Question: What is an alternative name for vitamin B9, essential in promoting cell growth, particularly during pregnancy?

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atc code b03bb01
folic acid drug
millafol
Pteroylmonoglutamate
folvidon
folettes
Vitamin B9
Folic acid
foliamin
Apo-Folic
ATCvet code QB03BB01
Folsav
folate pathway
Folate pathway
Folicet
Vitamin b9
apo folic
folic acid antagonists
folicet
Foldine
one carbon pool by folate
folsan
acifolic
foldine
Millafol
Foliamin
Pteroylmonoglutamic acid
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C19H19O6
folsav
Folvron
One carbon pool by folate
Folvite
Dosfolat B activ
food folate
folvite
vitamin b 9
folvron
Folic acid chemdata supplement
Vitamin Bc
folipac
Folic acid antagonists
Folsaure
folic acid
folsaure
vitamin b9
Folic Acid
vitamin bc
Folipac
vitamin m
Food folate
follic acid
cytofol
Folsan
pteroyl l glutamic acid
Folcidin
Folate synthesis
pteroylmonoglutamic acid
C19H19N7O6
atcvet code qb03bb01
Folate biosynthesis
folcidin
folacin
Follic acid
Folacin
folate synthesis
Folbal
Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid
Folettes
folic acid supplementation
folic acid chemdata supplement
Acifolic
Folate
ATC code B03BB01
List of foods containing Vitamin M
list of foods containing vitamin m
Vitamin M
Vitamin B-9
Folic acid supplementation
folate
dosfolat b activ
Cytofol
folacid
Folvidon
folbal
pteroylmonoglutamate
folate biosynthesis
incafolic
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Folic acid (drug)

B vitamins

advised to supplement thiamine based on high prevalence of low plasma thiamine concentration and increased thiamine clearance associated with diabetes. Also, Vitamin B (folic acid) deficiency in early embryo development has been linked to neural tube defects. Thus, women planning to become pregnant are usually encouraged to increase daily dietary folic acid intake and/or take a supplement. Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins as they were once believed to be vitamins. They are no longer considered as such, and the numbers that were assigned to them now form the "gaps" in the true series of

Prenatal vitamins

neural tube defects by as much as 70%. The recommendation to start folic acid before conception is supported by a meta-analysis of 41 studies, but is beneficial after conception as well. Often prenatal vitamins also have a reduced dosage of vitamins that may be detrimental to the fetus when taken in high doses (such as vitamin A). Many prenatal manufacturers have chosen to include the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in their product, either as an ingredient in the formula or as a complementary softgel. Although explicitly in many formulas to support neural development, the omega-3 fatty acids are

Canadian health claims for food

groups. It is thought that due to the daily supervised toothbrushing, the groups were similar in their overall oral hygiene and therefore the significant difference between the results was reduced. A diet rich in folate along with a daily folic acid supplement and reduced risk of having a baby with a birth defect of the brain or spinal cord For the past decades, lack of folate (vitamin B9) had been linked to risk of having a baby with a birth defect of the brain or spinal cord (specifically neural tube defect). Neural tube defect is the most common brain and

Prenatal vitamins

vitamins will contain a more bioavailable form of folate; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). Doses of folic acid over 1mg are prescription only. The amount of non-prescription prenatal vitamins needed to achieve this dose may have too much vitamin A and lead to fetal toxicity. Prenatal vitamins Prenatal vitamins, also known as prenatal supplements, are vitamin and mineral supplements intended to be taken before and during pregnancy and during postnatal lactation. Although not intended to replace a healthy diet, prenatal vitamins provide women of childbearing age with nutrients recognized by the various health organizations including the American Dietetic Association as helpful for a

Pyridoxine/doxylamine

fetus). This letter classification system for risk in pregnancy is no longer being utilized and is currently being phased out by the FDA. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) states that the recommendation of “taking Vitamin B6 or Vitamin B6 plus doxylamine is safe and effective and should be considered a first-line treatment” is based on consistent scientific evidence. This recommendation has been evaluated by the US Department of Health and Human Services’ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, who concur that the benefit of implementing the guideline recommendations would be a reduction on nausea and vomiting of

Folate

Folate

Folate, also known as vitamin B and folacin, is one of the B vitamins. Manufactured folic acid, which is converted into folate by the body, is used as a dietary supplement and in food fortification as it is more stable during processing and storage. Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolise amino acids necessary for cell division. As humans cannot make folate, it is required in the diet, making it an essential nutrient. It occurs naturally in many foods.<ref name=lpi/><ref name=NIH/> The recommended adult daily intake of folate in the U.S. is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements.<ref name=NIH/>
Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folate deficiency. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with NTDs. and an increased risk of prostate cancer.<ref name=Wien2012/> There are concerns that large amounts of supplemental folic acid can hide vitamin B deficiency.<ref name=NIH/>
Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency. In adults, normal total body folate is between 10 and 30 mg with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol/L (3 ng/mL).<ref name=NIH/>
Folate was discovered between 1931 and 1943. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the 67th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 10million prescriptions.

List of B vitamins

Vitamin

Vitamin

A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules closely related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in sufficient quantities, and therefore must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term "vitamin" does not include the three other groups of essential nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-"trans"-retinol, all-"trans"-retinyl-esters, as well as all-"trans"-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B (thiamine), vitamin B (riboflavin), vitamin B (niacin), vitamin B (pantothenic acid), vitamin B (pyridoxine), vitamin B (biotin), vitamin B (folic acid or folate), vitamin B (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The B complex vitamins function as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E function as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so.

All vitamins were discovered (identified) between 1913 and 1948. Historically, when intake of vitamins from diet was lacking, the results were vitamin deficiency diseases. Then, starting in 1935, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available. Recommendations for folic acid supplementation during pregnancy reduced risk of infant neural tube defects.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and many other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D (ergocalciferol).

The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the lower layers of epidermis of the skin through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation). In the U.S. and other countries, cow's milk and plant-derived milk substitutes are fortified with vitamin D, as are many breakfast cereals.<ref name=lpi/> Mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet light contribute useful amounts of vitamin D.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" /> Dietary recommendations typically assume that all of a person's vitamin D is taken by mouth, because sun exposure in the population is variable and recommendations about the amount of sun exposure that is safe are uncertain in view of the skin cancer risk.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" />

Vitamin D from the diet, or from skin synthesis, is biologically inactive. It is activated by two protein enzyme hydroxylation steps, the first in the liver and the second in the kidneys.<ref name=lpi/><ref name=Bikle /> Because vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals if they get enough sunlight, it is not essential and therefore is technically not a vitamin.<ref name="Norman_2008"/> Instead it can be considered a hormone, with activation of the vitamin D pro-hormone resulting in the active form, calcitriol, which then produces effects via a nuclear receptor in multiple locations.<ref name="Norman_2008"/>

Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol); ergocalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxyergocalciferol. Calcifediol is further hydroxylated by the kidneys and some of the immune system cells to form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), the biologically active form of vitamin D.<ref name="pmid4323790" /><ref name="pmid4325863" /> Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood, having a major role regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate, and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone.<ref name=lpi/> Calcitriol also has other effects, including some on cell growth, neuromuscular and immune functions, and reduction of inflammation.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" />

Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Vitamin D supplements are given to treat or to prevent osteomalacia and rickets.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C

Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid and ascorbate) is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus and other fruits and vegetables, also sold as a dietary supplement It is used to prevent and treat scurvy. It also functions as an antioxidant.<ref name=NIH2016 /> Most animals are able to synthesize their own vitamin C. However, apes (including humans) and monkeys (but not all primates), most bats, some rodents, and certain other animals must acquire it from dietary sources.
There is some evidence that regular use of supplements may reduce the duration of the common cold, but it does not appear to prevent infection. It is unclear whether supplementation affects the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or dementia. It may be taken by mouth or by injection.<ref name=AHFS2016 />
Vitamin C is generally well tolerated. The United States Institute of Medicine recommends against taking large doses.
Vitamin C was discovered in 1912, isolated in 1928, and, in 1933, was the first vitamin to be chemically produced. Vitamin C is available as an inexpensive generic and over-the-counter medication. Partly for its discovery, Albert Szent-Györgyi and Walter Norman Haworth were awarded the 1937 Nobel Prizes in Physiology and Medicine and Chemistry, respectively. Foods containing vitamin C include citrus fruits, kiwifruit, guava, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, bell peppers, potatoes, and strawberries.<ref name=NIH2016/> Prolonged storage or cooking may reduce vitaminC content in foods.<ref name=NIH2016/>
Section::::Definition.
Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for certain animals including humans. The term "vitamin C" encompasses several vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals. Ascorbate salts such as sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate are used in some dietary supplements. These release ascorbate upon digestion. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body, since the forms interconvert according to pH. Oxidized forms of the molecule such as dehydroascorbic acid are converted back to ascorbic acid by reducing agents.

Vitamin C functions as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in animals (including humans) that mediate a variety of essential biological functions, including wound healing and collagen synthesis. In humans, vitamin C deficiency leads to impaired collagen synthesis, contributing to the more severe symptoms of scurvy.

In plants, vitamin C is a substrate for ascorbate peroxidase. This enzyme utilizes ascorbate to neutralize excess hydrogen peroxide (HO) by converting it to water (HO) and oxygen.

