Question: In which year did Reference Point win the Derby and Maori Venture win the Grand National?

one thousand, nine hundred and eighty-seven

one thousand nine hundred and eighty seven

Maori Venture

the time of the race, owner Jim Joel was aged 92 and had been trying to win the Grand National since 1957. Maori Venture was retired from racing immediately after the race and given to his rider in the Grand National, Steve Knight. Maori Venture died in 2000, aged 24. Maori Venture Maori Venture (1976 - 2000) was a thoroughbred racehorse noted for winning the 1987 Grand National. The horse was so-named because breeder Dai Morgan had played rugby in New Zealand, home to the Māori. An eleven-year-old owned by Jim Joel, trained by Andrew Turnell he was stabled in

Maori Venture

Maori Venture Maori Venture (1976 - 2000) was a thoroughbred racehorse noted for winning the 1987 Grand National. The horse was so-named because breeder Dai Morgan had played rugby in New Zealand, home to the Māori. An eleven-year-old owned by Jim Joel, trained by Andrew Turnell he was stabled in East Hendred, Oxfordshire. He was ridden by Steve Knight. Carrying 10 st 13 lb, Maori Venture won the race by five lengths at a price of 28/1 and in a time of 9 min 19.3 s. It was both Maori Venture's first and last race in a Grand National. At

Reference Point (horse)

Reference Point (horse) Reference Point (26 February 1984– December 1991) was a British Thoroughbred race horse and sire. In a career which lasted from August 1986 to October 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races. As a three-year-old he overcame sinus problems before winning York's Dante Stakes, the Derby, Ascot's King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes, the Great Voltigeur and St. Leger in 1987. It was not until 2012 that another Derby winner contested the St. Leger; when Camelot attempted, and failed, to win the English Triple Crown. His final race of the season resulted in

New Zealand Derby

Plymouth. Only a small number of fillies have ever won the Derby against the male horses, including the great Desert Gold. Five have done so since 1980 – Our Flight in 1983, Tidal Light in 1987, Popsy in 1994, Silent Achiever in 2012 and Habibi in 2013. On two of those occasions, fillies have also finished second – Cure in 1986 and Fix in 2013. Many of New Zealand's most famous racehorses feature on the list of New Zealand Derby winners, including Nightmarch, Kindergarten, Balmerino, Desert Gold, Mainbrace, Gloaming, Bonecrusher, Xcellent, Jimmy Choux, Silent Achiever and Mongolian Khan. Vinnie Colgan

2017 New Zealand Derby

leading New Zealand syndicators Te Akau Racing, as well as for trainers Stephen Autridge and Jamie Richards. Autridge was the favourite to win the race as a jockey in 1981 aboard the undefeated Altitude, who suffered a catastrophic and fatal haemorrhage. It was the second Derby win for champion jockey Opie Bosson, who won the race in 2015 aboard Mongolian Khan. Further details of the winner, Gingernuts: Early-season appearances in 2013–14 prior to running in the Derby. Subsequent wins at Group 1 level by runners in the 2017 New Zealand Derby. 2017 New Zealand Derby The 2017 New Zealand Derby

1987 Grand National

1987 Grand National

The 1987 Grand National (officially known as the Seagram Grand National for sponsorship reasons) was the 141st running of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 4 April 1987.

The race was won in a time of 9 minutes, 19.3 seconds, and by a distance of five lengths by the 28/1 each way chance, Maori Venture who provided jockey Steve Knight with his second Grand National ride. The winner was trained in East Hendred, Oxfordshire by Andy Turnell and ran in the black jacket and scarlet cap of his nonagenarian owner, Jim Joel who collected a £64,000 prize.

The field was at full (maximum-allowed) capacity; of the forty runners that started the race, twenty-two completed the course. The well-favoured grey, Dark Ivy, was killed in a fall during the race.

1987 in sports

1987 in sports

1987 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

Grand National

Grand National

The Grand National is a National Hunt horse race held annually at Aintree Racecourse in Liverpool, England. First run in 1839, it is a handicap steeplechase over an official distance of about 4 miles and 2½ furlongs (), with horses jumping 30 fences over two laps. It is the most valuable jump race in Europe, with a prize fund of £1 million in 2017. An event that is prominent in British culture, the race is popular amongst many people who do not normally watch or bet on horse racing at other times of the year.

The course over which the race is run features much larger fences than those found on conventional National Hunt tracks. Many of these fences, particularly Becher's Brook, The Chair and the Canal Turn, have become famous in their own right and, combined with the distance of the event, create what has been called "the ultimate test of horse and rider".

The Grand National has been broadcast live on free-to-air terrestrial television in the United Kingdom since 1960. From then until 2012 it was broadcast by the BBC. Channel 4 broadcast the event between 2013 and 2016: UK broadcasting rights were transferred to ITV from 2017. An estimated 500 to 600 million people watch the Grand National in over 140 countries. The race has also been broadcast on radio since 1927; BBC Radio held exclusive rights until 2013. Talksport acquired radio commentary rights in 2014: Both the BBC and Talksport currently broadcast the race in full.

The most recent running of the race, in 2022, was won by Noble Yeats. Since 2017, the race and accompanying festival have been sponsored by Randox.

Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II

Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II

The Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II was the international celebration in 2022 marking the 70th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952, the first British monarch to ever celebrate one.

In the United Kingdom, there was an extra bank holiday on 3 June and the usual spring bank holiday was moved from the end of May to 2 June to create the four-day Platinum Jubilee Central Weekend from Thursday, 2 June, to Sunday, 5 June. It was the first time that any monarch in British history celebrated a platinum jubilee, as is the case in the histories of the other Commonwealth realms. Initiatives to commemorate the jubilee were announced by the governments of many realms—including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and the United Kingdom—of territories, such as the Cayman Islands and Gibraltar, and celebrations were also held in other Commonwealth member states, like the Gambia, Malaysia, Malta, Pakistan, and Samoa. Leaders from across the world, including from China, France, Germany, Israel, and the United States, sent messages of congratulations to the Queen on reaching the milestone.

Commemorative stamps and coins were issued by several Commonwealth nations and beacons were lit in every Commonwealth capital for the first time. In many places, trees were planted in the Queen's honour.

The Queen died in her Platinum Jubilee year, on 8 September 2022, at the age of 96. Her funeral was held on 19 September 2022, and she was buried at the King George VI Memorial Chapel later that day.

Milwaukee

Milwaukee

Milwaukee ( ), officially the City of Milwaukee, is the most populated city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Milwaukee County. With a population of 577,222 at the 2020 census, Milwaukee is the 31st largest city in the United States, the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States, and the second largest city on Lake Michigan's shore behind Chicago.

It is the main cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee metropolitan area, the fourth-most densely populated metropolitan area in the Midwest. Milwaukee is considered a global city, categorized as "Gamma minus" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, with a regional GDP of over $102 billion in 2020.

Today, Milwaukee is one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse cities in the U.S. However, it continues to be one of the most racially segregated, largely as a result of early-20th-century redlining. Its history was heavily influenced by German immigrants in the 19th century, and it continues to be a center for German-American culture, specifically becoming well known for its brewing industry. In recent years, Milwaukee has been undergoing its largest construction boom since the 1960s. Major additions to the city since the turn of the 21st century include the Wisconsin Center, American Family Field, The Hop (streetcar system), an expansion to the Milwaukee Art Museum, Milwaukee Repertory Theater, the Bradley Symphony Center, and Discovery World, as well as major renovations to the UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena. Fiserv Forum opened in late 2018, and hosts sporting events and concerts. Since 1968, Milwaukee has been home to Summerfest, one of the largest music festivals in the world. With regard to education, Milwaukee is home to the Medical College of Wisconsin, UW-Milwaukee, Marquette University, MSOE, and several other universities and colleges. The city is home to two major professional sports teams − the Bucks and the Brewers. It is home to several "Fortune" 500 companies, including Northwestern Mutual, WEC Energy Group, Rockwell Automation, and Harley-Davidson.

1987 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes

the Irish Oaks, and Bourbon Girl, who had finished runner-up to Unite in both races. The other runners were Moon Madness (St Leger Stakes, Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud), Celestial Storm (Princess of Wales's Stakes) and Sir Harry Lewis (Irish Derby). A notable absentee was Mtoto, who had beaten Reference Point and Triptych in the Eclipse Stakes, but was withdrawn from the race because of the prevailing soft ground. Reference Point headed the betting at odds of 11/2 with Celestial Storm and Triptych joint second-favorites at 5/1 ahead of Unite (13/2) and Sir Harry Lewis (10/1). Steve Cauthen sent Reference point

Reference Point (horse)

progeny was Known Ranger, who won nineteen races in Europe and North America. Reference Point ran three times as a two-year-old in 1986. He was the beaten 11/10 favourite when finishing third behind Port Helene and Brother Patrick on his debut in the EBF Heart of Variety Stakes over a mile at Sandown Park on 30 August 1986. On his second outing of 1986 he returned to the same course and distance on 23 September and won the Dorking Stakes by eight lengths from Mulhollande. His final two-year-old run saw him step up to Group One class in the William

Reference Point (horse)

Hill Futurity at Doncaster. He was sent off 4 to 1 second favourite behind Henry Cecil's first string, Suhailie but ran out the five length winner from Bengal Fire, with Love The Groom in third. His win at Doncaster led to Reference Point being the highest rated European two-year-old of 1986, In early 1987, Reference Point's training was disrupted by sinus problems, which required surgery, ruling out any possibility of a challenge for the 2000 Guineas. On his three-year-old debut, Reference Point ran in the Dante Stakes at York, a recognised trial race for the Epsom Derby. Reference Point led

Reference Point (horse)

and then pulled clear in the final quarter mile to win by three lengths from Celestial Storm and Triptych. The decision was made to aim Reference Point for both the St Leger and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. In his prep race he ran in the Great Voltigeur Stakes at York in August. He won comfortably at odds of 1/10, but sustained a minor injury when slipping on the heavily watered ground. Only six horses opposed him in the St Leger at Doncaster in September. He started the 4/11 favourite and won by one and a half lengths from

Reference Point (horse)

his career. Reference Point was voted 1987 British Horse of the Year by the Racecourse Association, attracting twelve of the twenty votes. Reference Point made little impact in four seasons at stud, with his only Group One winner being Ivyanna, who won the 1992 Oaks d'Italia. He died after fracturing a leg in an accident in December 1991 at the Dalham Hall Stud where he was buried. Reference Point (horse) Reference Point (26 February 1984– December 1991) was a British Thoroughbred race horse and sire. In a career which lasted from August 1986 to October 1987 he ran ten times

1987 Grand National

Tip's challenge faded. The Tsarevich briefly looked the more likely but never headed Maori venture who gradually opened up a winning lead, The Tsarevich was second, Leanar Aghaidh third and West Tip fourth. For the first time since 1978, three time Champion, Red Rum did not lead the parade of runners. Owner, Ginger McCain explained that the twenty-two-year-old horse had a problem with his off hind leg that could result in injury if the horse was risked on the course 1981 Grand National winner Aldaniti and his rider in victory Bob Champion instead galloped in front of the stands before

1987 Grand National

various sizes, many with full colour guides. Owner, Jim Joel was not at the course to see his colours carried to victory as he was mid flight to the UK from South Africa. He was however able to attend the following day's victory celebrations, where he announced Maori Venture's immediate retirement from Racing. The horse was later left to jockey, Steve Knight in Jim Joel's will. The immediate press reaction however centered on the fatal fall of Dark Ivy with graphic images of his fall making the front pages of many of the tabloids on the Monday and causing an

from France, one from Italy and one from Germany. The favourite was Reference Point, a three-year-old colt who had won the Racing Post Trophy, Dante Stakes and Epsom Derby. The French challenger was the five-year-old mare Triptych a winner of five Group One races whilst Germany was represented by Acatenango who had twice been voted German Horse of the Year. The Italian colt Tony Bin started a 100/1 outsider despite Group One wins in the Premio Presidente della Repubblica and the Gran Premio di Milano. The two three-year-old in the race were Unite who had won the Epsom Oaks and

Elsu

J Taylor Memorial Mile, the New Zealand Messenger Championship, the A.G. Hunter Cup, the Inter-Dominion Pacing Championship and the City of Auckland Free For All. The 2004/2005 season saw Elsu crowned the Australasian Pacers Grand Circuit Champion, as well as being crowned New Zealand Harness Horse of the Year for the second time. Elsu's performance in the 2005 A.G. Hunter Cup was a remarkable effort in the world's richest standing start event, handicapped 20 metres, Elsu sat 3 wide for the last 1,100 metres then powered to the line to easily win. It was later found that he was suffering

2013 New Zealand Derby

1 level by runners in the 2013 New Zealand Derby. 2013 New Zealand Derby The 2013 New Zealand Derby was a horse race which took place at Ellerslie Racecourse on Saturday 2 March 2013. It was the 138th running of the New Zealand Derby, and it was won by Habibi. With Silent Achiever having won the race 12 months earlier, it was the first time in the history of the race that fillies have won the Derby two years in a row. The runner-up, Fix, is also a filly, and it was just the second time fillies have finished first

Reference Point (horse)

in the Eclipse Stakes at Sandown over ten furlongs. Reference Point led from the start, setting such a "furious gallop" that the designated pacemaker, Media Starguest was unable to reach the front. Two furlongs out he was challenged by Mtoto, ridden by Michael Roberts. The two horses raced together in the closing stages before Mtoto pulled ahead to prevail by three quarters a length, with Triptych taking third. Three weeks later, Reference Point returned to twelve furlongs in the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes at