Question: What is the name of the UK Women's Prize for Fiction?

THE ORANGE PRIZE
Women's Prize for Fiction
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Orange Prize for Fiction
Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction
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Orange Prize for fiction
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Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction
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Women's Prize for Fiction

Women's Prize for Fiction The Women's Prize for Fiction (previously with sponsor names Orange Prize for Fiction (1996–2006 and 2009–12), Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction (2007–08) and Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction (2014–2017) is one of the United Kingdom's most prestigious literary prizes. It is awarded annually to a female author of any nationality for the best original full-length novel written in English and published in the United Kingdom in the preceding year. The prize was established to recognise the literary achievement of female writers. The inspiration for the Baileys Prize was the Booker Prize of 1991, when none of

Women's Prize for Fiction

for a new sponsor"; the 2017 prize to be announced in June, will be the last it supports. In June 2017, the prize announced it would change its name to simply "Women's Prize for Fiction" starting in 2018, and will be supported by a family of sponsors. The winner of the most recent, 2018 Women's Prize for Fiction was Kamila Shamsie for her book "Home Fire". In May 2014, Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction launched the #ThisBook campaign to find out which books, written by women, have had the biggest impact on readers. Nineteen "inspirational women" were chosen to launch

Women's Prize for Fiction

the campaign and then thousands of people from the "general public" submitted their ideas via Twitter. The 20 winners were announced 29 July 2014. The organizers noted that over half the winning books were published before 1960. The fact that the prize excludes male writers has provoked comment. After the prize was founded, Auberon Waugh nicknamed it the "Lemon Prize," while Germaine Greer said there would soon be a prize for "writers with red hair". A. S. Byatt, who won the 1990 Man Booker Prize, said it was a "sexist prize", claiming "such a prize was never needed". She refused

Women's Prize for Fiction

a shortlist in June; within days the winner is announced. The winner is selected by a board of "five leading women" each year. The prize has "spawned" several sub-category competitions and awards: the Harper's Bazaar Broadband Short Story Competition, the Orange Award for New Writers, the Penguin/Orange Readers' Group Prize, and the Reading Book Group of the Year. In support of the 2004 award, the Orange Prize for Fiction published a list of 50 contemporary "essential reads". The books were chosen by a sample of 500 people attending the Guardian Hay Festival and represent the audience's "must have" books by

Women's Prize for Fiction

Grant suffered accusations of plagiarism following her award in 2000. In 2001 a panel of male critics strongly criticised the Orange shortlist and produced its own. In 2007, broadcaster Muriel Gray, chair of the panel, said that judges had to wade through "a lot of dross" to get to the shortlist, but praised that year's winner, "Half of a Yellow Sun" by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, saying, "This is a moving and important book by an incredibly exciting author." Women's Prize for Fiction The Women's Prize for Fiction (previously with sponsor names Orange Prize for Fiction (1996–2006 and 2009–12),

List of Women's Prize for Fiction winners

Women's Prize for Fiction

Women's Prize for Fiction

The Women's Prize for Fiction (previously with sponsor names Orange Prize for Fiction (1996–2006 and 2009–12), Orange Broadband Prize for Fiction (2007–08) and Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction (2014–2017)) is one of the United Kingdom's most prestigious literary prizes. It is awarded annually to a female author of any nationality for the best original full-length novel written in English and published in the United Kingdom in the preceding year.

Kamila Shamsie

Kamila Shamsie

Kamila Shamsie FRSL (born 13 August 1973) is a Pakistani and British writer and novelist who is best known for her award-winning novel "Home Fire" (2017). Named on "Granta" magazine's list of 20 best young British writers, Shamsie has been described by "The New Indian Express" as "a novelist to reckon with and to look forward to." She also writes for publications including "The Guardian", "New Statesman", "Index on Censorship" and "Prospect", and broadcasts on radio.

List of British literary awards

List of British literary awards

This is a list of British literary awards.

Home Fire (novel)

Home Fire (novel)

Home Fire (2017) is the seventh novel by Kamila Shamsie. It reimagines Sophocles's play "Antigone" unfolding among British Muslims. The novel follows the Pasha family: twin siblings Aneeka and Parvaiz and their older sister Isma, who has raised them in the years since the death of their mother; their jihadi father, whom the twins never knew, is also dead. Parvaiz attempts to follow in his father's footsteps by joining ISIS in Syria. He soon decides he has made a serious mistake and his twin sister attempts to help him return to Britain, in part through her romantic relationship with Eamonn Lone, son of British Home Secretary Karamat Lone, who has built his political career on his rejection of his own Muslim background. The effort to bring Parvaiz home fails when he is shot to death trying to escape ISIS, then Eamonn and Aneeka, trying to return Parvaiz's body to the UK over the objections of Karamat Lone, die in a terrorist attack.

"Home Fire" won the Women's Prize for Fiction 2018, and was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize 2017 and shortlisted for the DSC Prize for South Asian Literature 2018.

The concerns of the novel include the identity and security of Muslims in Britain. It speaks of the troubles of Muslims as they struggle to maintain a unique cultural identity while defending their <nowiki>"Britishness"</nowiki> and loyalty to the state against political and social activists who wish to alienate them.

Women's Prize for Fiction

the six shortlisted books was by a woman, despite some 60% of novels published that year being by female authors. A group of women and men working in the industry – authors, publishers, agents, booksellers, librarians, journalists – therefore met to discuss the issue. Research showed that women’s literary achievements were often not acknowledged by the major literary prizes. The winner of the prize receives £30,000, along with a bronze sculpture called the "Bessie" created by artist Grizel Niven, the sister of actor and writer David Niven. Typically, a longlist of nominees is announced around March each year, followed by

Women's Prize for Fiction

living UK writers. The list is called the Orange Prize for Fiction's "50 Essential Reads by Contemporary Authors". The prize was originally sponsored by Orange, a telecommunications company. In May 2012, it was announced Orange would be ending its corporate sponsorship of the prize. There was no corporate sponsor for 2013; sponsorship was by "private benefactors", led by Cherie Blair and writers Joanna Trollope and Elizabeth Buchan. Beginning in 2014, the prize was sponsored by the liquor brand Baileys Irish Cream, owned by the drinks conglomerate Diageo. In January 2017, Diageo announced that it had "regretfully decided to make way

May We Be Forgiven

2013 Women's Prize for Fiction, a prestigious annual literary award for novels by women writers published in English in the United Kingdom in the previous year. May We Be Forgiven May We Be Forgiven is a 2012 novel by American writer A. M. Homes. It won the 2013 Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction (formerly the Orange Prize for Fiction). What became the first chapter of the novel was published as a short story in "Granta Magazine" 100th issue in 2007. It was selected by Salman Rushdie for "The Best American Short Stories 2008". Homes went on to develop characters and

Women's Prize for Fiction

of female-specific subject matter is spurious, but I don't think that's what the prize rewards.In 2012 Cynthia Ozick, writing in "The New York Times", said the Prize "was not born into an innocent republic of letters" when it comes to a history of women writers being discriminated against. She concluded, "For readers and writers, in sum, the more prizes the better, however they are structured, and philosophy be damned." In 1999 Lola Young, chair of the judges' panel, claimed that British female literature fell into two categories, either "insular and parochial" or "domestic in a piddling kind of way". Linda

Desmond Elliott Prize

winner, the judges look for a novel with a compelling narrative, arresting character, and which is both vividly written and confidently realised. Previous chairs of the prize include author Sam Llewellyn (2012), BBC broadcaster and presenter Edward Stourton (2011), and authors Elizabeth Buchan (2010), Candida Lycett Green (2009) and Penny Vincenzi (2008). The prize is awarded annually for the best first full-length work of fiction written in English published in book form in the UK, written by an author whose permanent place of residence is in the UK or Ireland. Entries are considered from all fiction genres. The prize is

Warwick Prize for Women in Translation

Warwick Prize for Women in Translation The Warwick Prize for Women in Translation, established in 2017, is an annual prize honoring a translated work by a female author published in English by a UK-based or Irish publisher during the previous calendar year. The stated aim of the prize is "to address the gender imbalance in translated literature and to increase the number of international women’s voices accessible by a British and Irish readership." The prize is open to works of fiction, poetry, or literary non-fiction, or works of fiction for children or young adults. Only works written by a woman

SI Leeds Literary Prize

SI Leeds Literary Prize The SI Leeds Literary Prize is a biennial award founded in 2012 by Soroptimist International of Leeds (SI Leeds) – a branch of the worldwide women's organization Soroptimist International – for unpublished fiction written by Black and Asian women resident in the UK. Submissions must be of more than 30,000 words of fiction and entrants must be aged 18 years and over. The prize offers support for writers to develop their work and to help build new audiences. Described as "groundbreaking", the prize has been developed and managed by SI Leeds in partnership with Ilkley Literature