Folate deficiency

infant neural tube defects. Such deficiency during the first four weeks of gestation can result in structural and developmental problems. NIH guidelines recommend oral B vitamin supplements to decrease these risks near the time of conception and during the first month of pregnancy. Folate deficiency during gestation or infancy due to development by the fetus or infant of autoantibodies to the folate receptor might result in various developmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders. Studies suggest that insufficient folate and vitamin B status may contribute to major depressive disorder and that supplementation might be useful in this condition. The role of

Nutrition and pregnancy

any clinically meaningful information. A second Cochrane review of 29 trials, published same year, reported on the same combination trials but added analysis of trials with vitamin C alone. The conclusion was that the data do not support routine vitamin C supplementation alone or in combination with other supplements for the prevention of fetal or neonatal death, poor fetal growth, preterm birth or preeclampsia. Proper nutrition is important after delivery to help the mother recover, and to provide enough food energy and nutrients for a woman to breastfeed her child. Women having serum ferritin less than 70 µg/L may need

Prenatal vitamins

Vitamins and minerals such as folic acid, calcium, and iron are in higher concentrations, while nutrients such as vitamin A are reduced to reflect the current understanding of the role that these compounds play in fetal development. The increased dosage of folic acid or folates reflects the American Dietetic Associations position that women should consume “400 μg per day of synthetic folic acid from fortified foods (cereals and other grains), supplements or both, in addition to consuming folate from foods in a varied diet.” Taking the appropriate amount of folic acid before conception can reduce or prevent the incidence of

Birth defect

not given to pregnant women, and that the patient is aware of how important it is to prevent pregnancy during and at least one month after treatment. Medical guidelines also suggest that pregnant women should limit vitamin A intake to about 700 μg/day, as it has teratogenic potential when consumed in excess. Vitamine A and similar substances can induce spontaneous abortions, premature births, defects of eyes (microphthalmia), ears, thymus, face deformities, neurological (hydrocephalus, microcephalia) and cardiovascular defects, as well as mental retardation. Tetracycline, an antibiotic, should never be prescribed to women of reproductive age or to children, because of its

Pregnancy

may need professional medical advice if their diet is affected by medical conditions, food allergies, or specific religious/ ethical beliefs. Adequate periconceptional (time before and right after conception) folic acid (also called folate or Vitamin B) intake has been shown to decrease the risk of fetal neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. The neural tube develops during the first 28 days of pregnancy, a urine pregnancy test is not usually positive until 14 days post-conception, explaining the necessity to guarantee adequate folate intake before conception. Folate is abundant in green leafy vegetables, legumes, and citrus. In the United States

Prenatal vitamins

Prenatal vitamins Prenatal vitamins, also known as prenatal supplements, are vitamin and mineral supplements intended to be taken before and during pregnancy and during postnatal lactation. Although not intended to replace a healthy diet, prenatal vitamins provide women of childbearing age with nutrients recognized by the various health organizations including the American Dietetic Association as helpful for a healthy pregnancy outcome. It may be appropriate to start taking prenatal vitamins once the female enters childbearing age. Prenatal vitamins are similar to other multivitamins but do contain different amounts of specific nutrients to better suit the needs of an expecting mother.

Multivitamin

B9, B12, biotin, A, E, D2 (or D3), K, potassium, iodine, selenium, borate, zinc, calcium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, betacarotene, and/or iron. Multivitamins are typically available in a variety of formulas based on age and sex, or (as in prenatal vitamins) based on more specific nutritional needs; a multivitamin for men might include less iron, while a multivitamin for seniors might include extra vitamin D. Some formulas make a point of including extra antioxidants. "High-potency formulas" include at least two-thirds of the nutrients called for by recommended dietary allowances. Some nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium, are rarely included at 100%

Vitamin A

a result of alcohol consumption during pregnancy is the elucidated mechanism for fetal alcohol syndrome and is characterized by teratogenicity closely matching maternal vitamin A deficiency. A 2012 systematic review found no evidence that beta-carotene or vitamin A supplements increase longevity in healthy people or in people with various diseases. A meta-analysis of 43 studies showed that vitamin A supplementation of children under five who are at risk of deficiency reduced mortality by up to 24%. However, a 2016 Cochrane review concluded there was not evidence to recommend blanket Vitamin A supplementation for all infants between one and six months

Retinol

that they consume no more than 5,000 IU of preformed vitamin A (if any) per day. Although vitamin A is necessary for fetal development, most women carry stores of vitamin A in their fat cells, so over-supplementation should be strictly avoided. A review of all randomized controlled trials in the scientific literature by the Cochrane Collaboration published in "JAMA" in 2007 found that supplementation with β-carotene or vitamin A "increased" mortality by 5% and 16%, respectively. Contrary to earlier observations, recent studies emerging from some developing countries (India, Bangladesh and Indonesia) have strongly suggested that in populations in which vitamin

Retinyl palmitate

EWG disputed the findings, calling the report "faulty" and "misleading." A technical report issued thereafter by the National Toxicology Program concluded that diisopropyl adipate increased incidence of skin tumors in mice, and the addition of either retinoic acid or retinyl palmitate both exacerbated the rate and frequency of tumors. World Health Organization recommendation on Maternal Supplementation During Pregnancy states that "health benefits are expected for the mother and her developing fetus with little risk of detriment to either, from a daily supplement not exceeding 10,000 IU [preformed] vitamin A (3000 µg RE) at any time during pregnancy." Preformed Vitamin A

Anophthalmia

which predisposes the fetus to vitamin A deficiency (a known environmental risk factor for anophthalmia) during pregnancy. If Vitamin A deficiency occurs during the first several months when the eye is developing, it may lead to anophthalmia. This form of anophthalmia is the first that may be intervened upon with vitamin A supplementation of retinyl esters during the first several months of pregnancy. This strategy exploits an RBP-independent pathway. Clinical research is underway. See "RBP4" for more information. SOX2 and RBP4 are not the only genes that can cause anophthalmia. Other important genes include OTX2, CHX10 and RAX. Each of

Nutrition and pregnancy

and increased weight gain for both the mother and baby. Although more research is needed into the longer term effects on the mothers’ and infants’ health, the short term effects look promising. Supplementing one's diet with foods rich in folic acid, fruits and dark green leafy vegetables helps to prevent neural tube birth defects in the fetus. In addition, prenatal vitamins typically contain increased amounts of folic acid, iodine, iron, vitamin A, vitamin D, zinc, and calcium over the amounts found in standard multi-vitamins. Zinc supplements have reduced preterm births by around 14% mainly in low income countries where zinc

Vitamin B6

of vitamin B include: The U.S. Institute of Medicine (renamed National Academy of Medicine in 2015) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamin B in 1998. EARs for vitamin B for women and men ages 14 and up increase with age from 1.0 to 1.3 mg/day and from 1.1 to 1.4 mg/day, respectively; the RDAs increase with age from 1.2 to 1.5 and from 1.3 to 1.7 mg/day, respectively. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 1.9 mg/day. RDA

Prenatal vitamins

used by both mother and fetus to create the phospholipid bilayer that makes up cell membranes. L-arginine has tentative evidence of benefit in reducing intrauterine growth restriction. Many women have difficulty tolerating prenatal vitamins or experience constipation as a result of the high iron content. Due to tolerance challenges, the prenatal vitamin industry has developed a multitude of dosage forms to meet the needs and tolerances of expecting mothers. The most common form of prenatal vitamin is the compressed tablet which is available through all channels and at various quality levels. Category leaders utilize this as the dosage form of

Multivitamin

and those who cannot or will not eat a nutritious diet. Pregnant women and elderly adults have different nutritional needs than other adults, and a multivitamin may be indicated by a physician. Generally, medical advice is to avoid multivitamins, particularly those containing vitamin A, during pregnancy unless they are recommended by a health care professional. However, the NHS recommends 10μg of Vitamin D per day throughout the pregnancy and whilst breast feeding, as well as 400μg of folic acid during the first trimester (first 12 weeks of pregnancy). Some individuals may need to take iron, vitamin C, or calcium supplements


Question: In Rugby Union, how high, in metres, is the crossbar?

Comparison of Canadian football and rugby union

it 10 ft off the ground (resulting in a combined Y-shape of sorts). Rugby union goalposts are 5.6 m (18.3 ft) apart and extend vertically from the ground being connected by a crossbar at 3 m (9.8 ft), creating an H-shape. In both cases, only kicks passing between the uprights and above the crossbar score points. The scoring areas of both types of goalposts are therefore similar. In Canadian football, the team that is in possession of the ball, the offence, has three downs to advance the ball 10 yards towards the opponent's end zone. If the offence gains 10

(24 feet (7.3 m) in high school football) rising from a horizontal crossbar, which is mounted on a single central support post that raises the crossbar to a height of 10 feet (3.0 m), resulting in a two-tined fork shape. The central vertical post is offset from the crossbar toward the rear, placing it as far as possible from the field of play; it is also usually padded to minimize collision-related injuries. In 1974, in the effort to create a safer, unimpeded field of play in the end zone, calculated to produce more passing touchdowns, the NFL relocated the goalposts

steel pipes. The goalposts currently consist of two vertical posts apart ( in high school football) rising from a horizontal crossbar, which is mounted on a single central support post that raises the crossbar to a height of , resulting in a two-tined fork shape. The central vertical post is offset from the crossbar toward the rear, placing it as far as possible from the field of play; it is also usually padded to minimize collision-related injuries. In 1974, in the effort to create a safer, unimpeded field of play in the end zone, calculated to produce more passing touchdowns,

mark the widest point at which any play may be initiated; all plays start with the ball on or between the middle pair of hash marks. In professional football these central hash marks are the same width as the goalposts (18 feet, 6 inches wide), in college football they are 40 feet apart and in high school football they are 53 feet, 4 inches apart. In rugby there are four longitudinal dotted lines. Two are marked 5 metres in from the touch lines and two a further ten metres in. These are the 5 metre lines and 15 metre lines

