Question: Who is the current Director General of the BBC?

Director-General of the BBC

Director-General of the BBC The Director-General of the British Broadcasting Corporation is chief executive and (from 1994) editor-in-chief of the BBC. The position was formerly appointed by the Board of Governors of the BBC (for the period of 1927 to 2007) and then the BBC Trust (from 2007 to 2017). Since 2017 the Director-General is appointed by the BBC Board. To date sixteen individuals, all of whom have been men, have been appointed Director-General, plus an additional two who were appointed in an acting capacity only. The current Director-General is Tony, Lord Hall, who was appointed from the chief executiveship

Director-General of the BBC

of the Royal Opera House, which position he had held from April 2001. He is the first peer to hold the position (Lords Reith and Birt having been raised to the peerage only after their tenures had ended). An asterisk indicates that the incumbent was temporarily appointed as Acting Director General. Director-General of the BBC The Director-General of the British Broadcasting Corporation is chief executive and (from 1994) editor-in-chief of the BBC. The position was formerly appointed by the Board of Governors of the BBC (for the period of 1927 to 2007) and then the BBC Trust (from 2007 to

Mark Byford

BBC's Board of Management in 1996 as Director, Regional Broadcasting responsible for all the BBC's activities across the UK, outside London. In 1997–98, he drew up the BBC's response to devolution and helped to devise and implement the policy to increase the level of network programming production outside London. In 1998 he became Director of the BBC World Service and then Head of the BBC's multi-media Global News Division in 2002. In January 2004 he became Deputy Director General of the BBC but within three weeks of his appointment, Greg Dyke resigned as Director General, following the publication of the

Mark Thompson (media executive)

Shadow Culture Secretary Julie Kirkbride and Greg Dyke were amongst those who supported his selection. He took up the role of Director-General on 22 June 2004 (Mark Byford had been Acting Director-General since Dyke's resignation). On his first day he announced several management changes, including the replacement of the BBC's sixteen-person executive committee with a slimmed-down executive board of nine top managers. In 2007 it emerged that the BBC had been involved in a number of editorial guideline breaches. Mark Thompson, as BBC editor-in-chief investigated these breaches, and presented his interim report to the BBC Trust on 18 July 2007.

Mark Thompson (media executive)

magazine, "Isis". Thompson was appointed Director-General on 21 May 2004. He succeeded Greg Dyke, who resigned on 29 January 2004 in the aftermath of the Hutton Inquiry. Although he had originally stated he was not interested in the role of Director-General and would turn down any approach from the BBC, he changed his mind, saying the job was a "one-of-a-kind opportunity". The decision to appoint Thompson Director-General was made unanimously by the BBC Board of Governors, headed by the then new Chairman Michael Grade (another former chief executive of Channel 4). His appointment was widely praised: Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell,

Tim Davie

Tim Davie

Timothy Douglas Davie (born 25 April 1967 in Croydon, London) is the current and seventeenth Director-General of the BBC. He succeeded Tony Hall in the role on 1 September 2020. Davie was formerly the chief executive officer of BBC Studios. He served as acting Director-General of the BBC following George Entwistle's resignation in November 2012 until Lord Hall took over the role permanently in April 2013. During his time as acting director-general he oversaw the investigations into BBC management and conduct following revelations the broadcaster had known about sexual abuse by Jimmy Savile.

Director-General of the BBC

Director-General of the BBC

The director-general of the British Broadcasting Corporation is chief executive and (from 1994) editor-in-chief of the BBC.

The position was formerly appointed by the Board of Governors of the BBC (for the period of 1927 to 2007) and then the BBC Trust (from 2007 to 2017). Since 2017 the director-general has been appointed by the BBC Board.

To date, seventeen individuals have been appointed director-general, plus an additional two who were appointed in an acting capacity only. The current director-general is Tim Davie, who succeeded Tony Hall on 1 September 2020.

John Birt, Baron Birt

John Birt, Baron Birt

John Birt, Baron Birt (born 10 December 1944) is a British television executive and businessman. He is a former Director-General (1992–2000) of the BBC.

After a successful career in commercial television, initially at Granada Television and later at London Weekend Television, Birt was appointed Deputy Director-General of the BBC in 1987 for his expertise in current affairs. The forced departure of Director-General Alasdair Milne after pressure from the Thatcher government required someone near the top, preferably from outside the BBC, with editorial and production experience (Milne had been summarily replaced by Michael Checkland, an accountant).

During his tenure as Director-General, Birt restructured the BBC, in the face of much internal opposition. However, others have credited him with saving the corporation from possible government privatisation, and say he prepared for the era of digital broadcasting. After leaving the BBC, Birt was Strategic Advisor to Prime Minister Tony Blair from 2001 to 2005.
He was appointed Chairman of CPA Global in 2015.

Chairman of the BBC

Chairman of the BBC

The Chairman of the BBC is the head of the BBC Board, responsible for maintaining the independence of the BBC and overseeing the functioning of the BBC to fulfil its mission. The chairman leads the process for appointing the Director-General and can dismiss the Director-General. The chairman of the BBC also acts as the corporation's most senior representative to Parliament and the government, including the devolved administrations.

The chairman is formally appointed by the King-in-Council, on the advice of the Secretary of State for a four-year term.

BBC

BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the national broadcaster of the United Kingdom, based at Broadcasting House in London. It is the world's oldest national broadcaster, and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, employing over 22,000 staff in total, of whom approximately 19,000 are in public-sector broadcasting.

The BBC is established under a royal charter and operates under its agreement with the secretary of state for digital, culture, media and sport. Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households, companies, and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and is used to fund the BBC's radio, TV, and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK. Since 1 April 2014, it has also funded the BBC World Service (launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service), which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV, radio, and online services in Arabic and Persian.

Around a quarter of the BBC's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios (formerly BBC Worldwide), which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News, and from BBC.com, provided by BBC Global News Ltd. In 2009, the company was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements.

From its inception, through the Second World War (where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation), to the popularisation of television in the post-WW2 era and the internet in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture. It is colloquially known as the Beeb, Auntie, or a combination of both (Auntie Beeb).

Tim Davie

Tim Davie Timothy Douglas Davie (born 25 April 1967) is the Chief Executive Officer of BBC Studios (formerly known as BBC Worldwide) who served as acting Director-General of the BBC following George Entwistle's resignation in November 2012 until Lord Hall took over the role permanently in April 2013. During his time as acting director-general he oversaw the investigations into BBC management and conduct following revelations the broadcaster had known about sexual abuse by Sir Jimmy Savile and then made false accusations against Lord McAlpine. Davie was educated at Whitgift School in Croydon, and studied English at Selwyn College, Cambridge before

Tony Hall, Baron Hall of Birkenhead

TV and radio, became Director of News in 1993. He was Head of Current Affairs between 1996 and 2001. Among his career achievements are the launch of BBC Parliament, Radio 5 Live, BBC News 24, and BBC News Online. In 1999 he applied unsuccessfully for the position of Director-General of the BBC, but was later successful, being appointed as BBC Director-General on 22 November 2012, and took office on 2 April 2013. Hall was appointed Chief Executive of the Royal Opera House in April 2001. He set up ROH2, a department devoted to supporting new artists and developing new audiences,

Tim Davie

now heads both as Chief Executive, BBC Studios and Director, Global. Davie is married and has three sons. Tim Davie Timothy Douglas Davie (born 25 April 1967) is the Chief Executive Officer of BBC Studios (formerly known as BBC Worldwide) who served as acting Director-General of the BBC following George Entwistle's resignation in November 2012 until Lord Hall took over the role permanently in April 2013. During his time as acting director-general he oversaw the investigations into BBC management and conduct following revelations the broadcaster had known about sexual abuse by Sir Jimmy Savile and then made false accusations against

Patricia Hodgson

1970 and 1983 on Arts programmes for the Open University, as a producer on Tonight and briefly as presenter on the Today programme. She became Deputy Secretary of the BBC in 1983, quickly moving to become Secretary. She was subsequently Head of Policy (1987-1992) and then Director of Policy (1993-2000) a main board position. As Director of Policy & Planning, Hodgson developed the original concept for the BBC’s international commercial television channels, including BBC World, now BBC World News. Hodgson was responsible for Charter and Licence negotiations in 1995 and 2000 and also led the team which planned the launch

Rona Fairhead, Baroness Fairhead

that her appointment had caused surprise at the BBC, which had expected someone with a higher public profile to get the job. Others considered for the post were Sebastian Coe, the former Chairman of the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, and former Camelot Group chief executive Dianne Thompson. Fairhead officially took up the BBC Trust role on an acting basis on 9 September 2014, following approval by the House of Commons Select Committee for Culture, Media and Sport. She was formally appointed by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 8 October 2014, for a

Mark Byford

Hutton Report. Byford was appointed by the Board of Governors as Acting Director-General, a role that he undertook for five months. During this period, Byford had a lead role in producing "Building Public Value", the BBC's Charter renewal manifesto. When Mark Thompson was appointed Director General in June 2004, Byford's role was enlarged to take responsibility for all the BBC's journalism at UK, international and local levels – the first time such a post leading the BBC's Journalism at all levels across radio, television and online, had been established. In July 2006, he also became responsible for BBC Sport. In

George Entwistle

George Entwistle George Edward Entwistle (born 8 July 1962) was Director-General of the BBC during 2012, succeeding Mark Thompson. After a career in magazine journalism, he joined BBC Television in 1989, becoming a producer with a primary focus in factual and political programmes. He rose to become the director of BBC Vision, and became the Director-General of the BBC on 17 September 2012. Entwistle resigned as Director-General on 10 November 2012, following controversy over a "Newsnight" report which falsely implicated Lord McAlpine in the North Wales child abuse scandal. His resignation after just 54 days in the role made him

