whole. The young leaves can be as thorny. The flowers are small, clustered in axillary inflorescences. The flowers are having four to six white petals, the flowers are located in subterminal leaf axils. It blooms from May to June. The fruits are globular and red holly. Fruits spherical, about 1 cm wide, fleshy, red and located on stems of 3–8 mm long. There are two sub-species. In the "ssp. azevinho" (Sol. ex Lowe, Kunkel) the berries may reach 2 cm. "Ilex canariensis" is a plant in the Aquifoliaceae family related to

Ilex canariensis

This endemism has lost almost all the spines present on the edge of the leaves of the European holly, certainly due to the lack of pressure from herbivores that did not exist in these islands until the introduction of cattle by humans. The Laurel forest of Laurisilva is a subtropical forest, found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures. The macaronesian laurissilva is an endemic ecoregion from Macaronesia with many endemic laurifolia trees of what Ilex canariensis is one of them, endemic to the island of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Ilex canariensis Ilex canariensis, the

Ilex ambigua

Ilex ambigua Ilex ambigua is a species of flowering plant in the holly family known by the common names Carolina holly and sand holly. It is native to the southeastern and south-central United States, along the coastal plain from North Carolina to Texas, inland as far as Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Tennessee. "Ilex ambigua" is a large shrub or small tree up to tall. The branches are covered in shiny dark brown or black bark which becomes flaky with age. The twigs are purple. Some branches have a thick coat of fine hairs. The leaves are up to 18 centimeters (7.2

Ilex guayusa

the upper Amazonian regions of Ecuador, Peru, and southern Colombia, between 200–2000 meters of elevation. However, it has also been collected in Bolivia in 1939. It is present in evergreen or deciduous premontane forests, especially ones dominated by Dictyocaryum palms. Guayusa has been collected only rarely in the wild by botanists and is known almost exclusively as a cultivated plant (especially in the Ecuadorian provinces of Napo and Pastaza). This species is found wild and cultivated in sandy-loamy soils, of pH 4.34–5.01, with low cation-exchange capacity and high metal content. The vegetation type preferred is lowland and premontane neotropical jungle

Ilex canariensis

Ilex canariensis Ilex canariensis, the small-leaved holly, is an endemic species of holly native to Macaronesian islands. It is a species of plant in the Aquifoliaceae family. It is found in Macaronesian islands of Madeira (Portugal) and Canarias (Spain). This species is known as "acebiño" (Spanish) or "azevinho" (Portuguese). It is a shrub or small tree up to 6.5 meters tall sometimes 10 m high, evergreen, with a gray trunk. It has glossy ovate leaves, 5-7 long by and 2.5–4 cm wide, usually whole rounded edges in the leaves and only a few small spines; iota obtuse or rounded. The


Question: What is the result of raising any number to the power of zero?

Zero to the power of zero

specify the result of 0 (a domain error may occur), but as of C99, if the normative annex F is supported, the result is required to be 1 because this value is more useful than NaN for significant applications (for instance, with discrete exponents). The Java standard and the .NET Framework method codice_1 also treat 0 as 1. Zero to the power of zero Zero to the power of zero, denoted by 0, is a mathematical expression with no agreed-upon value. The most common possibilities are 1 or leaving the expression undefined, with justifications existing for each, depending on context.

Zero to the power of zero

Zero to the power of zero Zero to the power of zero, denoted by 0, is a mathematical expression with no agreed-upon value. The most common possibilities are 1 or leaving the expression undefined, with justifications existing for each, depending on context. In algebra, combinatorics, or set theory, the generally agreed upon value is 0 = 1, whereas in mathematical analysis, the expression is generally left undefined. Computer programs also have differing ways of handling this expression. There are many widely used formulas having terms involving natural-number exponents that require 0 to be evaluated to 1. For example, regarding "b"

Zero to the power of zero

is no branch of defined at , let alone in a neighborhood of . The debate over the definition of formula_1 has been going on at least since the early 19th century. At that time, most mathematicians agreed that formula_21, until in 1821 Cauchy listed formula_1 along with expressions like formula_23 in a table of indeterminate forms. In the 1830s Libri published an unconvincing argument for formula_21, and Möbius sided with him, erroneously claiming that formula_25 whenever formula_26. A commentator who signed his name simply as "S" provided the counterexample of formula_27, and this quieted the debate for some time.

Horner's method

coefficients equal to one are counted, thus the problem of multiplication or division by zero is not an issue, despite this implication in the factored equation: The denominators all equal one (or the term is absent), so this reduces to or equivalently (as consistent with the "method" described above) In binary (base-2) math, multiplication by a power of 2 is merely a register shift operation. Thus, multiplying by 2 is calculated in base-2 by an arithmetic shift. The factor (2) is a right arithmetic shift, a (0) results in no operation (since 2 = 1 is the multiplicative identity element),

Parity of zero

the usual convention is to set the 2-order of 0 to be infinity as a special case. This convention is not peculiar to the 2-order; it is one of the axioms of an additive valuation in higher algebra. The powers of two—1, 2, 4, 8, ...—form a simple sequence of numbers of increasing 2-order. In the 2-adic numbers, such sequences actually converge to zero. The subject of the parity of zero is often treated within the first two or three years of primary education, as the concept of even and odd numbers is introduced and developed. The chart on the

Exponentiation

Exponentiation

Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as , involving two numbers, the "base" and the "exponent" or "power" , and pronounced as " (raised) to the (power of) ". When is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, is the product of multiplying bases:<ref name=":1" />
formula_1

The exponent is usually shown as a superscript to the right of the base. In that case, is called ""b" raised to the "n"th power", ""b" (raised) to the power of "n"", "the "n"th power of "b"", ""b" to the "n"th power", or most briefly as ""b" to the "n"th".

Starting from the basic fact stated above that, for any positive integer formula_2, formula_3 is formula_2 occurrences of formula_5 all multiplied by each other, several other properties of exponentiation directly follow. In particular:

formula_6

In other words, when multiplying a base raised to one exponent by the same base raised to another exponent, the exponents add. From this basic rule that exponents add, we can derive that formula_7 must be equal to 1, as follows. For any formula_2, formula_9. Dividing both sides by formula_3 gives formula_11.

The fact that formula_12 can similarly be derived from the same rule. For example, formula_13. Taking the cube root of both sides gives formula_12.

The rule that multiplying makes exponents add can also be used to derive the properties of negative integer exponents. Consider the question of what formula_15 should mean. In order to respect the "exponents add" rule, it must be the case that formula_16. Dividing both sides by formula_17 gives formula_18, which can be more simply written as formula_19, using the result from above that formula_12. By a similar argument, formula_21.

The properties of fractional exponents also follow from the same rule. For example, suppose we consider formula_22 and ask if there is some suitable exponent, which we may call formula_23, such that formula_24. From the definition of the square root, we have that formula_25. Therefore, the exponent formula_23 must be such that formula_27. Using the fact that multiplying makes exponents add gives formula_28. The formula_29 on the right-hand side can also be written as formula_30, giving formula_31. Equating the exponents on both sides, we have formula_32. Therefore, formula_33, so formula_34.

The definition of exponentiation can be extended to allow any real or complex exponent. Exponentiation by integer exponents can also be defined for a wide variety of algebraic structures, including matrices.

Exponentiation is used extensively in many fields, including economics, biology, chemistry, physics, and computer science, with applications such as compound interest, population growth, chemical reaction kinetics, wave behavior, and public-key cryptography.

Zero to the power of zero

Zero to the power of zero

Zero to the power of zero, denoted by , is a mathematical expression that is either defined as 1 or left undefined, depending on context. In algebra and combinatorics, one typically defines  . In mathematical analysis, the expression is sometimes left undefined. Computer programming languages and software also have differing ways of handling this expression.

Power of two

Power of two

A power of two is a number of the form where is an integer, that is, the result of exponentiation with number two as the base and integer  as the exponent.

In a context where only integers are considered, is restricted to non-negative values, so there are 1, 2, and 2 multiplied by itself a certain number of times.

