Question: If a stately Spanish galleon had a cargo of diamonds, emeralds, amethysts, topazes and cinnamon and gold moidores, what type of ship carried, Tyne coal, road rails, pig lead, firewood, ironware and cheap tin trays?

dirty british coaster in john masefield s cargoes

"A DIRTY BRITISH COASTER (in John Masefield's ""Cargoes"")"

Moidore

the treasure he carried. John Masefield's poem "Cargoes" (1903) includes the stanza: <poem>Stately Spanish galleon coming from the Isthmus, Dipping through the Tropics by the palm-green shores, With a cargo of diamonds, Emeralds, amethysts, Topazes, and cinnamon, and gold moidores.</poem> Moidore Moidore or moydore is an archaic term used to describe gold coins of Portuguese origin. These coins usually feature a face value of ""4000 réis"", the Portuguese coat of arms on its obverse, and the Order of Christ Cross on its reverse, and were minted from 1677 to as late as 1910, mainly in Portugal and in Portuguese colonies

Antonio de Morga

goods that de Morga mentioned as being exported in the galleon trade were: ...musk, benzoin and ivory; many bed ornaments, hangings, coverlets and tapestries of embroidered velvet...tablecloths, cushions, and carpets; horse-trappings of the same stuffs, and embroidered with glass beads and seed-pearls; also pearls and rubies, sapphires and crystals; metal basins, copper kettles and other copper and cast-iron pots. . .wheat flour, preserves made of orange, peach, pair, nutmeg and ginger, and other fruits of China; salt pork and other salt meats; live fowl of good breed and many fine capons...chestnuts, walnuts...little boxes and writing cases; beds, tables, chairs, and

Henry Every

when the pirates struck. Reportedly carrying the retiring Luís Carlos Inácio Xavier de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Louriçal, the galleon was laden with silver, gold, diamonds, gems, as well as pearls, silks, spices, works of art, and church regalia belonging to the Patriarch of the East Indies. The total value of the treasure on board has been estimated as being anywhere from £100,000 to £875,000 (£500,000 in diamonds and £375,000 in other cargo), all of which was divided among the crews of the "Cassandra" and the "Victory", captained by Taylor and Levasseur respectively. If the latter number is correct, it

Robert Searle

crew as they looked for fresh water. The Spaniards were taken to Searle, who threatened them with torture. He discovered that the ship was none other than the 400-ton "Santissima Trinidad" very richly laden with all the King's Plate and a great quantity of riches of gold, pearls, jewels, and other most precious goods of all the best and richest merchants of Panama. On board this galleon were also the religious women belonging to the nunnery of the said city, who had embarked with them all the ornaments of the church, consisting of a great quantity of gold, plate, and

Spanish treasure fleet

porcelain and silk shipped from China on the Manila galleons. The Asian goods were brought overland from Acapulco to Veracruz by mule train. The "Tierra Firme" fleet, or galeones, sailed to Cartagena to load South American products, most especially silver from Potosí. Some ships went to Portobello on the Caribbean coast of Panama to load Peruvian silver that had been shipped from the Pacific coast port of Callao. The silver had then been transported across the isthmus of Panama by mule. Other ships went to the Caribbean island of Margarita, off the coast of Venezuela, to collect pearls which had

John Masefield

John Masefield

John Edward Masefield (; 1 June 1878 – 12 May 1967) was an English poet and writer, and Poet Laureate from 1930 until 1967. Among his best known works are the children's novels "The Midnight Folk" and "The Box of Delights", and the poems "The Everlasting Mercy" and "Sea-Fever".

Mahogany Ship

sand dunes. However, its shape and state indicated it was probably part of a shipment of white oak being carried on the sailing vessel "Falls of Halladale", which was wrecked at Peterborough in the early twentieth century. In many of the accounts written in the late 19th century, the Mahogany Ship was described as Spanish. According to local writer and antiquarian Jack Loney, several theories supporting the Spanish connection were advanced. One theory was that the ship was the galleon "Santa Ysabel", which had sailed from Peru in 1595. A second theory was that the wreck was the ex-Spanish ship

Olivier Levasseur

and to avoid capsizing the crew had dumped all of its 72 cannon overboard, then anchored off Réunion island to undergo repairs. (This incident would later be used by Robert Louis Stevenson in his novel "Treasure Island" where the galleon is referred to as "The Viceroy of the Indies" in the account given by his famed fictional character Long John Silver). The booty consisted of bars of gold and silver, dozens of boxes full of golden Guineas, diamonds, pearls, silk, art and religious objects from the Se Cathedral in Goa, including the "Flaming Cross of Goa" made of pure gold,

Azores Voyage of 1589

410 chests of sugar and a large quantity of Brazil wood. Then acting on information obtained on board her, set off in pursuit of the companion vessel the Spanish nao "Nuestra Señora de Guia". Two days later "Victory" caught sight of her, overhauled the ship battered her and then boarded her supported by the "Meg". After a short bitter fight the galleon surrendered; the Captain was an Italian who had adventured 25,000 ducats in the expedition. The English explored their loot - Cumberland was surprised by what he saw: the vessel was loaded with hides, cochineal and some chests of

Nuestra Señora de Atocha

gold and silver, and of emeralds. Nuestra Señora de Atocha Nuestra Señora de Atocha () was a Spanish treasure galleon and the most widely-known vessel of a fleet of ships that sank in a hurricane off the Florida Keys in 1622. At the time of her sinking, the "Atocha" was heavily laden with copper, silver, gold, tobacco, gems, and indigo from Spanish ports at Cartagena and Porto Bello in New Granada (present-day Colombia and Panama, respectively) and Havana, bound for Spain. The ship was named for the parish of Atocha in Madrid. Much of the wreck of the "Atocha" was

Action of 5 October 1804

mines and mints. The squadron to which "Mercedes" belonged was the last of its kind that the world would see: a Spanish treasure fleet moving bullion from the New World Viceroyalties to the Iberian kingdoms. Under the terms of the Cruizers and Convoys Act of 1708 ships captured at sea were "Droits of the Crown" and became the property of their captors, who received the full value of the ships and cargo in prize money. However, since technically Britain and Spain were not at war at the time of the action, the Admiralty Court ruled that the three ships were

Maritime history of California

coffee, potatoes, onions, limes, coconuts, raisins, almonds. Some of the goods that were imported by ship included liquor: absinthe, alcohol, ale, beer, whiskey, cognac, cider, champagne, wine, sherry, brandy, claret. Tools like shovels, picks and gold balances. Consumables like cigars, cards, candles; clothing: boots, shoes, underwear; pants, shirts, etc. Fruit like bananas, oranges, and lemons. Lumber from Oregon and other parts of the U.S. and England (500,000 board feet of lumber and 500,000 bricks from Bath, England in one ship's cargo). Building materials like nails, bricks, linseed oil, shingles, windows, stoves, lumber, etc.. Miscellaneous items like furniture, wagons, carts, fishing

Cargo ship

of exotic cargo; 11 tons of raw copper, jars, glass, ivory, gold, spices, and treasures from Canaan, Greece, Egypt, and Africa. The desire to operate trade routes over longer distances, and throughout more seasons of the year, motivated improvements in ship design during the Middle Ages. Before the middle of the 19th century, the incidence of piracy resulted in most cargo ships being armed, sometimes quite heavily, as in the case of the Manila galleons and East Indiamen. They were also sometimes escorted by warships. Piracy is still quite common in some waters, particularly in the Malacca Straits, a narrow

Spanish treasure fleet

taxes. Spanish treasure fleet The Spanish treasure fleet, or West Indies Fleet from Spanish "Flota de Indias", also called silver fleet or plate fleet (from the Spanish "plata" meaning "silver"), was a convoy system adopted by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790, linking Spain with its territories in America across the Atlantic. The convoys were general purpose cargo fleets used for transporting a wide variety of items, including agricultural goods, lumber, various metal resources, luxuries, silver, gold, gems, pearls, spices, sugar, tobacco, silk, and other exotic goods from the Spanish Empire to the Spanish mainland. Passengers and goods such

Jean Fleury

Havana, Cuba to Seville, Spain carrying a large gold shipment taken from Hernan Cortés' recent conquest of Mexico and was to be presented as a tribute to Charles V. It is unknown whether Florin was aware of the Spaniard's cargo, however he decided to give chase and overtook them within a few hours. During the same voyage, Fleury assaulted another ship from Santo Domingo which increased the loot to 20 000 pesos gold, pearls, sugar and cowhides. Although the Spanish responded to the raid by fortifying nearly all their major ports and cities in the Caribbean, it was only a

Spanish treasure fleet

secondary route was that of the Manila Galleons or "Galeón de Manila" which linked the Philippines to Acapulco in Mexico across the Pacific Ocean. From Acapulco, the Asian goods were transhipped by mule train to Veracruz to be loaded onto the Caribbean treasure fleet for shipment to Spain. To better defend this trade, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and Álvaro de Bazán designed the definitive model of the galleon in the 1550s. Spain controlled the trade through the "Casa de Contratación" based in Seville, southern Spain. By law, the colonies could trade only with the one designated port in the mother

Portuguese India Armadas

A greater difficulty involved determining the cargo on the outgoing journey. The following list, from the Fourth Armada of 1502, gives an idea of the kind of European items brought by the Portuguese to sell in India: "cut and branch coral, copper in pigs and sheets, quicksilver, vermilion, rugs, Flanders brass basins, coloured cloths, knives, red barret-caps, mirrors and coloured silks." But, by and large, European products did not sell well in Asia, which meant that ship holds were frequently empty, or nearly so, on the outward leg. In other words, outbound ships carried little more than the metal bullion

Madre de Deus

to intercept Spanish shipping from the New World when a Portuguese fleet came their way near Corvo Island. The English took her after a fierce day-long battle near Flores Island in which many Portuguese sailors were killed. Among these riches were chests filled with jewels and pearls, gold and silver coins, ambergris, rolls of the highest-quality cloth, fine tapestries, 425 tons of pepper, 45 tons of cloves, 35 tons of cinnamon, 3 tons of mace and 3 of nutmeg, 2.5 tons of benjamin (a highly aromatic balsamic resin used for perfumes and medicines), 25 tons of cochineal and 15 tons

George Anson's voyage around the world

over the isthmus at Panama and then loaded on another ship at Portobelo bound for Spain. Other ships carried luxury goods from Manila to Acapulco from where they were taken to Vera Cruz and loaded along with Mexican silver. Spain's Caribbean possessions provided sugar, tobacco, dyes and spices. Britain had negotiated a treaty (the Asiento) that allowed the South Sea Company to send one trading vessel per year to Spanish territory plus supply slaves but private British vessels, many operating out of Jamaica, carried illegal cargoes which the Spanish attempted to intercept. After numerous incidents and with old rivalry, tensions

Urca de Lima

pesos of silver. "Urca de Lima", however, did not carry any gold or silver for the Spanish crown but mostly goods such as cowhides, chocolate, sassafras, incense and vanilla. In addition she also carried a few chests of private silver. A few days after leaving Havana the fleet ran into a hurricane that drove the ships towards the Florida coast and ultimately sank or grounded all ships but one. The French "El Grifón", which had sailed ahead, escaped without being aware of the fate of the rest of the fleet. More than half of the fleet's 2000 men including Ubilla

Collier (ship)

with "black diamonds". Sir Charles Palmer pioneered the construction of iron-hulled steam colliers at his Jarrow shipyard, which began to rapidly replace the earlier wooden ships. This inadvertently led to the eventual decline of the glassmaking industry on Tyneside and Wearside, as prior to this, they had had access to large supplies of sand, used as ballast in the wooden colliers returning from London. The iron colliers had ballast tanks which meant water could simply be pumped in, greatly reducing the turnaround time as the sand no longer needed to be loaded and unloaded. Coal was also exported to Europe,


Question: In which Thomas Hardynovel does the character 'John Loveday' appear?

'THE TRUMPET MAJOR'
Trumpet Major
Trumpet major
trumpet major

St John Loveday

St John Loveday St John Loveday is a fictional character in the "Loveday" books written by Kate Tremayne. According to genealogical information provided in the books, he was born 1767 as the son of Edward and Marie Loveday. His twin brother is Adam Loveday. Although the two men are twins, they are not identical in either appearance or temperament. St John is described as being shorter and stockier than Adam, though he is still considered handsome by most people who meet him. Unlike Adam, who is hard working and determined, St John is fickle and dissolute. He craves a life

The Trumpet-Major

The Trumpet-Major The Trumpet-Major is a novel by Thomas Hardy published in 1880, and his only historical novel. It concerns the heroine, Anne Garland, being pursued by three suitors: John Loveday, the eponymous trumpet major in a British regiment, honest and loyal; his brother Bob, a flighty sailor; and Festus Derriman, the cowardly nephew of the local squire. Unusually for a Hardy novel, the ending is not entirely tragic; however, there remains an ominous element in the probable fate of one of the main characters. The novel is set in Weymouth during the Napoleonic wars; the town was then anxious

Thomas Hardy

in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path." Indeed, Hardy's main characters often seem to be held in fate's overwhelming grip. For online poems, see "Poetry collections" below. In 1898 Hardy published his first volume of poetry, "Wessex Poems", a collection of poems written over 30 years. While some suggest that Hardy gave up writing novels following the harsh criticism of "Jude the Obscure" in 1896, the poet C. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd". In

John Quick (actor)

he appeared for the first time at Drury Lane, and played Hardy in the "Belle's Stratagem", and Lovegold in the "Miser". On 12 June 1800, for O'Keeffe's benefit, he played at Covent Garden Alibi in the "Lie of the Day", and Drugget in "Three Weeks after Marriage"; and for another benefit appeared next day as Isaac in "The Duenna". In 1809 he took a tour in the north, appearing in Edinburgh, 25 January, as Sir Benjamin Dove in the "Brothers." In 1809, in the same character, he made his first appearance at the Lyceum. On 24 May 1813 he came

Thomas Hardy

Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of George Eliot, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by Romanticism, especially William Wordsworth. He was highly critical of much in Victorian society, especially on the declining status of rural people in Britain, such as those from his native South West England. While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898. Initially, therefore, he gained fame as the author

The Trumpet-Major

The Trumpet-Major

The Trumpet-Major is a novel by Thomas Hardy published in 1880, and his only historical novel, and Hardy included it with his "romances and fantasies". It concerns the heroine, Anne Garland, being pursued by three suitors: John Loveday, the eponymous trumpet major in a British regiment, honest and loyal; his brother Bob, a flighty sailor; and Festus Derriman, the cowardly nephew of the local squire. Unusually for a Hardy novel, the ending is not entirely tragic; however, there remains an ominous element in the probable fate of one of the main characters.

The novel is set in Weymouth during the Napoleonic wars; Of the two brothers, John fights with Wellington in the Peninsular War, and Bob serves with Nelson at Trafalgar. The Napoleonic Wars was a setting that Hardy would use again in his play, "The Dynasts", and it borrows from the same source material.

Edward Neill has called the novel an attempt to repeat the success of his earlier work "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1874), after the limited success of his intervening works. The novel originally appeared in 1880 in the Evangelical serial "Good Words" (January–December) with 33 illustrations by John Collier. The three-volume first edition was published in October 1880.

The Hardy Players

The Hardy Players

The Hardy Players (1908–1928) was an amateur theatrical company, based in Dorchester, Dorset. The novelist Thomas Hardy adapted his novels for live performance in collaboration with the group. In some cases he made major changes to the story, such as changing the ending of "The Trumpet Major", truncating "Return of the Native" and making other changes to the text to better fit dramatisation. Hardy wrote his play "The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall" specifically to be performed by the Hardy Players.

G. H. Hardy

them in front of the entire school. He was uncomfortable being introduced to new people, and could not bear to look at his own reflection in a mirror. It is said that, when staying in hotels, he would cover all the mirrors with towels. Hardy is a key character, played by Jeremy Irons, in the 2015 film "The Man Who Knew Infinity", based on the biography of Ramanujan with the same title. Hardy is a major character in David Leavitt's fictive biography, "The Indian Clerk" (2007), which depicts his Cambridge years and his relationship with John Edensor Littlewood and Ramanujan.