John Birt, Baron Birt

his tenure as Director-General, Birt restructured the BBC, in the face of much internal opposition. However, others have credited him with saving the corporation from possible government privatisation, and say he prepared for the era of digital broadcasting. After leaving the BBC, Birt was Strategic Advisor to Prime Minister Tony Blair from 2001–5. He was appointed Chairman of CPA Global in 2015. Birt was born in Liverpool (then in Lancashire) to a Catholic father, a manager at the Firestone tyre company, and a Protestant mother. He was raised as a Catholic, and educated at the direct-grant grammar school St Mary's

George Entwistle

Films. On 4 July 2012, the Chairman of the BBC Trust, Lord Patten, announced that Entwistle had been appointed to succeed Mark Thompson as Director-General of the BBC. He took up the post on 17 September 2012. Entwistle described himself as the "right person for the job". Only a matter of weeks into Entwistle's tenure as Director-General, the BBC became embroiled in the Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal. On 23 October 2012, Entwistle faced the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee over questions the BBC had failed to broadcast a "Newsnight" investigation into sexual abuse allegations against Savile after the

Helen Boaden

having received advanced information that Savile was being investigated for multiple cases of sexual abuse. The report explicitly criticised Boaden for having handled the matter too casually. Boaden returned to her position later the same month. In February 2013, Boaden was appointed director of radio by incoming director-general Tony Hall. This was widely seen as a demotion. After a period with Fran Unsworth in her former post, James Harding became Director of BBC News later in 2013. Boaden resigned from the BBC in September 2016. Boaden is a Fellow of The Radio Academy. Boaden has won Sony Awards for a

Tony Hall, Baron Hall of Birkenhead

Tony Hall, Baron Hall of Birkenhead Anthony William Hall, Baron Hall of Birkenhead, (born 3 March 1951) is the Director-General of the BBC. He took up the post of Director-General on 2 April 2013. Previously he was Chief Executive of the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London from 2001 until March 2013, and Director of News at the BBC between 1993 and 2001. Hall was made a Life Peer and took his seat in the House of Lords as a crossbench member on 22 March 2010. Tony Hall, the son of a bank manager, was born in Birkenhead, Cheshire,

Hugh Greene

and later with Lord Hill (played by Ron Cook) when he was Director General. Hugh Greene Sir Hugh Carleton Greene (15 November 1910 – 19 February 1987) was a British journalist and television executive. He was Director-General of the BBC from 1960 to 1969, and is generally credited with modernising an organisation that had fallen behind in the wake of the launch of ITV in 1955. He was the brother of Graham Greene, the English novelist. Greene was born in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, one of the four sons and two daughters of Charles Henry Greene, Headmaster of Berkhamsted School. His brothers

James Purnell

it was later revealed that the BBC had spent £498,000 defending the claim. In late September 2016, Purnell was appointed as the BBC's Director of Radio and Education, in succession to Helen Boaden. He took up his new position in late October. James Purnell James Mark Dakin Purnell (born 2 March 1970) is a British broadcasting executive and a former politician. In late September 2016, he was appointed as the BBC's Director of Radio, and took up his position in October that year, in addition to his other role as the BBC's Director of Strategy and Digital, a job he

Matthew Bannister

controller of Radio 1 alongside this until March 1998, when he was succeeded by Andy Parfitt. In 1999, Bannister was appointed Chief Executive of BBC Production, responsible for all non-news programme-making on English television, radio and online. He oversaw production centres in London, Manchester, Birmingham and Bristol. When John Birt announced he was stepping down as BBC Director General, Bannister lost out to Greg Dyke. After a short stint in 2000 as director of marketing and communications, he subsequently returned to radio presenting on BBC 5 Live, Radio 4 and the World Service. In October 2000 Matthew Bannister resigned from

BBC controversies

CEO of BBC Worldwide John Smith who was paid a total of £1,031,000 in 2011 (he later returned £205,000); George Entwistle who left the Director-General job after only 54 days following the Savile crisis, and received a payment of £511,500; and Roly Keating, the head of BBC Archives, who received a £375,000 severance payment in 2012 (which he later repaid in full). Margaret Hodge, chair of the Public Accounts Committee, criticised the practice, calling it an "outrageous waste of licence fee payers' money." Following his appointment as Director General, Lord Hall introduced a £150,000 cap on severance payments. Mark Thompson


Question: Which millionaire introduced a free school milk programme in Chicago to combat rickets?

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Harry Steenbock

his own money, Steenbock patented his invention. Steenbock's irradiation technique was used for food stuffs, but most memorably for milk. By the expiration of the patent in 1945, rickets had all but been eliminated. After receiving his patent, the Quaker Oats company offered $1 million (approximately $10 million today) for Steenbock's vitamin D technology. Steenbock thought twice about the offer. Instead of quickly selling his rights to a commercial company, Steenbock believed the money should be returned to the university. After soliciting interest from nine other University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni, Steenbock was influential in starting the first university technology transfer

Beveridge Report

deputy PM and Labour leader Clement Attlee) approved grants of fuel and subsidised milk to mothers and to children under the age of five in June 1940. A month later, the Board of Education decided that free school meals should become more widely available. By February 1945, 73% of children received milk in school, compared with 50% in July 1940. Free vaccination against diphtheria was also provided for children at school. In addition, the Town and Country Planning Act 1944 gave consideration to those areas damaged in bombing raids and enabled local authorities to clear slums, while the Housing (Temporary

Paul Kiplimo Boit

international brand of milk products mainly for children and Boit became its first African supplier. In March 1961, he made history as the first African individual to hold shares in the giant Kenya Cooperative Creameries - the firm founded by Lord Delamere back in 1925. In July 1961 he purchased a 620-acre farm in Kapkong near Eldoret where he farmed maize and raised cattle. He inspired other Africans and became their mediator by convincing them to sell cattle and buy land. His ability in farming was identified by the government which led to the visit of various dignitaries among them

Robert E. Rich Sr.

success. Robert E. Rich Sr. Robert E. Rich Sr. (July 7, 1913 – February 15, 2006) was a food-processing pioneer and executive. During World War II, he invented the first non-dairy whipped topping made from soybeans that could be frozen. Born in Buffalo, New York, he founded Rich Products in 1945, which had sales of $2.5 billion on more than 2,300 products in 2005, the year before he died at age 92 in Palm Beach, Florida. His son, Robert Jr., inherited the company and is the owner of the Buffalo Bisons minor league baseball team. Rich attended Bennett High School

Truby King

Lloyd Bennett publicly opposed his stance that higher education for women was detrimental to their maternal functions and hence to the human race. He also excited controversy during his efforts to export his methods to Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, with particular debate associated with his views on infant feeding formulas. He believed in "humanized" milk with the protein reduced to 1.4% to match breast milk, against the general paediatric consensus at the time in favour of high protein feeds. The work of the Plunket Society was credited with lowering infant mortality in New Zealand from 88 per thousand

List of Saturday Night Live commercial parodies

On the American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL"), a commercial advertisement parody is commonly shown after the host's opening monologue. Many of the parodies were produced by James Signorelli. The industries, products, and ad formats targeted by the parodies have been wide-ranging, including fast food, beer, feminine hygiene products, toys, clothes, medications (both prescription and over-the-counter), financial institutions, automobiles, electronics, appliances, public-service announcements, infomercials, and movie & TV shows (including "SNL" itself).

Many of "SNL"s ad parodies have been featured in prime-time clip shows over the years, including an April 1991 special hosted by Kevin Nealon and Victoria Jackson, as well as an early 1999 follow-up hosted by Will Ferrell that features his attempts to audition for a feminine hygiene commercial. In late 2005 and in March 2009, the special was modernized, featuring commercials created since the airing of the original special.

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List of Phi Sigma Kappa brothers

List of Phi Sigma Kappa brothers

This is a list of notable brothers of Phi Sigma Kappa men's collegiate fraternity, including those who were members of Phi Sigma Epsilon prior to the 1985 merger. <br>See to review guidelines for inclusion.

Matt Smith

Matt Smith

Matthew Robert Smith (born 28 October 1982) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor in the BBC series "Doctor Who" (2010–2013), Daemon Targaryen in the HBO series "House of the Dragon" (2022–present) and Prince Philip in the Netflix series "The Crown" (2016–2017), the lattermost of which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination.

Smith initially aspired to be a professional footballer, but spondylolysis forced him out of the sport. After joining the National Youth Theatre and studying drama and creative writing at the University of East Anglia, he became an actor in 2003, performing in plays including "Murder in the Cathedral", "Fresh Kills", "The History Boys" and "On the Shore of the Wide World" in London theatres. Extending his repertoire into West End theatre, he has since performed in the stage adaptation of "Swimming with Sharks" with Christian Slater, followed a year later by a critically acclaimed performance as Henry in "That Face".

Smith's first television role came in 2006 as Jim Taylor in the BBC adaptations of Philip Pullman's "The Ruby in the Smoke" and "The Shadow in the North", while his first major role in television came as Danny in the 2007 BBC series "Party Animals". Smith portrayed the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor in "Doctor Who" from 2010 to 2013, becoming the youngest person to portray the character. In film, he portrayed a dual role in "Womb" (2010), the physical forms of Skynet in "Terminator Genisys" (2015), 1960s pimp Jack in "Last Night in Soho" (2021), and Milo in "Morbius" (2022).

List of people from Wisconsin

List of people from Wisconsin

This is a list of notable people from the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The person's hometown is in parentheses.

Wikipedia:Language learning centre/Word list

Stephen A. Gaymont

Gaymont "revolutionized the dairy business by introducing bacteriological health-control methods". Splitting his later years between Chicago and Palm Beach, Florida, he died in Chicago's Northwestern Memorial Hospital. Stephen A. Gaymont Stephen A. Gaymont (c. 1906 - December 16, 1994) was a Hungarian bacteriologist who was one of the pioneers in the United States yogurt market. Born in Hungary, Gaymont received an undergraduate degree from Eötvös Loránd University and a PhD in bacteriology from the University of Pécs, and studied dairy science at Heidelberg University in Germany. As a student, Gaymont "was the fencing champion of Europe and would have been

Chicago Milk Commission

Chicago Milk Commission The Chicago Milk Commission (CMC) was formed in 1908 to combat the consumption of unpasteurized milk which was regarded as a leading cause of infant death in the Chicago area. It established "milk stations" throughout the city, which provided free pasteurized milk. The staff and volunteers of the CMC created the Infant Welfare Society of Chicago in 1911. In 1916 the Milk Producers Association started a series of milk strikes, to increase the price paid by Chicago dealers. By 1917 the rising price of milk lead to much reduced consumption (25% that year alone) causing concerns about

Robert E. Rich Sr.