The first ten powers of 2 for non-negative values of are:

Because two is the base of the binary numeral system, powers of two are common in computer science. Written in binary, a power of two always has the form 100...000 or 0.00...001, just like a power of 10 in the decimal system.

nth root

Power of a test

Power of a test

In statistics, the power of a binary hypothesis test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis (formula_1) when a specific alternative hypothesis (formula_2) is true. It is commonly denoted by formula_3, and represents the chances of a true positive detection conditional on the actual existence of an effect to detect. Statistical power ranges from 0 to 1, and as the power of a test increases, the probability formula_4 of making a type II error by wrongly failing to reject the null hypothesis decreases.

Parity of zero

and in fact, "before the experiment, some L subjects were unsure whether 0 was odd or even and had to be reminded of the mathematical definition". This strong dependence on familiarity again undermines the mental calculation hypothesis. The effect also suggests that it is inappropriate to include zero in experiments where even and odd numbers are compared as a group. As one study puts it, "Most researchers seem to agree that zero is not a typical even number and should not be investigated as part of the mental number line." Some of the contexts where the parity of zero makes

Parity of zero

revealed the misconceptions behind incorrect responses. A second-year was "quite convinced" that zero was odd, on the basis that "it is the first number you count". A fourth-year referred to 0 as "none" and thought that it was neither odd nor even, since "it's not a number". In another study, Annie Keith observed a class of 15 second grade students who convinced each other that zero was an even number based on even-odd alternation and on the possibility of splitting a group of zero things in two equal groups. More in-depth investigations were conducted by Esther Levenson, Pessia Tsamir, and

Strassmann's theorem

More precisely, the number of zeros is at most "N", where "N" is the largest index with |"a"| = max |"a"|. Strassmann's theorem In mathematics, Strassmann's theorem is a result in field theory. It states that, for suitable fields, suitable formal power series with coefficients in the valuation ring of the field have only finitely many zeroes. It was introduced by . Let "K" be a field with a non-Archimedean absolute value | · | and let "R" be the valuation ring of "K". Let "f"("x") be a formal power series with coefficients in "R" other than the zero series,

Parity of zero

investigated so far have been positive. It can help to acknowledge that as the number concept is extended from positive integers to include zero and negative integers, number properties such as parity are also extended in a nontrivial way. Adults who do believe that zero is even can nevertheless be unfamiliar with thinking of it as even, enough so to measurably slow them down in a reaction time experiment. Stanislas Dehaene, a pioneer in the field of numerical cognition, led a series of such experiments in the early 1990s. A numeral or a number word is flashed to the subject

Parity of zero

0 should be fast; 0 is a small number, and it is easy to calculate . (Subjects are known to compute and name the result of multiplication by zero faster than multiplication of nonzero numbers, although they are slower to verify proposed results like .) The results of the experiments suggested that something quite different was happening: parity information was apparently being recalled from memory along with a cluster of related properties, such as being prime or a power of two. Both the sequence of powers of two and the sequence of positive even numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, ...

Division by zero

in is true. But the expression requires a value to be found for the unknown quantity in But any number multiplied by 0 is 0 and so there is no number that solves the equation. The expression requires a value to be found for the unknown quantity in Again, any number multiplied by 0 is 0 and so this time every number solves the equation instead of there being a single number that can be taken as the value of 0/0. In general, a single value can't be assigned to a fraction where the denominator is 0 so the value

Parity of zero

range identifying zero as even dropped to 32%. Success in deciding that zero is even initially shoots up and then levels off at around 50% in Years 3 to 6. For comparison, the easiest task, identifying the parity of a single digit, levels off at about 85% success. In interviews, Frobisher elicited the students' reasoning. One fifth-year decided that 0 was even because it was found on the 2 times table. A couple of fourth-years realized that zero can be split into equal parts. Another fourth-year reasoned "1 is odd and if I go down it's even." The interviews also

Division algorithm

that reduces to (1/"D") may be used. For example, for division by 3, the factors 1/3, 2/6, 3/9, or 194/582 could be used. Consequently, if "Y" were a power of two the division step would reduce to a fast right bit shift. The effect of calculating "N"/"D" as ("N"·"X")/"Y" replaces a division with a multiply and a shift. Note that the parentheses are important, as "N"·("X"/"Y") will evaluate to zero. However, unless "D" itself is a power of two, there is no "X" and "Y" that satisfies the conditions above. Fortunately, ("N"·"X")/"Y" gives exactly the same result as "N"/"D" in

Newton's minimal resistance problem

an increase in the resistance. This is only possible if the coefficient of o in the expansion of formula_46 is zero, so: formula_47 (2) If this was not the case, it would be possible to choose a value of o with a sign that produced a curve DNJLSG, or DNjlSG with less resistance than the original curve, contrary to the initial assumption. The approximation of taking straight lines for the finite arcs, NI and KS becomes exact in the limit as HN and OS approach zero. Also, NM and HM can be taken as equal, as can OT and ST.

Logarithm

the "third" power to get 8. This subsection contains a short overview of the exponentiation operation, which is fundamental to understand logarithms. Raising to the power, where is a natural number, is done by multiplying factors equal to . The power of is written , so that Exponentiation may be extended to , where is a positive number and the "exponent" is any real number. For example, is the reciprocal of , that is, . Raising "b" to the power 1/2 is the square root of "b". More generally, raising "b" to a rational power "p"/"q", where "p" and "q"

Elementary mathematics

increase. Negative numbers are used to describe values on a scale that goes below zero, such as the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales for temperature. Exponentiation is a mathematical operation, written as "b", involving two numbers, the base "b" and the exponent (or power) "n". When "n" is a natural number (i.e., a positive integer), exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, "b" is the product of multiplying "n" bases: Roots are the opposite of exponents. The nth root of a number "x" (written formula_4) is a number "r" which when raised to the power "n" yields "x".

Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for specific exponents

multiplication of even and odd integers obey simple rules. The addition or subtraction of two even numbers or of two odd numbers always produces an even number, e.g., 4 + 6 = 10 and 3 + 5 = 8. Conversely, the addition or subtraction of an odd and even number is always odd, e.g., 3 + 8 = 11. The multiplication of two odd numbers is always odd, but the multiplication of an even number with any number is always even. An odd number raised to a power is always odd and an even number raised to power is always

Zero to the power of zero

coefficients formula_3 are real numbers (or, more generally, elements of some ring). The set of all real polynomials in "x" is denoted by formula_4. Polynomials are added termwise, and multiplied by the applying the usual rules for exponents in the indeterminate "x" (see Cauchy product). With these algebraic rules for manipulation, polynomials form a polynomial ring. The polynomial formula_5 is the identity element of the polynomial ring, meaning that it is the (unique) element such that the product of formula_5 with any polynomial formula_7 is just formula_7. Polynomials can be evaluated by specializing the indeterminate "x" to be a real

Parity of zero

zero is even because the empty set can be divided into two groups of zero items each. Numbers can also be visualized as points on a number line. When even and odd numbers are distinguished from each other, their pattern becomes obvious, especially if negative numbers are included: The even and odd numbers alternate. Starting at any even number, counting up or down by twos reaches the other even numbers, and there is no reason to skip over zero. With the introduction of multiplication, parity can be approached in a more formal way using arithmetic expressions. Every integer is either

−1

numbers. Although there are no real square roots of -1, the complex number "i" satisfies "i" = −1, and as such can be considered as a square root of −1. The only other complex number who's square is 1 is −"i". In the algebra of quaternions, which contain the complex plane, the equation "x" = −1 has infinite solutions. Exponentiation of a non-zero real number can be extended to negative integers. We make the definition that "x" = , meaning that we define raising a number to the power −1 to have the same effect as taking its reciprocal. This


Question: In popular music how is Paul Hewson better known?

bono vox
bono u2
Paul David Hewson
paul hewson
Bono Vox
bono
BONO
Bono
paul david hewson
Bono (U2)
Paul Hewson