Wednesbury Rugby Club

Africa. The minimum required height of rugby posts under Law 1.4 (c) is just 11.2 ft (3.4 m) - technically a mere 1.3 ft (40 cm) higher than the cross-bar. Wednesbury Rugby Club Wednesbury Rugby Club is a rugby union club based in Wednesbury, West Midlands, UK, just off the M6 motorway J9. It was founded in 1921 and is the home of the world's tallest rugby posts. Fabricated from steel tube by Irvon steel and galvanized by Joseph Ash, Wednesbury Rugby Club's world record breaking posts are 38.26 m high above the ground, and needed a special crane brought

Goal (sports)

Goal (sports)

In sport, a goal may refer to either an instance of scoring, or to the physical structure or area where an attacking team must send the ball or puck in order to score points. The structure of a goal varies from sport to sport, and one is placed at or near each end of the playing field for each team to defend. For many sports, each goal structure usually consists of two vertical posts, called "goal posts", supporting a horizontal "crossbar". A "goal line" marked on the playing surface between the goal posts demarcates the goal area. Thus, the objective is to send the ball or puck between the goal posts, under or over the crossbar (depending on the sport), and across the goal line. Other sports may have other types of structures or areas where the ball or puck must pass through, such as the basketball hoop. Sports which feature goal scoring are also commonly known as invasion games.

In several sports, sending the ball or puck into the opponent's goal structure or area is the sole method of scoring, and thus the final score is expressed in the total number of goals scored by each team. In other sports, a goal may be one of several scoring methods, and thus may be worth a different set number of points than the others.

Comparison of American football and rugby league

A comparison between American football and rugby league is possible because of their shared origins and similar game concepts. Rugby league is arguably the most similar sport to American football after Canadian football: both sports involve the concept of a limited number of downs/tackles and scoring touchdowns/tries takes clear precedence over goal-kicking.

Generally, American football games last much longer than 80-minute rugby league matches. Because the field is reset after each tackle in American football, it is much slower-paced than the more hectic rugby league, in which play stops for only as long as it takes the tackled player to get back to his feet and return the ball to play. Another major difference is that only the player with possession of the ball may be interfered with in rugby league; defending players interfering with any other attacking player (and vice versa) will incur a penalty. Passing in the two sports also differs: while backward passing is common to both sports, in American football players are allowed to throw the ball forward in certain situations whereas in rugby league forward passing is always illegal. Rugby league footballers have to kick the ball or run it forward to advance it downfield. To score a try or touchdown in rugby league, the player has to push the ball directly onto the ground once in the try zone, whereas in American football the player has to simply have possession of the ball as it crosses the plane of the goal-line, or receive a forward pass while in the end zone.

American football requires its players to use a large amount of protective equipment, including helmets, gloves and padding around the body, whereas protective clothing is much more minimal in rugby league, usually amounting to light padding (if any) and soft headgear (hard helmets being illegal). The playing fields of both sports are similar in size with a rugby league playing field being long while an American football field is long.

Comparison of American football and rugby union

A comparison of American football and rugby union is possible because of the games' shared origins, despite their dissimilarities.

Glossary of rugby union terms

Glossary of rugby union terms

Rugby union is a team sport played between two teams of fifteen players.

This is a general glossary of the terminology used in the sport of rugby union. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics.

Comparison of rugby league and rugby union

The team sports rugby union and rugby league have shared origins and thus many similarities.

Initially, following the 1895 split in rugby football, rugby union and rugby league differed in administration only. Soon, however, the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two distinctly different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league and most other forms of football as an openly professional sport.

The inherent similarities between rugby union and rugby league have at times led to the possibility of a merger of the two variants and experimental hybrid games have been played that use a mix of the two sports' rules.

etc. Rugby union pitches have only two further solid lines called the 22 metre lines. They are so called because they are marked from the goal lines. This unusual distance exists because rugby changed from Imperial units to Metric units in 1977; the line had previously been a 25-yard-line. The metric equivalent of 25 yards is 22.86 metres which should round to 23 metres; some sources argue that the reason for rounding down to 22 was to further restrict players within the 1968 25-yard line kicking law; a rule that had been introduced to encourage more running play. In rugby,

shape of the letter 'H', used for other forms of point scoring: drop goal, penalty and conversion. A rugby union pitch is a maximum of 144 metres long by 70 m wide. The length from try line to try line is always 100 metres: the only varying distances on a rugby union field are the width of the playing field, and the distance from try line to the dead-ball line. Lines are painted at the dead-ball line, try line, 22-metre line, 10-metre line (broken line) and halfway. Lines are also located 5 metres away from the try line and touch

Laws of rugby union

is a kick at goal that passes between the two posts and above the crossbar. The ball has to be either place kicked or drop kicked, and if successful will earn the team two points. The conversion attempt is taken from a spot perpendicular to where the try was scored and must be completed within one minute from the time the player has indicated his intention to kick. The opposition must stand behind their goal line. When the kicker moves forward with the intention of kicking the ball they may run at the kicker in an attempt to charge the

Comparison of association football and rugby union

taken from a position that is back in line from where the try was scored giving an incentive for teams to try and score near to the centre such that the kick is more attainable. Rugby league goal posts are generally "H" shaped, 5.5 metres in width, with the cross bar three metres from the ground Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is an air-filled sphere with a circumference of , a weight of , inflated to a pressure of 0.6 to 1.1 atmospheres () "at sea level", and covered in leather or "other suitable material". The

Comparison of Gaelic football and rugby union

the Rugby field is as near as possible to a maximum of 144m long by 70m wide. with a maximum of 100m between the two try lines. Another key difference is the goal posts. Rugby union posts consists of two posts with a crossbar but without a net, whereas Gaelic football consists of two posts with crossbar and a net. The area above the crossbar is used for scoring in both codes, however, only in Gaelic football is the area underneath the posts used for scoring kicks. The goal posts in Gaelic football are narrower and the crossbar is lower.

Rugby union

the field, notably the halfway line and the "twenty-two", which is from the goal line. Stricter rules apply to the pitch size for matches between national representative teams. The same maximums apply in this case, but the distance between the two try-lines must also be at least and the pitch must be at least wide. Rugby goalposts are H-shaped, and consist of two poles, apart, connected by a horizontal crossbar above the ground. At the beginning of the game, the captains and the referee toss a coin to decide which team will kick off first. Play then starts with a

Rugby Fives

bar running across the front wall with an upper height of 2 feet 6 inches marks the lower limit of the in-court area on the front wall - there is no lower limit for the other three walls. The floor is concrete so that the ball will bounce well. The walls may be stone, brick or concrete but covered in a layer of hard-wearing plaster. Rugby fives courts tend to be somewhat idiosyncratic and the dimensions stated above are not always adhered to exactly. Usually a 50-50 chance scenario is adopted at the start of a match in order to

the NFL relocated the goalposts from the goal line to the end line. Rugby union goalposts are apart and extend vertically from the ground being connected by a crossbar at , creating an H-shape. In both cases, only kicks passing between the uprights and above the crossbar score points. The scoring areas of both types of goalposts are technically infinite as there is no top boundary. In American football, the team that is in possession of the ball, the offense, has four downs to advance the ball 10 yards towards the opponent's end zone. If the offense gains 10 yards,

determines ball possession, whereas the halfway, "22" and "10 yards lines" only determine the position of players during various rugby union kick-offs (which could be from the halfway line or "22s") or line-out in the case of the broken line 5 yd from the side lines. Both codes also have goalposts at each end of the field: on the goal line in the case of rugby union, same as in Canadian football. Canadian football goalposts consist of two vertical posts 18.5 feet apart (24 feet in high school football) rising from a horizontal crossbar mounted on single (usually) post raising

the pitch size for matches between national representative teams. The same maximums apply in this case, but the distance between the two try-lines must also be at least and the pitch must be at least wide. Another key difference is the goal posts. Rugby union posts consists of two posts with a crossbar but without a net, whereas association football goalposts consists of two posts with crossbar and a net. The area above the crossbar is used for scoring only in rugby union, whereas in association football, only the area below the crossbar is used for scoring. The goal posts

Rugby league playing field

considered to extend upwards indefinitely. The posts and crossbar form an "H" shape. Goal posts supported by only one post below the crossbar are permissible. The bottom two metres of a goal post is recommended to be padded to protect players from injury. At professional level, these pads are usually cuboids that encase each post. A corner post is placed at the points where each touch line meets each goal line. The post must consist of non-rigid material and should be at least 1.25 metres in height. The corner posts are "in touch in-goal", that is to say they act

end. These are fixed to 20 yd and called the end zone in Canadian football, but of unspecified length in rugby union. The Canadian football field is long and wide with end zones deep. At each goal line is a set of goalposts, which consist of two "uprights" joined by a crossbar which is above the goal line. The goalposts may be H-shaped (both posts fixed in the ground) although in the higher-calibre competitions the tuning-fork design (supported by a single curved post behind the goal line, so that each post starts above the ground) is preferred. The border between