Robert E. Rich Sr. Robert E. Rich Sr. (July 7, 1913 – February 15, 2006) was a food-processing pioneer and executive. During World War II, he invented the first non-dairy whipped topping made from soybeans that could be frozen. Born in Buffalo, New York, he founded Rich Products in 1945, which had sales of $2.5 billion on more than 2,300 products in 2005, the year before he died at age 92 in Palm Beach, Florida. His son, Robert Jr., inherited the company and is the owner of the Buffalo Bisons minor league baseball team. Rich attended Bennett High School in

Dairy Council of California

consumption increased by nearly 25 percent. The 1920s and 30s brought the California Dairy Council’s first big strides in nutrition education, beginning with the “Dairy Product for Health” campaign targeting PTA parents. It was a time when many children had rickets and other nutritional deficiencies. “We gave people something of real value without expecting anything in return,” said Greene of his efforts. “We did this in the firm belief that when facts about our products reached the people in the form of education, we would reap our rewards in increased use of milk and other dairy products.” The Mobile Dairy

Free Breakfast for Children

sickle cell anemia), and blood drives for the Cook County Hospital. The Chicago party also reached out to local gangs to clean up their acts, get them away from crime and bring them into the class war. The Party's efforts met with wide success, and Hampton's audiences and organized contingent grew by the day. Free Breakfast for Children The Free Breakfast for School Children Program was a community service program run by the Black Panther Party as an early manifestation of the social mission envisioned by founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale along with their founding of the Oakland

Oslo breakfast

children from being stigmatized if they had to apply to get it at no cost. The Oslo breakfast was the most famous of a number of similar worldwide developments in the 1920s and 1930s, for governmental and educational authorities to provide school children with more nutritious food. Perhaps the second most famous example was Lord Boyd-Orr's work in Scotland, which showed the benefits of giving school children free milk – this led to universal school milk provision across Scotland and later the whole of Great Britain. From the 1930s to 1950s, programs based on the Oslo breakfast soon spread to

Harriette Chick

the nutritional factor causing rickets, and proved that fat-soluble vitamins present in cod liver oil, or exposure to ultra violet light, could cure and prevent rickets in children. Chick was appointed Head of a new nutrition section at the Lister Institute and continued with her research on rickets and, additionally, pellagra. The department was relocated to the Cambridge house of the Lister director CJ Martin during the Second World War. She served as secretary of the League of Nations health section committee on the physiological bases of nutrition from 1934 to 1937. In 1941 she was a founding member of

Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh

form the Tuberculin Tested Milk Producers Association researching into the eradication of tuberculosis-infected cattle, and was instrumental in establishing the National Institute for Research into Dairying, at Shinfield, Berkshire. In 1927 several of the most able students came from the Chadacre Agricultural Institute, to assist in the transformation of the Elveden Estate and help him with his revolutionary ideas. The brightest was a 21-year-old Victor Harrison, who arrived in 1933. Chadacre finally closed in 1989, but the Trust continues to this day, chaired by the present Lord Iveagh. Its income is used to support agricultural research work. Lord Iveagh realised

Vitamin D deficiency

was awarded to Adolf Windaus, who discovered the steroid 7-dehydrocholesterol, the precursor of vitamin D. Prior to the fortification of milk products with vitamin D, rickets was a major public health problem. In the United States, milk has been fortified with 10 micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D per quart since the 1930s, leading to a dramatic decline in the number of rickets cases. A great deal of research has been conducted to understand whether low levels of vitamin D may cause or be a result of other conditions. Some evidence suggests hypovitaminosis D may be associated with a worse

Chicago Milk Commission

child welfare. The CMC set the price to 13 cents per quart, for home delivery, a cent less than the prevailing price. Chicago Milk Commission The Chicago Milk Commission (CMC) was formed in 1908 to combat the consumption of unpasteurized milk which was regarded as a leading cause of infant death in the Chicago area. It established "milk stations" throughout the city, which provided free pasteurized milk. The staff and volunteers of the CMC created the Infant Welfare Society of Chicago in 1911. In 1916 the Milk Producers Association started a series of milk strikes, to increase the price paid

Lal Bahadur Shastri

with Mr Verghese Kurien, then the General Manager of Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union Ltd (Amul) to replicate this model to other parts of the country for improving the socio-economic conditions of farmers. As a result of this visit, the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) was established at Anand in 1965 While speaking on the chronic food shortages across the country, Shastri urged people to voluntarily give up one meal so that the food saved could be distributed to the affected populace. However he ensured that he first implemented the system in his own family before appealing to the

The Millionaire Milkman

December 16, 1910. At least one theater advertised the film as a comedy instead of a drama. The film had a wide national release, theaters showing the film include those in Kansas, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Arizona. The film was shown in Singapore in 1913. "The New York Dramatic Mirror" praised the film for its well-execution, but it didn't miss a chance to balance it by criticizing the actor who played the milkman, "The Laura Jean Libbey style of romance is here presented with more than the usual success. ... The purchase of the milk delivery job was not convincing

National Dairy Checkoff

steak cheese quesadilla and worked with Domino's to create cheese stuffed crust and push their products into schools, bringing pizza to over 2,000 schools. Dairy in Schools The Dairy Check Off Program has increased flavored milk being sold and distributed in school lunches. It promotes flavored milk and flavored milk companies, advertising "Chocolate Milk has Muscles" and "Raise Your Hand for Chocolate Milk". The Dairy Check Off supports "http://www.fueluptoplay60.com/", which is a partnership between the NFL and schools to teach kids to get active and choose healthy food options such as yogurt and other dairy products. From 1983 to 2004

Blasio Vincent Ndale Esau Oriedo

gave impetus to an effective regional strategy. One of the key elements of the program was the national school milk program which provided daily provision of milk to kindergarten through preparatory school children during morning and afternoon recess sessions; moreover, educators were mandated to somatically check pupils for health and hygiene during physical education (PE) periods; further, schools were duty-bound to maintain up-to-date requisite immunization records. Indeed, this was one of the constituents of a multi-part dynamic public health strategy—which had been explicitly adapted by the East African Commission—toward health wellness; thus, socioeconomic, sociocultural, and socioecological progressions in the region.

Truby King

War and returned with his dream clarified, having noticed how healthy infants were due to 12 to 18 months of breastfeeding. On his return he began to use his access as a Justice of the Peace to licensed baby-boarding homes where typical conditions moved him to establish such a boarding facility himself at his Karitane residence at the foot of Huriawa Peninsula. It is the establishment of the Plunket Society on 14 May 1907 for which King is best known. Set up to apply scientific principles to nutrition of babies, and strongly rooted in eugenics and patriotism, its 1917 "Save


Question: The composer Peter Warlock was the father of which art critic?

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Cecil Gray (composer)

under the name Peter Warlock. Gray subsequently worked as music critic for publications including "The Daily Telegraph", "The Manchester Guardian" and "The Morning Post", and occasionally for the "Radio Times" and "The Listener". His first published book, "A Survey of Contemporary Music" was published in 1924, and was notable for its contrary opinions. Frank Howes, "The Times" chief music critic pointed out that the formula "so far from the usual view being true, the precise opposite is the case" occurs every few pages. With Heseltine, Gray co-authored the characteristically perverse "Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa: Musician and Murderer" in 1926.

Peter Warlock

Peter Warlock

Dent, the future Cambridge University music professor. However, much of his writing was confrontational and quarrelsome. He made dismissive comments about the current standards of musical criticism ("the average newspaper critic of music ... is either a shipwrecked or worn-out musician, or else a journalist too incompetent for ordinary reporting") which offended senior critics such as Ernest Newman. He wrote provocative articles in the "Musical Times", and in July 1919 feuded with the composer-critic Leigh Henry over the music of Igor Stravinsky. In a letter dated 17 July 1919, Delius advised the younger man to concentrate either on writing or

Peter Warlock

prolific period as a composer came in the 1920s, when he was based first in Wales and later at Eynsford in Kent. Through his critical writings, published under his own name, Heseltine made a pioneering contribution to the scholarship of early music. In addition, he produced a full-length biography of Delius and wrote, edited, or otherwise assisted the production of several other books and pamphlets. Towards the end of his life, Heseltine became depressed by a loss of his creative inspiration. He died in his London flat of coal gas poisoning in 1930, probably by his own hand. Heseltine was

Peter Warlock

quality, "frequently thrilling and passionate and, occasionally, innovative to the point of being revolutionary". As well as a large output of musical journalism and criticism, Heseltine wrote or was significantly involved in the production of 10 books or long pamphlets: At the time of his death Heseltine was planning to write a life of John Dowland. Notes Citations Sources Peter Warlock Philip Arnold Heseltine (30 October 189417 December 1930), known by the pseudonym Peter Warlock, was a British composer and music critic. The Warlock name, which reflects Heseltine's interest in occult practices, was used for all his published musical works.

Peter Warlock

Peter Warlock

Philip Arnold Heseltine (30 October 189417 December 1930), known by the pseudonym Peter Warlock, was a British composer and music critic. The Warlock name, which reflects Heseltine's interest in occult practices, was used for all his published musical works. He is best known as a composer of songs and other vocal music; he also achieved notoriety in his lifetime through his unconventional and often scandalous lifestyle.