Richard Anthony Hewson

Richard Anthony Hewson Richard Anthony Hewson (born 17 November 1943, Stockton-on-Tees, Teesside) is an English producer, arranger, conductor and multi-instrumentalist, who created the studio group RAH Band. Hewson began in the late 1960s as an arranger, and has worked with musicians such as The Beatles ("I Me Mine" and "The Long and Winding Road"),The Bee Gees ("Melody"), James Taylor ("Carolina in My Mind"), Herbie Hancock, Clifford T. Ward, Supertramp, Pilot ("Pilot"), Diana Ross, Carly Simon, Art Garfunkel, Leo Sayer, Paul McCartney ("Thrillington"), Mary Hopkin ("Those Were The Days"), Al Stewart, Chris de Burgh, Fleetwood Mac and Chris Rea. He also

Dave Hewson (composer)

this time built up a large repertoire of compositions, for chamber solo and instrumental combinations including vocal music. His television commissions have covered a wide spectrum. He is mostly called upon to score Drama-Documentary, particularly covering human aspects and emotional content. He is a very prolific writer. His KPM Library music CDs are used all over the world to score an enormous variety of productions. He is also well known for his arrangements and versions of the music for the "ITV News at Ten", and all of the regional news broadcast by ITV in England, Southern Scotland, Wales and the

Richard Anthony Hewson

arranged strings on several Cliff Richard albums, "I'm Nearly Famous" (1976), "Every Face Tells a Story" (1977) and "Green Light" (1978). Hewson also worked with the British band Jigsaw, including arrangements for their hit single, "Sky High". Apart from his own RAH Band project, he was a producer in the 1980s for Toyah Willcox, Five Star, and Shakin' Stevens. He was and co-producer and conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra on Cliff Richard's 1983 live album "Dressed for the Occasion" (which included the UK hit single "True Love Ways"). In recent years, he has written music for television shows and

Paul Drayton (composer)

Paul Drayton (composer) Paul Drayton (born 28 December 1944) is a British composer, conductor, pianist, and teacher. He was educated at High Wycombe Royal Grammar School from 1956 to 1962. He studied music at Brasenose College, Oxford, and was subsequently Director of Music at New College School, Oxford. He later taught and was composer-in-residence at Stowe School near Buckingham. Many of his compositions are vocal. His piece entitled "Masterpiece" was sung by the King's Singers in their 2005 DVD release "From Byrd to the Beatles". He is the author of a listeners' guide to music entitled "Unheard Melodies or Trampolining

Owen Paul

Owen Paul Owen Paul (born 1 May 1962) is a Scottish singer best known in the UK for his 1986 No. 3 hit single, "My Favourite Waste of Time", a cover version of a song that was originally written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Marshall Crenshaw. The track featured an appearance from future Thunder bass player Mark 'Snake' Luckhurst. After releasing a couple of singles and the album "As It Is," he had a falling out with his record label, resulting in him leaving the music industry for 15 years. As a youngster, Paul was taken on as an apprentice

Bono

Bono

Paul David Hewson (born 10 May 1960), known by his stage name Bono (), is an Irish singer-songwriter, activist, and philanthropist. He is the lead vocalist and primary lyricist of the rock band U2.

Born and raised in Dublin, he attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where in 1976 he began dating his future wife, Alison Stewart, as well as forming, with schoolmates, the band that became U2.<ref name="Bono on Bono" /><ref name=ATU2Clayton /> Bono soon established himself as a passionate frontman for the band through his expressive vocal style and grandiose gestures and songwriting. His lyrics frequently include social and political themes, and religious imagery inspired by his Christian beliefs.<ref name=ATU2comBonoBio /><ref name=Stockman /> During U2's early years, Bono's lyrics contributed to the group's rebellious and spiritual tone.<ref name=ATU2comBonoBio /> As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members.<ref name="Bono on Bono" /><ref name=ATU2comBonoBio /> As a member of U2, Bono has received 22 Grammy Awards and has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Aside from his music, Bono is an activist for social justice causes, both through U2 and as an individual. He is particularly active in campaigning for Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign, and Product Red.<ref name=Grammy /><ref name="tax shelter" /> In 2005, Bono was named one of the "Time" Persons of the Year. He was granted an honorary knighthood by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in 2007 for "his services to the music industry and for his humanitarian work", and was made a Commandeur of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) in 2013.<ref name=2006Nobel /><ref name=122306BBC /><ref name="time-samaritans"/> Bono has also attracted criticism for bypassing African businesses in his activist efforts and for tax avoidance in his personal finances.

Outside the band, he has recorded with numerous artists.<ref name=EPPDF /><ref name=ClarenceHotel />

The Edge

The Edge

David Howell Evans (born 8 August 1961), better known as the Edge or simply Edge, is an English-born Irish musician, singer, and songwriter. He is best known as the lead guitarist, keyboardist, and backing vocalist of the rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 14 studio albums with them as well as one solo record. His understated style of guitar playing, a signature of U2's music, is distinguished by chiming timbres, use of rhythmic delay, drone notes, harmonics, and an extensive use of effects units.

Born in England to Welsh parents and raised in Ireland, the Edge formed the band that would become U2 with his classmates at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and his elder brother Dik in 1976. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its basic arrangements, the group began to write its own material. They eventually became one of the most successful acts in popular music, with albums such as 1987's "The Joshua Tree" and 1991's "Achtung Baby". Over the years, the Edge has experimented with various guitar effects and introduced influences from several genres of music into his own style, including American roots music, industrial music, and alternative rock. With U2, the Edge has also played keyboards, co-produced their 1993 record "Zooropa", and occasionally served as co-lyricist. The Edge met his second wife, Morleigh Steinberg, through her collaborations with the band.

As a member of U2 and as an individual, the Edge has campaigned for human rights and philanthropic causes. He co-founded Music Rising, a charity to support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. He has collaborated with U2 bandmate Bono on several projects, including songs for Roy Orbison, Tina Turner, and Martin Garrix, and the soundtracks to the musical "" and the Royal Shakespeare Company's London stage adaptation of "". As a member of U2, the Edge has won 22 Grammy Awards and has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Several music publications have ranked the Edge among the greatest guitarists of all time.

U2

Dragon (band)

Dragon (band)

Dragon are a New Zealand rock band which was formed in Auckland in January 1972, and, from 1975, based in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The band was originally fronted by singer Graeme Collins, but rose to fame with singer Marc Hunter and is currently led by his brother, bass player and vocalist Todd Hunter. The group performed, and released material, under the name Hunter in Europe and the United States during 1987.<ref name="OzRockDb"/>

Keyboard player Paul Hewson wrote or co-wrote most of the group's 1970s hits: "April Sun in Cuba" peaked at No. 9 in New Zealand and No. 2 in Australia; "Are You Old Enough?" reached No. 6 in New Zealand and No. 1 in Australia in 1978; reached No. 35 and No. 27 in each country respectively that same year. a No. 2 hit in 1983, while other, more minor hits were written by the Hunters and/or Alan Mansfield, frequently in collaboration with any combination of Pigott, Mansfield's partner Sharon O'Neill, Marc Hunter's partner Wendy Hunter, or producers Todd Rundgren and David Hirschfelder.<ref name="Kent"/>

The name "Dragon" came from a consultation of I Ching cards by founder vocalist Graeme Collins.

Dragon has endured tragedy, adversity and notoriety, and three band members have died from drug-related causes. Problems began soon after the band's arrival in Sydney in late 1975, when all of their equipment was stolen. Several months later, in 1976, drummer Neil Storey died of a heroin overdose. obtained evidence that Dragon members were clients. and Hewson also suffered from debilitating scoliosis and arthritis, the pain of which reportedly contributed to his heroin use. The band also undertook a famously disastrous 1978 tour of the US, supporting Johnny Winter, which ended when Marc Hunter abused a Texan audience as "faggots" and the band were pelted off stage, while Winter's band were said to have taken bets about how long it would be before Hunter was shot.

Ali Hewson

Ali Hewson

Alison Hewson (née Stewart; born 23 March 1961) is an Irish activist and businesswoman. She is the wife of singer and musician Paul Hewson, known as Bono, from the rock group U2.

Raised in Raheny, she met her future husband at age 12 at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, and married him in 1982. She was awarded a degree in politics and sociology from University College, Dublin (UCD) in 1989. The couple have four children together and live at residences in Ireland, France, and the United States. She has inspired several U2 songs, most famously "Sweetest Thing".

Hewson became involved in anti-nuclear activism in the 1990s. She narrated "Black Wind, White Land", a 1993 Irish documentary about the lasting effects of the Chernobyl disaster, and has worked closely with activist Adi Roche. She has been a patron of Chernobyl Children's Project International since 1994 and has participated in a number of aid missions to the high-radiation exclusion zones of Belarus. She has also campaigned against Sellafield, the northern English nuclear facility. In 2002 she helped lead an effort which sent more than a million postcards, urging the site be closed, to Prime Minister Tony Blair and others. Hewson has repeatedly been discussed by tabloid newspapers as a possible candidate for political offices, including President of Ireland; none of these suggestions have come to fruition.

Hewson is the co-founder of two ethical businesses, the EDUN fashion line in 2005, and Nude Skincare products in 2007. The former, intended to promote fair trade with Africa, has struggled to become a viable business. French conglomerate LVMH has made substantial investments into both companies.

Paul Carrack

A-sided single, which set a new record for best selling single of all time. Paul Carrack Paul Melvyn Carrack (born 22 April 1951) is an English singer, songwriter, composer and multi-instrumentalist who has recorded as both a solo artist and as a member of several popular bands. The BBC dubbed Carrack "The Man with the Golden Voice", while "Record Collector" remarked: "If vocal talent equalled financial success, Paul Carrack would be a bigger name than legends such as Phil Collins or Elton John." Carrack rose to prominence in the mid-1970s as the frontman and principal songwriter of Ace, and gained

Paul Agnew

Paul Agnew Paul Agnew (born 1964 in Glasgow) is a Scottish operatic tenor and conductor. Agnew read music as a Choral Scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford. He became associated with various groups specialising in early music (Ex Cathedra, the Consort of Musicke, the Tallis Scholars, the Sixteen and the Gothic Voices) before embarking on a solo career in the early 1990s. He is well known for singing high tenor roles in French repertoire, although he has had success in other types of music. Closely associated with William Christie and Les Arts Florissants, Paul Agnew has performed the roles of Jason

Dragon (band)

one co-writing credit on the album. Mansfield and New Zealand-born singer-songwriter Sharon O'Neill met on Dragon's Body And The Beat tour: they later became domestic and professional partners. Paul Hewson left Dragon in late 1984, and returned to New Zealand, where he died of an accidental drug overdose on 9 January 1985. During 1984 Hewson had shared an apartment in Elizabeth Bay, Sydney, with singer-songwriter Paul Kelly, who had recently arrived from Melbourne, and was trying to relaunch his career. He and Hewson became close friends. In May 1985, four months after Hewson's death, Kelly released his breakthrough solo album

Paul McCartney

Paul McCartney Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. He gained worldwide fame as the bass guitarist and singer for the rock band the Beatles, widely considered the most popular and influential group in the history of popular music. His songwriting partnership with John Lennon remains the most successful in history. After the group disbanded in 1970, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney is one of the most successful composers and performers of all time. More than 2,200 artists

Paul Carrack

Paul Carrack Paul Melvyn Carrack (born 22 April 1951) is an English singer, songwriter, composer and multi-instrumentalist who has recorded as both a solo artist and as a member of several popular bands. The BBC dubbed Carrack "The Man with the Golden Voice", while "Record Collector" remarked: "If vocal talent equalled financial success, Paul Carrack would be a bigger name than legends such as Phil Collins or Elton John." Carrack rose to prominence in the mid-1970s as the frontman and principal songwriter of Ace, and gained further recognition for his work as a solo artist and for his tenures as

Paul Heiney

Paul Heiney Paul Heiney (born Paul Wisniewski 20 April 1949) has been a radio broadcaster or television reporter in the United Kingdom for over forty years, but remains best-known as a former presenter of "That's Life!" He was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire, the son of Norbert Wisniewski and Evelyn Mardlin. He changed his surname to Heiney in 1971. He attended Parson Cross Primary School on Halifax Road, Sheffield, and High Storrs Grammar School for Boys. In 1971-74 he was one of the founder broadcasters on BBC Radio Humberside with his programme of music, chat and current affairs titled "Scunsbygookington", reflecting

Paul S. Farmer

Paul S. Farmer Paul Stephen Farmer MBE is a retired British educationalist who developed the use of pop music in school music education in the 1970s, and is reputed to be the first to devise a public examination in the UK exclusively in pop music. He wrote several music education books and became a London comprehensive school head teacher at the age of 33. Farmer was born in Woodford Green, Essex, the son of an examiner in HM Patent Office. After Woodford Green Preparatory School he won an LEA grant to Chigwell School, where he learnt to play the organ.

Dave Hewson (composer)

education, which had been based entirely on the Schulwerk. This influence stayed with David and shaped a lot of his much later music. During his time in primary school, he also started to receive piano lessons from the renowned classical concert pianist and teacher Christine Gough. In his late teens he studied composition with Professor Richard Arnell, a former pupil of John Ireland at Trinity College of Music, London, and enrolled in a part-time courses on electronic music with Tristram Cary at the Royal College of Music. After gaining his BEd (Hon) he taught music for six years, and during

Paul Clayton (folksinger)

Paul Clayton (folksinger) Paul Clayton (born Paul Clayton Worthington; March 3, 1931 – March 30, 1967) was an American folksinger and folklorist who was prominent in the folk music revival of the 1950s and 1960s. A graduate of the University of Virginia, where he earned a master's degree in Folklore, Clayton specialized in traditional music, primarily New England sea shanties and ballads and Appalachian songs. He became interested in the first of these as a youngster and began playing guitar as a teen. While attending college, he expanded his interests to include the music of Virginia and the surrounding states.

Paul Abisheganaden

Paul Abisheganaden Paul Abisheganaden (March 27, 1914 in Timișoara – August 31, 2011 in Singapore) was a Singaporean conductor and 1986 Cultural Medallion recipient for his contributions to music. Paul was educated at Serangoon English School and St Andrew's School, passing his Senior Cambridge examinations in 1931. He studied arts subjects at Raffles College and graduated with a Diploma in the Arts in 1934. He joined the education service and taught at the Geylang English School, where he composed the music and lyric for what was to be the first school anthem, entitled the "Geylang English School Song". Paul is

Owen Paul

with various dance remixes. Thirty years since he first found fame he continues to perform extensively, both as a solo artist and with his band at 80s festivals. He released his "Acoustic 80's" EP in 2017. His new single, "Amazing" is a remix by Stonebridge and spent 3 weeks in the Music Week Club Charts. He tours as a solo artist and with his 80's Show, and played all 3 Rewind Festivals in 2017 as part of the British Electric Foundation. <nowiki>http://www.theowenpaul.com</nowiki> Owen Paul Owen Paul (born 1 May 1962) is a Scottish singer best known in the UK for

Paul Williams (saxophonist)

broke sales records. "The Huckle-Buck" established Williams's popularity, and he was billed as Paul "Hucklebuck" Williams for the rest of his career. He had three more R&B chart successes in 1949 – "House Rocker", "He Knows How to Hucklebuck", and "Pop-Corn" – but these failed to match the earlier record's success. However, his band continued to be popular. The band played on many of Amos Milburn's recordings. With Tiny Grimes, Williams co-headlined the first Moondog Coronation Ball, promoted by Alan Freed in Cleveland on March 21, 1952, often claimed to be the first rock and roll concert, and was the

Frederic Hymen Cowen

in various orchestral suites, is refined, original and admirably instrumented. Much of his more serious music is commendable rather than inspired and seldom successful in portraying the graver aspects of emotion. Indeed, his choral works, written for the numerous musical festivals around Victorian and Edwardian Britain, typify the public taste of his time. Of his 300 or so songs, they encompass everything from the popular ballad to the high art song, the latter of which led him to be described as the 'English Schubert' in 1898. Indeed, the vogue of his semi-sacred songs has been widespread. Cowen received honorary doctorates

Paul Carr (musician)

Paul Carr (musician) Paul Carr is an English guitarist who first emerged during the mid to late 1980s as a member of the James Taylor Quartet. Prior to this he worked as a London-based freelance musician, mainly on the London jazz scene. After studying popular music in the early 1980s at Newcastle College, Carr continued to undertake a teaching degree at Middlesex University, followed by a PhD under the supervision of British composer Gavin Bryars. See CV for more details. Since the early 1990s, Carr has been more involved in popular music education. He is currently head of The University

Thrillington

the "New Musical Express" in 1972. Hewson suggested that if McCartney had released the album under his own name it may have sold better than it did. The full story of the "Thrillington" album was told in detail in 1995 in Beatles fanzine "Good Day Sunshine" and in music journalist Ian Peel's book "The Unknown Paul McCartney" (Reynolds & Hearn, 2002). Peel tracked down various musicians who brought McCartney's vision to life – including Richard Hewson, Herbie Flowers and the Mike Sammes Singers – as well as those that were involved in creating its mythology. "Thrillington" was issued on CD


Question: What do Americans call what we call a megaphone?

Megaphone
blowhorn
Bullhorn
Bull horn
Loud-hailer
BULLHORN
Loud hailer
loudhailer
Blowhorn
bullhorn
Speaking trumpet
loud hailer
Loudhailer
📣
bull horn
speaking trumpet
megaphone
Loud Hailer

Megaphone

Megaphone A megaphone, speaking-trumpet, bullhorn, blowhorn, or loudhailer is usually a portable or hand-held, cone-shaped acoustic horn used to amplify a person’s voice or other sounds and direct it in a given direction. The sound is introduced into the narrow end of the megaphone, by holding it up to the face and speaking into it, and the sound waves radiate out the wide end. A megaphone increases the volume of sound by increasing the acoustic impedance seen by the vocal cords, matching the impedance of the vocal cords to the air, so that more sound power is radiated. It also

Megaphone

settings will produce an artificial sound almost indistinguishable from an electric megaphone. Governments can pass laws restricting the use of electronically amplified megaphones. In the US the ability to use a megaphone in public can be restricted to certain decibel levels, time of day or banned in residential neighborhoods. However, under the First Amendment, the specific kinds of speech used with a megaphone cannot be restricted. Megaphone A megaphone, speaking-trumpet, bullhorn, blowhorn, or loudhailer is usually a portable or hand-held, cone-shaped acoustic horn used to amplify a person’s voice or other sounds and direct it in a given direction. The

Calling America

Calling America "Calling America" is a song by the rock music group Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) released as a single from their 1986 (see 1986 in music) album "Balance of Power". The single reached number 28 in the UK and peaked at number 18 on the "Billboard" singles chart, making it their 20th and final Top 40 hit single in the United States. The song is like most of the songs on "Balance of Power" being musically upbeat and bright. Lyrically, it features a similar theme to ELO's earlier single "Telephone Line", where the narrator is longing for a lover

Public address system

outlets. Previously, amplifiers required heavy multiple battery packs. In the 1960s, an electric-amplified version of the megaphone, which used a loudspeaker, amplifier and a folded horn, largely replaced the basic cone-style megaphone. Small handheld, battery-powered electric megaphones are used by fire and rescue personnel, police, protesters, and people addressing outdoor audiences. With many small handheld models, the microphone is mounted at the back end of the device, and the user holds the megaphone in front of her/his mouth to use it, and presses a trigger to turn on the amplifier and loudspeaker. Larger electric megaphones may have a microphone attached

Israel lobby in the United States

relations on the internet also is targeted with software called the Megaphone desktop tool, which is designed and promoted by pro-Israel interest groups. Regarding the 'Megaphone', the Times Online reported in 2006 that the Israeli Foreign Ministry "ordered trainee diplomats to track websites and chatrooms so that networks of US and European groups with hundreds of thousands of Jewish activists can place supportive messages." According to a Jerusalem Post article on the 'Megaphone', Israel's Foreign Ministry was "urging supporters of Israel everywhere to become cyberspace soldiers 'in the new battleground for Israel's image.'" Christopher Williams wrote for "The Register": "However

Megaphone

Megaphone

A megaphone, speaking-trumpet, bullhorn, blowhorn, or loudhailer is usually a portable or hand-held, cone-shaped acoustic horn used to amplify a person's voice or other sounds and direct it in a given direction. The sound is introduced into the narrow end of the megaphone, by holding it up to the face and speaking into it, and the sound waves radiate out the wide end. A megaphone increases the volume of sound by increasing the acoustic impedance seen by the vocal cords, matching the impedance of the vocal cords to the air, so that more sound power is radiated. It also serves to direct the sound waves in the direction the horn is pointing. It somewhat distorts the sound of the voice because the frequency response of the megaphone is greater at higher sound frequencies.

Since the 1960s the voice-powered "acoustic megaphone" described above has been replaced by the "electric megaphone", which uses a microphone, an electrically-powered amplifier and a folded horn loudspeaker to amplify the voice.

Public address system

Public address system

A public address system (or PA system) is an electronic system comprising microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and related equipment. It increases the apparent volume (loudness) of a human voice, musical instrument, or other acoustic sound source or recorded sound or music. PA systems are used in any public venue that requires that an announcer, performer, etc. be sufficiently audible at a distance or over a large area. Typical applications include sports stadiums, public transportation vehicles and facilities, and live or recorded music venues and events. A PA system may include multiple microphones or other sound sources, a mixing console to combine and modify multiple sources, and multiple amplifiers and loudspeakers for louder volume or wider distribution.

Simple PA systems are often used in small venues such as school auditoriums, churches, and small bars. PA systems with many speakers are widely used to make announcements in public, institutional and commercial buildings and locations—such as schools, stadiums, and passenger vessels and aircraft. Intercom systems, installed in many buildings, have both speakers throughout a building, and microphones in many rooms so occupants can respond to announcements. PA and Intercom systems are commonly used as part of an emergency communication system.

The term "sound reinforcement system" generally means a PA system used specifically for live music or other performances. In Britain any PA system is sometimes colloquially referred to as a Tannoy, after the company of that name, now owned by TC Electronic Group, which supplied many of the PA systems used previously in Britain.

Islamophobia in the United States

Islamophobia in the United States

Islamophobia in the United States can be described as the affective feelings of distrust and hostility which some Americans have towards Muslims, Islam, and those persons who adhere to the religion and/or those persons who appear to adhere to it as well as members of groups which are associated with it. In the United States today, there are numerous attempts to mislead Islamic teachings, degrade and slander Islamic groups, and undermine and discredit the faith itself. American Muslims are often racialized and face discrimination due to stereotypes and generalizations ascribed to them. Due to this, Islamophobia is both a product of and a contributor to the United States' racial ideology, which is founded on socially constructed categories of profiled features, or how people seem.

Advocacy groups like the Center for American Progress explain that this social phenomenon is not new; rather, it has increased its presence in American social and political discourse over the last ten to fifteen years. They cite the fact that several organizations donate large amounts of money to create the "Islamophobia megaphone". CAP defines the megaphone analogy as "a tight network of anti-Muslim, anti-Islam foundations, misinformation experts, validators, grass root organizations, religious rights groups and their allies in the media and in politics" who work together to misrepresent Islam and Muslims in the United States. Similarly, Muslims are one of the most negatively viewed religious groups in the United States, with atheists being the only other group seen in a comparable negative light. This biased perception of Islam and Muslims manifests itself into the discrimination of racially perceived Muslims in the law and media, and is conceptually reinforced by the Islamophobia network.

A report by the University of California Berkeley and the Council on American–Islamic Relations estimated that was funded to 33 groups whose primary purpose was "to promote prejudice against, or hatred of, Islam and Muslims" in the United States between 2008 and 2013, with a total of 74 groups contributing to Islamophobia in the United States during that period. This has been referred to as the "Islamophobia industry" by scholars Nathan Lean and John Esposito.

Israel lobby in the United States

Israel lobby in the United States

The Israel lobby (at times called the Zionist lobby) are individuals and groups seeking to influence the United States government to better serve Israel's interests. The largest pro-Israel lobbying group is Christians United for Israel with over seven million members. The American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) is a leading organization within the lobby, speaking on behalf of a coalition of American Jewish groups.

Glossary of American terms not widely used in the United Kingdom ...

Public address system

multiple units were installed throughout the Comiskey Park baseball stadium in Chicago, both to make announcements and to provide musical interludes, with Charles A. Comiskey quoted as saying: "The day of the megaphone man has passed at our park." The company also set up an experimental service, called the Musolaphone, that was used to transmitted news and entertainment programming to home and business subscribers in south-side Chicago, but this effort was short-lived. The company continued to market the enunciators for making announcements in establishments such as hospitals, department stores, factories, and railroad stations, although the Automatic Enunciator Company was dissolved

Megaphone

the use of acoustic megaphones not only to increase the volume of sound, but also to protect performers’ voices in the process. For decades, film directors have used megaphones to communicate with their cast and crew on sets where it was hard to hear. The acoustic megaphone became an iconic clichéd symbol of a movie director, although modern directors use electric megaphones. A major contributor to this cliche was Cecil B. DeMille, director of epic movies like "The Ten Commandments" and "The King of Kings". Many of his films were biblical epics set on vast outdoor sets that required communication

All-number calling

proudly replied, "Yes, I am." She then asked him, "How does it feel to be the most hated man in America?" Opponents created a variety of organizations to oppose all-number calling, including the Anti-Digit Dialing League and the Committee of Ten Million to Oppose All-Number Calling to pressure AT&T to drop the plan. Other countries introduced similar transitions for eliminating exchange names. In the United Kingdom, the new system was known as all-figure dialling. All-number calling All-number calling (ANC) is a telephone numbering plan that was introduced by the Bell System in the United States starting around 1958 to replace

Megaphone

It consists of a microphone to convert sound waves into an electrical audio signal, an amplifier powered by a battery to increase the power of the audio signal, and a loudspeaker to convert the audio signal to sound waves again. Although slightly heavier than acoustic megaphones, electric megaphones can amplify the voice to a higher level, to over 90 dB. They have replaced acoustic megaphones in most applications, and are generally used to address congregations of people wherever stationary public address systems are not available; at outdoor sporting events, movie sets, political rallies, and street demonstrations. Although electronic public address

América Móvil

network. América Móvil acquired 100% of Jamaican mobile operator Oceanic Digital, under the brand name MiPhone in August 2007. On November 15, 2005, the company signed an international pact with Ooredoo to jointly deliver various international services. In the United States, it operates through its subsidiary TracFone Wireless, Inc. under the brands TracFone, NET10 Wireless, Straight Talk, SIMPLE Mobile, Telcel América, Page Plus Cellular and Total Wireless. It is one of the leading national pre-paid wireless service provider in the U.S. , the company was one of the top four telecommunications companies in the world and boasted 290,000 kilometres of

Calling America

from across the telephone. There was also a UK 12 inch EPIC 3 Track version with "Destination Unknown" as the B-side. All songs written by Jeff Lynne. The video was shot in Paris and contains shots of Centre Georges Pompidou; the band plays in front of Pompidou. Calling America "Calling America" is a song by the rock music group Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) released as a single from their 1986 (see 1986 in music) album "Balance of Power". The single reached number 28 in the UK and peaked at number 18 on the "Billboard" singles chart, making it their 20th

Telephone call

was something he invented by mistake and saw it as a distraction from his main studies. A telephone call may carry ordinary voice transmission using a telephone, data transmission when the calling party and called party are using modems, or facsimile transmission when they are using fax machines. The call may use land line, mobile phone, satellite phone or any combination thereof. When a telephone call has more than one called party it is referred to as a conference call. When two or more users of the network are sharing the same physical line, it is called a party line

Megaphone

was much too large to be portable, limiting its use. George Prescott wrote: “The principal drawback at present is the large size of the apparatus.” Since the 1960s acoustic megaphones have generally been replaced by electric versions "(below)", although the cheap, light, rugged acoustic megaphone is still used in a few venues, like cheering at sporting events and cheerleading, and by lifeguards at pools and beaches where the moisture could damage the electronics of electric megaphones. An electric megaphone is a handheld public address system, an electronic device that amplifies the human voice like an acoustic megaphone, using electric power.

Megaphone

than wide horns. Portable megaphones are widely used for crowd management and mass communication. When needing to communicate information or directions to a large crowd of people in one place, an electric megaphone is valuable when other public address systems are not present. Besides their practical implications, public address systems, including megaphones, also had a social impact. Public address systems helped promote women’s participation in society. In events like the National Republican and Democratic Conventions of 1920, when electronic public address systems were first becoming popularized, women used these amplifying technologies during roll call of participants. Later, portable electric megaphones

Megaphone

with hundreds of extras. The distinctive distorted sound of a human voice amplified by a megaphone is widely recognized, from its use in train and bus stations and sports arenas. Applied to music, it gives the sound of an antique acoustic gramophone record player. It has been used in radio advertisements and popular music to give retro and often humorous effects. A recorded voice or music can be processed to give it a "megaphone" sound effect without using an actual megaphone, by audio recording decks and software. In recording software like Logic Pro and Pro Tools, selecting certain filters and

North American Numbering Plan

that landline callers know which numbers are local and which are toll, dialing 10D for local calls and 1+10D for all toll calls. In almost all cases, domestic operator-assisted calls are dialed 0+10D. Some common special numbers in the North American system: There are also special codes, such as: Note: The four-digit numbers are not implemented in some areas. The codes prefixed with an asterisk (*) symbol are intended for use on Touch-Tone telephones, whereas the four-digit numbers prefixed 11xx are intended for use on rotary dial telephones, where the Touch-Tone * symbol is not available. Not all NANP countries

Larry King Show

could call into "Open Phone America". Callers to the show would be told (on air) to call the number and "When the connection rings, let it ring. We'll answer when it's your turn." Some of King's regular callers used pseudonyms, or nicknames given by King such as "The Numbers Guy", "The (Syracuse) Chair", "The Portland Laugher," "The Scandal Scooper," "The Miami Derelict," "The Todd Cruz Caller," "The Water Is Warm Caller", and "Mr. Radio". "Mr. Radio" made over 200 calls to King during "Open Phone America". King would occasionally entertain the audience by telling amusing anecdotes from his youth and

Megaphone

serves to direct the sound waves in the direction the horn is pointing. It somewhat distorts the sound of the voice because the frequency response of the megaphone is greater at higher sound frequencies. Since the 1960s the voice-powered "acoustic megaphone" described above has been replaced by the "electric megaphone", which uses electric power and a folded horn to amplify the voice. The initial inventor of the speaking trumpet is a subject of historical controversy. There have been references to speakers in Ancient Greece (5th Century B.C.) wearing masks with cones protruding from the mouth in order to amplify their

Megaphone

His largest megaphone consisted of over 20 feet of copper tube and could reportedly project a person's voice a mile and a half. Twenty years earlier, Kircher described a device that could be used as both a megaphone and for "overhearing" people speaking outside a house. His coiled horn would be mounted into the side of a building, with a narrow end inside that could be either spoken into or listened to, and the wide mouth projecting through the outside wall. Morland favored a straight, tube-shaped speaking device. Kircher’s horn, on the other hand, utilized a “cochleate” design, where the

Megaphone (band)

Megaphone (band) Megaphone is an American rock band from Orlando, Florida. They formed in late 2004 when founding member Matt Bloodwell (former drummer of the well known Orlando band Precious) traded his drums for a guitar and recruited local rock musicians from the Orlando music scene. Megaphone is: Paul Smith - Lead guitar, former touring guitarist for Seven Mary Three - Mammoth/Atlantic, and Vonray - Elektra Records. James Woodrich - Bass guitar, formerly of My Hotel Year - Doghouse Records. Scott Smith - Drummer, formerly of Cori Yarckin and newest member of the band joining in March 2007. Megaphone's founding


Question: Give a year in the life of silent comedian Buster Keaton.