The Trumpet-Major

to that end, he conducted research at the British Museum and consulted various periodicals and newspaper accounts of the time. Richard H. Taylor has noted the accuracy of Hardy's details in the novel. Thomas Hardy's novel provided the source of Alun Hoddinott's opera "The Trumpet Major", with libretto by Myfanwy Piper, first performed in Manchester on 1 April 1981. The Trumpet-Major The Trumpet-Major is a novel by Thomas Hardy published in 1880, and his only historical novel. It concerns the heroine, Anne Garland, being pursued by three suitors: John Loveday, the eponymous trumpet major in a British regiment, honest and

John Loveday (antiquary)

John Loveday (antiquary) John Loveday (1711–1789) was an English antiquarian. With the publication of his journals, he is now known for descriptions of English country houses. He was only son of Thomas Loveday of Caversham, then in Oxfordshire, and Feenes Manor, Berkshire, by Sarah, daughter of William Lethieullier, a Turkey merchant of Clapham, Surrey. After attending Reading school he matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford as a gentleman-commoner on 13 February 1728, and graduated B.A., in 1731, M.A. in 1734. As an undergraduate he developed a taste for archæology Loveday lived at Caversham, and with inherited money collected pictures, books, and

St John Loveday

of indulgence and luxury, and would prefer to spend his days gambling and womanising. He is fiercely jealous towards Adam, who he believes is more favoured by his father. This jealousy is heightened when his father changes his will to make Adam heir to the family shipyard. Seeing that Adam had fallen in love with Meriel Sawle, St John forcefully seduces her with the intent to win her from his twin. He gets more than he bargained for however when she falls pregnant and he is forced to marry her. St John Loveday St John Loveday is a fictional character

John Loveday (antiquary)

Edward Taylor Loveday, printed for the Roxburghe Club his "Diary of a Tour in 1732 through parts of England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland". Loveday married: John Loveday the younger (1742–1809), born on 22 November 1742, was educated at Reading school. On 5 February 1760 he matriculated at Oxford as a gentleman-commoner of Magdalen College, graduating B.C.L. in 1766, and D.C.L. in 1771. He was admitted an advocate in Doctors' Commons on 4 November 1771, but ceased to practise after increasing his property by a marriage in 1777 with his ward Anne, only daughter and heiress of William Taylor Loder of

Thomas Hardy's Cottage

National Trust. The visitor centre opened in September 2014. Thomas Hardy's Cottage Thomas Hardy's Cottage, in Higher Bockhampton, Dorset, is a small cob and thatch building that is the birthplace of the English author Thomas Hardy. He was born there in 1840 and lived in the cottage until he was aged 34—during which time he wrote the novels "Under the Greenwood Tree" (1872) and "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1874)—when he left home to be married to Emma Gifford. The cottage was built by Hardy's great-grandfather in 1800. It is now a National Trust property, and a popular tourist attraction.

Joshua McGuire

drama series and was a cast member in the 2011 BBC Two series "The Hour". He also starred as assistant to Stephen Fry's character in the comedy series "The Bleak Old Shop of Stuff", a parody of Charles Dickens' works.. In May 2016 McGuire is appearing the "comedy/drama series" as the role of Nunney in new BBC drama "Love, Nina" alongside Faye Marsay and Helena Bonham Carter. Of his performance as the critic John Ruskin in Mike Leigh's film "Mr. Turner", "The Daily Telegraph" said it was "hilariously played by Joshua McGuire." Joshua McGuire Joshua McGuire (born 1987) is an

Jude the Obscure

D. H. Lawrence, an admirer of Hardy, was puzzled by the character of Sue Bridehead, and attempted to analyse her conflicted sexuality in his "A Study of Thomas Hardy" (1914). At least one recent scholar has postulated that "Jude" borrowed heavily from an earlier novel, "The Wages of Sin" by Lucas Malet. Marxist critic Terry Eagleton, in his introduction to a 1974 edition of the text, refutes the conventional reading of the novel as 'the tragedy of an oversexed peasant boy', instead examining the social background of the text and proposing it as a conflict between ideal and reality. Elements

Thomas Hardy's Cottage

Thomas Hardy's Cottage Thomas Hardy's Cottage, in Higher Bockhampton, Dorset, is a small cob and thatch building that is the birthplace of the English author Thomas Hardy. He was born there in 1840 and lived in the cottage until he was aged 34—during which time he wrote the novels "Under the Greenwood Tree" (1872) and "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1874)—when he left home to be married to Emma Gifford. The cottage was built by Hardy's great-grandfather in 1800. It is now a National Trust property, and a popular tourist attraction. The property has a typical cottage garden, and the

The Trumpet-Major

however, feels increasing guilty about not serving his country. Discovering that John still loves Anne tips the balance, and Bob persuades local man Captain Hardy (real-life captain of Nelson’s flagship, HMS Victory) to take him on board, thus doing his duty and leaving the way clear for John. Anne goes to Portland Head to watch the Victory sail past. In Budmouth she sits crying, and is comforted by the King, who is passing by. The Loveday family endure a long wait for news of the Victory, eventually hearing of the Battle of Trafalgar, but not whether Bob has survived. Finally

Thomas Hardy

writing novels because of the criticism of both "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" and "Jude the Obscure". "The Well-Beloved", first serialised in 1892, was published in 1897. Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines the social constraints on the lives of those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to marriage, education and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such unhappiness, and the suffering it brings, is seen by poet Philip Larkin as central in Hardy's works: In "Two on a Tower", for example, Hardy takes a stand against these rules of society with a story

Robert Hardy

roles of newspaper proprietor Twiggy Rathbone (who bore more than a passing resemblance to Rupert Murdoch) and his editor, Russell Spam. In 1993 Hardy appeared in an episode of "Inspector Morse", playing Andrew Baydon in "Twilight of the Gods". In 1994, he played Arthur Brooke in the BBC production of Middlemarch. In 2002, he played the role of pompous and eccentric Professor Neddy Welch in a WTTV/WGBH Boston co-production of "Lucky Jim", adapted from the novel by Kingsley Amis. It aired originally as part of the "Masterpiece" series on PBS in the U.S. and starred Stephen Tompkinson in the title

Thomas Love Peacock

Thomas Love Peacock Thomas Love Peacock (18 October 1785 – 23 January 1866) was an English novelist, poet, and official of the East India Company. He was a close friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley and they influenced each other's work. Peacock wrote satirical novels, each with the same basic setting: characters at a table discussing and criticising the philosophical opinions of the day. Peacock was born in Weymouth, Dorset, the son of Samuel Peacock and his wife Sarah Love, daughter of Thomas Love, a retired master of a man-of-war in the Royal Navy. His father was a glass merchant in

Tom Hardy

to drama. Tom Hardy Edward Thomas Hardy, (born 15 September 1977) is an English actor, producer, and former model. Hardy made his film debut in Ridley Scott's "Black Hawk Down" (2001) and has since played in such films as "" (2002), "RocknRolla" (2008), "Bronson" (2008), "Warrior" (2011), "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy" (2011), "Lawless" (2012), "Locke" (2013), "The Drop" (2014), and "The Revenant" (2015), for which he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2015, Hardy portrayed "Mad" Max Rockatansky in "" and both Kray twins in "Legend". He has appeared in three Christopher Nolan films:

The Well-Beloved

The Well-Beloved The Well-Beloved: A Sketch of a Temperament is a novel by Thomas Hardy, serialized in 1892, and published as a book in 1897. The main setting of the novel, the Isle of Slingers, is based on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, southern England. Many of Hardy's novels were set in Dorset. "The Well Beloved" is one of Hardy's last novels. It was first published in three-part serial form in 1892, and then revised and re-published as a book in 1897, after Hardy's last novel "Jude the Obscure" (1895). The novel tells the story of the sculptor Jocelyn


Question: Which opera singer was awarded a CBE in 2002?

leslie garratt
lesley garrett
leslie garrett
Leslie Garrett
Leslie Garratt
lesley garratt
LESLEY GARRETT
Lesley Garrett
Lesley Garratt

Gwyneth Jones (soprano)

Empire (DBE) in 1986. She is also the recipient of numerous musical/cultural awards and honours from many different countries and organisations, including the Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Golden Medal of Honour in Vienna, the Austrian Cross of Honour First Class, the Shakespeare Prize and the Puccini Award. She is a Kammersängerin at both the Vienna State Opera and the Bavarian State Opera and she has been made a Commandeur de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in France. She has also been conferred honorary doctorates by the University of Wales and the University of

Anne Evans

Wagnerian performance techniques. Her last public performance was in 2005 in a comeback performance in Cardiff doing excerpts from her celebrated Isolde and other Wagner performances. Evans was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2000 Queen's Birthday Honours "for services to music". Anne Evans Dame Anne Elizabeth Jane Evans, (born 20 August 1941) is an international British operatic soprano. Evans was born in London of Welsh descent. She studied at the Royal College of Music with among others Margaret Cable, and the Geneva Conservatoire. She was accepted into the conservatoire without actually having

Susan Bullock

traditional Rule, Britannia and Land of Hope and Glory. She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to opera. Susan Bullock Susan Margaret Bullock CBE (born 9 December 1958 in Cheshire) is a British soprano. She has performed dramatic soprano parts at major opera houses, and also sung in concert and recital. Bullock was educated at Cheadle Hulme School, and further at Royal Holloway College, University of London, the Royal Academy of Music and the National Opera Studio. Her talent was first recognised after she received first prize in