BookTrust

Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction (formerly The Orange Prize for Fiction) and The Sunday Times Short Story Award. The charity now focuses on books for children and one of its current prizes is the Blue Peter Books Awards. In a bid to demonstrate and champion the benefits of reading from a young age, Bookstart was created in 1992 by the charity in partnership with libraries and health visitors. Bookstart is BookTrust’s early years programme. Bookstart gifts books to children between the ages of 0-1 and 3-4. The pilot for the programme was initiated in Birmingham in 1992 and involved 300

SI Leeds Literary Prize

Li for "Dark Chapter" and third prize, and the SI Readers’ Choice award, to Jamilah Ahmed for "Recognising Strangers". SI Leeds Literary Prize The SI Leeds Literary Prize is a biennial award founded in 2012 by Soroptimist International of Leeds (SI Leeds) – a branch of the worldwide women's organization Soroptimist International – for unpublished fiction written by Black and Asian women resident in the UK. Submissions must be of more than 30,000 words of fiction and entrants must be aged 18 years and over. The prize offers support for writers to develop their work and to help build new

Rose Mary Crawshay Prize

Rose Mary Crawshay Prize The Rose Mary Crawshay Prize is a literary prize for female scholars. It was inaugurated in 1888 and is said by the British Academy to be the only UK literary prize for female scholars. Two prizes can be awarded in any one year: ""to a woman of any nationality who, in the judgement of the Council of the British Academy, has written or published within three years next preceding the year of the award an historical or critical work of sufficient value on any subject connected with English Literature, preference being given to a work regarding

SI Leeds Literary Prize

demanding to be heard and for the right to tell their stories as well as be given the critical artistic freedom to write creatively." As of 2014, patrons of the prize include Bernardine Evaristo, Bidisha, Bonnie Greer, Carolyn Choa, Diana Evans, Diana Howse, Dreda Say Mitchell, Hannah Pool, Margaret Oldroyd (president of Soroptimist International Great Britain and Ireland), Maya Jaggi, Pippa Small, Sue Woodford-Hollick and Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, with Margaret Busby as prize ambassador and Irenosen Okojie as prize advocate. The SI Leeds Literary Prize "aims to act as a loudspeaker for Black and Asian women's voices, enabling fresh and original

Warwick Prize for Women in Translation

are eligible; the gender of the translator is immaterial. The £1,000 prize is divided evenly between the author and her translator(s), or goes entirely to the translator(s) in cases where the writer is no longer living. The prize is funded and administered by the University of Warwick. The 2017 prize was announced in a ceremony at the Warwick Arts Centre on Nov. 15, 2017. The judging panel was composed of Susan Bassnett, Amanda Hopkinson, and Boyd Tonkin, Special Adviser, Man Booker International Prize. The winner is in bold. Warwick Prize for Women in Translation The Warwick Prize for Women in

2013 Man Booker Prize

being sprawling." Catton was presented with the prize by the Duchess of Cornwall at Guildhall in London. As winner, Catton also received award money to the sum of £50,000. 2013 Man Booker Prize The 2013 Booker Prize for Fiction was awarded on 15 October 2013 to Eleanor Catton for her novel "The Luminaries". A longlist of thirteen titles was announced on 23 July, and these were narrowed down to a shortlist of six titles, announced on 10 September. The jury was chaired by Robert Macfarlane, who was joined by Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, Natalie Haynes, Martha Kearney, and Stuart Kelly. The shortlist

SI Leeds Literary Prize

which stories are worth publishing?...If we have more diversity within the infrastructure, that might filter through to work that gets commissioned. A national prize like the SI Leeds Literary Prize is about celebrating the voices of black and Asian women." Kerry Young, chair of the 2014 panel of judges, said in an interview for "Sable" magazine: "It’s the only prize for unpublished fiction by Black and Asian women writers. That's the first thing. Secondly, it's the opportunities it offers not just in the cash awards but, for the winning author, to have a free place on an Arvon creative writing

Manchester Fiction Prize

Jennifer Mills and Alison Moore. The Manchester Writing School launched the second Manchester Fiction Prize in January 2011 with Nicholas Royle once again acting as Head Judge. The number of judges was increased from three to four in 2011, with short story writers Heather Beck, John Burnside and Alison MacLeod joining Royle on the panel. While the main prize remained at £10,000, and the competition was still open to anyone aged 16 or over, the Young Writer of the Year element was dropped as the rise in UK university tuition fees made it financially unfeasible to offer a bursary. The


Question: How many squares are there in a standard 'Sudoku' grid?

Sudoku

at least one Sudoku that has 18 clues, exhibits two-way diagonal symmetry and is automorphic. The maximum number of clues that can be provided while still not rendering a unique solution is four short of a full grid (77); if two instances of two numbers each are missing from cells that occupy the corners of an orthogonal rectangle, and exactly two of these cells are within one region, the numbers can be assigned two ways. Since this applies to Latin squares in general, most variants of Sudoku have the same maximum. The number of classic 9×9 Sudoku solution grids is

Mathematics of Sudoku

vertices that are joined by an edge do not have the same integer assigned to them. A Sudoku solution grid is also a Latin square. There are significantly fewer Sudoku grids than Latin squares because Sudoku imposes the additional regional constraint. Nonetheless, the number of Sudoku grids was calculated by Bertram Felgenhauer and Frazer Jarvis in 2005 to be 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960. The number computed by Felgenhauer and Jarvis confirmed a result first identified by QSCGZ in September 2003. This number is equal to 9! × 72 × 2 × 27,704,267,971, the last factor of which is prime. The result was derived

Mathematics of Sudoku

through logic and brute force computation. Russell and Jarvis also showed that when symmetries were taken into account, there were 5,472,730,538 solutions . The number of grids for 16×16 Sudoku is not known. The number of minimal Sudokus (Sudokus in which no clue can be deleted without losing uniqueness of the solution) is not precisely known. However, statistical techniques combined with a generator (), show that there are approximately (with 0.065% relative error): Other authors used faster methods and calculated additional precise distribution statistics. As in the case of Latin squares the (addition- or) multiplication tables (Cayley tables) of finite

Sudoku

6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 , or around . This is roughly times the number of 9×9 Latin squares. Various other grid sizes have also been enumerated—see the main article for details. The number of essentially different solutions, when symmetries such as rotation, reflection, permutation, and relabelling are taken into account, was shown to be just 5,472,730,538 . Unlike the number of complete Sudoku grids, the number of minimal 9×9 Sudoku puzzles is not precisely known. (A minimal puzzle is one in which no clue can be deleted without losing uniqueness of the solution.) However, statistical techniques combined with a puzzle generator show that

SUDO-Q

a number in a highlighted square. An incorrect answer stays on that square, while a correct or an incorrect number goes to another square. If both partners are in the game after the final round, each one takes 90 seconds of the time; otherwise, the solo player takes the entire three minutes. There are a total of 18 squares to be solved. Each correctly placed number is worth £50, with £50 more for a completed row, column, and/or 3×2 region, and a £200 bonus for completing the entire grid, thus a grand prize of £2,000. In the first series, each

Mathematics of Sudoku

Mathematics of Sudoku

The mathematics of Sudoku refers to the use of mathematics to study Sudoku puzzles to answer questions such as ""How many filled Sudoku grids are there?"", ""What is the minimal number of clues in a valid puzzle?"" and ""In what ways can Sudoku grids be symmetric?"" through the use of combinatorics and group theory.

The analysis of Sudoku falls is generally divided between analyzing the properties of unsolved puzzles (such as the minimum possible number of given clues) and analyzing the properties of solved puzzles. Initial analysis was largely focused on enumerating solutions, with results first appearing in 2004.

For classical Sudoku, the number of filled grids is 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960 (), which reduces to 5,472,730,538 essentially different solutions under the validity preserving transformations. There are 26 types of symmetry, but they can only be found in about 0.005% of all filled grids. A puzzle with a unique solution must have at least 17 clues, and there is a solvable puzzle with at most 21 clues for every solved grid. The largest minimal puzzle found so far has 40 clues.

Similar results are known for variants and smaller grids. No exact results are known for Sudokus larger than the classical 9×9 grid, although there are estimates which are believed to be fairly accurate.

Sudoku

Sudoku

Sudoku (; ; originally called Number Place) is a logic-based, combinatorial number-placement puzzle. In classic Sudoku, the objective is to fill a 9 × 9 grid with digits so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3 × 3 subgrids that compose the grid (also called "boxes", "blocks", or "regions") contain all of the digits from 1 to 9. The puzzle setter provides a partially completed grid, which for a well-posed puzzle has a single solution.