Buster Keaton

Buster Keaton Joseph Frank Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966), known professionally as Buster Keaton, was an American actor, comedian, film director, producer, screenwriter, and stunt performer. He was best known for his silent films, in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic, deadpan expression which earned him the nickname "The Great Stone Face". Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton's "extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929" when he "worked without interruption" on a series of films that make him "the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies". His career declined afterward with a loss

Buster Keaton

to Follow", directed by Kevin Brownlow and David Gill, won two Emmy Awards. The International Buster Keaton Society was founded on October 4, 1992 – Buster's birthday. Dedicated to bringing greater public attention to Keaton's life and work, the membership includes many individuals from the television and film industry: actors, producers, authors, artists, graphic novelists, musicians, and designers, as well as those who simply admire the magic of Buster Keaton. The Society's nickname, the "Damfinos," draws its name from a boat in Buster's 1921 comedy, "The Boat." In 1994, caricaturist Al Hirschfeld penned a series of silent film stars for

Buster Keaton

of the hats during his career. Keaton observed that during his silent period, such a hat cost him around two dollars; at the time of his interview, he said, they cost almost $13. The hat is currently sold online for $75. Buster Keaton Joseph Frank Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966), known professionally as Buster Keaton, was an American actor, comedian, film director, producer, screenwriter, and stunt performer. He was best known for his silent films, in which his trademark was physical comedy with a consistently stoic, deadpan expression which earned him the nickname "The Great Stone Face".

Buster Keaton

Cellulose acetate film from deteriorating nitrate film stock. On April 3, 1957, Keaton was surprised by Ralph Edwards for the weekly NBC program "This Is Your Life". The program also promoted the release of the biographical film "The Buster Keaton Story" with Donald O'Connor. In December 1958, Keaton was a guest star in the episode "A Very Merry Christmas" of "The Donna Reed Show" on ABC. He returned to the program in 1965 in the episode "Now You See It, Now You Don't". In August 1960, Keaton played mute King Sextimus the Silent in the national touring company of the

The Comic

however, he improvises (and sabotages) his way to becoming the hero of the scenario. His combination of acquiescence and audacity pays off, and before long he has become a major film comedy star in the 1910s and '20s, the silent picture era of Buster Keaton, Harold Lloyd, Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel. Bright steals his leading lady, Mary (Michele Lee), and is beaten up by the director, whom she's been dating. The two increasingly popular performers marry, starting their own production company together. As early as her pregnancy, she begins to suspect his adultery; when she confronts him, he tries

Buster Keaton

Buster Keaton

Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor, comedian, and filmmaker. He is best known for his silent film work, in which his trademark was physical comedy accompanied by a stoic, deadpan expression that earned him the nickname "The Great Stone Face". Critic Roger Ebert wrote of Keaton's "extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929" when he "worked without interruption" as having made him "the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies". and in 1999 the American Film Institute ranked him as the 21st-greatest male star of classic Hollywood cinema.

Working with independent producer Joseph M. Schenck and filmmaker Edward F. Cline, Keaton made a series of successful two-reel comedies in the early 1920s, including "One Week" (1920), "The Playhouse" (1921), "Cops" (1922), and "The Electric House" (1922). He then moved to feature-length films; several of them, such as "Sherlock Jr." (1924), "The General" (1926), "Steamboat Bill, Jr." (1928), and "The Cameraman" (1928), remain highly regarded. "The General" is widely viewed as his masterpiece: Orson Welles considered it "the greatest comedy ever made...and perhaps the greatest film ever made". Keaton's art has inspired full academic study.

His career declined when he signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and lost his artistic independence. His wife divorced him, and he descended into alcoholism. He recovered in the 1940s, remarried, and revived his career as an honored comic performer for the rest of his life, earning an Academy Honorary Award in 1959.

Roscoe Arbuckle

Roscoe Arbuckle

Roscoe Conkling "Fatty" Arbuckle (; March 24, 1887 – June 29, 1933) was an American silent film actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. He started at the Selig Polyscope Company and eventually moved to Keystone Studios, where he worked with Mabel Normand and Harold Lloyd as well as with his nephew, Al St. John. He also mentored Charlie Chaplin, Monty Banks and Bob Hope, and brought vaudeville star Buster Keaton into the movie business. Arbuckle was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s and one of the highest-paid actors in Hollywood, signing a contract in 1920 with Paramount Pictures for $14,000 ().

Arbuckle was the defendant in three widely publicized trials between November 1921 and April 1922 for the rape and manslaughter of actress Virginia Rappe. Rappe had fallen ill at a party hosted by Arbuckle at San Francisco's St. Francis Hotel in September 1921, and died four days later. A friend of Rappe accused Arbuckle of raping and accidentally killing her. The first two trials resulted in hung juries, but Keaton testified for the defense in the third trial, which acquitted Arbuckle, and the jury gave him a formal written statement of apology.

Despite Arbuckle's acquittal, the scandal has mostly overshadowed his legacy as a pioneering comedian. At the behest of Adolph Zukor, president of Famous Players-Lasky, his films were banned by motion picture industry censor Will H. Hays after the trial, and he was publicly ostracized. Zukor was faced with the moral outrage of various groups such as the Lord's Day Alliance, the powerful Federation of Women's Clubs and even the Federal Trade Commission to curb what they perceived as Hollywood debauchery run amok and its effect on the morals of the general public. While Arbuckle saw a resurgence in his popularity immediately after his third trial (in which he was acquitted) Zukor decided he had to be sacrificed to keep the movie industry out of the clutches of censors and moralists. Hays lifted the ban within a year, but Arbuckle only worked sparingly through the 1920s. Keaton made an agreement to give him thirty-five percent of his profit from Buster Keaton Comedies Co. He later worked as a film director under the pseudonym William Goodrich. He was finally able to return to acting, making short two-reel comedies in 1932–33 for Warner Bros.

Arbuckle died in his sleep of a heart attack in 1933 at age 46, reportedly on the day that he signed a contract with Warner Bros. to make a feature film.

Eleanor Keaton

Eleanor Keaton

Eleanor Ruth Keaton (May 1918October 19, 1998) was an American dancer and variety show performer. She was an MGM contract dancer in her teens and became the third wife of silent-film comedian Buster Keaton at the age of 21. She is credited with rehabilitating her husband's life and career. The two performed at the Cirque Medrano in Paris and on European tours in the 1950s; she also performed with him on "The Buster Keaton Show" in the early 1950s. After his death in 1966, she helped ensure Keaton's legacy by giving many interviews to biographers, film historians, and journalists, sharing details from his personal life and career, and also attended film festivals and celebrations honoring Keaton. In her later years, she bred champion St. Bernard dogs, was a gag consultant for Hollywood filmmakers, and was an invited speaker at silent-film screenings.

The Comic

The Comic

The Comic is a 1969 American Pathécolor comedy-drama film co-written, co-produced, and directed by Carl Reiner. It stars Dick Van Dyke as Billy Bright (which was the original title of the film), Michele Lee as Bright's love interest, and Reiner himself and Mickey Rooney as Bright's friends and work colleagues. Reiner wrote the screenplay with Aaron Ruben; it was inspired by the end of silent film era and, in part, by the life of silent film superstar Buster Keaton.

Harold Lloyd

Harold Lloyd

Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr. (April 20, 1893 – March 8, 1971) was an American actor, comedian, and stunt performer who appeared in many silent comedy films.

One of the most influential film comedians of the silent film era, Lloyd made nearly 200 comedy films, both silent and "talkies", between 1914 and 1947. His bespectacled
"Glass" character was a resourceful, ambitious go-getter who matched the zeitgeist of the 1920s-era United States.

His films frequently contained "thrill sequences" of extended chase scenes and daredevil physical feats. Lloyd hanging from the hands of a clock high above the street (dangerous, but risk exaggerated by camera angles) in "Safety Last!" (1923) is considered one of the most enduring images in cinema. Lloyd performed lesser stunts himself, despite having injured himself in August 1919 while doing publicity pictures for the Roach studio. An accident with a bomb mistaken as a prop resulted in the loss of the thumb and index finger of his right hand (the injury was disguised on future films with the use of a special prosthetic glove, and was almost undetectable on the screen).