Laws of rugby union

kick, from the incorrect place, into the in-goal area without being touched by the opposing team, or less than ten metres from a kick off or not across the 22-metre line from a drop-out without being touched by the receiving team. If the ball is kicked from a "restart" across the sideline on the full they also have the options of restarting play with a line-out at halfway or on the 22-metre line. If during general play the ball is kicked through the in-goal and over the dead ball line or into touch-in-goal (except for attempted drop goals) the defending

Glossary of rugby union terms

Metre Law The Ten Metre Law is a form of offside which is designed to prevent injury to a defending player who attempts to catch a ball that has been kicked ahead by the attacking side. In the normal Law of Offside in open play, it is possible for an offside player to be put onside by actions of the opposing team. This ability to be put onside by a member of the opposing team does not apply if the offside player was within 10 metres along the field of a defending player waiting to catch the ball and the

Rugby league playing field

which are usually coloured red to distinguish them for the determination of 40–20 kicks in play. The broken lines 10 metres and 20 metres in from the touch lines are 10 centimetres wide and white in colour. The distance markers on the playing field are white with a red outline. These numbers are 2 metres high. On each goal line are two goal posts 5.5 metres apart connected by a cross bar 3 metres from the ground. Each goal post is 16 metres in height (however they can be built higher) and for the purpose of judging a goal are


Question: Give a year in the life of poet and painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Dante Gabriel Rossetti Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti (12 May 1828 – 9 April 1882), generally known as Dante Gabriel Rossetti (), was a British poet, illustrator, painter and translator, and a member of the Rossetti family. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais. Rossetti was later to be the main inspiration for a second generation of artists and writers influenced by the movement, most notably William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. His work also influenced the European Symbolists and was a major precursor of the Aesthetic movement. Rossetti's art was characterised by its

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

one of his "Three Songs" (1926), Rossetti's poem "The One Hope" from "Poems" (1870). In 1904 Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) created his song cycle "The House of Life" from six poems by Rossetti. One song in that cycle, Silent Noon, is one of Vaughan Williams's best known and most frequently performed songs. In 1904, Phoebe Anna Traquair painted "The Awakening", inspired by a sonnet from Rosetti's "The House of Life". "Rossetti divided his attention between painting and poetry for the rest of his life" - Poetry Foundation Dante Gabriel Rossetti Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti (12 May 1828 – 9 April

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

sensuality and its medieval revivalism. His early poetry was influenced by John Keats. His later poetry was characterised by the complex interlinking of thought and feeling, especially in his sonnet sequence, "The House of Life". Poetry and image are closely entwined in Rossetti's work. He frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures, spanning from "The Girlhood of Mary Virgin" (1849) and "Astarte Syriaca" (1877), while also creating art to illustrate poems such as "Goblin Market" by the celebrated poet Christina Rossetti, his sister. Rossetti's personal life was closely linked to his work, especially his relationships with his models and muses

Dante's Inferno (1967 film)

Dante's Inferno (1967 film) Dante's Inferno: The Private Life of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Poet and Painter (1967) is a feature-length 35mm film directed by Ken Russell and first screened on the BBC on 22 December 1967 as part of "Omnibus". It quickly became a staple in cinemas in retrospectives of Russell's work. It tells of the relationship between the 19th-century artist and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti and his model, Elizabeth Siddal. The exhumation of Lizzie Siddal's desiccated body is seen, followed by a shot of Rossetti dancing among the flames of a bonfire of paintings by Reynolds and Gainsborough. A

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Sonnets", which included the remaining sonnets from "The House of Life" sequence. The savage reaction of critics to Rossetti's first collection of poetry contributed to a mental breakdown in June 1872, and although he joined Jane Morris at Kelmscott that September, he "spent his days in a haze of chloral and whisky". The next summer he was much improved, and both Alexa Wilding and Jane sat for him at Kelmscott, where he created a soulful series of dream-like portraits. In 1874, Morris reorganised his decorative arts firm, cutting Rossetti out of the business, and the polite fiction that both men

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti (12 May 1828 – 9 April 1882), generally known as Dante Gabriel Rossetti (), was an English poet, illustrator, painter, translator and member of the Rossetti family. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais. Rossetti inspired the next generation of artists and writers, William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones in particular. His work also influenced the European Symbolists and was a major precursor of the Aesthetic movement.

Rossetti's art was characterised by its sensuality and its medieval revivalism. His early poetry was influenced by John Keats and William Blake. His later poetry was characterised by the complex interlinking of thought and feeling, especially in his sonnet sequence, "The House of Life". Poetry and image are closely entwined in Rossetti's work. He frequently wrote sonnets to accompany his pictures, spanning from "The Girlhood of Mary Virgin" (1849) and "Astarte Syriaca" (1877), while also creating art to illustrate poems such as "Goblin Market" by the celebrated poet Christina Rossetti, his sister.

Rossetti's personal life was closely linked to his work, especially his relationships with his models and muses Elizabeth Siddal (whom he married), Fanny Cornforth and Jane Morris.

Christina Rossetti

Christina Rossetti

Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 – 29 December 1894) was an English writer of romantic, devotional and children's poems, including "Goblin Market" and "Remember". She also wrote the words of two Christmas carols well known in Britain: "In the Bleak Midwinter", later set by Gustav Holst, Katherine Kennicott Davis, and Harold Darke, and "Love Came Down at Christmas", also set by Darke and other composers. She was a sister of the artist and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti and features in several of his paintings.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (later known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner who formed a seven-member "Brotherhood" modelled in part on the Nazarene movement. The Brotherhood was only ever a loose association and their principles were shared by other artists of the time, including Ford Madox Brown, Arthur Hughes and Marie Spartali Stillman. Later followers of the principles of the Brotherhood included Edward Burne-Jones, William Morris and John William Waterhouse.

The group sought a return to the abundant detail, intense colours and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian art. They rejected what they regarded as the mechanistic approach first adopted by Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art, hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite". In particular, the group objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind". The group associated their work with John Ruskin, an English critic whose influences were driven by his religious background. Christian themes were abundant.

The group continued to accept the concepts of history painting and mimesis, imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. The Pre-Raphaelites defined themselves as a reform movement, created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, "The Germ", to promote their ideas. The group's debates were recorded in the "Pre-Raphaelite Journal". The Brotherhood separated after almost five years.

William Morris

William Blake

William Blake

William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827) was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his life, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual art of the Romantic Age. What he called his "prophetic works" were said by 20th-century critic Northrop Frye to form "what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language". His visual artistry led 21st-century critic Jonathan Jones to proclaim him "far and away the greatest artist Britain has ever produced". In 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. While he lived in London his entire life, except for three years spent in Felpham, he produced a diverse and symbolically rich collection of works, which embraced the imagination as "the body of God" or "human existence itself".

Although Blake was considered mad by contemporaries for his idiosyncratic views, he is held in high regard by later critics for his expressiveness and creativity, and for the philosophical and mystical undercurrents within his work. His paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of the Romantic movement and as "Pre-Romantic". In fact, he has been said to be "a key early proponent of both Romanticism and Nationalism". A committed Christian who was hostile to the Church of England (indeed, to almost all forms of organised religion), Blake was influenced by the ideals and ambitions of the French and American revolutions. Though later he rejected many of these political beliefs, he maintained an amiable relationship with the political activist Thomas Paine; he was also influenced by thinkers such as Emanuel Swedenborg. Despite these known influences, the singularity of Blake's work makes him difficult to classify. The 19th-century scholar William Michael Rossetti characterised him as a "glorious luminary", and "a man not forestalled by predecessors, nor to be classed with contemporaries, nor to be replaced by known or readily surmisable successors".

Maria Francesca Rossetti

Maria Francesca Rossetti Maria Francesca Rossetti (17 February 1827 – 24 November 1876) was an English author and nun. She was the sister of artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti as well as William Michael Rossetti and Christina Georgina Rossetti, who dedicated her 1862 poem "Goblin Market" to Maria. She was born in London. She was the author of "The Shadow of Dante: Being an essay towards studying himself, his world, and his pilgrimage." (published 1871). She also acted as a governess during the years of family hardship brought on by her father's failing health and tutored a young Lucy Madox Brown,

Gabriele Rossetti

Rossetti to London in 1824. He held the post of Professor of Italian at King's College London from 1831, as well as teaching Italian at King's College School, until failing eyesight led to his retirement in 1847. Rossetti's published works include literary criticism, Romantic poetry such as his long poem "Il veggente in solitudine" of 1846, and his "Autobiography". He is thought to be the basis of the character Pesca in Wilkie Collins' 1860 novel "The Woman in White". He also wrote commentaries on Dante Alighieri in which he attempted to show evidence of mysterious ancient conspiracies in his works.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

depicted a prostitute, lifted from the street by a country drover who recognises his old sweetheart. However, Rossetti increasingly preferred symbolic and mythological images to realistic ones, For many years, Rossetti worked on English translations of Italian poetry including Dante Alighieri's "La Vita Nuova" (published as "The Early Italian Poets" in 1861). These and Sir Thomas Malory's "Le Morte d'Arthur" inspired his art of the 1850s. He created a method of painting in watercolours, using thick pigments mixed with gum to give rich effects similar to medieval illuminations. He also developed a novel drawing technique in pen-and-ink. His first published

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Rossetti's technique: Stung by criticism of his second major painting, "Ecce Ancilla Domini", exhibited in 1850, and the "increasingly hysterical critical reaction that greeted Pre-Raphaelitism" that year, Rossetti turned to watercolours, which could be sold privately. Although his work subsequently won support from John Ruskin, Rossetti only rarely exhibited thereafter. In 1850, Rossetti met Elizabeth Siddal, an important model for the Pre-Raphaelite painters. Over the next decade, she became his muse, his pupil, and his passion. They were married in 1860. Rossetti's incomplete picture "Found", begun in 1853 and unfinished at his death, was his only major modern-life subject. It

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

1845, when he enrolled in the Antique School of the Royal Academy, which he left in 1848. After leaving the Royal Academy, Rossetti studied under Ford Madox Brown, with whom he retained a close relationship throughout his life. Following the exhibition of William Holman Hunt's painting "The Eve of St. Agnes", Rossetti sought out Hunt's friendship. The painting illustrated a poem by the little-known John Keats. Rossetti's own poem, "The Blessed Damozel", was an imitation of Keats, and he believed Hunt might share his artistic and literary ideals. Together they developed the philosophy of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood which they founded

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

wife, Elizabeth Siddal, died of an overdose of laudanum in 1862, shortly after giving birth to a stillborn child. Rossetti became increasingly depressed, and on the death of his beloved Lizzie, buried the bulk of his unpublished poems with her at Highgate Cemetery, though he later had them dug up. He idealised her image as Dante's Beatrice in a number of paintings, such as "Beata Beatrix". After the death of his wife, Rossetti leased a Tudor House at 16, Cheyne Walk, in Chelsea, where he lived for 20 years surrounded by extravagant furnishings and a parade of exotic birds and

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

illustration was "The Maids of Elfen-Mere" (1855), for a poem by his friend William Allingham, and he contributed two illustrations to Edward Moxon's 1857 edition of Alfred, Lord Tennyson's "Poems" and illustrations for works by his sister Christina Rossetti. His visions of Arthurian romance and medieval design also inspired William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones. Neither Burne-Jones nor Morris knew Rossetti, but were much influenced by his works, and met him by recruiting him as a contributor to their "Oxford and Cambridge Magazine" which Morris founded in 1856 to promote his ideas about art and poetry. In February 1857, Rossetti wrote

Paolo and Francesca da Rimini

and banished to the second circle of hell. In the final panel of the triptych, the lovers are being blown about violently with the wind, as described by Dante's verses: Paolo and Francesca da Rimini Paolo and Francesca da Rimini is a watercolour by English artist and poet Dante Gabriel Rossetti, painted in 1855 and currently housed at Tate Britain. Rossetti's real name was Charles Gabriel Dante Rossetti, but his admiration for the great Florentine poet led him to change it to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and he proceeded to sign all his work so. In the specific, the very subject

English literature

attention to the links between Victorian poetry and modernism. Tennyson was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom during much of Queen Victoria's reign. He was described by T.S. Eliot, as "the greatest master of metrics as well as melancholia", and as having "the finest ear of any English poet since Milton". Matthew Arnold's reputation as a poet has "within the past few decades [...] plunged drastically." Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828–1882) was a poet, illustrator, painter and translator. He founded the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848 with William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais. Rossetti's art was characterised by its sensuality and

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

were in residence with Jane at Kelmscott could not be maintained. Rossetti abruptly left Kelmscott in July 1874 and never returned. Toward the end of his life, he sank into a morbid state, darkened by his drug addiction to chloral hydrate and increasing mental instability. He spent his last years as a recluse at Cheyne Walk. On Easter Sunday, 1882, he died at the country house of a friend, where he had gone in a vain attempt to recover his health, which had been destroyed by chloral as his wife's had been destroyed by laudanum. He died of Bright's Disease,

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Elizabeth Siddal, Fanny Cornforth and Jane Morris. The son of émigré Italian scholar Gabriele Pasquale Giuseppe Rossetti and his wife Frances Mary Lavinia Polidori, Gabriel Charles Dante Rossetti was born in London, on 12 May 1828. His family and friends called him Gabriel, but in publications he put the name Dante first in honour of Dante Alighieri. He was the brother of poet Christina Rossetti, critic William Michael Rossetti, and author Maria Francesca Rossetti. His father was a Roman Catholic, at least prior to his marriage, and his mother was an Anglican; ostensibly Gabriel was baptised as and was a

Alfred Fryer

the 1840s Fryer's circle of London friends included the Rossetti family and Coventry Patmore, company which encouraged him to pursue his interest in poetry, while urging Dante Gabriel Rossetti to focus on poetry rather than painting. He returned to his native Fenlands in 1848 and began to devote his prodigious energy to science. At first his attention was taken up by insects, birds, shells and fossils, and it was only after 1860 that he became preoccupied with botany, corresponding with Cardale Babington, John Gilbert Baker and Arthur Bennett. His intimate knowledge of plants led to his considering a flora of

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Cornforth (described delicately by William Allington as Rossetti's "housekeeper") in her own establishment nearby in Chelsea, and painted many voluptuous images of her between 1863 and 1865. In 1865, he discovered auburn-haired Alexa Wilding, a dressmaker and would-be actress who was engaged to model for him on a full-time basis and sat for "Veronica Veronese", "The Blessed Damozel", "A Sea–Spell", and other paintings. She sat for more of his finished works than any other model, but comparatively little is known about her due to the lack of any romantic connection with Rossetti. He spotted her one evening in the Strand

Dante Gabriel Rossetti

practising Anglican. During his childhood, Rossetti was home educated and later attended King's College School, and often read the Bible, along with the works of Shakespeare, Dickens, Sir Walter Scott, and Lord Byron. The youthful Rossetti is described as "self-possessed, articulate, passionate and charismatic" but also "ardent, poetic and feckless". Like all his siblings, he aspired to be a poet and attended King's College School, in its original location near the Strand in London. He also wished to be a painter, having shown a great interest in Medieval Italian art. He studied at Henry Sass' Drawing Academy from 1841 to

William Michael Rossetti

William Michael Rossetti William Michael Rossetti (25 September 1829 – 5 February 1919) was an English writer and critic. Born in London, he was a son of immigrant Italian scholar Gabriele Rossetti and his wife Frances Rossetti "née" Polidori, and the brother of Maria Francesca Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Christina Georgina Rossetti. He was one of the seven founder members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848, and became the movement's unofficial organizer and bibliographer. He edited the Brotherhood's literary magazine "The Germ" which published four issues in 1850 and wrote the poetry reviews for it. It was William Michael


Question: How many symphonies did Jean Sibelius compose?

Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius) Symphony No. 7 in C major, Op. 105, was the final published symphony of the Finnish composer, Jean Sibelius. Completed in 1924, Symphony No. 7 is notable for being a one-movement symphony, in contrast to the standard symphonic formula of four movements. It has been described as "completely original in form, subtle in its handling of tempi, individual in its treatment of key and wholly organic in growth" and "Sibelius's most remarkable compositional achievement". After Sibelius finished its composition on March 2, 1924, the work was premiered in Stockholm on March 24 as "Fantasia sinfonica No.

Symphony No. 4 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 4 (Sibelius) The Symphony No. 4 in A minor, Op. 63, is one of seven completed symphonies composed by Jean Sibelius. Written between 1910 and 1911, it was premiered in Helsinki on 3 April 1911 by the Philharmonia Society, with Sibelius conducting. It is scored for an orchestra including 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in B and A), 2 bassoons, 4 horns (in F and E), 2 trumpets (in F and E), 3 trombones, timpani, glockenspiel or/and tubular bells, and strings. The work comprises four movements: For this work Sibelius reversed the traditional classical positions of the

Jean Sibelius

last published symphony. Completed in 1924, it is notable for having only one movement. It has been described as "completely original in form, subtle in its handling of tempi, individual in its treatment of key and wholly organic in growth". It has also been called "Sibelius's most remarkable compositional achievement". Initially titled "Fantasia sinfonica", it was first performed in Stockholm in March 1924, conducted by Sibelius. It was based on an adagio movement he had sketched almost ten years earlier. While the strings dominate, there is also a distinctive trombone theme. After the seven symphonies and the violin concerto, Sibelius's

Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius)

Mozart in the Jungle, Hailey imagines conducting this piece, with Rodrigo encouraging her. Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius) The Symphony No. 5 in E-flat major, Op. 82, by Jean Sibelius is a symphony in three movements. Sibelius was commissioned to write this symphony by the Finnish government in honour of his 50th birthday, which had been declared a national holiday. The symphony was originally composed in 1915. It was revised first in 1916 and then again in 1919. During the composition phase, Sibelius wrote in his diary: "It is as if God Almighty had thrown down pieces of a mosaic for

Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius)

piece is relatively short, usually lasting about 31 minutes. Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius) The Symphony No. 3 in C major, Op. 52, by Jean Sibelius is a symphony in three movements composed in 1907. Coming between the romantic intensity of Sibelius's first two symphonies and the more austere complexity of his later symphonies, it is a good-natured, triumphal, and deceptively simple-sounding piece. The symphony's first performance was given by the Helsinki Philharmonic Society, conducted by the composer, on 25 September 1907. In the same concert, his suite from the incidental music to "Belshazzar's Feast", Op. 51, was also performed for

List of compositions by Jean Sibelius

List of compositions by Jean Sibelius

The following is a list of works by Jean Sibelius (18651957), presented as a sortable table with eight parameters: title, category, key, catalogue number, year of composition, genre, and—if applicable—text author; for some compositions, comments are provided, as well. The table's default ordering is by genre and, within a genre, by date.