French newspapers featured variations of the Sudoku puzzles in the 19th century, and the puzzle has appeared since 1979 in puzzle books under the name Number Place. It first appeared in a U.S. newspaper, and then "The Times" (London), in 2004, thanks to the efforts of Wayne Gould, who devised a computer program to rapidly produce unique puzzles.

Latin square

Latin square

In combinatorics and in experimental design, a Latin square is an "n" × "n" array filled with "n" different symbols, each occurring exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column. An example of a 3×3 Latin square is
The name "Latin square" was inspired by mathematical papers by Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), who used Latin characters as symbols, but any set of symbols can be used: in the above example, the alphabetic sequence A, B, C can be replaced by the integer sequence 1, 2, 3. Euler began the general theory of Latin squares.

Magic square

Magic square

In recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same. The 'order' of the magic square is the number of integers along one side ("n"), and the constant sum is called the 'magic constant'. If the array includes just the positive integers formula_1, the magic square is said to be 'normal'. Some authors take magic square to mean normal magic square.

Magic squares that include repeated entries do not fall under this definition and are referred to as 'trivial'. Some well-known examples, including the Sagrada Família magic square and the Parker square are trivial in this sense. When all the rows and columns but not both diagonals sum to the magic constant this gives a "semimagic square (sometimes called orthomagic square"').

The mathematical study of magic squares typically deals with their construction, classification, and enumeration. Although completely general methods for producing all the magic squares of all orders do not exist, historically three general techniques have been discovered: by bordering method, by making composite magic squares, and by adding two preliminary squares. There are also more specific strategies like the continuous enumeration method that reproduces specific patterns. Magic squares are generally classified according to their order "n" as: odd if "n" is odd, evenly even (also referred to as "doubly even") if "n" is a multiple of 4, oddly even (also known as "singly even") if "n" is any other even number. This classification is based on different techniques required to construct odd, evenly even, and oddly even squares. Beside this, depending on further properties, magic squares are also classified as associative magic squares, pandiagonal magic squares, most-perfect magic squares, and so on. More challengingly, attempts have also been made to classify all the magic squares of a given order as transformations of a smaller set of squares. Except for "n" ≤ 5, the enumeration of higher order magic squares is still an open challenge. The enumeration of most-perfect magic squares of any order was only accomplished in the late 20th century.

Magic squares have a long history, dating back to at least 190 BCE in China. At various times they have acquired occult or mythical significance, and have appeared as symbols in works of art. In modern times they have been generalized a number of ways, including using extra or different constraints, multiplying instead of adding cells, using alternate shapes or more than two dimensions, and replacing numbers with shapes and addition with geometric operations.

Nonogram

Nonogram

Nonograms, also known as Hanjie, Paint by Numbers, Picross, Griddlers, and Pic-a-Pix, and by various other names, are picture logic puzzles in which cells in a grid must be colored or left blank according to numbers at the side of the grid to reveal a hidden pixel art-like picture. In this puzzle type, the numbers are a form of discrete tomography that measures how many unbroken lines of filled-in squares there are in any given row or column. For example, a clue of "4 8 3" would mean there are sets of four, eight, and three filled squares, in that order, with at least one blank square between successive sets.

These puzzles are often black and white—describing a binary image—but they can also be colored. If colored, the number clues are also colored to indicate the color of the squares. Two differently colored numbers may or may not have a space in between them. For example, a black four followed by a red two could mean four black boxes, some empty spaces, and two red boxes, or it could simply mean four black boxes followed immediately by two red ones. Nonograms have no theoretical limits on size, and are not restricted to square layouts.

Nonograms were named after Non Ishida, one of the two inventors of the puzzle.

Sudoku solving algorithms

truly new (undiscovered) Sudokus, a further confirmation would be required to ensure each find is not a transformation of an already known Sudoku. Sudoku solving algorithms A standard Sudoku contains 81 cells, in a 9×9 grid, and has 9 boxes, each box being the intersection of the first, middle, or last 3 rows, and the first, middle, or last 3 columns. Each cell may contain a number from one to nine, and each number can only occur once in each row, column, and box. A Sudoku starts with some cells containing numbers ("clues"), and the goal is to solve the

Mathematics of Sudoku

by Jarvis / Russell and verified by Pettersen. Similar methods have been applied to the 2x3 case, where Jarvis / Russell showed that there are 49 essentially different grids (see also the article by Bailey, Cameron and Connelly), to the 2x4 case, where Russell showed that there are 1,673,187 essentially different grids (verified by Pettersen), and to the 2x5 case where Pettersen showed that there are 4,743,933,602,050,718 essentially different grids (not verified). Ordinary Sudokus ("proper" puzzles) have a unique solution. A "minimal" Sudoku is a Sudoku from which no clue can be removed leaving it a proper Sudoku. Different minimal

Mathematics of Sudoku

the 2×2 and 4×4 square puzzles, for example. Only "N"×"N" Sudoku puzzles can be tiled with square polyominoes. Another popular variant is made of rectangular regions – for example, 2×3 hexominoes tiled in a 6×6 grid. The following notation is used for discussing this variant. Puzzles of size "N"×"N", where "N" is prime can only be tiled with irregular "N"-ominoes. Each "N"×"N" grid can be tiled multiple ways with "N"-ominoes. Before enumerating the number of solutions to a Sudoku grid of size "N"x"N", it is necessary to determine how many "N"-omino tilings exist for a given size (including the standard

Sudoku solving algorithms

Sudoku solving algorithms A standard Sudoku contains 81 cells, in a 9×9 grid, and has 9 boxes, each box being the intersection of the first, middle, or last 3 rows, and the first, middle, or last 3 columns. Each cell may contain a number from one to nine, and each number can only occur once in each row, column, and box. A Sudoku starts with some cells containing numbers ("clues"), and the goal is to solve the remaining cells. Proper Sudokus have one solution. Players and investigators may use a wide range of computer algorithms to solve Sudokus, study their

Small Latin squares and quasigroups

the first column to the border column, so we have the four cases shown above. Without the restriction that a is the identity there are 16 cases: Of the 576 Latin squares, 288 are solutions of the 2×2 version of Sudoku, sometimes called Shi Doku . With first row abcd and first column acbd this reduces to 2. For order 5 there are 161,280 Latin squares with symbols a, b, c, d, and e. There are 280 loops: 5 times the number of reduced Latin squares. 30 of these are groups, all are versions of the cyclic group of order

Mathematics of Sudoku

completions of the lower two bands were constructed and counted for each equivalence class. Summing completions over the equivalence classes, weighted by class size, gives the total number of solutions as 6,670,903,752,021,072,936,960, confirming the value obtained by QSCGZ. The value was subsequently confirmed numerous times independently. A second enumeration technique based on band generation was later developed that is significantly less computationally intensive. Two valid grids are "essentially" the same if one can be derived from the other. The following operations are Sudoku preserving symmetries and always translate a valid grid into another valid grid: These operations define a symmetry

Sudoku

under the name Logi-5; the World Puzzle Championship has featured a 6×6 grid with 2×3 regions and a 7×7 grid with six "heptomino" regions and a disjoint region. Larger grids are also possible. "The Times" offers a 12×12-grid "Dodeka Sudoku" with 12 regions of 4×3 squares. Dell Magazines regularly publishes 16×16 "Number Place Challenger" puzzles (using the numbers 1–16 or the letters A-P). Nikoli offers 25×25 "Sudoku the Giant" behemoths. A 100×100-grid puzzle dubbed Sudoku-zilla was published in 2010. Under the name "Mini Sudoku", a 6×6 variant with 3×2 regions appears in the American newspaper "USA Today" and elsewhere. The

Mathematics of Sudoku

relation between equivalent grids. Excluding relabeling, and with respect to the 81 grid cell values, the operations form a subgroup of the symmetric group S, of order 3!×2 = 3,359,232. Applying the above operations on majority of the grids results in 3!×2×9! essentially equivalent grids. Exceptions are Automorphic Sudokus which due to additional non-trivial symmetry generate fewer grids. The number of distinct solutions can also be identified with Burnside's Lemma. For a solution, the set of equivalent solutions which can be reached using these operations (excluding relabeling), form an orbit of the symmetric group. The number of essentially different solutions

Mathematics of Sudoku

a rectangle of 30 cells (a 5 x 6 rectangular area). One example is a Sudoku with 22 clues (second image). The largest total number of empty groups (rows, columns, and boxes) in a Sudoku is believed to be nine. One example is a Sudoku with 3 empty rows, 3 empty columns, and 3 empty boxes (third image). A Sudoku grid is automorphic if it can be transformed in a way that leads back to the original grid, when that same transformation would not otherwise lead back to the original grid. One example of a grid which is automorphic would

Mathematics of Sudoku

order of 100,000,000, while the number of Band1 permutations covered by each class however varies from 4 – 3240. Within this wide size range, there are clearly two clusters. Ranked by size, the lower 33 classes average ~400 permutations/class, while the upper 11 average ~2100. The disparity in consistency between the distributions for size and number of completions or the separation into two clusters by size is yet to be examined. Sudoku regions are polyominoes. Although the classic 9×9 Sudoku is made of square nonominoes, it is possible to apply the rules of Sudoku to puzzles of other sizes –

Sudoku

after each individual grid has at least been partially solved. Puzzles constructed from more than two grids are also common. Five 9×9 grids that overlap at the corner regions in the shape of a "quincunx" is known in Japan as "Gattai" 5 (five merged) Sudoku. In "The Times", "The Age", and "The Sydney Morning Herald", this form of puzzle is known as Samurai SuDoku. "The Baltimore Sun" and the "Toronto Star" publish a puzzle of this variant (titled High Five) in their Sunday edition. Often, no givens are placed in the overlapping regions. Sequential grids, as opposed to overlapping, are

Sudoku Codes

formula_38 and formula_39 are already used in the sub-grid. The last row contains no information at all. Adding all information up one gets formula_40 bits. The rate in this example is formula_41. The exact number of possible Sudoku grids according to Mathematics of Sudoku is formula_42. With the total information of formula_43 the average rate of a standard Sudoku is formula_44. The average number of possible entries for a cell is formula_45 or formula_46 of information per Sudoku cell. Note that the rate may vary between codewords. The minimum number of given entries that render a unique solution was proven

Mathematics of Sudoku

(a) + (b) = 10. Since these Sudokus are automorphic, so too their solutions grids are automorphic. Furthermore, every cell which is solved has a symmetrical partner which is solved with the same technique (and the pair would take the form a + b = 10). Notice that in the second example, the Sudouku also exhibits translational (or repetition) symmetry; clues are clustered in groups, with the clues in each group ordered sequentially (i.e., n, n+1, n+2, and n+3). The third image is the "Most Canonical" solution grid. This grid has 648 automorphisms and contributes to all ~ solution grids

Mathematics of Sudoku

square tilings, as well as the rectangular tilings). The size ordering of Sudoku puzzle can be used to define an integer series, e.g. for square Sudoku, the integer series of possible solutions . Sudoku with square "N"×"N" regions are more symmetrical than immediately obvious from the "One Rule". Each row and column intersects "N" regions and shares "N" cells with each. The number of bands and stacks also equals "N". Rectangular Sudoku do not have these properties. The "3×3" Sudoku is additionally unique: "N" is also the number of row-column-region constraints from the "One Rule" (i.e. there are "N"=3 types

Sudoku

of these is "Greater Than Sudoku". In this, a 3×3 grid of the Sudoku is given with 12 symbols of Greater Than (>) or Less Than (<) on the common line of the two adjacent numbers. Another variant on the logic of solution is "Clueless Sudoku", in which nine 9×9 Sudoku grids are each placed in a 3×3 array. The center cell in each 3×3 grid of all nine puzzles is left blank and form a tenth Sudoku puzzle without any cell completed; hence, "clueless". Examples and other variants can be found in the Glossary of Sudoku. This section refers


Question: 238 AD is known in Roman history as the Year of the ........ (how many) Emperors?

Year of the Six Emperors

Year of the Six Emperors The Year of the Six Emperors was the year AD 238, during which six people were recognised as emperors of Rome. The emperor at the beginning of the year was Maximinus Thrax, who had ruled since 235. Later sources claim he was a cruel tyrant, and in January of 238, a revolt erupted in North Africa. The "Historia Augusta" states: "The Romans could bear his barbarities no longer — the way in which he called up informers and incited accusers, invented false offences, killed innocent men, condemned all whoever came to trial, reduced the richest

History of the Roman Empire

of Actium in 31 BC. In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian "imperator" ("commander") thus beginning the Principate, the first epoch of Roman imperial history usually dated from 27 BC to 284 AD; they later awarded him the name Augustus, "the venerated". The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs: the Julio-Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors—Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero—before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife-torn Year of Four Emperors, from which Vespasian emerged as victor. Vespasian became the

History of the Roman Empire

lived in fear. This led to his murder in 96, orchestrated by his enemies in the Senate, Stephanus (the steward of the deceased Julia Flavia), members of the Praetorian Guard and the empress Domitia Longina. The next century came to be known as the period of the "Five Good Emperors", in which the succession was peaceful and the Empire prosperous. The emperors of this period were Nerva (96–98), Trajan (98–117), Hadrian (117–138), Antoninus Pius (138–161) and Marcus Aurelius (161–180), each one adopted by his predecessor as his successor during the former's lifetime. While their respective choices of successor were based

Roman usurper

of the Severan dynasty) in 235 triggered what historians call the crisis of the third century. In this period, from 235 to the accession of Diocletian and the establishment of the Tetrarchy in 286, Rome saw 28 emperors of whom only two had a natural death (from the plague). However, there were also 38 usurpers who raised revolts across the Empire, a clear sign that the security of the frontiers was not the only problem within the Roman world. Usurpation attempts were a constant worry for the emperors in this period; it was a too common method of acceding the

Year of the Six Emperors

in May or on July 29, that the Praetorian Guard decided to intervene. They stormed into the room containing the emperors, seized them both, stripped them, dragged them naked through the streets, tortured and eventually murdered them. On the same day, Gordian III was proclaimed sole emperor (238-244), though in reality his advisors exercised most of his power. Together Pupienus and Balbinus had ruled for only 99 days. Year of the Six Emperors The Year of the Six Emperors was the year AD 238, during which six people were recognised as emperors of Rome. The emperor at the beginning of

Year of the Six Emperors

Year of the Six Emperors

The Year of the Six Emperors was the year AD 238, during which six men made claims to be emperors of Rome. This was an early symptom of what historians now call the Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235–284), a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of foreign invasions and migrations into the Roman territory, civil wars, peasant rebellions, political instability (with multiple usurpers competing for power), Roman reliance on (and growing influence of) foreign mercenaries known as foederati and commanders nominally working for Rome (but increasingly independent), the devastating social and economic effects of the plague, debasement of currency, and economic depression. The crisis ended with the ascension of Diocletian and his implementation of reforms in 284.

Maximinus Thrax

Maximinus Thrax

Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus "Thrax" ("the Thracian";  – 238) was Roman emperor from 235 to 238.

His father was an accountant in the governor's office and sprang from ancestors who were Carpi (a Dacian tribe), a people whom Diocletian would eventually drive from their ancient abode (in Dacia) and transfer to Pannonia. Maximinus was the commander of the Legio IV "Italica" when Severus Alexander was assassinated by his own troops in 235. The Pannonian army then elected Maximinus emperor.

In 238 (which came to be known as the Year of the Six Emperors), a senatorial revolt broke out, leading to the successive proclamation of Gordian I, Gordian II, Pupienus, Balbinus and Gordian III as emperors in opposition to Maximinus. Maximinus advanced on Rome to put down the revolt, but was halted at Aquileia, where he was assassinated by disaffected elements of the Legio II "Parthica".

Maximinus is described by several ancient sources, though none are contemporary except Herodian's "Roman History". He was a so-called barracks emperor of the 3rd century; his rule is often considered to mark the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century. Maximinus was the first emperor who hailed neither from the senatorial class nor from the equestrian class.

Crisis of the Third Century

Crisis of the Third Century

The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235–284), was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed. The crisis ended due to the military victories of Aurelian and with the ascension of Diocletian and his implementation of reforms in 284, including the Tetrarchy.

The crisis began in 235 with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander by his own troops. During the following 50-year period, the Empire saw the combined pressures of barbarian invasions and migrations into the Roman territory, civil wars, peasant rebellions and political instability, with multiple usurpers competing for power. This led to the debasement of currency and economic collapse, with the Plague of Cyprian contributing to the disorder. Roman troops became more reliant over time on the growing influence of the barbarian mercenaries known as foederati. Roman commanders in the field, although nominally working for Rome, became increasingly independent.

By 268, the empire had split into three competing states: the Gallic Empire (including the Roman provinces of Gaul, Britannia and, briefly, Hispania); the Palmyrene Empire (including the eastern provinces of Syria Palaestina and Aegyptus); and, between them, the Italian-centered Roman Empire proper.

There were at least 26 claimants to the title of emperor, mostly prominent Roman army generals, who assumed imperial power over all or part of the Empire. The same number of men became accepted by the Roman Senate as emperor during this period and so became legitimate emperors. Later, Aurelian (AD 270–275) reunited the empire militarily. The crisis ended with Diocletian and his restructuring of Roman imperial government in 284. This helped to stabilize the Empire economically and militarily for a further 150 years.

The crisis resulted in such profound changes in the empire's institutions, society, economic life, and religion that it is increasingly seen by most historians as defining the transition between the historical periods of classical antiquity and late antiquity.

List of Roman emperors

Gordian I

Gordian I

Gordian I (; 158 – April 238 AD) was Roman emperor for 22 days with his son Gordian II in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. Caught up in a rebellion against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, he was defeated by forces loyal to Maximinus, and he committed suicide after the death of his son.

Herodian

235 to 238, and the final one describes the Year of the Six Emperors in 238. Most likely, Herodian is writing for an eastern audience, for he often explains different Roman customs and beliefs that would have seemed foreign to Easterners. Herodian has been both praised and criticized by scholars. The first person on record to review Herodian is the ninth-century patriarch of Constantinople, Photius. Of Herodian, Photius wrote “he neither exaggerates with hyperbole nor omits anything essential; in short, in all the virtues of historiography there are few men who are his superior.” Zosimus used him as a source

History of Rome (Mommsen)

These shoots being the provinces he here describes. Mommsen's missing fourth volume, as reconstructed by Barbara Demandt and Alexander Demandt from lecture notes, was published as "Römische Kaisergeschichte" in 1992. Thus appearing many years after third volume (1856), and the fifth (1885). It contains three sections of roughly equal size. The first section is arranged chronologically by emperor: Augustus (44 BC-AD 14); Tiberius (14–37); Gaius Caligula (37–41); Claudius (41–54); Nero (54–68); The Year of Four Emperors (68–69); Vespasian (69–79). The chapters of the second section are entitled: General Introduction; Domestic Politics I; Wars in the West; Wars on the Danube;

AD 1

less frequently, as year 754 AUC ("ab urbe condita") within the Roman Empire. The denomination "AD 1" for this year has been in consistent use since the mid-medieval period when the anno Domini (AD) calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. It was the beginning of the Christian/Common era. The preceding year is 1 BC; there is no year 0 in this numbering scheme. The "Anno Domini" dating system was devised in AD 525 by Dionysius Exiguus. The Julian calendar, a 45 BC reform of the Roman calendar, was the calendar used by Rome in AD

Year of the Five Emperors

Year of the Five Emperors The Year of the Five Emperors refers to the year 193 AD, in which the five claimants for the title of Roman Emperor were: Pertinax, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Clodius Albinus, and Septimius Severus. This year started a period of civil war when multiple rulers vied for the chance to become Caesar. The political unrest began with the murder of Emperor Commodus on New Year's Eve 192 AD. Once Commodus was assassinated, Pertinax was named emperor, but immediately aroused opposition in the Praetorian Guard when he attempted to initiate reforms. They then plotted his assassination,

Roman Empire

69 AD to the strife-torn Year of Four Emperors, from which Vespasian emerged as victor. Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty, to be followed by the Nerva–Antonine dynasty which produced the "Five Good Emperors": Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and the philosophically-inclined Marcus Aurelius. Trajan, unlike all his predecessors, was not an Italian, but came from a family of Roman settlers in Spain. In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius, a contemporary observer, the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and

Western Roman Empire

himself the sole emperor of the Roman Empire. The date of 476 was popularized by the 18th century British historian Edward Gibbon as a demarcating event for the end of the Western Empire and is sometimes used to mark the transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Odoacer's Italy, and other barbarian kingdoms, would maintain a pretence of Roman continuity through the continued use of the old Roman administrative systems and nominal subservience to the Eastern Roman court. In the 6th century, emperor Justinian I re-imposed direct Imperial rule on large parts of the former Western Roman Empire, including the

Saeculum

for example, had been given ten saecula. By the 2nd century BC, Roman historians were using the saeculum to periodize their chronicles and track wars. At the time of the reign of emperor Augustus, the Romans decided that a saeculum was 110 years. In 17 BC Caesar Augustus organised Ludi saeculares ('century-games') for the first time to celebrate the 'fifth saeculum of Rome'. Later emperors like Claudius and Septimius Severus have celebrated the passing of saecula with games at irregular intervals. In 248, Philip the Arab combined Ludi saeculares with the 1000th anniversary of the founding of Rome 'ab urbe

Year of the Four Emperors

Year of the Four Emperors The Year of the Four Emperors, 69 AD, was a year in the history of the Roman Empire in which four emperors ruled in succession: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. The suicide of the emperor Nero in 68 was followed by a brief period of civil war, the first Roman civil war since Mark Antony's death in 30 BC. Between June of 68 and December of 69 Galba, Otho, and Vitellius successively rose and fell before the July 69 accession of Vespasian, who founded the Flavian dynasty. The social, military and political upheavals of the

Roman historiography

he was on good terms with Augustus and he also encouraged Claudius to write history. "Ab Urbe Condita" covered Roman history from its founding, commonly accepted as 753 BC, to 9 BC. It consisted of 142 books, though only books 1–10 and 21–45 survive in whole, although summaries of the other books and a few other fragments exist. The books were referred to as "decades" because Livy organized his material into groups of ten books. The decades were further split in pentads: The purpose of writing "Ab Urbe Condita" was twofold: the first was to memorialize history and the second

Quintus Curtius Rufus

kingdoms. The dates of the Parthian Empire are 247 BC through 224 AD. Although Curtius may have been writing about an empire vanished in his own day, the most straightforward approach assumes that he wrote in a window, 63 BC (start of the Roman Empire) through 224 AD. For further localization, the same imperial purple passage contrasts the civil wars of the Macedonians (Diadochi wars) due to failure to obtain a stable emperor, with an incident of the Roman Empire in which the risk of civil war was avoided by the appointment of a new emperor in a single night.

Year of the Six Emperors

on Rome with another army. The senate's previous candidates, the Gordians, had failed to defeat him, and knowing that they stood to die if he succeeded, the senate needed a new emperor to defeat him. With no other candidates in view, on 22 April 238 they elected two elderly senators, Pupienus and Balbinus (who had both been part of a special senatorial commission to deal with Maximinus), as joint emperors. This choice was not popular with the people, however, and mobs threw stones and sticks at the new emperors. Therefore, Marcus Antonius Gordianus Pius, the thirteen-year-old grandson of Gordian I,

Legacy of the Roman Empire

Empire began with the months Ianuarius (January), Februarius (February), and Martius (March). The common tradition to begin the year on 1 January was a convention established in ancient Rome. Throughout the medieval period, the year began on 25 March, the Catholic Solemnity of the Annunciation. Roman monk of the 5th-century, Dionysius Exiguus, devised the modern dating system of the Anno Domini (AD) era, which is based on the reckoned year of the birth of Jesus, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. The modern seven-day week follows

Chronology

historians. Modern historians use it much more frequently than the Romans themselves did; the dominant method of identifying Roman years was to name the two consuls who held office that year. Before the advent of the modern critical edition of historical Roman works, AUC was indiscriminately added to them by earlier editors, making it appear more widely used than it actually was. It was used systematically for the first time only about the year 400, by the Iberian historian Orosius. Pope Boniface IV, in about the year 600, seems to have been the first who made a connection between these

Epigraphy

the Roman period the year of the emperor is defined by the number of his consulate, or other indications or titles, as in the corresponding Latin inscriptions. In later times, the dating is commonly by "Indiction"; but as this only gives the number of the year within the 15-year period, but leaves that period undefined, such dating is very inconvenient except for merely temporary use. In the Eastern Empire the date from the creation of the world (5509 BC) is sometimes given; but the date of the Christian era is hardly ever used. Inscriptions may be roughly divided into two

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

of God — with sword, famine, pestilence and wild beasts. The deadly pale and livid appearance displays a hue symptomatic of approaching empire dissolution. According to Edward Bishop Elliott, an era in Roman history commencing within about 15 years after the death of Severus Alexander (in 235 AD<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexander Severus"></ref>) strongly marks every point of this terrible emblem. Edward Gibbon speaks of a period from the celebration of the great secular games by the Emperor Philip to the death of Gallienus (in 268 AD<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica/Gallienus"></ref>) as the 20 years of shame and misfortune, of confusion and calamity, as


Question: "Which African capital city's name means ""New Flower""?"

addis ababa et
grand anwar mosque addis ababa
Ādīs Ābeba
New flower
The Grand Anwar Mosque (Addis Ababa)
አዲስ አበባ
addis abba
adis ababa
addis ababa ethiopia
tewodros square
Addis Abeba
Adis abeda
Addis Adaba
Addis Abba
ādīs ābeba
Ethiopian Ethnological Museum
new flower
Adis Abeba
capital of ethiopia
Addis Ababa
Adis Ababa
Addis Ababa Museum
ethiopian natural history museum
āddīs ābebā
addis ababa museum
addis ababa
Capital of Ethiopia
Ethiopian Natural History Museum
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
addis adaba
Addis Ababa, ET
adis abeda
Āddīs Ābebā
Addis-Abeba
adis abeba
districts of addis ababa
Finfinne
addis abba ethiopia
ethiopian ethnological museum
addis abeba
Tewodros Square
Districts of Addis Ababa
Addis Abba, Ethiopia
finfinne

Pretoria

early 2006. The Tshwane Metro Council has advertised "Tshwane" as "Africa's leading capital city" since the name change was approved by the SAGNC in 2005. This has led to further controversy, however, as the name of the city had not yet been changed officially, and the council was, at best, acting prematurely. Following a complaint lodged with the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), it was ruled that such advertisements are deliberately misleading and should be withdrawn from all media. Despite the rulings of the ASA, Tshwane Metro Council failed to discontinue their "City of Tshwane" advertisements. As a result, the ASA

Urbanization in Africa

the planned city of Brasília in Brazil. This happened in Malawi (Lilongwe), Côte d'Ivoire (Yamoussoukro) and Nigeria (Abuja) (Stock, 1995). The new capitals were meant to give the nation a 'fresh start', they were supposed to be the beginning of a new golden future promised by the liberation politicians. As none of the new capitals have grown to more than about half a million inhabitants, they have probably not had much influence on the growth of the already established cities. Tema could be said to be a success as it is the most important port today, and together with Accra

Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa Addis Ababa (, ' , "new flower"; or Addis Abeba (the spelling used by the official Ethiopian Mapping Authority); "natural spring") is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is the seat of the Ethiopian federal government. According to the 2007 population census, the city has a total population of 2,739,551 inhabitants. As a chartered city ("ras gez astedader"), Addis Ababa has the status of both a city and a state. It is where the African Union is headquartered and where its predecessor the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) was based. It also hosts the headquarters of

African Flower

African Flower African Flower or Little African Flower (Petite Fleur Africaine) is a composition by jazz pianist and composer Duke Ellington. He first recorded it for his 1962 LP “Money Jungle". Ellington originally named it "La Plus Belle Africaine" when he composed it for the Negro Arts Festival in Dakar. He can be heard playing it at "The English Concert" in 1970. He recorded it with Max Roach and Charles Mingus as "La Fleurette Africaine". Writer Peter Lavezzoli calls it "a masterpiece of simplicity and grandeur. Norah Jones recorded it for her 2016 album "Day Breaks". According to Janna Tull

Bloemfontein

of Bloemfontein hosts the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa, the Franklin Game Reserve, , the Maselspoort Resort and the . The city hosts numerous museums, including the National Women's Monument, the Anglo-Boer War Museum, the National Museum, and the Oliewenhuis Art Museum Bloemfontein also hosts sub-Saharan Africa's first digital planetarium, the Naval Hill Planetarium and Boyden Observatory, an astronomical research observatory erected by Harvard University. Bloemfontein is popularly and poetically known as "the city of roses", for its abundance of these flowers and the annual rose festival held there. The city's Sesotho name is "Mangaung", meaning "place of

Windhoek

three flowers on an island. Crest: A mural crown Or. Motto: SUUM CUIQUE (To every man his own)". Windhoek formally received its town privileges on 18 October 1965 on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the second foundation of the town by von François. Since independence in 1990, Windhoek has remained the national capital, as well as the provincial capital of the central Khomas Region. Since independence and the end of warfare, the city has had accelerated growth and development. Expanding the town area has – apart from financial restrictions – proven to be challenging due to its geographical

King William's Town

and sheep ranching, and the town itself has a large industrial base producing textiles, soap, candles, sweets, cartons and clothing. In recent years, its proximity to the new provincial capital city of Bhisho has brought much development to the area since the end of apartheid in 1994. The provincial government recently announced that they plan to rename the town with a traditional African name, as the current name bears colonial connotations. The town is also home to "Huberta," one of the farthest-travelling hippopotami in South Africa. It is preserved in the Amathole Museum in the King Williams Town CBD. King

KwaDukuza

a competitive and global player as we progress towards becoming a sustainable city by 2030". The town was named to honour William Stanger, a surveyor-general in South Africa. In 2006, the Minister of Arts and Culture approved a name change from Stanger to KwaDukuza, which was published in the "Government Gazette of South Africa" on 3 March 2006. The town was founded about 1820 by King Shaka and was named KwaDukuza () because of the capital's labyrinth of huts. After Shaka was assassinated on 22 September 1828 during a coup by two of his half-brothers, Dingane and Umthlangana (Mhlangane), the

Jacaranda mimosifolia

South China Karst (a World Heritage site). The Chinese use the leaves to make a distinctive purple dye. Pretoria, the administrative capital of South Africa is popularly and poetically known as Jacaranda City or Jakarandastad in Afrikaans because of the large number of trees which turn the city blue when they flower in spring. The name Jakarandastad is frequently used in Afrikaans songs, such as in "Staan Op" by Kurt Darren. The Australian Christmas song Christmas Where The Gum Trees Grow makes reference to jacaranda trees, as the blooms are only seen in summer time—as the song explains, "When the

Bulawayo

Gwanda being capital of Matabeleland South province and the city of Bulawayo for the Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. Bulawayo is nicknamed the "City of Kings" or "kontuthu ziyathunqa"—a Ndebele phrase for "smoke arising". This name arose from the city's historically large industrial base and specifically draws from the large cooling towers of the coal powered electricity generating plant situated in the city centre that once used to billow steam and smoke over the city. The majority of Bulawayo's population belongs to the Ndebele ethnic and language group (otherwise known as Northern Ndebele). For a long time, Bulawayo was regarded as the

Koforidua

language, the word for tree is "dua". An amalgamation of Kofi Ofori's name and tree, therefore, becomes "Koforidua." Ladies from Koforidua are popularly known as Koforidua Flowers Koforidua was founded in 1875 by Akan migrants from Asanteman. The completion in 1923 of the Kumasi railway saw Koforidua become an important road and rail junction. Koforidua is one of the country's oldest cocoa-producing centres. It is also noted today for its weekly Thursday bead market, which draws bead buyers and sellers from all over the Eastern region. Legend has it that, the Obuotabiri mountain found in New Juabeng, was the home

Journeys In Africa

That Thunders "Season 2, Episode 6" February 11, 2015 A visit to Victoria Falls, which straddle Zimbabwe and Zambia. The North Cape: The Great Bloom "Season 2, Episode 7" February 18, 2015 The annual flower bloom in South Africa's Northern Cape province is spotlighted. Also: the wildlife that lives in the arid land. Durban: Land of Gandhi "Season 2, Episode 8" February 25, 2015 The diverse South African city of Durban, which is where Gandhi began his political activism, is toured. Hluhluwe: Rhino Central "Season 2, Episode 9" March 4, 2015 Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, a nature reserve in South Africa, is

Sub-Saharan Africa

the most populous city in Tanzania and a regionally important economic centre. It is located on the Swahili coast. Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa. It is the provincial capital and largest city in Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africa's three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court. The city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade Nairobi is the capital and the largest city of Kenya. The name comes from the

Witbank

Despite attempts by governing bodies to establish the use of the name, eMalahleni, for the city as well as for the district, locals still tend to call the city by its original name. Similarly to the anglicised pronunciation of Johannesburg, English-speaking residents pronounce the name as “wit•bank” and not as “vit•bunk” as in the original Afrikaans pronunciation, nor as “vit•bank” as English-speaking visitors are prone to say. Witbank is located along the railway line linking Pretoria to Maputo and for many years served as the transport gateway to the Mozambiquean port. In recent years, this line has been under frequent

Sub-Saharan Africa

Maasai phrase "Enkare Nyrobi", which translates to "cool water", a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city. The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun. Other major cities in Sub-Saharan Africa include Abidjan, Cape Town, Kinshasa, Luanda, Mogadishu, Addis Ababa. In the mid-2010s, private capital flows to Sub-Saharan Africa primarily from the BRICs, private-sector investment portfolios, and remittances began to exceed official development assistance. As of 2011, Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies over the previous decade were situated below

White Africans of European ancestry

Africa. The table below represents how small their numbers were compared to other sections of the future Central African Federation. The largest and commercial capital of the country, Blantyre, is named after a town in Scotland and birthplace of David Livingstone. It is a testament to the love the African people had and still have for Livingstone that this name has not been changed after independence, like so many others. The reason for the small number of Europeans was mainly the lack of mineral resources (Northern Rhodesia had copper and Southern Rhodesia has gold). After Nyasaland became independent (and upon

the University of South Africa, and the Pretoria State Theatre. The event was the first of its kind on the African continent. "Tshwane" is the Setswana name of the Apies River, which flows through the city. The origin of the name of the river is unclear. It may mean "place "-e" of the black cow, "tshwana", from ceremonies where a black cow was sprinkled with water from the river to end a drought. Another claim is that it was named after Tshwane, son of Chief Mushi, an Ndebele leader who settled near the Apies River about a century before the

of the "Afrikaans" name "Apies". The name "Tshwane" is sometimes used as an alternate name for the city of Pretoria itself. Following the city council's vote on March 8, 2005, it could become the city's new name if approved by the central government. Should the change take place, "Pretoria" would continue to refer to the city's central business district, as proposed by the current municipality. By November 2007 the change of the name from Pretoria to Tshwane had not been finalized, and controversy over the name change continues. The change is seen by many as a way to recognize that

Bloemfontein

cheetahs". The origin of the city's name is disputed. It is likely borrowed from the Dutch words bloem (flower) and fontein (fountain), meaning fountain of flowers. Popular legends include an ox named "Bloem" owned by Rudolphus Martinus Brits, one of the pioneer farmers that was taken by a lion near a fountain on his property, while another story names Jan Bloem (1775–1858), a Korana KhoiKhoi leader who settled there. Though historically a predominantly Afrikaner settlement, Bloemfontein was officially founded in 1846 as a fort by British army major Henry Douglas Warden as a British outpost in the Transoranje region, at

FW De Klerk, a Nobel prize winner and the last president under apartheid, also raised concerns about the change. In November 2005, the Advertising Standards Authority found that advertising proclaiming that Tshwane, rather than Pretoria, was the capital of South Africa was misleading. On 5 December 2000, a number of old Pretoria municipalities, as well as others that fell outside the Greater Pretoria area, were combined into one area called the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The city of Pretoria remained largely intact in this municipality. On the 26 May 2005 the South African Geographical Names Council unanimously approved a


Question: What is the stage name of musician Marvin Lee Aday?

Meat Loaf
Michael Aday
Meat loaf
Marvin Lee Aday
Meatloaf (singer)
meat loaf
Marvin Aday
meat loaf singer
michael lee aday
marvin lee aday
marvin aday
meat loaf aday
Meat Loaf Aday
michael aday
meatloaf singer
Meat Loaf (singer)
Michael Lee Aday

Meat Loaf

Meat Loaf Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 27, 1947), known professionally as Meat Loaf, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He is noted for his wide-ranging operatic voice and theatrical live shows. His "Bat Out of Hell" trilogy of albums (consisting of "Bat Out of Hell", "", and "") has sold more than 50 million copies worldwide. More than 40 years after its release, "Bat Out of Hell" still sells an estimated 200,000 copies annually and stayed on the charts for over nine years, making it one of the best selling albums in history.

Meat Loaf

from the Crypt". Marvin Lee Aday was born in Dallas, Texas, the only child of Wilma Artie ("née" Hukel), a school teacher and a member of the Vo-di-o-do Girls gospel quartet, and Orvis Wesley Aday, a former police officer who went into business with his wife and one of their friends as the Griffin Grocery Company, selling a homemade cough remedy. His father was an alcoholic who would go on drinking binges for days at a time; this had started after he was invalided out of the army during World War II, hit with shrapnel from a mortar explosion. Aday

Meat Loaf

Europe. There are hail storms – and I mean major hail storms! – in the Middle East. There are storms brewing through China, through Asia, through everywhere." The same day, he performed "America the Beautiful" standing next to Romney. Meat Loaf Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 27, 1947), known professionally as Meat Loaf, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He is noted for his wide-ranging operatic voice and theatrical live shows. His "Bat Out of Hell" trilogy of albums (consisting of "Bat Out of Hell", "", and "") has sold more than 50 million

Marvin Isley

Marvin Isley Marvin Isley (August 18, 1953 – June 6, 2010) was the youngest member of the family music group the Isley Brothers and its bass guitarist. Originally from Cincinnati, Ohio, Isley and his family moved to a home in Englewood, New Jersey in the summer of 1959. Isley eventually graduated from Englewood's Dwight Morrow High School in 1972. In 1976, he graduated from C.W. Post College with a degree in music. Marvin began playing bass guitar while in high school and by the end of the decade was being tutored and mentored by his elder brothers alongside elder brother

Johnny Marvin

Johnny Marvin John Senator Marvin (July 11, 1897 – December 10, 1944) was an early recording artist, starting in 1924 and covering a twenty-year period for many record labels. Born in Butler, Oklahoma Territory in 1897, Marvin ran away from home at age 16. He served in the US Navy during World War I. After returning home, he went on the road as a vaudeville performer. His first solo ukulele recording, "You know Me Alabam'", was in 1924 on the Radiex label under the name Johnny Marvin. He was an early adapter of the Martin Tiple style ukulele. It is

Meat Loaf

Meat Loaf

Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 27, 1947 – January 20, 2022), known professionally as Meat Loaf, was an American rock singer and actor with a powerful, wide-ranging voice, famous for his theatrical live shows. He is on the list of best-selling music artists. His "Bat Out of Hell" trilogy — "Bat Out of Hell" (1977), "" (1993), and "" (2006) — has sold more than 100 million records worldwide. The first album stayed on the charts for over nine years, still sold an estimated 200,000 copies annually, and is on the list of best-selling albums.

After the commercial success of "Bat Out of Hell" and "Bat Out of Hell II: Back Into Hell", and earning a Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance for the song "I'd Do Anything for Love", Aday nevertheless experienced some difficulty establishing a steady career within the United States. The key to this success was his popularity in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom and Ireland. He received the 1994 Brit Award in the United Kingdom for best-selling album and single. He appeared in the 1997 film "Spice World" and he ranked 23rd for the number of weeks spent on the UK charts in 2006. He ranks 96th on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".<ref name=soldonsong/>

Aday appeared in over 50 films and television shows, sometimes as himself or as characters resembling his stage persona. His film roles include Eddie in "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" (1975) and Robert Paulsen in "Fight Club" (1999). His early stage work included dual roles in the original Broadway cast of "The Rocky Horror Show". He also appeared in the musical "Hair", both on and Off-Broadway.

List of show business families

List of show business families

This is a list of contemporary (20th- or 21st-century) show business families.

Stage name

Stage name

A stage name is a pseudonym used by performers and entertainers—such as actors, comedians, singers, and musicians. Such professional aliases are adopted for a wide variety of reasons and they may be similar, or nearly identical, to an individual's birth name. Though uncommon, some performers choose to adopt their stage name as a legal name.

Nicknames and maiden names are sometimes used in a person's professional name.

Lee Marvin

Lee Marvin

Lee Marvin (born Lamont Waltman Marvin Jr.; February 19, 1924August 29, 1987) was an American film and television actor. Known for his bass voice and premature white hair, he is best remembered for playing hardboiled "tough guy" characters. Although initially typecast as the "heavy" (i.e. villainous character), he later gained prominence for portraying anti-heroes, such as Detective Lieutenant Frank Ballinger on the television series "M Squad" (1957–1960). Marvin's notable roles in film included Charlie Strom in "The Killers" (1964), Rico Fardan in "The Professionals" (1966), Major John Reisman in "The Dirty Dozen" (1967), Ben Rumson in "Paint Your Wagon" (1969), Walker in "Point Blank" (1967), and the Sergeant in "The Big Red One" (1980).

Marvin achieved numerous accolades when he portrayed both gunfighter Kid Shelleen and criminal Tim Strawn in a dual role for the comedy Western film "Cat Ballou" (1965), alongside Jane Fonda, a surprise hit which won him the Academy Award for Best Actor, along with a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award, an NBR Award, and the Silver Bear for Best Actor.

List of stage names

List of stage names

This list of stages lists names used by those in the entertainment industry, alphabetically by their stage name's surname, followed by their birth name. Individuals who dropped their last name and substituted their middle name as their last name are listed. In many cases, performers have legally changed their name to their stage name.