Buster Keaton

Mason and Cary Grant. On May 29, 1940, Keaton married Eleanor Norris (July 29, 1918 – October 19, 1998), who was 23 years his junior. She has been credited with saving his life by stopping his heavy drinking and helping to salvage his career. The marriage lasted until his death. Between 1947 and 1954, they appeared regularly in the Cirque Medrano in Paris as a double act. She came to know his routines so well that she often participated in them on TV revivals. Keaton died of lung cancer on February 1, 1966, aged 70, in Woodland Hills, California. Despite

Buster Keaton

a parody of D. W. Griffith's "Intolerance" (1916), from which it replicates the three inter-cut shorts structure. "Three Ages" also featured parodies of Bible stories, like those of Samson and Daniel. Keaton directed the film, along with Edward F. Cline. Film critic David Thomson later described Keaton's style of comedy: "Buster plainly is a man inclined towards a belief in nothing but mathematics and absurdity ... like a number that has always been searching for the right equation. Look at his face—as beautiful but as inhuman as a butterfly—and you see that utter failure to identify sentiment." Gilberto Perez commented

The Buster Keaton Story

The Buster Keaton Story The Buster Keaton Story is a 1957 American drama film directed by Sidney Sheldon and written by Sidney Sheldon and Robert Smith. The film stars Donald O'Connor, Ann Blyth, Rhonda Fleming, Peter Lorre, Larry Keating and Jackie Coogan. It was released on April 21, 1957, by Paramount Pictures. The film was described by AllMovie as "sublimely inaccurate" regarding details of Keaton's life. It was produced by Paramount Pictures, which paid Keaton $50,000 for the rights to his life story, allowing Keaton to remain financially solvent for the remainder of his life. In the late 19th and

Buster Keaton

himself was not amused by Keaton's antics, particularly the crying scene, and did not speak to Buster for two years after he had seen the film. The film's opening intertitles give it its mock-serious tone, and are taken from "The Shooting of Dan McGrew" by Robert W. Service. In "The Playhouse" (1921), he parodied his contemporary Thomas H. Ince, Hart's producer, who indulged in over-crediting himself in his film productions. The short also featured the impression of a performing monkey which was likely derived from a co-biller's act (called "Peter the Great"). "Three Ages" (1923), his first feature-length film, is

Buster Keaton

Marx Brothers MGM films "At the Circus" (1939) and "Go West" (1940), and "The Big Store" (1941). He also provided material for Red Skelton and gave help and advice to Lucille Ball in her comedic work in films and television. In 1939, Columbia Pictures hired Keaton to star in ten two-reel comedies, running for two years. The director was usually Jules White, whose emphasis on slapstick and farce made most of these films resemble White's famous Three Stooges shorts. Keaton's personal favorite was the series' debut entry, "Pest from the West", a shorter, tighter remake of Keaton's little-viewed 1935 feature

Three Ages

to be considered unsalvageable. Subsequent restoration work preserved the film for posterity, although a good deal of damage is still evident. Three Ages Three Ages is a 1923 black-and-white American feature-length silent comedy film starring comedian Buster Keaton and Wallace Beery. The first feature Keaton wrote, directed, produced, and starred in (unlike "The Saphead" (1920), in which he only acted), Keaton structured the film like three inter-cut short films. The structure also worked as a satire of D. W. Griffith's 1916 film "Intolerance". The film was shot in this manner as a kind of insurance for the studio. While Keaton

The Buster Keaton Story

the same time as Al Jolson’s blockbuster talkie, “The Jazz Singer”, reducing public interest in it. Buster struggles to adapt to performing in talking pictures. He pursues a silent film star throughout his early career, Peggy Courtney (Rhonda Fleming), who sneers at his boarding-house manners and eventually marries a European Duke in order to become a Duchess. Crushed, Keaton begins drinking heavily. The casting director, Gloria, who has been interested in him and remained his friend throughout his career has been similarly disappointed by his lack of interest in her, and plans to marry a studio executive, Tom McAffee (Richard

International Buster Keaton Society

Keaton made his films." The International Buster Keaton Society Inc. (also known as “The Damfinos”) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to educating the world about comedian and filmmaker Buster Keaton. Among other projects, the Damfinos publish a quarterly newsletter, the Keaton Chronicle, and host an annual convention in Muskegon, Michigan, the weekend closest to Buster Keaton's birthday on October 4. The Damfinos also sponsor the Buster Award, for extraordinary individuals for their work done in the spirit of Buster Keaton. One of the Damfinos' ongoing projects is the awarding of the annual Porkpie Scholar Grant. On June 16, 2018,

Buster Keaton

Invader" (released in the United States as "An Old Spanish Custom" in 1936). Upon Keaton's return to Hollywood, he made a screen comeback in a series of 16 two-reel comedies for Educational Pictures. Most of these are simple visual comedies, with many of the gags supplied by Keaton himself, often recycling ideas from his family vaudeville act and his earlier films. The high point in the Educational series is "Grand Slam Opera", featuring Buster in his own screenplay as an amateur-hour contestant. When the series lapsed in 1937, Keaton returned to MGM as a gag writer, including the final three

The Railrodder

his 69th birthday. He also had the opportunity to meet fans across Canada. The motivation behind making "The Railrodder" with Buster Keaton, was that "Critics were rediscovering and wildly praising his great silent comedies of the '20s." Produced primarily made-for-television on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), and after broadcast, the film was made available on 16 mm to schools, libraries and other interested parties. The film was also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities. "The Railrodder" was submitted to the 1965 Berlin International Film Festival where Gerald Potterton won Honorable Mention in the Short Film

Buster Keaton

his independent setup for employment at Hollywood's biggest studio, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). Keaton's loss of independence as a filmmaker coincided with the coming of sound films (although he was interested in making the transition) and mounting personal problems, and his career in the early sound era was hurt as a result. Keaton signed with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1928, a business decision that he would later call the worst of his life. He realized too late that the studio system MGM represented would severely limit his creative input. For instance, the studio refused his request to make his early project, "Spite Marriage", as

4 Clowns

Chase. The third section deals with Buster Keaton, The film is a compilation of excerpts from some of these actor's more notable projects. Narrated by Jay Jackson, the film concentrates on the works of Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Charley Chase, and Buster Keaton. Included in film's excerpts are actors Jean Arthur, Lori Bara, T. Roy Barnes, Bartine Burkett, Rosalind Byrne, Erwin Connelly, Jules Cowles, Doris Deane, Hazel Deane, Ruth Dwyer, Snitz Edwards, Connie Evans, Eugenia Gilbert, Edna Hammon, Marion Harlan, Jean C. Havez, Barbara Kent, Judy King, Frances Raymond, Viola Richard, Constance Talmadge, Pauline Toller, and Billy West. After Robert

Myra Keaton

performing together in various medicine shows and vaudeville. Their son, silent film actor Buster Keaton (Joseph Frank Keaton), was born October 4, 1895. Their other children included Harry Keaton and Louise Keaton. At the age of four, Buster officially joined the family's vaudeville act, which was billed as "The Three Keatons". Myra and Buster left the act in 1917, as a result of problems arising from Joe Keaton's drinking. All members of the Keaton family occasionally appeared in Buster's silent and sound comedies. Although estranged in later years, Myra remained married to Joe until Joe's death in 1946. Myra Keaton

Buster Keaton

of artistic independence when he was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, his wife divorced him, and he descended into alcoholism. He recovered in the 1940s, remarried, and revived his career to a degree as an honored comic performer for the rest of his life, earning an Academy Honorary Award. Many of Keaton's films from the 1920s remain highly regarded, such as "Sherlock Jr." (1924), "The General" (1926), and "The Cameraman" (1928), with "The General" widely viewed as his masterpiece. Among its strongest admirers was Orson Welles, who stated that "The General" was cinema's highest achievement in comedy, and perhaps the greatest film

Joe Keaton

Joe Keaton Joseph Hallie Keaton (July 6, 1867 – January 13, 1946) was an American vaudeville performer and silent film actor. He was the father of actor Buster Keaton and appeared with his son in several of his films. Keaton was born a few miles south of Terre Haute, Indiana to Libbie Jane and Joseph Francis Keaton IV. Leaving home in 1889, the year of the Land Rush, he homesteaded in the Oklahoma territory for a time, securing a claim three and a half miles northwest of Edmond. A few months into Keaton's residency, the neighboring homesteader (a Canadian whom