Jean Sibelius

Jean Sibelius

Jean Sibelius ( ; ; born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius; 8 December 186520 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely regarded as his country's greatest composer, and his music is often credited with having helped Finland develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia.

The core of his oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies, which, like his other major works, are regularly performed and recorded in Finland and countries around the world. His other best-known compositions are "Finlandia", the "Karelia Suite", "Valse triste", the Violin Concerto, the choral symphony "Kullervo", and "The Swan of Tuonela" (from the "Lemminkäinen Suite"). His other works include pieces inspired by nature, Nordic mythology, and the Finnish national epic, the "Kalevala;" over a hundred songs for voice and piano; incidental music for numerous plays; the one-act opera "The Maiden in the Tower"; chamber music, piano music, Masonic ritual music, and 21 publications of choral music.

Sibelius composed prolifically until the mid-1920s, but after completing his Seventh Symphony (1924), the incidental music for "The Tempest" (1926), and the tone poem "Tapiola" (1926), he stopped producing major works in his last 30 years—a stunning and perplexing decline commonly referred to as the "silence of Järvenpää", (the location of his home). Although he is reputed to have stopped composing, he attempted to continue writing, including abortive efforts on an eighth symphony. In later life, he wrote Masonic music and reedited some earlier works, while retaining an active but not always favourable interest in new developments in music.

The Finnish 100 mark note featured his image until 2002, when the euro was adopted. Since 2011, Finland has celebrated a flag flying day on 8 December, the composer's birthday, also known as the Day of Finnish Music. In 2015, in celebration of the 150th anniversary of Sibelius's birth, a number of special concerts and events were held, especially in Helsinki, the Finnish capital.

Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)

The Symphony No. 2 in D major, Op. 43, by Jean Sibelius was started in winter 1901 in Rapallo, Italy, shortly after the successful premiere of the popular "Finlandia", and finished in 1902 in Finland. Sibelius said, "My second symphony is a confession of the soul."

Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)

Jean Sibelius's Symphony No. 8 was his final major compositional project, occupying him intermittently from the mid-1920s until around 1938, though he never published it. During this time Sibelius was at the peak of his fame, a national figure in his native Finland and a composer of international stature. A fair copy of at least the first movement was made, but how much of the Eighth Symphony was completed is unknown. Sibelius repeatedly refused to release it for performance, though he continued to assert that he was working on it even after he had, according to later reports from his family, burned the score and associated material, probably in 1945.

Much of Sibelius's reputation, during his lifetime and subsequently, derived from his work as a symphonist. His Seventh Symphony of 1924 has been widely recognised as a landmark in the development of symphonic form, and at the time there was no reason to suppose that the flow of innovative orchestral works would not continue. However, after the symphonic poem "Tapiola", completed in 1926, his output was confined to relatively minor pieces and revisions to earlier works. During the 1930s the Eighth Symphony's premiere was promised to Serge Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony Orchestra on several occasions, but as each scheduled date approached Sibelius demurred, claiming that the work was not ready for performance. Similar promises made to the British conductor Basil Cameron and to the Finnish Georg Schnéevoigt likewise proved illusory. It is thought that Sibelius's perfectionism and exalted reputation prevented him ever completing the symphony to his satisfaction; he wanted it to be even better than his Seventh.

After Sibelius's death in 1957, news of the Eighth Symphony's destruction was made public, and it was assumed that the work had disappeared forever. But in the 1990s, when the composer's many notebooks and sketches were being catalogued, scholars first raised the possibility that fragments of the music for the lost symphony might have survived. Since then, several short manuscript sketches have been tentatively identified with the Eighth, three of which (comprising less than three minutes of music) were recorded by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra in 2011. While a few musicologists have speculated that, if further fragments can be identified, it may be possible to reconstruct the entire work, others have suggested that this is unlikely given the ambiguity of the extant material. The propriety of publicly performing music that Sibelius himself had rejected has also been questioned.

Discography of Sibelius symphony cycles

Discography of Sibelius symphony cycles

The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (1865–1957) was one of the most important symphonists of the early twentieth century: his seven symphonies, written between 1899 and 1924, are the core of his and stalwarts of the standard concert repertoire. Many of classical music's conductor–orchestra partnerships have recorded the complete set, colloquially known as the "Sibelius cycle". Specifically, the standard cycle includes:

Although early advocates such as Robert Kajanus, Sir Thomas Beecham, and Serge Koussevitzky had conducted many of Sibelius's symphonies for gramophone in the 1930s and 1940s, none of these Sibelians recorded all seven. Instead, the earliest complete traversal dates to 1953, four years before the composer's death on 20 September 1957; it is by Sixten Ehrling and the Stockholm Radio Orchestra, recorded from 1952–1953 for the Swedish label Metronome Records (released by Mercury Records in the United States). Ehrling had outpaced Anthony Collins and the London Symphony Orchestra, whose cycle—recorded from 1952–1955 on Decca Records—was concurrent with Ehrling's but arrived second. Since the pioneering examples of Ehrling and Collins, the Sibelius cycle has, , been recorded an additional 46 times. The most recently completed (48th) cycle, finished in 2022, is by Owain Arwel Hughes and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra; an additional three projected cycles are in progress, according to press releases.

A number of conductors have tackled the project more than once: Paavo Berglund (1977, 1987, 1997, 1998) recorded the Sibelius cycle four times, Sir Colin Davis (1976, 1994, 2008) three times, and Akeo Watanabe (1962, 1981), Lorin Maazel (1968, 1992), Jukka-Pekka Saraste (1989, 1993), Leif Segerstam (1992, 2004), Neemi Järvi (1985, 2005), Vladimir Ashkenazy (1984, 2007), Pietari Inkinen (2009, 2013), Sir Simon Rattle (1987, 2015), and Osmo Vänskä (1997, 2015) have done so twice. Leonard Bernstein completed one cycle (1967) but died in the middle of a second. Finally, Herbert von Karajan and Eugene Ormandy left, respectively, three and two incomplete Sibelius cycles.

Additionally, the Sibelius cycle can, in its non-standard form, include its "grand precursor" "Kullervo" (Op. 7, 1892), which some commentators prefer to view as a programmatic choral symphony. Such a perspective thus conceptualizes "Kullervo" as Sibelius's "Symphony No. 0" and accordingly expands his completed contributions to the symphonic canon from seven to eight. Eleven of the 48 cycles include "Kullervo" as a supplement.

Symphony No. 6 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 6 (Sibelius) The Symphony No. 6 in D minor, Op. 104, was a work of long gestation completed by Jean Sibelius in 1923. Although the score does not contain a key attribution, the symphony is usually described as being in D minor; much of it is in fact in the (modern) Dorian mode. A typical performance lasts about 25 minutes. The composer called the work "cold spring water" in opposition to many contemporary "cocktails"—a reference to the modernist gestures in post-war music. The symphony was premiered by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by the composer, on 19 February

Symphony No. 4 (Sibelius)

about it." Later, when asked about the symphony, he quoted August Strindberg: "Det är synd om människorna" (One feels pity for human beings). The symphony briefly had a nickname, "Lucus a non lucendo". Symphony No. 4 (Sibelius) The Symphony No. 4 in A minor, Op. 63, is one of seven completed symphonies composed by Jean Sibelius. Written between 1910 and 1911, it was premiered in Helsinki on 3 April 1911 by the Philharmonia Society, with Sibelius conducting. It is scored for an orchestra including 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in B and A), 2 bassoons, 4 horns (in F

Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)

the status of a living national monument and was the principal cultural ambassador of his country, independent since 1917. According to his biographer Guy Rickards, he invested "his most crucial inspiration" into the seven symphonies he composed between 1898 and 1924. The Sibelius scholar James Hepokoski considers the compact, single-movement Seventh Symphony, which Sibelius completed in 1924, to be the composer's most remarkable symphonic achievement, "the consummate realization of his late-style rethinking of form". It was followed in 1926 by "Tapiola", a tone poem in which, says Rickards, Sibelius "pushed orchestral resources into quite new regions ..."Tapiola" was thirty or

Symphony No. 1 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 1 (Sibelius) The Symphony No. 1 in E minor, Op. 39, by Jean Sibelius is a symphony started in 1898, and finished in early 1899, when Sibelius was 33. The work was first performed on 26 April 1899 by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by the composer, in an original version which has not survived. After the premiere, Sibelius made some revisions, resulting in the version performed today. The revised version was completed in the spring and summer of 1900, and was first performed in Berlin by the Helsinki Philharmonic, conducted by Robert Kajanus on 1 July 1900.

Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius) The Symphony No. 5 in E-flat major, Op. 82, by Jean Sibelius is a symphony in three movements. Sibelius was commissioned to write this symphony by the Finnish government in honour of his 50th birthday, which had been declared a national holiday. The symphony was originally composed in 1915. It was revised first in 1916 and then again in 1919. During the composition phase, Sibelius wrote in his diary: "It is as if God Almighty had thrown down pieces of a mosaic for heaven’s floor and asked me to find out what was the original pattern."

Paavo Berglund

the complete Sibelius symphonies three times. During the mid-1950s, Jean Sibelius heard Berglund conduct some of the symphonies and the Suite "Rakastava", and told Berglund how much he had enjoyed the performances. He met Sibelius at his home Ainola as a member of the delegation of the Radio Orchestra that visited Sibelius. Sibelius asked him whether they were playing any Schönberg. To this Paavo Berglund answered no. This was the whole conversation. Berglund made the first recording of the "Kullervo Symphony". Berglund's source-critical research on the Sibelius Seventh Symphony began in 1957, when he conducted the Seventh with the Helsinki

Jean Sibelius

buried in the garden at Ainola. Aino Sibelius lived there for the next 12 years until she died on 8 June 1969 aged 97; she is buried alongside her husband. Sibelius is widely known for his symphonies and his tone poems, especially "Finlandia" and the "Karelia suite". His reputation in Finland grew in the 1890s with the choral symphony "Kullervo", which like many subsequent pieces drew on the epic poem "Kalevala". His First Symphony was first performed to an enthusiastic audience in 1899 at a time when Finnish nationalism was evolving. In addition to six more symphonies, he gained popularity

Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius)

Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius) The Symphony No. 3 in C major, Op. 52, by Jean Sibelius is a symphony in three movements composed in 1907. Coming between the romantic intensity of Sibelius's first two symphonies and the more austere complexity of his later symphonies, it is a good-natured, triumphal, and deceptively simple-sounding piece. The symphony's first performance was given by the Helsinki Philharmonic Society, conducted by the composer, on 25 September 1907. In the same concert, his suite from the incidental music to "Belshazzar's Feast", Op. 51, was also performed for the first time. The first recording featured the Finnish

Jean Sibelius

diary was also published in the Finnish language in 2015. Several volumes of Sibelius’ correspondence have also been edited and published in Swedish, Finnish and English. Jean Sibelius Jean Sibelius (; ), born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius (8 December 186520 September 1957), was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely recognized as his country's greatest composer and, through his music, is often credited with having helped Finland to develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia. The core of his oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies, which, like

Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)

Sources Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius) Jean Sibelius's Symphony No. 8 was his final major compositional project, occupying him intermittently from the mid-1920s until around 1938, though he never published it. During this time Sibelius was at the peak of his fame, a national figure in his native Finland and a composer of international stature. A fair copy of at least the first movement was made, but how much of the Eighth Symphony was completed is unknown. Sibelius repeatedly refused to release it for performance, though he continued to assert that he was working on it even after he had, according

Jean Sibelius

Robert Kajanus on 18 July 1900. The symphony begins with a highly original, rather forlorn clarinet solo backed by subdued timpani. His Second Symphony, the most popular and most frequently recorded of his symphonies, was first performed by the Helsinki Philharmonic Society on 8 March 1902, with the composer conducting. The opening chords with their rising progression provide a motif for the whole work. The heroic theme of the finale with the three-tone motif is interpreted by the trumpets rather than the original woodwinds. During a period of Russian oppression, it consolidated Sibelius's reputation as a national hero. After the

Jean Sibelius

Jean Sibelius Jean Sibelius (; ), born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius (8 December 186520 September 1957), was a Finnish composer and violinist of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely recognized as his country's greatest composer and, through his music, is often credited with having helped Finland to develop a national identity during its struggle for independence from Russia. The core of his oeuvre is his set of seven symphonies, which, like his other major works, are regularly performed and recorded in his home country and internationally. His other best-known compositions are "Finlandia", the "Karelia Suite", "Valse triste",

Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius)

had come home ... I'm taking everything in another way, more deeply. A gypsy within me. Romantic." Later that summer he informed a journalist that his new symphony was nearly complete: "It will be the reckoning of my whole existence – sixty-eight years. It will probably be my last. Eight symphonies and a hundred songs. It has to be enough." At some stage in that summer the formal copying of the symphony began. On 4 September 1933 Paul Voigt, Sibelius's long-time copyist, sent a bill for making a fair copy of the first movement—23 pages of music. Sibelius informed him—the

Symphony No. 7 (Sibelius)

1", a "symphonic fantasy". The composer was apparently undecided on what name to give the piece, and only granted it status as a symphony after some deliberation. For its publication on 25 February 1925, the score was titled "Symphony No. 7 (in one movement)". The concept of a continuous, single-movement symphony was one Sibelius only reached after a long process of experimentation. His Symphony No. 3, dating from 1907, contained three movements, an earlier fourth movement having been fused into the third. The final result was successful enough for Sibelius to use the same idea in his Symphony No. 5,


Question: The Song of Simeon canticle is also known by which Latin name?

Song of Simeon
canticle of simeon
Nunc Dimittis
Canticle of Simeon
nunc dimittis
Simeon, Canticle of
song of simeon
Nunc dimittis
Nunc dimmitis
nunc dimmitis
simeon canticle of

A Song for Simeon

peace : according to thy word. For mine eyes have seen : thy salvation, Which thou hast prepared : before the face of all people; To be a light to lighten the Gentiles : and to be the glory of thy people Israel. () </poem> The is the traditional "Gospel Canticle" of Night Prayer that is often called the "Song of Simeon" or "Canticle of Simeon". In the Roman Catholic tradition, it was used during the Office for Compline, the last of the Canonical hours, in the Liturgy of the Hours. The Anglican tradition combined liturgy of the Catholic offices

Nunc dimittis

Nunc dimittis The Nunc dimittis (; also Song of Simeon or Canticle of Simeon) is a canticle from the opening words from the Vulgate translation of the New Testament in the second chapter of Luke named after its incipit in Latin, meaning "Now you dismiss" (). Since the 4th century it has been used in such evening worship services as Compline, Vespers, and Evensong. According to the narrative in Luke 2:25-32, Simeon was a devout Jew who had been promised by the Holy Spirit that he would not die until he had seen the Messiah. When Mary and Joseph brought

Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in D (Wood)

said, together with the Evening Service in B-flat by Stanford, to mean for many "the epitome of Church of England worship". ("Song of Mary") and ("Song of Simeon") are biblical canticles. Mary sings the Magnificat ("My soul doth magnify the Lord") on the occasion of her visit to Elizabeth, as narrated in the Gospel of Luke (). Simeon sings the Nunc dimittis ("Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace") when Jesus is presented in the temple (). Each canticle is concluded by a doxology. The canticles are part of the daily service of Evening Prayer in the Anglican

There is also a powerful, passionate tone throughout the work, distinguishing it from others of its time. Canticum Canticorum (Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina) Canticum Canticorum ("Song of Solomon") is a cycle of 29 motets by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Originally titled "Motettorum - Liber Quartus", this Renaissance work is one of Palestrina's largest collections of Sacred motets. The work is in Latin and based upon excerpts from the book in the Song of Songs of the Old Testament. The Song of Songs is thought to be an allegorical representation of the relationship of God and Israel as husband and wife.

Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin, BWV 125

come to his temple" (), and the Gospel of Luke's version of the purification of Mary and the presentation of Jesus at the Temple, which includes Simeon's canticle (). When Luther wrote his hymn on Simeon's canticle ("With peace and joy I depart in God's will"), he devoted one stanza to each of the four verses of the biblical text. The first verse discusses peaceful acceptance of death (), the second gives as a reason for that the meeting with the Saviour (), the third is focused on Christ's return for all people (), the fourth sees the Second Coming

Nunc dimittis

Nunc dimittis

The Nunc dimittis (), also known as the Song of Simeon or the Canticle of Simeon, is a canticle taken from the second chapter of the Gospel of Luke, verses 29 through 32. Its Latin name comes from its incipit, the opening words, of the Vulgate translation of the passage, meaning "Now you let depart". Since the 4th century it has been used in services of evening worship such as Compline, Vespers, and Evensong.

Magnificat

Magnificat

The Magnificat (Latin for "[My soul] magnifies [the Lord]") is a canticle, also known as the Song of Mary, the Canticle of Mary and, in the Byzantine tradition, the Ode of the Theotokos (). It is traditionally incorporated into the liturgical services of the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and the Anglican Communion.<ref name="Britannica"/> Its name comes from the incipit of the Latin version of the text.

The text of the canticle is taken from the Gospel of Luke () where it is spoken by Mary upon the occasion of her Visitation to her cousin Elizabeth. In the narrative, after Mary greets Elizabeth, who is pregnant with John the Baptist, the latter moves within Elizabeth's womb. Elizabeth praises Mary for her faith (using words partially reflected in the Hail Mary), and Mary responds with what is now known as the Magnificat.

The Magnificat is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and perhaps the earliest Marian hymn. Within the whole of Christianity, the canticle is most frequently recited within the Liturgy of the Hours. In Western Christianity, the Magnificat is most often sung or recited during the main evening prayer service: Vespers<ref name="Britannica"/> in the Catholic and Lutheran churches, and Evening Prayer (or Evensong) in Anglicanism. In Eastern Christianity, the Magnificat is always sung at Matins. The Magnificat may also be sung during worship services, especially in the Advent season during which these verses are traditionally read.

A Song for Simeon

A Song for Simeon

"A Song for Simeon" is a 37-line poem written in 1928 by American-English poet T. S. Eliot (1888–1965). It is one of five poems that Eliot contributed to the "Ariel Poems" series of 38 pamphlets by several authors published by Faber and Gwyer. "A Song for Simeon" was the sixteenth in the series and included an illustration by avant garde artist Edward McKnight Kauffer. The poems, including "A Song for Simeon", were later published in both the 1936 and 1963 editions of Eliot's collected poems.

In 1927, Eliot had converted to Anglo-Catholicism and his poetry, starting with the "Ariel Poems" (1927–31) and "Ash Wednesday" (1930), took on a decidedly religious character. "A Song for Simeon" is seen by many critics and scholars as a discussion of the conversion experience. In the poem, Eliot retells the story of Simeon from the second chapter of the Gospel of Luke, a just and devout Jew who encounters Mary, Joseph and the infant Jesus entering the Temple of Jerusalem. Promised by the Holy Ghost that he would not die until he had seen the Saviour, Simeon sees in the infant Jesus the Messiah promised by the Lord and asks God to permit him to "depart in peace" ().

The poem's narrative echoes the text of the , a liturgical prayer for Compline from the Gospel passage. Eliot introduces literary allusions to earlier writers Lancelot Andrewes, Dante Alighieri and St. John of the Cross. Critics have debated whether Eliot's depiction of Simeon is a negative portrayal of a Jewish figure and evidence of anti-Semitism on Eliot's part.

Canticle

Canticle

A canticle (from the Latin "canticulum", a diminutive of "canticum", "song") is a hymn, psalm or other Christian song of praise with lyrics usually taken from biblical or holy texts. Canticles are used in Christian liturgy.

Benedictus (canticle)

Benedictus (canticle)

The Benedictus (also Song of Zechariah or Canticle of Zachary), given in Gospel of , is one of the three canticles in the first two chapters of this Gospel, the other two being the "Magnificat" and the "Nunc dimittis". The Benedictus was the song of thanksgiving uttered by Zechariah on the occasion of the circumcision of his son, John the Baptist.

The canticle received its name from its first words in Latin (""Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel"", “Blessed be the Lord God of Israel”).

Canticum Canticorum (Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina) Canticum Canticorum ("Song of Solomon") is a cycle of 29 motets by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Originally titled "Motettorum - Liber Quartus", this Renaissance work is one of Palestrina's largest collections of Sacred motets. The work is in Latin and based upon excerpts from the book in the Song of Songs of the Old Testament. The Song of Songs is thought to be an allegorical representation of the relationship of God and Israel as husband and wife. The text uses the main image of a man and wife almost throughout, the poem suggesting movement

Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)

Benedictus (Song of Zechariah) The Benedictus (also Song of Zechariah or Canticle of Zachary), given in Gospel of , is one of the three canticles in the opening chapters of this Gospel, the other two being the "Magnificat" and the "Nunc dimittis". The Benedictus was the song of thanksgiving uttered by Zechariah on the occasion of the circumcision of his son, John the Baptist. The canticle received its name from its first words in Latin (Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel, “Blessed be the Lord God of Israel”). The whole canticle naturally falls into two parts. The first (verses 68-75) is a

Song of Hannah

others see Hannah as a "type" of Mary. Both "handmaids" of God bore sons through divine intervention who were uniquely dedicated to God. The Song of Hannah is also known as the "Canticle of Anna", and is one of seven Old Testament canticles in the Roman Breviary. It is used for Lauds on Wednesdays. In the Revised Common Lectionary, which provides the appointed Scripture readings used by most mainline Protestant denominations, the song of Hannah is recited or sung as the response to the First Lesson (1 Sam. 1:4–20) for Proper 28 in Year B, for those churches following Track

Simeon (Gospel of Luke)

according to the religious law, followed by Jesus's presentation in the Jerusalem temple, and this explains the formal names given to the festival. In the liturgy of Evening prayer in the Anglican communion, Anglicans recite the – or sing it in "Evensong" in the canticle known as "the Song of Simeon" – traditionally, every evening. It is also used in the Roman Catholic Compline and Orthodox Vespers. The has been set to music by many notable composers, such as Rachmaninoff ("All-Night Vigil"). The feast on February 2 is often referred to as "Candlemas", as in honor of the ritual purification

Canticle

Canticle A canticle (from the Latin "canticulum", a diminutive of "canticum", "song") is a hymn, psalm or other song of praise taken from biblical or holy texts other than the Psalms. Prior to the Pope Pius X's 1911 reforms, a single cycle of seven canticles was used at Lauds: These canticles are rather long, and the weekday ones display something of a penitential theme; but the latter were not often used, as all feasts, even simples, all octaves, and all weekdays in Eastertide took the Canticle of Daniel from the Sunday. The 1911 reform introduced for weekdays not of penitential

Magnificat and Nunc dimittis (Gloucester) ("Song of Mary") and ("Song of Simeon") are biblical canticles. Mary sings the Magnificat ("My soul doth magnify the Lord") on the occasion of her visit to Elizabeth, as narrated in the Gospel of Luke (). Simeon sings the Nunc dimittis ("Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace") when Jesus is presented in the temple (). The canticles are part of the daily service of Evening Prayer in the Anglican church and have been set to music frequently. Howells set the combination of Magnificat and Nunc dimittis 20 times, taking the words from

Magnificat

Magnificat The Magnificat (Latin for "[My soul] magnifies [the Lord]") is a canticle, also known as the Song of Mary, the Canticle of Mary and, in the Byzantine tradition, the Ode of the Theotokos (). It is traditionally incorporated into the liturgical services of the Catholic Church (at vespers) and of the Eastern Orthodox churches (at the morning services). It is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and perhaps the earliest Marian hymn. Its name comes from the incipit of the Latin version of the canticle's text. The text of the canticle is taken directly from the Gospel

Canticle of the Sun

Trumpet. The resulting work has 9 songs containing the complete text of the Canticle. The first performance took place in the Franciscan church of Adam and Eve in Dublin on 4th June 2017. Canticle of the Sun The Canticle of the Sun, also known as Laudes Creaturarum (Praise of the Creatures) and "Canticle of the Creatures", is a religious song composed by Saint Francis of Assisi. It was written in an Umbrian dialect of Italian but has since been translated into many languages. It is believed to be among the first works of literature, if not the first, written in

Nativity of Jesus

earliest Marian hymn. The Benedictus, in , is spoken by Zechariah, while the Nunc dimittis, in is spoken by Simeon. The traditional Gloria in Excelsis is longer than the opening line presented in , and is often called the "Song of the Angels" given that it was uttered by the angels in the Annunciation to the Shepherds. The three canticles Benedictus, Nuc Dimittis and the Magnificat, if not originating with Luke himself, may have their roots in the earliest Christian liturgical services in Jerusalem, but their exact origins remain unknown. The earliest artistic depictions of Nativity of Jesus were in

Metrical psalter

containing all 150 canonical Psalms, plus the gospel canticle "Cantique de Siméon" ("Song of Simeon"), appeared in 1562. The French psalms were set to Gregorian and popular, secular, sometimes unpublished melodies that were harmonized and altered for congregational singing. Music for the Genevan psalter was furnished by Loys Bourgeois and others like Guillaume Franc and a certain Maistre Pierre. The composer Claude Goudimel harmonized these melodies with great variation in the complexity of the music. In some cases each part matches note for note, while others are contrapuntal or even motets. Even more elaborate musical arrangements were composed in the

The Song of the Sibyl

was first recorded as an acrostic poem in Greek by bishop Eusebius of Caesarea and later translated into Latin by Saint Augustine in "The City of God". It appeared again in the 10th century in different locations across Catalonia, Italy, Castile, and France in the sermon "Contra judeos", later inserted into the reading of the sixth lesson of the second nocturn of matins and was performed as an integral part of the liturgy. This chant was originally sung in Latin and under the name of "Judicii Signum", but from the 13th on, versions in Catalan are found. These early Catalan

Magnificat and Nunc dimittis for St Paul's Cathedral ("Song of Mary") and ("Song of Simeon") are biblical canticles. Mary sings the Magnificat ("My soul doth magnify the Lord") on the occasion of her visit to Elizabeth, as narrated in the Gospel of Luke (). Simeon sings the Nunc dimittis ("Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace") when Jesus is presented in the temple (). The canticles are part of the daily service of Evening Prayer in the Anglican church and have been set to music frequently. Howells set the combination of Magnificat and Nunc dimittis 20 times, taking

Simeon (Gospel of Luke)

the Latin in many Christian churches, and gave a prophecy alluding to the crucifixion. In some Christian traditions, this meeting is commemorated on February 2 as Candlemas or more formally, the "Presentation of the Lord", the "Meeting of the Lord", or the "Purification of the Virgin". His prophecy is used in the context of Our Lady of Sorrows. Simeon is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox traditions. His feast day is October 8 in the revised Martyrology of the Roman Catholic Church. The sole mention in the New Testament of Simeon is as

Nativity of Jesus

to him for help. Luke's Nativity text has given rise to four well known canticles: the "Benedictus" and the" Magnificat" in the first chapter, and the "Gloria in Excelsis" and the "Nunc dimittis" in the second chapter. These "Gospel canticles" are now an integral part of the Christian liturgical tradition. The parallel structure in Luke regarding the births of John the Baptist and Jesus, extends to the three canticles Benedictus (Song of Zechariah), the Nunc dimittis and the Magnificat. The Magnificat, in , is spoken by Mary and is one of the 8 most ancient Christian hymns and perhaps the

Erfreute Zeit im neuen Bunde, BWV 83

Nunc dimittis (). The gospel mentions the purification of Mary, but elaborates on Simeon who had been told he would not die without having seen the Messiah. The canticle ("Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace") is a constant part of the services Compline and Evensong. The unknown poet also concentrates on this aspect of the gospel and connects it to the listener's attitude to his own death. In the second movement, he comments the words of the canticle "" by recitative. He shapes movement 3 as a close paraphrase of . Movement 4 recalls the last verse