Note: Many cultures have their own naming customs and systems, some rather intricate. Minor changes or alterations, including reversing Eastern-style formats, do not in and of themselves qualify as stage names, and should not normally be included. For example, Björk, whose stage name appears to be an original creation, is part of her full Icelandic name, Björk Guðmundsdóttir. Her second name is a patronymic instead of a family name, following Icelandic naming conventions. "Björk" is not a stage name but how any Icelander would refer to her, casually or formally.
People are not listed here if they fall into one or more of the following categories:

The following exceptions are listed here for the following reasons:

Hank Marvin

Hank Marvin Hank Brian Marvin (born Brian Robson Rankin, 28 October 1941) is an English multi-instrumentalist, vocalist and songwriter. He is best known as the lead guitarist for the Shadows, a group which primarily performed instrumentals and was the backing band for Cliff Richard and subsequently for Marvin, Welch & Farrar. Many leading British and Canadian rock guitarists cite Marvin as an influence. Hank Marvin was born Brian Robson Rankin in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. As a child, he played banjo and piano. After hearing Buddy Holly, he decided to learn the guitar. He chose his stage name while launching

Marvin Etzioni

Willie Aron (of the band Balancing Act) collaborated as Thee Holy Brothers, and released the album "My Name Is Sparkle" on the Peermusic label. Their band name was provided by their rabbi. Nine songs are presented in two acts, addressing the topic of spiritual grace. Thematically, the album has been likened to George Harrison’s "All Things Must Pass" and Pete Townshend’s "Who Came First". Marvin Etzioni Marvin Elan Etzioni is an American singer, mandolinist, bassist, and record producer. Also known as the Mandolin Man, Etzioni is best known as a founder of, and bassist for, the band Lone Justice. He

Junior Marvin

"Majestic Warriors", "JAH Message", and "Live 95-97 My Friends". In 1997, Marvin left The Wailers Band and relocated to Brazil, where he formed a short-lived group called "Batuka". Following his departure from Brazil, Marvin worked as a session musician for Kaliroots and The Wailers Band. In 2007, Marvin recorded a solo album entitled Wailin' For Love. In 2008, Marvin formed along with Al Anderson The Original Wailers and toured with them until 2011. After departing from The Original Wailers, Marvin returned to solo work. Currently Marvin is touring with The Wailers Band. Junior Marvin Junior Marvin (born 1949 as Donald

Ada Lee

Ada Lee Ada Lee is a singer from Springfield, Ohio, who has performed jazz, blues, gospel and soul music on stage and record in the United States and Canada since the late 1950s. Ada Lee was born in Springfield, Ohio and grew up there in a musical family. Her father was a professional trumpeter who played all over Ohio with his own band. Her mother also played piano and organ and sang. From the time Ada was in junior high school she took her singing seriously and studied intensively with teachers in Springfield and at the Dayton Conservatory of Music.

Gordon Banks (musician)

looking to finish the singer's unfinished contractual obligations, they were put out to help in royalties for the singer's estate. Banks is a Media Specialist in Virginia Beach, Virginia and a collector of unreleased recordings by Marvin Gaye. Gordon Banks (musician) Gordon Banks (born February 22, 1955), a.k.a. Gordon 'Guitar' Banks, is an American guitarist, producer, writer and musical director. He was voted one of the top 100 guitarists in America by Rolling Stone magazine in 1985. Banks played an important part in Marvin Gaye's later years. Gaye referred to him as "ID" meaning "The Indicator". Banks was born on

Hank Marvin

his career. It is an amalgamation of his childhood nickname, Hank, which he used to differentiate himself from friends also named Brian, and Marvin Rainwater, the country and rockabilly singer. Sixteen-year-old Marvin and his Rutherford Grammar School friend, Bruce Welch, met Johnny Foster, Cliff Richard's manager, at The 2i's Coffee Bar in Soho, London. Foster was looking for a guitarist for Cliff Richard's UK tour and was considering Tony Sheridan. Instead he offered Marvin the position. Marvin joined the Drifters, as Cliff Richard's group was then known, provided there was a place for Welch. Marvin met Richard for the first

Marvin Isley

Chicago, Illinois, at age 56. Besides his three brothers Ronald, Ernie and Rudolph Isley was survived by his wife Sheila Felton Isley, a son Cory, and two daughters, Sydney and Jalen. Marvin Isley Marvin Isley (August 18, 1953 – June 6, 2010) was the youngest member of the family music group the Isley Brothers and its bass guitarist. Originally from Cincinnati, Ohio, Isley and his family moved to a home in Englewood, New Jersey in the summer of 1959. Isley eventually graduated from Englewood's Dwight Morrow High School in 1972. In 1976, he graduated from C.W. Post College with a

Marvins Room

Ericka Lee, who performed additional vocals on the song and alleged that she had not been paid promised royalties. The suit was resolved with an out-of-court settlement the following year. Allegedly recorded in a studio of the same name once owned by American musician Marvin Gaye, "Marvins Room" is anchored by producer 40's trademark muted bass, a trend that manifests, in the words of Jayson Greene of Pitchfork Media, "like the fumes from music that's already evaporated a wisp of keyboard – a single watery thud of bass drum." Adrian Eccleston performs additional guitar work on the song. The song's

Byron Lee

Byron Lee Byron Lee, OJ, CD, born Byron Aloysius St. Elmo Lee (27 June 1935 – 4 November 2008), was a Jamaican musician, record producer, and entrepreneur, best known for his work as leader of Byron Lee and the Dragonaires. Lee was born in Christiana, Manchester Parish, Jamaica, to an Afro-Jamaican mother and a Chinese father (a language teacher) originally from Kowloon, Hong Kong. His mother was from Auchtembeddie, where mento and junkanoo were popular musical forms, and his family actively upheld the cultural and musical traditions of their African ancestors. The family moved to the Mountain View Gardens area

Marvin Ash

his death. He died in 1974 at age 59. Marvin Ash Marvin E. Ashbaugh (October 4, 1914 – August 21, 1974) was an American jazz pianist. He was born in Lamar, Colorado. His father, Roy Ashbaugh, was a barber. His mother's name was Nora Ashbaugh. He grew up in Junction City, Kansas and Emporia, Kansas. He started playing with bands during high school. He worked with Count Basie, Wallie Stoeffer, Con Conrad, Herman Waldman and Jack Crawford. Ash was inspired by hearing pianist Earl Hines perform on a visit to Abilene in 1931. He had a fortunate encounter at Jenkins'

Hank Marvin

hits, especially from 1961 to 1965. Canadian guitarists Randy Bachman and Neil Young credit Marvin as influential, Young penning the song "From Hank to Hendrix" on his Harvest Moon album in partial tribute. Marvin also played guitar on the following tracks of library music recorded for Bruton Music: (V) – Vocal Hank Marvin Hank Brian Marvin (born Brian Robson Rankin, 28 October 1941) is an English multi-instrumentalist, vocalist and songwriter. He is best known as the lead guitarist for the Shadows, a group which primarily performed instrumentals and was the backing band for Cliff Richard and subsequently for Marvin, Welch

Marvin Smith

Marvin Smith Marvin "Smitty" Smith (born June 24, 1961) is an American jazz drummer and composer. Marvin Smith was born in Waukegan, Illinois, where his father, Marvin Sr., was a drummer. "Smitty" was exposed to music at a young age, receiving formal musical training at the age of three. After graduating from Waukegan East High School, Smith attended College of Lake County from 1983 to 1985 as a member of their Jazz Ensemble after graduating class of 1981 Berklee, has recorded 200 albums with various artists, as well as two solo albums. He also has toured with Sting, Dave Holland,

Ada Lee

6189 – June 1961 Ada Lee – Comes On - Atco LP 33-132, SD 33-132 – Nov 1961 Fred Stone Quintet – Citerama – KL RECORDS KL-201 - Early 1967 Joel Shulman – Nowhere But Here – ATTIC LAT1014 – Nov 1974 Ada Lee Ada Lee is a singer from Springfield, Ohio, who has performed jazz, blues, gospel and soul music on stage and record in the United States and Canada since the late 1950s. Ada Lee was born in Springfield, Ohio and grew up there in a musical family. Her father was a professional trumpeter who played all over

Dong Abay

Dong Abay Westdon Martin Abay (born April 5, 1971), popularly known as Dong Abay, is a poet and a Pinoy rock musician. He was the founding member, songwriter and lead vocalist of the bands Yano, Pan, and dongabay, which are now all defunct. In 2005, he pursued a solo career as an independent artist by releasing an album entitled "Sampol". In 2017, he formed a rock band named Dong Abay Music Organization or D.A.M.O. while having other endeavors such as a songwriting school. Abay was born on April 5, 1971 in Manila, Philippines to Manuel Abay and Susana Martin. He

Marvin Ash

Marvin Ash Marvin E. Ashbaugh (October 4, 1914 – August 21, 1974) was an American jazz pianist. He was born in Lamar, Colorado. His father, Roy Ashbaugh, was a barber. His mother's name was Nora Ashbaugh. He grew up in Junction City, Kansas and Emporia, Kansas. He started playing with bands during high school. He worked with Count Basie, Wallie Stoeffer, Con Conrad, Herman Waldman and Jack Crawford. Ash was inspired by hearing pianist Earl Hines perform on a visit to Abilene in 1931. He had a fortunate encounter at Jenkins' Music Store when, seated at one of three grand