Emma Kirkby

Radio listeners and in November 2000 she received the "Order of the British Empire". BBC Music Magazine in April 2007 published a survey of critics to nominate "The 20 greatest sopranos", placing Kirkby at number 10. On 21 January 2011 it was announced that Kirkby had been awarded the Queen's Medal for Music, an award funded by the Privy Purse and given to an individual who has had a major influence on the musical life of the nation. She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours List. From 1971-83

Elizabeth Watts

Marzelline/"Fidelio" for the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. In 2006, Watts won the Kathleen Ferrier Award. She represented England at the 2007 Cardiff Singer of the World Competition, reaching the final and winning the prestigious Rosenblatt Song Prize Competition. She was chosen as a BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist from 2007-2009. In 2011 she won a Borletti-Buitoni Trust Award. Her earliest US appearances were in Boston with the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston in 2006 and with Cal Performances in San Francisco. She made her debut at Santa Fe Opera in July 2008. Recently Watts sang Mozart Requiem

Christopher Lee

Christopher Lee

Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee (27 May 1922 – 7 June 2015) was an English actor and singer. In a long career spanning more than 60 years, Lee often portrayed villains, and appeared as Count Dracula in seven Hammer Horror films, ultimately playing the role nine times. His other film roles include Francisco Scaramanga in the James Bond film "The Man with the Golden Gun" (1974), Count Dooku in several "Star Wars" films (2002–2008), and Saruman in both the "Lord of the Rings" film trilogy (2001–2003) and the "Hobbit" film trilogy (2012–2014).

Lee was knighted for services to drama and charity in 2009, received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2011, and received the BFI Fellowship in 2013. He credited three films for making his name as an actor, "A Tale of Two Cities" (1958), in which he played the villainous marquis, and two horror films, "The Curse of Frankenstein" (1957), and "Dracula" (1958). He considered his best performance to be that of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the biopic "Jinnah" (1998), and his best film to be the British cult film "The Wicker Man" (1973). He frequently appeared opposite his friend Peter Cushing in horror films, and late in his career had roles in five Tim Burton films.

Prior to his acting career, Lee served in the Royal Air Force as an intelligence officer, attached to the No. 260 Squadron RAF as a liaison officer for the Special Operations Executive. Following his World War II service he retired from the RAF in 1946 with the rank of flight lieutenant.

Known as an actor with a deep, strong voice, Lee also sang, recorded opera and musical pieces between 1986 and 1998, and the symphonic metal album "" in 2010, after having worked with several metal bands since 2005. The heavy metal follow-up "" was released in 2013 on Lee's 91st birthday. He was honoured with the "Spirit of Hammer" award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards ceremony.

Sting (musician)

Sting (musician)

Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner (born 2 October 1951), known as Sting, is an English musician and actor. He was the frontman, songwriter and bassist for new wave rock band The Police from 1977 until their breakup in 1986. He launched a solo career in 1985 and has included elements of rock, jazz, reggae, classical, new-age, and worldbeat in his music.

As a solo musician and a member of The Police, Sting has received 17 Grammy Awards: he won Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take", three Brit Awards, including Best British Male Artist in 1994 and Outstanding Contribution in 2002, a Golden Globe, an Emmy, and four nominations for the Academy Award for Best Original Song. In 2019, he received a BMI Award for "Every Breath You Take" becoming the most-played song in radio history. In 2002, Sting received the Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Police in 2003. In 2000, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for recording. In 2003, Sting received a CBE from Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace for services to music. He was made a Kennedy Center Honoree at the White House in 2014 and was awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2017.

With The Police, Sting became one of the world's best-selling music artists. Solo and with the Police combined, he has sold over 100 million records. In 2006, "Paste" ranked him 62nd of the 100 best living songwriters. He was 63rd of VH1's 100 greatest artists of rock, and 80th of "Q" magazine's 100 greatest musical stars of the 20th century. He has collaborated with other musicians on songs such as "Money for Nothing" with Dire Straits, "Rise & Fall" with Craig David, "All for Love" with Bryan Adams and Rod Stewart, "You Will Be My Ain True Love" with Alison Krauss, and introduced the North African music genre raï to Western audiences through the hit song "Desert Rose" with Cheb Mami. In 2018, he released the album "44/876", a collaboration with Jamaican musician Shaggy, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 2019.

Bryn Terfel

Bryn Terfel

Sir Bryn Terfel Jones, (; born 9 November 1965) (known professionally as Bryn Terfel) is a Welsh bass-baritone opera and concert singer. Terfel was initially associated with the roles of Mozart, particularly "Figaro", "Leporello" and "Don Giovanni", but has subsequently shifted his attention to heavier roles, especially those by Puccini and Wagner.

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Catherine Zeta-Jones

Catherine Zeta-Jones (; born 25 September 1969) is a Welsh actress. Known for her versatility, she is the recipient of various accolades, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Tony Award. In 2010, she was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for her film and humanitarian work.

Born and raised in Swansea, Zeta-Jones aspired to be an actress from a young age. As a child, she played roles in the West End productions of the musicals "Annie" and "Bugsy Malone". She studied musical theatre at the Arts Educational Schools, London and made her stage breakthrough with a leading role in a 1987 production of "42nd Street". Her screen debut came in the unsuccessful French-Italian film "1001 Nights" (1990), and she went on to find greater success as a regular in the British television series "The Darling Buds of May" (1991–1993). Dismayed at being typecast as the token pretty girl in British films, Zeta-Jones relocated to Los Angeles. She established herself in Hollywood with roles that highlighted her sex appeal, such as in the action film "The Mask of Zorro" (1998) and the heist film "Entrapment" (1999).

Zeta-Jones received critical acclaim for her performances as a vengeful pregnant woman in "Traffic" (2000) and a murderous singer in the musical "Chicago" (2002), winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the latter. She starred in high-profile films for much of the decade, including the black comedy "Intolerable Cruelty" (2003), the heist film "Ocean's Twelve" (2004), the comedy "The Terminal" (2004), and the romantic comedy "No Reservations" (2007). Parts in smaller-scale features were followed by a decrease in workload, during which she returned to the stage and played an ageing actress in a Broadway production of "A Little Night Music" (2009), winning a Tony Award. Zeta-Jones worked intermittently in the subsequent decades, starring in the films "Side Effects" (2013), "Red 2" (2013) and "Dad's Army" (2016). She took on supporting roles in television, portraying Olivia de Havilland in "Feud: Bette & Joan" (2017) and Morticia Addams in "Wednesday" (2022).

Aside from acting, Zeta-Jones is a brand endorser and supports various charitable causes. Her struggle with depression and bipolar II disorder has been well documented by the media. She is married to actor Michael Douglas, with whom she has two children.

List of Australian of the Year Award recipients

The Australian of the Year Award is given annually on Australia Day. The announcement of the award has become a major public event in Australia, and is televised nationwide. The award "offers an insight into Australian identity, reflecting the nation's evolving relationship with world, the role of sport in Australian culture, the impact of multiculturalism, and the special status of Australia's Indigenous people". The award is unique in that it is sponsored by a national government and commands broad public support.

The following is a list of the recipients of the Australian of the Year award.

The post-nominals listed for each individual are as they were on the day they were named the Australian of the Year.

Sarah Fox

Sarah Fox Sarah Fox (born 19 September 1973) is an English operatic soprano who has performed at several of the world’s leading opera houses, notably the Royal Opera House Covent Garden. Fox was born in Giggleswick, Settle, North Yorkshire. She was educated at the Royal Holloway, University of London (BMus, 1995) and the Royal College of Music in London. She won the Kathleen Ferrier Award in 1997 and the John Christie Award in 2000. She was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from Royal Holloway in May 2012. In 2000, Fox made her debut for the Glyndebourne Festival as Karolka ("Jenufa"), returning

Angela Gheorghiu

2002 Grammy Awards. The EMI recording of "Tosca" with Gheorghiu, Roberto Alagna and Ruggero Raimondi in the title roles brought her the Deutscher Schallplattenpreis award in 2002. Gheorghiu has won 5 Gramophone Awards, most recently for Madama Butterfly in 2009. She has also won "Gramophone Awards" in 1997 for Puccini's La rondine (Record of the Year), in 2000 for her album "Verdi Heroines" (Decca): Best Recital and Classic fM People's Choice Award in 2000 and 2001. In 2002, Gheorghiu won the Echo Klassik Award for "Female Singer of the Year". She also won Diapason d'Or Awards, Choc du Monde de