As a schoolboy at Eton College, Heseltine met the British composer Frederick Delius, with whom he formed a close friendship. After a failed student career in Oxford and London, Heseltine turned to musical journalism, while developing interests in folk-song and Elizabethan music. His first serious compositions date from around 1915. Following a period of inactivity, a positive and lasting influence on his work arose from his meeting in 1916 with the Dutch composer Bernard van Dieren; he also gained creative impetus from a year spent in Ireland, studying Celtic culture and language. On his return to England in 1918, Heseltine began composing songs in a distinctive, original style, while building a reputation as a combative and controversial music critic. During 1920–21 he edited the music magazine "The Sackbut". His most prolific period as a composer came in the 1920s, when he was based first in Wales and later at Eynsford in Kent.

Through his critical writings, published under his own name, Heseltine made a pioneering contribution to the scholarship of early music. In addition, he produced a full-length biography of Delius and wrote, edited, or otherwise assisted the production of several other books and pamphlets. Towards the end of his life, Heseltine became depressed by a loss of his creative inspiration. He died in his London flat of coal gas poisoning in 1930, probably by suicide.

Brian Sewell

Brian Sewell

Brian Alfred Christopher Bushell Sewell "The Guardian" described him as "Britain's most famous and controversial art critic", while the "Standard" called him the "nation’s best art critic".

Ernest John Moeran

Ernest John Moeran

Ernest John Smeed Moeran (31 December 1894 – 1 December 1950) was an English composer of part-Irish extraction, whose work was strongly influenced by English and Irish folk music of which he was an assiduous collector. His output includes orchestral pieces, concertos, chamber and keyboard works, and a number of choral and song cycles as well as individual songs.

The son of a clergyman, Moeran studied at the Royal College of Music under Charles Villiers Stanford before service in the army during the First World War, in which he was wounded. After the war he was a pupil of John Ireland, and quickly established a reputation as a composer of promise with a number of well-received works. From 1925 to 1928 he shared a cottage with the composer Peter Warlock; the bohemian lifestyle and heavy drinking during this period interrupted his creativity for a while, and sowed the seeds of the alcoholism that would blight his later life. He resumed composing in the 1930s, and re-established his reputation with a series of major works, including a symphony and a violin concerto. From 1934 onwards he spent much of his time in Ireland, mainly in the coastal town of Kenmare.

In 1945 Moeran married the cellist Peers Coetmore, and for her he composed several works for cello. The marriage was not destined to last, and Moeran's final years were lonely. He died at Kenmare on 1 December 1950, having fallen into the water after suffering a cerebral haemorrhage. A second symphony was left unfinished at the time of his death. Composer Anthony Payne declared that "Moeran occupied a minor place in the music of his time, but his meticulously polished and ready technique is unsurpassed among his British contemporaries. This craftsmanship is evident in the clarity of his textures and processes, and in the superb sonority of his orchestral writing".

Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji

Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji

Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (born Leon Dudley Sorabji; 14 August 1892 – 15 October 1988) was an English composer, music critic, pianist and writer whose music, written over a period of seventy years, ranges from sets of miniatures to works lasting several hours. One of the most prolific 20th-century composers, he is best known for his piano pieces, notably nocturnes such as "Gulistān" and "Villa Tasca", and large-scale, technically intricate compositions, which include seven symphonies for piano solo, four toccatas, "Sequentia cyclica" and "100 Transcendental Studies". He felt alienated from English society by reason of his homosexuality and mixed ancestry, and had a lifelong tendency to seclusion.

Sorabji was educated privately. His mother was English and his father a Parsi businessman and industrialist from India, who set up a trust fund that freed his family from the need to work. Although Sorabji was a reluctant performer and not a virtuoso, he played some of his music publicly between 1920 and 1936. In the late 1930s, his attitude shifted and he imposed restrictions on performance of his works, which he lifted in 1976. His compositions received little exposure in those years and he remained in public view mainly through his writings, which include the books "Around Music" and "Mi contra fa: The Immoralisings of a Machiavellian Musician". During this time, he also left London and eventually settled in the village of Corfe Castle, Dorset. Information on Sorabji's life, especially his later years, is scarce, with most of it coming from the letters he exchanged with his friends.

As a composer, Sorabji was largely self-taught. Although he was attracted to modernist aesthetics at first, he later dismissed much of the established and contemporary repertoire. He drew on diverse influences like Ferruccio Busoni, Claude Debussy and Karol Szymanowski and developed a style blending baroque forms with frequent polyrhythms, interplay of tonal and atonal elements and lavish ornamentation. Though he composed mostly for the piano and has been likened to the composer-pianists he admired, including Franz Liszt and Charles-Valentin Alkan, he also wrote orchestral, chamber and organ pieces. His harmonic language and complex rhythms anticipated works from the mid-20th century onwards, and while his music remained largely unpublished until the early 2000s, interest in it has grown since then.

Frederick Delius

Frederick Delius

Frederick Theodore Albert Delius ( 29 January 1862 – 10 June 1934), originally Fritz Delius, was an English composer. Born in Bradford in the north of England to a prosperous mercantile family, he resisted attempts to recruit him to commerce. He was sent to Florida in the United States in 1884 to manage an orange plantation. He soon neglected his managerial duties and in 1886 returned to Europe.

Having been influenced by African-American music during his short stay in Florida, he began composing. After a brief period of formal musical study in Germany beginning in 1886, he embarked on a full-time career as a composer in Paris and then in nearby Grez-sur-Loing, where he and his wife Jelka lived for the rest of their lives, except during the First World War.

Delius's first successes came in Germany, where Hans Haym and other conductors promoted his music from the late 1890s. In Delius's native Britain, his music did not make regular appearances in concert programmes until 1907, after Thomas Beecham took it up. Beecham conducted the full premiere of "A Mass of Life" in London in 1909 (he had premiered Part II in Germany in 1908); he staged the opera "A Village Romeo and Juliet" at Covent Garden in 1910; and he mounted a six-day Delius festival in London in 1929, as well as making gramophone recordings of many of the composer's works. After 1918, Delius began to suffer the effects of syphilis, contracted during his earlier years in Paris. He became paralysed and blind, but completed some late compositions between 1928 and 1932 with the aid of an amanuensis, Eric Fenby.

The lyricism in Delius's early compositions reflected the music he had heard in America and the influences of European composers such as Grieg and Wagner. As his skills matured, he developed a style uniquely his own, characterised by his individual orchestration and his uses of chromatic harmony. Delius's music has been only intermittently popular, and often subject to critical attacks. The Delius Society, formed in 1962 by his more dedicated followers, continues to promote knowledge of the composer's life and works, and sponsors the annual Delius Prize competition for young musicians.

Peter Warlock

for the rest of his life continued to promote the older composer's music. In November 1916 Heseltine used the pseudonym "Peter Warlock" for the first time, in an article on Sir Eugene Aynsley Goossens' chamber music for "The Music Student". Puma bore a son in July 1916, though there is confusion about the child's exact identity. Most biographers assumed him to be Nigel Heseltine, the future writer who published a memoir of his father in 1992. However, in that memoir Nigel denied that Puma was his mother; he was, he says, the result of a concurrent liaison between Heseltine and

Peter Warlock

not return to Oxford after the 1914 summer vacation; with his mother's reluctant consent he moved to Bloomsbury in London, and enrolled at University College London to study language, literature and philosophy. In his spare time he conducted a small amateur orchestra in Windsor, after admitting to Delius that he knew nothing of the art of conducting. However, his life as a student in London was brief; in February 1915, with the help of Lady Emerald Cunard (a mistress of Beecham) he secured a job as a music critic for the "Daily Mail" at a salary of £100 per year.

Peter Warlock

musical journalism, while developing interests in folk-song and Elizabethan music. His first serious compositions date from around 1915. Following a period of drift and inactivity, a positive and lasting influence on his work arose from his meeting in 1916 with the Dutch composer Bernard van Dieren; he also gained creative impetus from a year spent in Ireland, studying Celtic culture and language. On his return to England in 1918, Heseltine began composing songs in a distinctive, original style, while building a reputation as a combative and controversial music critic. During 1920–21 he edited the music magazine "The Sackbut". His most

Peter Heyworth

Peter Heyworth Peter Lawrence Frederick Heyworth (21 June 1921 - 2 October 1991) was an American-born English music critic and biographer. He wrote the definitive biography of Otto Klemperer and was a prominent supporter of avant-garde music. Peter Heyworth was born in New York City. He was educated at Charterhouse, Göttingen University, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was the music critic for the "Times Educational Supplement" from 1952 to 1956 and the music critic of "The Observer" (London) from 1955 to 1988. He was the author of "Conversations with Klemperer" (1973) and "Otto Klemperer: His Life and Times" (2 vols,

Peter Warlock

filtered through Warlock". Heseltine biographer Brian Collins considers the composer a prime mover in the 20th-century renaissance of early English music; apart from much writing on the subject, he made well over 500 transcriptions of early works. He also wrote or contributed to ten books, and wrote dozens of general music articles and reviews. Many years later, Gray wrote of Heseltine: "In the memory of his friends, he is as alive now as he ever was when he trod the earth, and so he will continue to be until the last of us are dead". During his Eynsford years, Heseltine

Frederick Delius

the score contained passages of great beauty, but was ineffective as drama. During the First World War, Delius and Jelka moved from Grez to avoid the hostilities. They took up temporary residence in the south of England, where Delius continued to compose. In 1915, "The Musical Times" published a profile of him by his admirer, the composer Philip Heseltine (known as "Peter Warlock"), who commented: [H]e holds no official position in the musical life of the country [i.e. Britain]; he does not teach in any of the academies, he is not even an honorary professor or doctor of music. He

Peter Child

to Sheila Perry Brachfeld-Child, he has two daughters, Madeleine and Rachel. Peter Child Peter Burlingham Child (born 6 May 1953) is an American composer, teacher, and musical analyst. He is Professor of Music at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and was a composer in residence with the New England Philharmonic. Child took his first composition lessons at the age of 12 with Bernard Barrell. He began attending Keele University in Staffordshire, England, but transferred to Reed College in Portland, Oregon in 1973 in a junior-year exchange program. He earned his BA in music at Reed in 1975. Child then

Peter Warlock

musical output, reserving his own name for critical and analytical writings. At around this time the composer Charles Wilfred Orr recalled Heseltine as "a tall fair youth of about my own age", trying without success to convince a sceptical Delius of the merits of Van Dieren's piano works. Orr was particularly struck by Heseltine's whistling abilities which he describes as "flute-like in quality and purity". For the next few years Heseltine devoted most of his energy to musical criticism and journalism. In May 1919 he delivered a paper to the Musical Association, "The Modern Spirit in Music", that impressed E.J.

Peter Warlock

career in music. He consulted Delius, who advised him that, if his mind was set, he should follow his instincts and pursue this objective in the face of all other considerations. Beecham, who knew both men, later sharply criticised this advice, on the grounds of Heseltine's immaturity and instability. "Frederick should never have committed the psychological blunder of preaching the doctrine of relentless determination to someone incapable of receiving it". In the end Heseltine acceded to his mother's wishes. After passing the necessary examinations, he was accepted to study classics at Christ Church, Oxford, and began there in October 1913.

Bruce Blunt

Bruce Blunt George Henry Bruce Blunt, otherwise known as Bruce Blunt (1 July 1899 – 8 July 1957) was an English poet, journalist and wine merchant best known for his collaborations with the composer Peter Warlock. In "Frederick Delius and Peter Warlock: a friendship revealed" he is described as a "bon viveur, poet, journalist, and writer on wine, gardening, and the turf." His poetry is included in the 1932 anthology "Modern Poets" edited by J. C. Squire. For Warlock he wrote a number of short song texts including the carol "Bethlehem Down" (1927) and the songs "The Fox", "The Frostbound

Putnam Aldrich

music criticism for Boston newspapers and articles on subjects such as Bach and Couperin for the Saturday Review (U.S. magazine). Putnam received a Fulbright Fellowship and a Guggenheim Fellowship for music research in Italy in 1958. Putnam Aldrich Putnam Calder Aldrich (July 14, 1904 – April 18, 1975) was an American harpsichordist, musicologist and Professor of Music at Stanford University. He is credited with creating the Ph.D. music program at Stanford University, for "establishing the first union of the disciplines of musicology and performance technique" and for developing the first graduate program in Early music in the country. In the

Peter Heyworth

1983-1996; 2nd vol completed by John Lucas). The Klemperer biography stands as a literary achievement of merit having, precision, sympathy, psychoanalytic depth and breadth of scope. Peter Heyworth Peter Lawrence Frederick Heyworth (21 June 1921 - 2 October 1991) was an American-born English music critic and biographer. He wrote the definitive biography of Otto Klemperer and was a prominent supporter of avant-garde music. Peter Heyworth was born in New York City. He was educated at Charterhouse, Göttingen University, and Balliol College, Oxford. He was the music critic for the "Times Educational Supplement" from 1952 to 1956 and the music critic

Peter Gammond

Peter Gammond Peter Gammond (born 30 September 1925) is a British music critic, writer, journalist, musician, poet, and artist. Peter Gammond was born in Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire. The son of John Thomas Gammond (1892-1970), a clerk, and Margaret Heald (1898-1985), Gammond inherited his musical interests from his father, who was a skilful and well-known amateur cellist and instrument repairer. After early preparatory school in Weaverham, where he lived from 1930 to 1950, he was educated at Sir John Deane's Grammar School, where he attained distinctions in English and Art in the Higher School Certificate examinations. He won a scholarship to

Peter Warlock

continued to transcribe early music, wrote articles and criticism, and finished the book on Gesualdo. He attempted to restore the reputation of a neglected Elizabethan composer, Thomas Whythorne, with a long pamphlet which, years later, brought significant amendments to Whythorne's entry in "The History of Music in England". He also wrote a general study of Elizabethan music, "The English Ayre". In January 1927, Heseltine's string serenade was recorded for the National Gramophonic Society, by John Barbirolli and an improvised chamber orchestra. A year later, HMV recorded the ballad "Captain Stratton's Fancy", sung by Peter Dawson. These two are the only

Brian Sewell

Brian Sewell Brian Sewell (; 15 July 1931 – 19 September 2015) was an English art critic and media personality. He wrote for the "Evening Standard" and was noted for his acerbic view of conceptual art and the Turner Prize. "The Guardian" described him as "Britain's most famous and controversial art critic", while the "Standard" called him the "nation’s best art critic", and Artnet News called him the United Kingdom's "most famous and controversial art critic". Sewell was born on 15 July 1931. The man who in later life he claimed to have been his father, composer Philip Heseltine, better


Question: In fashion and dress what is a skinny rib?

pullover
A PULLOVER
Pull Over
Pull-over
Pullover
Pullover (disambiguation)
pull over
pullover disambiguation
Pulled over
pulled over

Rib removal

material may be used for a bone graft. The excess pressure of thoracic outlet syndrome may be reduced by rib removal. Major surgery to the thoracic cavity, such as open heart surgery, may require removal of ribs to allow access to the organ being operated on. Victorian fashion valued a wasp waist and hourglass figure for women. This was achieved through laced corsets. Twentieth-century rumors hold that some women had their lower ribs removed to facilitate tighter lacing of the waist. In 1931, corset-maker Rosa Binner alleged that French actress Polaire had had her lowest rib removed in the 1890s.

Slim-fit pants

jeans. In some styles, zippers are needed at the bottom of the leg to facilitate pulling them over the feet. Stretch denim, with anywhere from 2% to 4% spandex, may be used to allow jeans to have a super-slim fit. Skinny jeans come in a variety of colors and styles. Before the 18th century, European men wore breeches and hose. In Tudor times, these breeches were loose-fitting, but by the 1660s, tight breeches were fashionable. These were popularised by Frenchmen at the court of Louis XIII, as part of the three piece suit that also included a type of frock

Slim-fit pants

or white. Women's skinny jeans saw the high-waist trend coming back in style. Just like men's the female skinny jeans came in various colors, often in neutral colors like khaki and white. In Europe, skinny jeans for boys and men have a loose waist to appear "baggy" at the top but skinny on the legs. Victorian doctors theorised that tight trousers caused an outbreak of apoplexy in New York. However, the veracity of this claim is questionable, given the often speculative nature of early modern medicine. In modern times, some physicians believe tight trousers may cause numbness due to compression

1900s in Western fashion

full low chest and curvy hips. The "health corset" of this period removed pressure from the abdomen and created an S-curve silhouette. In 1897, the silhouette slimmed and elongated by a considerable amount. Blouses and dresses were full in front and puffed into a "pigeon breast" shape of the early 20th century that looked over the narrow waist, which sloped from back to front and was often accented with a sash or belt. Necklines were supported by very high boned collars. Skirts brushed the floor, often with a train, even for day dresses, in mid-decade. The fashion houses of Paris

Rib (aeronautics)

Rib (aeronautics) In an aircraft, ribs are forming elements of the structure of a wing, especially in traditional construction. By analogy with the anatomical definition of "rib", the ribs attach to the main spar, and by being repeated at frequent intervals, form a skeletal shape for the wing. Usually ribs incorporate the airfoil shape of the wing, and the skin adopts this shape when stretched over the ribs. There are several types of ribs. Form-ribs, plate-type ribs, truss ribs, closed-ribs, forged ribs and milled ribs, where form-ribs are used for light to medium loading and milled ribs offer the greatest

History of corsets

History of corsets

The corset has been an indispensable supportive undergarment for women, in Europe for several centuries, evolving as fashion trends have changed and being known, depending on era and geography, as a pair of bodies, stays and corsets. The appearance of the garment represented a change from people wearing clothes to fit their bodies to changing the shape of their bodies to support and fit their fashionable clothing.

A "pair of bodies" or stays, the supportive garments that predated corsets, first became popular in sixteenth-century Europe, with corsets reaching the zenith of its popularity in the Victorian era. While the corset has typically been worn as an undergarment, it has occasionally been used as an outer-garment; stays as outer-garments can be seen in the national dress of many European countries.<ref name=Ewings1978 />

Balaclava (clothing)

Balaclava (clothing)

A balaclava, also known as a balaclava helmet or ski mask, is a form of cloth headgear designed to expose only part of the face, usually the eyes and mouth. Depending on style and how it is worn, only the eyes, mouth and nose, or just the front of the face are unprotected. Versions with enough of a full face opening may be rolled into a hat to cover the crown of the head or folded down as a collar around the neck.

Slouch sock

Corduroy

Corduroy

Corduroy is a textile with a distinctively raised "cord" or wale texture. Modern corduroy is most commonly composed of tufted cords, sometimes exhibiting a channel (bare to the base fabric) between them. Both velvet and corduroy derive from fustian fabric.
Corduroy looks as if it is made from multiple cords laid parallel to each other.

Wasp waist

Wasp waist

Wasp waist is a women's fashion silhouette, produced by a style of corset and girdle, that has experienced various periods of popularity in the 19th and 20th centuries. Its primary feature is the abrupt transition from a natural-width rib cage to an exceedingly small waist, with the hips curving out below. It takes its name from its similarity to a wasp's segmented body. The sharply cinched waistline also exaggerates the hips and bust.

Spare Rib

Spare Rib Spare Rib was a second-wave in the United Kingdom that emerged from the counter culture of the late 1960s as a consequence of meetings involving, among others, Rosie Boycott and Marsha Rowe. "Spare Rib" is now recognised as an iconic magazine, which shaped debate about feminism in the UK, and as such it was digitised by the British Library in 2015. "Spare Rib" contained new writing and creative contributions which challenged stereotypes and supported collective solutions. The magazine was published between 1972 and 1993. The title derives from the Biblical reference to Eve, the first woman, created from

Necktie

of around at their widest, compared to usually for regular ties. Skinny ties were first popularized in the late 1950s and early 1960s by British bands such as the Beatles and the Kinks, alongside the subculture that embraced such bands, the mods. This is because clothes of the time evolved to become more form-fitting and tailored. They were later repopularized in the late 1970s and early 1980s by new wave and power pop bands such as the Knack, Blondie and Duran Duran. The "pre-tied", or more commonly, the clip-on, necktie is a permanently knotted four-in-hand or bow tie affixed by

Short ribs

rib is known as an "English cut". They may also be known as barbecue ribs, braising ribs, or fancy cut ribs. A section of short ribs from the plate (ribs six through eight, with their intercostal muscle) is known as a "short plate". Rib short ribs are almost always sold as a plate. When the carcass is cut across the bone to create strips of meat with multiple rib bones, the short rib is known as a "flanken cut." These may also be known as crosscut ribs, Eastern European-style ribs, Hawaiian-style ribs, Jewish ribs, Korean-style ribs, or "kosher ribs". Flanken-cut

Rib (aeronautics)

running from the leading edge to the trailing edge, being the other two component parts. Rib (aeronautics) In an aircraft, ribs are forming elements of the structure of a wing, especially in traditional construction. By analogy with the anatomical definition of "rib", the ribs attach to the main spar, and by being repeated at frequent intervals, form a skeletal shape for the wing. Usually ribs incorporate the airfoil shape of the wing, and the skin adopts this shape when stretched over the ribs. There are several types of ribs. Form-ribs, plate-type ribs, truss ribs, closed-ribs, forged ribs and milled ribs,

Slim-fit pants

Slim-fit pants Slim-fit pants or skinny jeans (when made of denim) have a snug fit through the legs and end in a small leg opening that can be anywhere from 9" to 20" in circumference, depending on size. Other names for this style include drainpipes, stovepipes, tight pants, cigarette pants, skinny jeans, pencil pants, skinny pants, gas pipes, and skinnies. Skinny jeans taper completely at the bottom of the leg, whereas drainpipe jeans are skinny but then the lower leg is straight instead of tapering and so they are often slightly baggier at the bottom of the leg than skinny

Rib

Rib In vertebrate anatomy, ribs () are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. In most tetrapods, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the chest cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body. Ribs are classed as flat bones which usually have a protective role in the body. Humans have 24 ribs, in 12 pairs. All are attached at the back to

Rib (aeronautics)

strength. Ribs are made out of wood, metal, plastic, composites, foam. The wings of kites, hang gliders, paragliders, powered kites, powered hang gliders, ultralights, windmills are aircraft that have versions that use ribs to form the wing shape. For full size and flying model aircraft wing structures that are usually made of wood, ribs can either be in one piece (forming the airfoil at that rib's "station" in the wing), or be in a three-piece format, with the "rib web" being the part that the one-piece rib consisted of, with "capstrips" for the upper and lower edging of the rib,

Dairy cattle evaluation

width that the ribs extend from the animal's body. The chest is given 6 points and should be "deep and wide". The barrel should be long, deep, and wide and is given 4 points. The thighs are given 2 points and should be wide and flat. They should appear lean and concave. The neck, given 2 points, should be free of excess skin and fat, appearing long and attached smoothly to the body. The withers are given 2 points and should be well defined and angular. The skin should be "thin, loose, and pliable" and is given 1 point. Rear

Spare Rib

time. This held the witty, subversive connotations the editors had been looking for. The "Spare Rib" Manifesto stated: "The concept of Women’s Liberation is widely misunderstood, feared and ridiculed. Many women remain isolated and unhappy. We want to publish Spare RIB to try to change this. We believe that women’s liberation is of vital importance to women now and, intrinsically, to the future of our society. Spare RIB will reach out to all women, cutting across material, economic and class barriers, to approach them as individuals in their own right".Early articles were linked closely with left-leaning political theories of the

Spare Rib

time, especially anti-capitalism and the exploitation of women as consumers through fashion. The covers were often of a striking design. As the women's movement evolved during the 1970s, the magazine became a focus for sometimes acrimonious debate between the many streams that emerged within the movement, such as socialist feminism, radical feminism, revolutionary feminism, lesbian feminism, liberal feminism and black feminism. It included contributors from well-known international feminist writers, activists and theorists as well as the stories of ordinary women in their own words. "Spare Rib" articles tackled many different threads of feminism from many different angles. Subjects included: “liberating

Ribbing (knitting)

Ribbing (knitting) In knitting, ribbing is a pattern in which vertical stripes of stockinette stitch alternate with vertical stripes of reverse stockinette stitch. These two types of stripes may be separated by other stripes in which knit and purl stitches alternate vertically; such plissé stripes add width and depth to ribbing but not more elasticity. The number of knit and purl stripes (wales) are generally equal, although they need not be. When they are equal, the fabric has no tendency to curl, unlike stockinette stitch. Such ribbing looks the same on both sides and is useful for garments such as

Short ribs

style known as the "plate"). Short ribs are popular in many international cuisines. Meatpacking executive Richard C. Banfield notes that the term "short ribs" comes from the fact that the cut of meat contains only a portion of each long beef rib. Using American butcher's nomenclature, short ribs may be taken from the brisket, chuck, plate, or rib areas of beef cattle. The "serratus ventralis" muscle defines the area in the beef carcass from where short ribs come, and is the preferred muscle tissue for short ribs. This muscle originates near the second rib, and covers most of the rib

Slim-fit pants

until they pass a test on an Islamic course. Slim-fit pants Slim-fit pants or skinny jeans (when made of denim) have a snug fit through the legs and end in a small leg opening that can be anywhere from 9" to 20" in circumference, depending on size. Other names for this style include drainpipes, stovepipes, tight pants, cigarette pants, skinny jeans, pencil pants, skinny pants, gas pipes, and skinnies. Skinny jeans taper completely at the bottom of the leg, whereas drainpipe jeans are skinny but then the lower leg is straight instead of tapering and so they are often slightly

Short ribs

Short ribs Short ribs are a cut of beef taken from the brisket, chuck, plate, or rib areas of beef cattle. They consist of a short portion of the rib bone, which is overlain by meat which varies in thickness. There are two major types of cuts: The "flanken", which is cut across the bone and leaves the bone just in length, and the "English", which is cut parallel to the bone and leaves the bone up to in length. English cut short ribs may be served individually, or three or four may be served connected to one another (a

Spare Rib

British Library website describes the value of "Spare Rib" for current readers and researchers: ""Spare Rib" was the largest feminist circulating magazine of the Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM) in Britain of the 1970s and 80s. It remains one of the movement’s most visible achievements. The trajectory of Spare Rib charted the rise and demise of the Women’s Liberation Movement and as a consequence is of interest to feminist historians, academics and activists and to those studying social movements and media history". Spare Rib Spare Rib was a second-wave in the United Kingdom that emerged from the counter culture of the


Question: Which English monarch was the last to be born in France?

Edward the Fourth
Edward iv of england
Edward IV, King of England
king edward iv
edward iv of england
Edward IV
Edward 4
edward iv england
edward 4
King Edward IV of England
Edward IV (England)
King Edward IV
Edward IV of England
edward iv
king edward iv of england
edward iv king of england
edward fourth

Monarchism in France

Delft. His tomb bears the inscription "Here lies Louis XVII King of France and Navarre, born in Versailles March 27, 1785, died August 10, 1845". He left behind a wife and eight children who never ceased to defend the claim of their father. In 1943, comparative analysis of the hair of Naundorff and of the Dauphin by Professor Locard, of the forensic laboratory in Lyon, concluded that the two strands had the same eccentricity of the medullary canal. But in 1951, a second finding turned out that this feature affects one in three individuals. The similarity could be a coincidence.

Succession to the French throne

France must be Catholic. Yet since religion could be changed, it could not be the basis for permanent exclusion from the throne. Louis XIV, grandson of Henry IV, was the longest-reigning king in European history. Louis XIV had only one son to survive to adulthood, the Dauphin Louis. The Dauphin, in turn, had three sons: Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Philip, Duke of Anjou, and Charles, Duke of Berry. In 1700, Charles II of Spain died. His heir, in accordance to cognatic primogeniture followed in Spain, would have been the Dauphin Louis. However, since the Dauphin was the heir to the

Dual monarchy of England and France

survived him by two months. His son Henry, who was born the year before, succeeded his father as king Henry VI of England and, six months later, his maternal grandfather as king of France. After Henry V's death, the issue of the regency to the infant king Henry VI was resolved by meetings between Bedford, Burgundy and the French Estates-General. The Settlement of Troyes was reaffirmed in accordance with it; Bedford was made keeper of Normandy and Burgundy and may have been named regent for the king of France. Bedford was a little uncertain whether Burgundy would relinquish his status

Charles VIII of France

King Louis XI by his second wife Charlotte of Savoy. His godparents were Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (the godchild's namesake), Joan of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon, and the teenage Edward of Westminster, the son of Henry VI of England who had been living in France since the deposition of his father by Edward IV. Charles succeeded to the throne on 30 August 1483 at the age of 13. His health was poor. He was regarded by his contemporaries as possessing a pleasant disposition, but also as foolish and unsuited for the business of the state. In accordance with the

Henry VI of England

in accordance with the Treaty of Troyes of 1420, he became titular King of France upon his grandfather Charles VI's death. His mother, Catherine of Valois, was then 20 years old. As Charles VI's daughter, she was viewed with considerable suspicion by English nobles and was prevented from playing a full role in her son's upbringing. On 28 September 1423, the nobles swore loyalty to Henry VI. They summoned Parliament in the King's name and established a regency council to govern until the King should come of age. One of Henry V's surviving brothers, John, Duke of Bedford, was appointed

Dual monarchy of England and France

Dual monarchy of England and France

The dual monarchy of England and France existed during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France. It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King Charles VI of France, who had signed the Treaty of Troyes which gave the French crown to his son-in-law Henry V of England and Henry's heirs. It excluded King Charles's son, the Dauphin Charles, who by right of primogeniture was the heir to the Kingdom of France. Although the Treaty was ratified by the Estates-General of France, the act was a contravention of the French law of succession which decreed that the French crown could not be alienated. Henry VI, son of Henry V, became king of both England and France and was recognized only by the English and Burgundians until 1435 as King Henry II of France. He was crowned King of France on 16 December 1431.

In practical terms, King Henry's claim to de jure sovereignty and legitimacy as king of France was only recognised in the English and allied-controlled territories of France which were under the domination of his French regency council, while the Dauphin ruled as King of France in part of the realm south of the river Loire.

The Dauphin was crowned as King Charles VII of France at Reims on 17 July 1429, largely through the martial efforts of Joan of Arc, who believed it was her mission to free France from the English and to have the Dauphin Charles crowned at Reims. In 1435, the Duke of Burgundy, released from his obligations to Henry VI by a papal legate, recognised Charles VII as the rightful king of France. The defection of this powerful French noble marked the decline of Henry's de facto reign over France. The dual monarchy came to an end with the capture of Bordeaux by Charles VII's forces on 19 October 1453 following their final victory at the Battle of Castillon (17 July 1453), thus bringing the Hundred Years' War to a conclusion. The English were expelled from all of the territories which they had controlled in France, with the sole exception of Calais. Charles VII had thus established himself as the undisputed king of almost all of France.

George II of Great Britain

George II of Great Britain

George II (George Augustus; ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 – 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760.

Born and brought up in northern Germany, George is the most recent British monarch born outside Great Britain. The Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 positioned his grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, and her Protestant descendants to inherit the British throne. After the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father, the Elector of Hanover, became George I of Great Britain. In the first years of his father's reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians until they rejoined the governing party in 1720.

As king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had more direct control over government policy. He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son, Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle. In 1745 supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart ("The Old Pretender"), led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart ("The Young Pretender" or "Bonnie Prince Charlie"), attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions. Frederick died suddenly in 1751, nine years before his father; George was succeeded by Frederick's eldest son, George III.

For two centuries after George II's death, history tended to view him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper, and boorishness. Since then, reassessment of his legacy has led scholars to conclude that he exercised more influence in foreign policy and military appointments than previously thought.

James II of England

Louis XVI

Henry VI of England

Coronation

of monarchs if they predeceased their fathers. The nobility disliked this custom, as it reduced their chances to benefit from a possible succession dispute. The last heir apparent to the French throne to be crowned during his father's lifetime was the future Philip II, while the only crowned heir apparent to the English throne was Henry the Young King, who was first crowned alone and then with his wife, Margaret of France. The practice was eventually abandoned by all kingdoms that had adopted it, as the rules of primogeniture became stronger. The last coronation of an heir apparent, with the

Monarchism in France

renunciations signed under duress of England. In 1726 he wrote to the parliament of Paris to be proclaimed king, "in case of the death of his nephew the King of France, to ordain him as the successor to the crown by right of birth and by the fundamental laws of the State, until he can take possession of the kingdom": Dear and good friends, if the times comes, that King Louis XV our nephew dies without male heirs, the crown of France where we are undeniably vested by the law of our birth and by the fundamental laws of the

Territorial evolution of France

face up to the formidable challenge with which they were presented. The Duke of Normandy William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066 through his victory at Hastings over the Saxons. On the extinction of his male line of descent, his heir was the Duke of Anjou, Henry Plantagenet, grandson by his mother of Henry I of England. Two months before he ascended to the English throne, as Henry II, he married Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, the richest heiress in the French kingdom and ex-wife of the King of France. The kings of France nevertheless, held some trump cards:

Monarchism in France

the French kings never asked the English monarchs to drop their nominal claim to France, which they persistently retained until 1800. As early as the death of Francis, Duke of Anjou, brother of Henry III of France, in 1584, the succession of Henry of Navarre, Head of the House of Bourbon, had been a likely eventuality. Henry III was the sole remaining representative of the House of Valois, and he was still childless. The laws of succession designated the head of the next branch of the Capetian family as heir presumptive. Normally this would not have been controversial; but the

English claims to the French throne

as King of France, but with his new son-in-law King Henry V of England as his heir (disinheriting Charles VI's son, the Dauphin Charles). Henry V then adopted the title Heir of France instead. Henry V and Charles VI died within two months of each other in 1422, and Henry V's infant son (Charles VI's grandson) Henry VI became King of France. He was the only English king who was "de facto" King of France, rather than using the style as a mere title of pretense. However, by 1429 Charles VII, with the support of Joan of Arc, had been

Hundred Years' War (1337–1360)

as only men could be monarch. An assembly of the French aristocracy decided that the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and that he should be crowned Philip VI. The establishment of a legal succession to the French crown was central to the war and Edward III and succeeding generations of English monarchs laid claim to it. After some initial reluctance, the seventeen-year-old Edward III (in his capacity as duke of Aquitaine) paid homage to Philip VI in 1329. Gascony formed the ancestral core of English, which had been incorporated into Aquitaine.

Dual monarchy of England and France

on 2 May 1422. Henry V died suddenly on 31 August 1422 at the Château de Vincennes near Paris, apparently from dysentery, which he had contracted during the siege of Meaux. He was thirty-five years old. Before his death, Henry V had named his brother John, Duke of Bedford regent of France in the name of his son Henry VI, then only a few months old. Henry V did not live to be crowned King of France himself, as he might confidently have expected after the Treaty of Troyes, as the sickly Charles VI, whose heir he had been named,

Descendants of Henry IV of France

each of his children and their respective descendants. "Henri" de Bourbon was born in Pau, the capital of the French province of Béarn. Although baptised as a Roman Catholic, Henry was raised as a Protestant by his mother Jeanne d’Albret. On 9 June 1572, upon Jeanne's death, he became King Henry III of Navarre. When Henry was a boy, it seemed highly unlikely that he would ever inherit the throne of France, since Henry II had produced four surviving sons. However, his male-line pedigree gave him a special place of honour in the French nobility, since all sons of the

Louis XVIII of France

last French monarch, and the only one after 1774, to die while still ruling. He was interred at the Basilica of St Denis, the necropolis of French kings. The French line of succession upon the death of Louis XVIII in 1824. Louis XVIII of France Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as "the Desired" (le Désiré), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days. He spent twenty-three years in exile, from 1791

James de la Cloche

the Iron Mask), adding in particular the result of his research on James de la Cloche, who he identified as the twin brother of Louis XIV, bearing that name in his youth. M. Pagnol could not find any birth certificate, baptismal death certificate in the Jersey archives. He therefore concluded that James was not born on the island, and that he did not belong to the Carteret family. In 1644, Louis XIV was 6 years old. Cardinal Mazarin sent the midwife Lady Perronette to England where Queen Henrietta of France, sister of Louis XIII, gave birth to Henrietta of England.

Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti

is an ancestor of the present-day pretenders to the throne of France and Italy and the kings of Spain and Belgium and the Grand Duke of Luxemburg. Born at the Palace of Versailles, he was one of seven children born to his parents, and their only son to live past the age of 5. At the age of 8, on 30 June 1704, he was baptised. Held at Versailles, King Louis XIV had Mary of Modena as the guest of honour at the ceremony; Mary was the widow of the exiled King James II of England. Louis was often described

English claims to the French throne

(1564), recognised French ownership of Calais, in return for payment to England of 120,000 crowns. Elizabeth died childless. Her successor was her cousin Mary’s son James VI of Scotland. The thrones of England and Scotland were joined in a dynastic union until 1707. The seven monarchs of this period continued to use the style King/Queen of France, though their claim was merely nominal. None of them was willing to engage in military campaigns for France against the actual Kings of France Henry IV, Louis XIII and Louis XIV of France. Indeed, Charles I married a sister of Louis XIII, and

English claims to the French throne

Capetian dynasty, was ultimately victorious and retained control of France. Despite this, English and British monarchs continued to prominently call themselves kings of France, and the French fleur-de-lys were included in the royal arms. This continued until 1801, by which time France no longer had any monarch, having become a republic. The Jacobite claimants, however, did not explicitly relinquish the claim. The title was first assumed in 1340 by Edward III of England, the Kingdom of England being ruled by the French Plantagenet dynasty at the time. Edward III claimed the throne of France after the death of his uncle

Louis XVIII of France

to die while still reigning, as Charles X (1824–1830) abdicated and both Louis Philippe I (1830–1848) and Napoléon III (1852–1870) were deposed. Louis Stanislas Xavier, styled Count of Provence from birth, was born on 17 November 1755 in the Palace of Versailles, a younger son of Louis, Dauphin of France, and his wife Maria Josepha of Saxony. He was the grandson of the reigning King Louis XV. As a son of the Dauphin, he was a "Fils de France". He was christened Louis Stanislas Xavier six months after his birth, in accordance with Bourbon family tradition, being nameless before his

Treaty of Amiens (1423)

shortly thereafter became King of France as well. The accession of an infant king made it easier for the French nobility to refuse him and support the Valois heir, Charles. The infant king of the dual-monarchy thus required a regent. John, Duke of Bedford, who was governor of Normandy and younger brother of Henry V, was made regent of France, and ruled with a joint French administration in Paris until the king came of age to rule his two kingdoms. Anglo-Burgundian relations now centred on the two personal figures of the Duke of Bedford and the Duke of Burgundy, who


Question: Which Florentine painter 1535-1607 used the name Bronzino after the death of his 'uncle'?

alessandro allori
ALESSANDRO ALLORI
Alessandro Allori

Bronzino

attributions. Towards the end of his life, Bronzino took a prominent part in the activities of the Florentine Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, of which he was a founding member in 1563. The painter Alessandro Allori was his favourite pupil, and Bronzino was living in the Allori family house at the time of his death in Florence in 1572 (Alessandro was also the father of Cristofano Allori). Bronzino spent the majority of his career in Florence. Bronzino first received Medici patronage in 1539, when he was one of the many artists chosen to execute the elaborate decorations for the wedding

Alessandro Allori

Alessandro Allori Alessandro di Cristofano di Lorenzo del Bronzino Allori (Florence, 31 May 153522 September 1607) was an Italian portrait painter of the late Mannerist Florentine school. In 1540, after the death of his father, he was brought up and trained in art by a close friend, often referred to as his 'uncle', the mannerist painter Agnolo Bronzino, whose name he sometimes assumed in his pictures. In some ways, Allori is the last of the line of prominent Florentine painters, of generally undiluted Tuscan artistic heritage: Andrea del Sarto worked with Fra Bartolomeo (as well as Leonardo da Vinci), Pontormo

Bronzino

of Cosimo I de' Medici to Eleonora di Toledo, daughter of the Viceroy of Naples. It was not long before he became, and remained for most of his career, the official court painter of the Duke and his court. His portrait figures—often read as static, elegant, and stylish exemplars of unemotional haughtiness and assurance—influenced the course of European court portraiture for a century. These well known paintings exist in many workshop versions and copies. In addition to images of the Florentine elite, Bronzino also painted idealized portraits of the poets Dante (c. 1530, now in Washington, DC) and Petrarch. Bronzino's

Bronzino

of a moralizing allegory. His other major works include the design of a series of tapestries on "The Story of Joseph", for the Palazzo Vecchio. Many of Bronzino's works are still in Florence but other examples can be found in the National Gallery, London, and elsewhere. Bronzino Agnolo di Cosimo (; November 17, 1503November 23, 1572), usually known as Bronzino ("Il Bronzino" in Italian), or Agnolo Bronzino, was an Italian Mannerist painter, born in Florence. His sobriquet, "Bronzino," in all probability refers to his relatively dark skin. He lived all his life in Florence, and from his late 30s was

Bronzino

Bronzino Agnolo di Cosimo (; November 17, 1503November 23, 1572), usually known as Bronzino ("Il Bronzino" in Italian), or Agnolo Bronzino, was an Italian Mannerist painter, born in Florence. His sobriquet, "Bronzino," in all probability refers to his relatively dark skin. He lived all his life in Florence, and from his late 30s was kept busy as the court painter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was mainly a portraitist but also painted many religious subjects, and a few allegorical subjects, which include what is probably his best known work, "Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time", c.

Alessandro Allori

Alessandro Allori

Alessandro di Cristofano di Lorenzo del Bronzino Allori (Florence, 31 May 153522 September 1607) was an Italian painter of the late Mannerist Florentine school.

Bronzino

1544–45, now in London. Many portraits of the Medicis exist in several versions with varying degrees of participation by Bronzino himself, as Cosimo was a pioneer of the copied portrait sent as a diplomatic gift. He trained with Pontormo, the leading Florentine painter of the first generation of Mannerism, and his style was greatly influenced by him, but his elegant and somewhat elongated figures always appear calm and somewhat reserved, lacking the agitation and emotion of those by his teacher. They have often been found cold and artificial, and his reputation suffered from the general critical disfavour attached to Mannerism

Bronzino

in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Recent decades have been more appreciative of his art. Bronzino was born in Florence, the son of a butcher. According to his contemporary Vasari, Bronzino was a pupil first of Raffaellino del Garbo, and then of Pontormo, to whom he was apprenticed at 14. Pontormo is thought to have introduced a portrait of Bronzino as a child (seated on a step) into one of his series on "Joseph in Egypt" now in the National Gallery, London. Pontormo exercised a dominant influence on Bronzino's developing style, and the two were to remain collaborators for

Bronzino

best known works comprise the aforementioned series of the duke and duchess, Cosimo and Eleonora, and figures of their court such as Bartolomeo Panciatichi and his wife Lucrezia. These paintings, especially those of the duchess, are known for their minute attention to the detail of her costume, which almost takes on a personality of its own in the image at right. Here the Duchess is pictured with her second son Giovanni, who died of malaria in 1562, along with his mother; however it is the sumptuous fabric of the dress that takes up more space on the canvas than either

Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici

the Spanish troops, and in 1543, in return for a monetary payment to Charles V, (the latter needed funds to fight Protestants in Northern Europe), the duke obtained the evacuation of the garrisons stationed in Florence. Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici The Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici is a painting by the Italian artist Agnolo di Cosimo, known as Bronzino, finished in 1545. It is housed in the Uffizi Gallery of Florence, Italy. In his position as court painter for the Medici, Bronzino was author of several portraits of Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici. In this portrait,

Crossing of the Red Sea (Bronzino)

back to the viewer contorts his body to grip the arm of a seated female while holding onto an oversized mazzocchio hat popular in 15th-century Florence. This is a coldly elegant and graceful gesture but its contribution to the narrative is unclear. Bronzino's study of a standing nude in the Uffizi was thought to be the work of Bronzino's teacher, Pontormo, until the 20th century. It is clearly a preparatory chalk drawing for the standing figure with the hat. His exaggerated thrust of the hip and raised arm are common mannerist motifs and one leg crossed behind the other is

Portrait of Giovanni de' Medici as a Child The Portrait of Giovanni de' Medici as a Child (c. 1545) is an oil on panel painting by the Florentine artist Agnolo Bronzino. It is currently located at the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence. This portrait uses oil paint on panel and portrays Giovanni di Cosimo de’ Medici. It was painted for his father, Cosimo I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Bronzino was the official painter of the Medici Court from 1532 and did many portraits of Duke Cosimo I and his family. Cosimo had his portrait done by Bronzino around

Bronzino

of the finest surviving examples. Bronzino's so-called "allegorical portraits", such as that of a Genoese admiral, "Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune", are less typical but possibly even more fascinating due to the peculiarity of placing a publicly recognized personality in the nude as a mythical figure. Finally, in addition to being a painter, Bronzino was also a poet, and his most personal portraits are perhaps those of other literary figures such as that of his friend the poet Laura Battiferri. In 1540/41, Bronzino began work on the fresco decoration of the Chapel of Eleanora di Toledo in the Palazzo

Crossing of the Red Sea (Bronzino)

Crossing of the Red Sea (Bronzino) The Crossing of the Red Sea, also known as The Crossing of the Red Sea and Moses Appointing Joshua, is a fresco painting by the Italian artist Agnolo di Cosimo, known as Bronzino, finished in 1542. It is housed in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. In 1540, Cosimo I de' Medici and/or his wife, Eleanor of Toledo, commissioned this and other frescoes for Eleanor's private chapel. Three of the four walls of the small chapel found on the second floor of the palace are covered with works telling the story of Moses. The large fresco

Maria de' Medici (1540–1557)

that a portrait by Bronzino that is usually identified as Maria depicts her younger half-sister Virginia de' Medici, while a Bronzino portrait of a young girl in a white dress depicts Maria rather than her older half-sister, Bia de' Medici. Vogt-Lüerssen also argued that a Bronzino portrait identified as an unknown noblewoman and her son is of a teenaged Maria and her younger brother, Antonio, both of whom died young. She identified the girl as Maria because of the similarity in facial features between the subjects of each of the latter two portraits. Maria de' Medici (1540–1557) Maria de' Medici

Bronzino

on the basis of the preferred court fashion. Indeed, the duchess Eleanora was a generous patron to the recently founded Jesuit order. Bronzino's work tends to include sophisticated references to earlier painters, as in one of his last grand frescoes called "The Martyrdom of St. Lawrence" (San Lorenzo, 1569), in which almost every one of the extraordinarily contorted poses can be traced back to Raphael or to Michelangelo, whom Bronzino idolized (cf. Brock). Bronzino's skill with the nude was even more enigmatically deployed in the celebrated "Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time", which conveys strong feelings of eroticism under the pretext

Portrait of Ugolino Martelli

Portrait of Ugolino Martelli The Portrait of Ugolino Martelli is a painting by the Italian artist Agnolo di Cosimo, known as Bronzino, executed in 1536 or 1537. It is housed in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, Germany. The work is signed "BRONZO FIORENTINO" on the edge of the table top. Ugolino Martelli (1519-1592) was a Florentine aristocrat, a humanist and a linguist, whose palace can be seen in the background of the picture. A marble "David" of the family's collection appears in the background. It was attributed at the time to Donatello, while it is now ascribed to Antonio or Bernardo Rossellino

Francesco de' Rossi

contemporary Florentine Mannerists, Bronzino and Pontormo. He painted a "Deposition" altarpiece for Santa Croce in 1547-48. This theme, one which became a master oeuvre topic for Late-Renaissance artists, is handled in a crowded complex fashion. He often travelled to Rome between 1548 and 1563, to complete various fresco series, such as "Wedding of Canae" in the Oratory of the Piceni, a "Birth of John the Baptist" in the Oratory of "San Giovanni Decollato", in the Palazzo della Cancelleria (Pallium Cappella), in the Palazzo Sacchetti ("History of David"), and in Palazzo Farnese. He died in Rome. The Cleveland Museum of Art,

Bronzino

Vecchio and an oil on panel "Deposition of Christ" to be an altarpiece for the chapel. Before this commission, his style in the religious genre was less Mannerist, and was based in balanced compositions of the High Renaissance. Yet he became elegant and classicizing (cf. Smyth) in this fresco cycle, and his religious works are examples of the mid-16th-century aesthetics of the Florentine court—traditionally interpreted as highly stylized and non-personal or emotive. "Crossing the Red Sea" is typical of Bronzino's approach at this time, though it should not be claimed that Bronzino or the court was lacking in religious fervor

1545, the "Portrait of Cosimo I de’ Medici". Giovanni and his mother Eleonora of Toledo were the subjects of another portrait by Bronzino from around 1545 or 1546, the "Portrait of Eleonora of Toledo and Her Son". An extended title for this portrait is the "Portrait of Giovanni de’ Medici as a Child holding a Goldfinch". It was painted sometime between 1544 and 1545, based on the child’s age. Giovanni was born in the September 1543 and this portrait depicts him at the age of eighteen months. He is wearing a pink doublet, which is painted with high detail. He