Susan Chilcott

and cared for Chilcott for the last four months of her life. After her death, a charity, the Susan Chilcott Scholarship, was set up to help aspiring singers with their careers. Its patron is Plácido Domingo, the President is Jonathan Dimbleby and the trustees are Dame Josephine Barstow, Iain Burnside (Chair), Pamela Bullock, Neal Davies, Simon Freakley, John Gilhooly and Ian Rosenblatt. The Chilcott Award is awarded biennially and is administered by the Royal Philharmonic Society. Susan Chilcott Susan Chilcott (8 July 1963 – 4 September 2003) was an English soprano, considered one of the best of her generation. She

Thomas Allen (baritone)

of the British Empire (CBE). In 1999, he was knighted. Both awards were for his services to opera. In 1998 he was named a member of the Royal Opera's Opera Advisory Board, the first time a singer had been given such an appointment. Allen's first book, "Foreign Parts – A Singer's Journal" was published in 1993. In November 2002, he directed for the first time in Britten's "Albert Herring" at the Royal College of Music. Other directorial credits include Mozart's "Così fan tutte" and "Don Giovanni" (for Samling, of which he is the patron) at the Sage Music Centre in

Amanda Roocroft

Music in London. Amanda Roocroft Amanda Jane Roocroft (born 9 February 1966) is an English operatic soprano, who in the course of a 25-year career has sung leading roles in the opera houses of Europe and North America. She is also a voice professor at London's Royal College of Music and a Fellow of the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester where she herself had trained as a singer. She also became a visiting tutor at the Royal Birmingham Conservatoire in 2018. Roocroft was the winner of the 2007 Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Opera for her

Sarah Connolly

2017, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree by Nottingham Trent University. She lives with her husband and their daughter in Gloucestershire. Recordings include: Sarah Connolly Dame Sarah Patricia Connolly (born 13 June 1963) is an English mezzo-soprano. Although best known for her baroque and classical roles, Connolly has a wide-ranging repertoire which has included works by Wagner as well as various 20th-century composers. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017

Mary-Jean O'Doherty

Award in 2007 and the following year was the first recipient of the Australian International Opera Award which included a scholarship to study at the Cardiff International Academy of Voice under the direction of Dennis O'Neill. and was also awarded a prize by the Tait Memorial Trust to assist with her studies in Cardiff. Shortly after completing her post-graduate diploma there in 2010, she sang the title role in "Lucia di Lammermoor" at the Prague State Opera and reprised the role with the company the following season. In November 2011, she made her Royal Albert Hall debut as a concert

Ian Rosenblatt

Honorary Co-Treasurer of the Royal Philharmonic Society ( until 2016), a charity with a declared mission of creating a vibrant future for music, and a trustee of the Susan Chilcott Scholarship Fund; commemorating the outstanding British soprano who died aged 40 in 2003, the Fund provides financial support for young classically trained singers. Rosenblatt was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for philanthropic services to music. Ian Rosenblatt’s decision to establish the Rosenblatt Recitals, London's only world-class series of opera recitals, was inspired in 1999, when – after the sudden withdrawal

Elizabeth Llewellyn

Elizabeth Llewellyn Elizabeth Llewellyn, (born 1974) is a British opera singer who debuted with the English National Opera in 2010. She was named the "Best newcomer" in 2010 by the Daily Telegraph for her performance as Mimi in Giacomo Puccini's "La bohème", and according to Mary Ann Seighart of the BBC is "set to become one of the great stars of opera." The daughter of Jamaican parents, Llewellyn was born Elizabeth Davidson near Brixton, South London. and showed interest in music at an early age, playing both the piano and the violin as well as singing while attending Streatham &

Angela Gheorghiu

la Musique in France, Cecilia Prize in Belgium, the Italian Musica e dischi, Foreign Lyric Production Award, the United States Critics' Award. Gheorghiu won the title of Female Artist of the Year at the Classic Brit Awards in 2001 and 2010. In 2004, Gheorghiu won the Victoires de la musique classique award for the best opera recording for Bizet's Carmen (EMI Classics). She was honoured with "La Medaille Vermeille de la Ville de Paris" and she was appointed an Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres and Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres by the French Ministry of

John Shaw (baritone)

in 1977 on the recommendation of the Government of New South Wales. In 1986 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia. John Shaw (baritone) John William Shaw, AO OBE (12 October 192424 February 2003) was an Australian operatic baritone best known for his appearances at The Royal Opera, Covent Garden, where he spent 15 seasons. Shaw was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, in 1924. Both his grandfathers were singers and he himself took an interest in singing at a young age, performing with his church choir and amateur musicals and concerts. In Melbourne he studied under

Sabina Puértolas

international competitions in Rovereto, Pamplona, Palma de Mallorca, Manuel Ausensi in Barcelona, and the Zarzuela Prize at the 2003 Operalia. On 4 January 2018, her performance as Gilda at the Royal Opera House in London was critically acclaimed, after she was called only the day before to temporarily replace Lucy Crowe, who had a throat infection, and having only three hours to rehearse. However, she had performed as Gilda previously in the municipal theatre in Santiago, Chile. Puértolas flew from Spain the next day to perform. It was considered a "do or die" opportunity. Replacing a high profile soprano performing

Dennis O'Neill (tenor)

Barbican concert hall, London. It was his 43rd visit to the Royal Opera House. In 2000 he was appointed a CBE. Dennis O'Neill (tenor) Dennis O'Neill CBE (born 25 February 1948) is a Welsh operatic tenor and recording artist. Born in Pontarddulais, to Welsh and Irish parents, he studied privately with Professor Frederic Cox (Principal of the Royal Northern College of Music) in Manchester and then in London. At the age of 19 he spent the summer as an apprentice singer at the Opera Barga Festival in Tuscany, which confirmed his ambition to become an opera singer. Later, after a

Joan Sutherland

of the then prime minister John Major. In 2002, she appeared at a dinner in London to accept the Royal Philharmonic Society's gold medal. She gave an interview to "The Guardian" in which she lamented the lack of technique in young opera singers and the dearth of good teachers. By this time she was no longer giving master classes herself; when asked by Italian journalists in May 2007 why this was, she replied: "Because I'm 80 years old and I really don't want to have anything to do with opera any more, although I do sit on the juries of

June Anderson

Callas. She appeared as Anna Bolena in Bilbao in October 2007, and ended the year with Verdi's "Requiem" in Manchester and at St. Paul's Cathedral in London. In January 2008, Anderson was elevated from "Officier" to "Commandeur" of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Government, the highest level of commendation within the Ordre recognizing "eminent artists and writers, as well as individuals who have contributed to the recognition of French culture in the world." Her 2008 schedule included recitals and concerts in Aix-en-Provence, Brussels, Bordeaux, Paris, a performance with conductor Kent Nagano and the Montreal Symphony


Question: To the nearest whole number, the diameter of the Earth is how many times that of the Moon?

Astronomical unit

Sun and the Moon and concluded that the apparent diameter of the Sun was equal to the apparent diameter of the Moon at the Moon's greatest distance, and from records of lunar eclipses, he estimated this apparent diameter, as well as the apparent diameter of the shadow cone of Earth traversed by the Moon during a lunar eclipse. Given these data, the distance of the Sun from Earth can be trigonometrically computed to be Earth radii. This gives a ratio of solar to lunar distance of approximately 19, matching Aristarchus's figure. Although Ptolemy's procedure is theoretically workable, it is very

a value of "θ" = 0.25, and a corresponding distance to the moon of 80 Earth radii, a much better estimate. The disagreement of the work with Archimedes seems to be due to its taking an Aristarchus statement that the lunisolar diameter is 1/15 of a "meros" of the zodiac to mean 1/15 of a zodiacal sign (30°), unaware that the Greek word "meros" meant either "portion" or 7°1/2; and 1/15 of the latter amount is 1°/2, in agreement with Archimedes' testimony. A similar procedure was later used by Hipparchus, who estimated the mean distance to the moon as 67

Reference ellipsoid

the symmetry axis is compressed relative to the equatorial radius: For the Earth, "f" is around corresponding to a difference of the major and minor semi-axes of approximately . Some precise values are given in the table below and also in Figure of the Earth. For comparison, Earth's Moon is even less elliptical, with a flattening of less than , while Jupiter is visibly oblate at about and one of Saturn's triaxial moons, Telesto, is nearly to . A great many other parameters are used in geodesy but they can all be related to one or two of the set

On Sizes and Distances

gives and By parallel lines and taking "t" = 1, we get By similarity of triangles, Combining these equations gives The values which Hipparchus took for these variables can be found in Ptolemy's "Almagest" IV, 9. He says Hipparchus found that the moon measured its own circle close to 650 times, and that the angular diameter of earth's shadow is 2.5 times that of the moon. Pappus tells us that Hipparchus took the mean distance to the moon to be 67. This gives: According to Swerdlow, Hipparchus now evaluated this expression with the following roundings (the values are in sexagesimal):

Astronomical unit

the noontime shadows observed at three places li apart and the assumption that Earth is flat. In the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy estimated the mean distance of the Sun as times Earth's radius. To determine this value, Ptolemy started by measuring the Moon's parallax, finding what amounted to a horizontal lunar parallax of 1° 26′, which was much too large. He then derived a maximum lunar distance of Earth radii. Because of cancelling errors in his parallax figure, his theory of the Moon's orbit, and other factors, this figure was approximately correct. He then measured the apparent sizes of the

Moon

Total solar eclipse

Comet

Comet

A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process that is called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch beyond one astronomical unit. If sufficiently bright, a comet may be seen from Earth without the aid of a telescope and may subtend an arc of 30° (60 Moons) across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures and religions.

Comets usually have highly eccentric elliptical orbits, and they have a wide range of orbital periods, ranging from several years to potentially several millions of years. Short-period comets originate in the Kuiper belt or its associated scattered disc, which lie beyond the orbit of Neptune. Long-period comets are thought to originate in the Oort cloud, a spherical cloud of icy bodies extending from outside the Kuiper belt to halfway to the nearest star. Long-period comets are set in motion towards the Sun from the Oort cloud by gravitational perturbations caused by passing stars and the galactic tide. Hyperbolic comets may pass once through the inner Solar System before being flung to interstellar space. The appearance of a comet is called an apparition.

Comets are distinguished from asteroids by the presence of an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere surrounding their central nucleus. This atmosphere has parts termed the coma (the central part immediately surrounding the nucleus) and the tail (a typically linear section consisting of dust or gas blown out from the coma by the Sun's light pressure or outstreaming solar wind plasma). However, extinct comets that have passed close to the Sun many times have lost nearly all of their volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. The discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur minor planets has blurred the distinction between asteroids and comets. In the early 21st century, the discovery of some minor bodies with long-period comet orbits, but characteristics of inner solar system asteroids, were called Manx comets. They are still classified as comets, such as C/2014 S3 (PANSTARRS). Twenty-seven Manx comets were found from 2013 to 2017.

Near-Earth object

Near-Earth object

A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body whose orbit brings it into proximity with Earth. By convention, a Solar System body is a NEO if its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 astronomical units (AU).<ref name="NEO-groups"/> If a NEO's orbit crosses the Earth's orbit, and the object is larger than across, it is considered a potentially hazardous object (PHO).<ref name="CHAPMAN04"/> Most known PHOs and NEOs are asteroids, but a small fraction are comets.<ref name="neo-jpl-stats" />

There are over 30,503 known near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) and over a hundred known short-period near-Earth comets (NECs). Asteroids as small as in diameter can cause significant damage to the local environment and human populations. Larger asteroids penetrate the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth, producing craters if they impact a continent or tsunamis if they impact the sea. Interest in NEOs has increased since the 1980s because of greater awareness of this potential danger. Asteroid impact avoidance by deflection is possible in principle, and methods of mitigation are being researched.<ref name="tsr20120514"/>

Two scales, the simple Torino scale and the more complex Palermo scale, rate the risk presented by an identified NEO based on the probability of it impacting the Earth and on how severe the consequences of such an impact would be. Some NEOs have had temporarily positive Torino or Palermo scale ratings after their discovery.

Since 1998, the United States, the European Union, and other nations are scanning the sky for NEOs in an effort called Spaceguard.<ref name="spaceguard-2004" /> The initial US Congress mandate to NASA to catalog at least 90% of NEOs that are at least in diameter, sufficient to cause a global catastrophe, was met by 2011.<ref name="pia14734" /> In later years, the survey effort was expanded<ref name="law-109-155"/> to include smaller objects<ref name="ETech"/> which have the potential for large-scale, though not global, damage.

NEOs have low surface gravity, and many have Earth-like orbits that make them easy targets for spacecraft.

Lunar eclipse

Lunar eclipse

A lunar eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the moon to be darkened. Such alignment occurs during an eclipse season, approximately every six months, during the full moon phase, when the Moon's orbital plane is closest to the plane of the Earth's orbit.

This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are exactly or very closely aligned (in syzygy) with Earth between the other two, which can happen only on the night of a full moon when the Moon is near either lunar node. The type and length of a lunar eclipse depend on the Moon's proximity to the lunar node.

When the moon is totally eclipsed by the Earth, it takes on a reddish color that is caused by the planet when it completely blocks direct sunlight from reaching the Moon surface, as only the light reflected from the lunar surface has been refracted by Earth's atmosphere. This light appears reddish due to the Rayleigh scattering of blue light, the same reason sunrise and sunsets are more orange than during the day.

Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. A total lunar eclipse can last up to nearly 2 hours, while a total solar eclipse lasts only up to a few minutes at any given place, because the Moon's shadow is smaller. Also unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view without any eye protection or special precautions.

The symbol for a lunar eclipse (or indeed any body in the shadow of another) is (U+1F776 🝶).

Aristarchus of Samos

about 400 times that of the Moon.) The implicit false solar parallax of slightly under three degrees was used by astronomers up to and including Tycho Brahe, c. AD 1600. Aristarchus pointed out that the Moon and Sun have nearly equal apparent angular sizes, and therefore their diameters must be in proportion to their distances from Earth; thus, the diameter of the Sun was calculated to be between 18 and 20 times the diameter of the Moon. Aristarchus of Samos Aristarchus of Samos (; , "Aristarkhos ho Samios"; c. 310 – c. 230 BC) was an ancient Greek astronomer and

On Sizes and Distances

the account of Theon of Smyrna yields a lunar distance of 60.5 earth radii. Doing the same with the account of Cleomedes yields a distance of 61 earth radii. These are remarkably close to both Ptolemy's value and the modern one. According to Toomer, On Sizes and Distances On Sizes and Distances (of the Sun and Moon) (Περὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ ἀποστημάτων [ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης], "Peri megethon kai apostematon") is a text by the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus. It is not extant, but some of its contents have been preserved in the works of Ptolemy and his commentator Pappus of Alexandria.

Earth radii, and Ptolemy, who took 59 Earth radii for this value. Some interactive illustrations of the propositions in "On Sizes" can be found here: On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus) On the Sizes and Distances (of the Sun and Moon) (Περὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ ἀποστημάτων [ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης], "Peri megethon kai apostematon") is widely accepted as the only extant work written by Aristarchus of Samos, an ancient Greek astronomer who lived circa 310–230 BCE. This work calculates the sizes of the Sun and Moon, as well as their distances from the Earth in terms of Earth's radius. The book was

Parallax

teach them that this distance was obtained by measuring the parallax of the Moon. If the word parallax appeared to amaze them, they were told that it was the angle subtended by two straight lines running from both ends of the Earth's radius to the Moon. If they had doubts on the perfection of this method, they were immediately shown that not only did this mean distance amount to a whole two hundred thirty-four thousand three hundred and forty-seven miles (94,330 leagues), but also that the astronomers were not in error by more than seventy miles (≈ 30 leagues). After

Equivalence principle

principle by accurately describing what would occur if the moon were stopped in its orbit and dropped towards Earth. This can be deduced without knowing if or in what manner gravity decreases with distance, but requires assuming the equivalency between gravity and inertia. The 1/54 ratio is Kepler's estimate of the Moon–Earth mass ratio, based on their diameters. The accuracy of his statement can be deduced by using Newton's inertia law F=ma and Galileo's gravitational observation that distance formula_1. Setting these accelerations equal for a mass is the equivalence principle. Noting the time to collision for each mass is the

Hipparchus

value for the distance. His results were the best so far: the actual mean distance of the Moon is 60.3 Earth radii, within his limits from Hipparchus's second book. Theon of Smyrna wrote that according to Hipparchus, the Sun is 1,880 times the size of the Earth, and the Earth twenty-seven times the size of the Moon; apparently this refers to volumes, not diameters. From the geometry of book 2 it follows that the Sun is at 2,550 Earth radii, and the mean distance of the Moon is radii. Similarly, Cleomedes quotes Hipparchus for the sizes of the Sun and

Moon

aether, an influential philosophy that would dominate for centuries. However, in the , Seleucus of Seleucia correctly theorized that tides were due to the attraction of the Moon, and that their height depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun. In the same century, Aristarchus computed the size and distance of the Moon from Earth, obtaining a value of about twenty times the radius of Earth for the distance. These figures were greatly improved by Ptolemy (90–168 AD): his values of a mean distance of 59 times Earth's radius and a diameter of 0.292 Earth diameters were close to

Lunar theory

the Earth-Sun axis, i.e. near new or full moon, point outwards, away from the Earth. When the Moon-Earth line is 90° from the Earth-Sun axis they point inwards, towards the Earth, with a size that is only half the maximum size of the axial (outwards) perturbations. (Newton gave a rather good quantitative estimate for the size of the solar perturbing force: at quadrature where it adds to the Earth's attraction he put it at of the mean terrestrial attraction, and twice as much as that at the new and full moons where it opposes and diminishes the Earth's attraction.) Newton

1993 DA

close as of the Earth (on 19 February 1993) and as close as of Venus (on 15 October 1933, and 30 September 2077). For comparison, the distance to the Moon is about 0.0026 AU (384,400 km). Because the orbit was determined with only 5 days worth of observations, the orbit of has an uncertainty of 6 on a scale of 0 to 9, with 0 being the most certain, and 9 being the most uncertain. This uncertainty is common for small asteroids that are difficult to observe. 1993 DA was first observed on 17 February 1993, by the Spacewatch survey

Astronomy on Mars

distance between the Earth and Mars: it is about 17′ when Earth is closest to Mars (near inferior conjunction) but only about 3.5′ when the Earth is farthest from Mars (near superior conjunction). For comparison, the apparent diameter of the Moon from Earth is 31′. The minimum angular separation would be less than 1′, and occasionally the Moon would be seen to transit in front of or pass behind (be occulted by) the Earth. The former case would correspond to a lunar occultation of Mars as seen from Earth, and because the Moon's albedo is considerably less than that of

(31345) 1998 PG

twice this period solution. The moon's provisional designation is . The system has an estimated secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of more than 0.3, which translates into a diameter of 270 meter for the satellite. The "Johnston's archive" also estimates that the moon's orbit has a semi-major axis of 1.4 kilometers. From the surface of , the moon would have an angular diameter of about 16.3°. For comparison, the Sun appears to be 0.5° from Earth. This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 November 2001. As of 2018, it has not been named. (31345) 1998 PG This

Parallax

circle at the bottom of the diagram to represent the size of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, take it to be the size of the Earth's globe, and of a circle around the Earth's surface. Then, the lunar (horizontal) parallax amounts to the difference in angular position, relative to the background of distant stars, of the Moon as seen from two different viewing positions on the Earth: one of the viewing positions is the place from which the Moon can be seen directly overhead at a given moment (that is, viewed along the vertical line in the diagram); and

Moon

tides, body tides, and the slight lengthening of the day. The Moon's average orbital distance is , or 1.28 light-seconds. This is about thirty times the diameter of Earth. The Moon's apparent size in the sky is almost the same as that of the Sun, since the star is about 400 times the lunar distance and diameter. Therefore, the Moon covers the Sun nearly precisely during a total solar eclipse. This matching of apparent visual size will not continue in the far future because the Moon's distance from Earth is gradually increasing. The Moon was first reached in September 1959

On Sizes and Distances

unnoticed (the typical resolution of the human eye is 2'). The formula obtained above for the distance to the sun can be inverted to determine the distance to the moon: Using the same values as above for each angle, and using 490 earth radii as the minimum solar distance, it follows that the maximum mean lunar distance is Toomer expanded on this by observing that as the distance to the sun increases without bound, the formula approaches a minimum mean lunar distance: This is close to the value later claimed by Ptolemy. In addition to explaining the minimum lunar distance

Solid angle

at an average angular diameter of 0.5334 degrees or 9.310 radians. The Moon is seen from Earth at an average angular diameter of 9.22 radians. We can substitute these into the equation given above for the solid angle subtended by a cone with apex angle : The resulting value for the Sun is 6.807 steradians. The resulting value for the Moon is 6.67 steradians. In terms of the total celestial sphere, the Sun and the Moon subtend "fractional areas" of 0.000542% (Sun) and 0.000531% (Moon). On average, the Sun is larger in the sky than the Moon even though it


Question: What medical speciality is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of hormone disorders?

Endocrinology

list of diseases). The medical specialty of endocrinology involves the diagnostic evaluation of a wide variety of symptoms and variations and the long-term management of disorders of deficiency or excess of one or more hormones. The diagnosis and treatment of endocrine diseases are guided by laboratory tests to a greater extent than for most specialties. Many diseases are investigated through "excitation/stimulation" or "inhibition/suppression" testing. This might involve injection with a stimulating agent to test the function of an endocrine organ. Blood is then sampled to assess the changes of the relevant hormones or metabolites. An endocrinologist needs extensive knowledge of

Gynaecology

on the exact nature of the problem that they are treating. Pre- and post-operative medical management will often employ many standard drug therapies, such as antibiotics, diuretics, antihypertensives, and antiemetics. Additionally, gynaecologists make frequent use of specialized hormone-modulating therapies (such as Clomifene citrate and hormonal contraception) to treat disorders of the female genital tract that are responsive to pituitary or gonadal signals. Surgery, however, is the mainstay of gynaecological therapy. For historical and political reasons, gynaecologists were previously not considered "surgeons", although this point has always been the source of some controversy. Modern advancements in both general surgery and gynaecology,

Endocrinology

Care of diabetes, obesity and other chronic diseases necessitates understanding the patient at the personal and social level as well as the molecular, and the physician–patient relationship can be an important therapeutic process. Apart from treating patients, many endocrinologists are involved in clinical science and medical research, teaching, and hospital management. Endocrinologists are specialists of internal medicine or pediatrics. Reproductive endocrinologists deal primarily with problems of fertility and menstrual function—often training first in obstetrics. Most qualify as an internist, pediatrician, or gynecologist for a few years before specializing, depending on the local training system. In the U.S. and Canada, training

Pediatric endocrinology

primary physicians involved in the medical care of infants and children with intersex disorders. The specialty also deals with hypoglycemia and other forms of hyperglycemia in childhood, variations of puberty, as well other adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary problems. Many pediatric endocrinologists have interests and expertise in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism, adolescent gynecology, or inborn errors of metabolism. In the United States and Canada, pediatric endocrinology is a subspecialty of the American Board of Pediatrics or the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics, with board certification following fellowship training. It is a relatively small and primarily cognitive specialty, with few procedures and

Endocrinology

relate to too little or too much secretion of a hormone, too little or too much action of a hormone, or problems with receiving the hormone. Because endocrinology encompasses so many conditions and diseases, there are many organizations that provide education to patients and the public. The Hormone Foundation is the public education affiliate of The Endocrine Society and provides information on all endocrine-related conditions. Other educational organizations that focus on one or more endocrine-related conditions include the American Diabetes Association, Human Growth Foundation, American Menopause Foundation, Inc., and Thyroid Foundation of America. In North America the principal professional organizations

Medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.

Medicine has been practiced since prehistoric times, and for most of this time it was an art (an area of skill and knowledge), frequently having connections to the religious and philosophical beliefs of local culture. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing, or an ancient philosopher and physician would apply bloodletting according to the theories of humorism. In recent centuries, since the advent of modern science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science (both basic and applied, under the umbrella of medical science). For example, while stitching technique for sutures is an art learned through practice, the knowledge of what happens at the cellular and molecular level in the tissues being stitched arises through science.

Prescientific forms of medicine, now known as traditional medicine or "folk medicine", remain commonly used in the absence of scientific medicine, and are thus called alternative medicine. Alternative treatments outside of scientific medicine with safety and efficacy concerns are termed quackery.

Medical specialty

Medical specialty

A medical specialty is a branch of medical practice that is focused on a defined group of patients, diseases, skills, or philosophy. Examples include those branches of medicine that deal exclusively with children (paediatrics), cancer (oncology), laboratory medicine (pathology), or primary care (family medicine). After completing medical school or other basic training, physicians or surgeons and other clinicians usually further their medical education in a specific specialty of medicine by completing a multiple-year residency to become a specialist.

Endocrinology

Endocrinology

Endocrinology (from "endocrine" + "-ology") is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones. Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology.

The endocrine system consists of several glands, all in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system. Therefore, endocrine glands are regarded as ductless glands. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone.

Internal medicine

Internal medicine

Internal medicine or general internal medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases. Doctors specializing in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians (without a modifier) in Commonwealth nations. Internists are medical specialists that are skilled in the management of patients who have undifferentiated or multi-system disease processes. Internists care for hospitalized (inpatient) and ambulatory (outpatient) patients and may play a major role in teaching and research. Internists are qualified physicians with postgraduate training in internal medicine and should not be confused with "interns", a term for doctors in their first year of residency training.

Internal medicine and family medicine are often confused as equivalent in the United States and Commonwealth nations (see below).

Because internal medicine patients are often seriously ill or require complex investigations, internists do much of their work in hospitals. Internists often have subspecialty interests in diseases affecting particular organs or organ systems. The certification process along with the list of possible sub-specialties vary around the world.

Internal medicine is also a specialty within clinical pharmacy and veterinary medicine.

Nephrology

Nephrology

Nephrology (from Greek" nephros" "kidney", combined with the suffix "-logy", "the study of") is a specialty of adult internal medicine and pediatric medicine that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function (renal physiology) and kidney disease (renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). The word “renal” is an adjective meaning “relating to the kidneys”, and its roots are French or late Latin. Whereas according to some opinions, "renal" and "nephro" should be replaced with "kidney" in scientific writings such as "kidney medicine" (instead of nephrology) or "kidney replacement therapy", other experts have advocated preserving the use of renal and nephro as appropriate including in "nephrology" and "renal replacement therapy", respectively.

Nephrology also studies systemic conditions that affect the kidneys, such as diabetes and autoimmune disease; and systemic diseases that occur as a result of kidney disease, such as renal osteodystrophy and hypertension. A physician who has undertaken additional training and become certified in nephrology is called a "nephrologist".

The term "nephrology" was first used in about 1960, according to the French "néphrologie" proposed by Pr. Jean Hamburger in 1953, from the Greek νεφρός / nephrós (kidney). Before then, the specialty was usually referred to as "kidney medicine".

Endocrinology

estrogens, and progestogens. Some forms of vitamin D, such as calcitriol, are steroid-like and bind to homologous receptors, but lack the characteristic fused ring structure of true steroids. Although every organ system secretes and responds to hormones (including the brain, lungs, heart, intestine, skin, and the kidney), the clinical specialty of endocrinology focuses primarily on the "endocrine organs", meaning the organs whose primary function is hormone secretion. These organs include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, ovaries, testes, and pancreas. An "endocrinologist" is a physician who specializes in treating disorders of the endocrine system, such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and many others (see

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Psychoneuroendocrinology Psychoneuroendocrinology is the clinical study of hormone fluctuations and their relationship to human behavior. It may be viewed from the perspective of psychiatry, where in certain mood disorders, there are associated neuroendocrine or hormonal changes affecting the brain. It may also be viewed from the perspective of endocrinology, where certain endocrine disorders can be associated with psychiatric illness. Brain dysfunctions such as in the hypothalamus can affect the endocrine system, which in turn can result in psychiatric symptoms. This complex blend of psychiatry, neurology and endocrinology is needed to comprehensively understand and treat psychiatric illnesses (see neurobiological brain disorder).

Growth hormone therapy

introduced Kefei HGH, and Hygene BioPharm introduced Hygetropin. These are all recombinant human growth hormone products and they have competed with various marketing strategies. Most children with severe deficiency in the developed world are now likely to have access to a pediatric endocrinologist and be diagnosed and offered treatment. Pediatric endocrinology became a recognizable specialty in the 1950s, but did not reach board status in the U.S. until the late 1970s. Even 10 years later, as a cognitive, procedureless specialty dealing with mostly rare diseases, it was one of the smallest, lowest-paid, and more obscure of the medical specialities. Pediatric

Pediatric endocrinology

Pediatric endocrinology Pediatric endocrinology (British: Paediatric) is a medical subspecialty dealing with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, diabetes and many more. By age, pediatric endocrinologists, depending upon the age range of the patients they treat, care for patients from infancy to late adolescence and young adulthood. The most common disease of the specialty is type 1 diabetes, which usually accounts for at least 50% of a typical clinical practice. The next most common problem is growth disorders, especially those amenable to growth hormone treatment. Pediatric endocrinologists are usually the

Endocrinology

Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) is a surgical subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology that trains physicians in reproductive medicine addressing hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction as well as the issue of infertility. While most REI specialists primarily focus on the treatment of infertility, reproductive endocrinologists are trained to also evaluate and treat hormonal dysfunctions in females and males outside infertility. Reproductive endocrinologists have specialty training in obstetrics and gynecology (ob-gyn) before they undergo sub-specialty training (fellowship) in REI. Reproductive surgery is a related specialty, where a physician in ob-gyn or urology further specializes to

John Studd (gynaecologist)

further work on the mechanism of labour, the effect of epidural anaesthesia on labour, and the complication of sickle cell disease in labour. He extended his interests on hormone therapy for women, particularly relating to osteoporosis and hormone responsive depression. He was a founder of the National Osteoporosis Society. He was the first to show in randomised controlled trials that transdermal oestrogens are extremely effective in the treatment of postnatal depression, premenstrual depression, and perimenopausal depression. He is a past chairman of the British Menopause Society, British Society for Psychosexual Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and International Society for Reproductive Medicine. He

Gynaecology

Gynaecology Gynaecology or gynecology (see spelling differences) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems (vagina, uterus, and ovaries) and the breasts. Outside medicine, the term means "the science of women". Its counterpart is andrology, which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system. Almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians (see "obstetrics and gynaecology"). In many areas, the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap. The word "gynaecology" comes from the oblique stem (γυναικ-) of Greek γυνή ("gyne)", "woman", and "-logia", "study". The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus, dated to about 1800 BC, deals with

Paul Stewart (doctor)

hormones known as corticosteriods and their role in human disease. He is an elected fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the Academy of Medical Sciences. He delivered the 1997 Goulstonian Lecture at the Royal College of Physicians. Paul Stewart (doctor) Paul Michael Stewart FMedSci FRCP (b. 6 July 1959) is Dean of Medicine and Health at the University of Leeds and an Honorary Consultant Endocrinologist at the Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust. He is also currently Vice President of the Academy of Medical Sciences Stewart is the primary investigator for the National Institute for Health Research Musculoskeletal Biomedical

Psychoneuroendocrinology

a mood stabilizer, and antipsychotic, and if necessary a benzodiazepine for agitation. www.neuroendocrinology.org Psychoneuroendocrinology Psychoneuroendocrinology is the clinical study of hormone fluctuations and their relationship to human behavior. It may be viewed from the perspective of psychiatry, where in certain mood disorders, there are associated neuroendocrine or hormonal changes affecting the brain. It may also be viewed from the perspective of endocrinology, where certain endocrine disorders can be associated with psychiatric illness. Brain dysfunctions such as in the hypothalamus can affect the endocrine system, which in turn can result in psychiatric symptoms. This complex blend of psychiatry, neurology and endocrinology

Endocrinology

of endocrinologists include The Endocrine Society, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Diabetes Association, the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the American Thyroid Association. In the United Kingdom, the Society for Endocrinology and the British Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes are the main professional organisations. The European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology is the largest international professional association dedicated solely to paediatric endocrinology. There are numerous similar associations around the world. The earliest study of endocrinology began in China. The Chinese were isolating sex and pituitary hormones from human urine and using them for medicinal purposes by

Endocrinology

a duct system. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone. Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system in the human body. This is a system of glands which secrete hormones. Hormones are chemicals which affect the actions of different organ systems in the body. Examples include thyroid hormone, growth hormone, and insulin. The endocrine system involves a number of feedback mechanisms, so that often one hormone (such as thyroid stimulating hormone) will control the

Emil Steinberger (endocrinologist)

physical and chemical gonadotoxic agents, as well as in the endocrine treatment of women with ovulatory dysfunction. Continuing to work in academia, he worked at the University of Texas until 1984, when he left to establish the Texas Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Endocrinology. He published more than 400 medical research papers and trained more than 50 postdoctoral fellows from the United States and abroad. After retiring from active medical practice in 2001, he also published two autobiographical books and published a column in the Jewish Herald-Voice. Together with his wife Anna he is the founder of the Steinberger Endowment

Gynecological Endocrinology

Gynecological Endocrinology Gynecological Endocrinology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering experimental, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of the discipline. The journal includes papers related to the control and function of the different endocrine glands in women, the effects of reproductive events on the endocrine system, and the consequences of endocrine disorders on reproduction. It is the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. "Gynecological Endocrinology" is published by Informa and is edited by Anrea R. Genazzani (University of Pisa, Italy). The journal was established in 1987 and has a 2009 impact factor of 1.360, ranking it 44th out

Female infertility

or women's health nurse practitioners. If initial treatments are unsuccessful, referral is usually made to physicians who are fellowship trained as reproductive endocrinologists. Reproductive endocrinologists are usually obstetrician/gynecologists with advanced training in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (in North America). These physicians treat reproductive disorders affecting not only women but also men, children, and teens. Usually reproductive endocrinology & infertility medical practices do not see women for general maternity care. The practice is primarily focused on helping their women to conceive and to correct any issues related to recurring pregnancy loss. Acquired female infertility may be prevented through identified interventions: Social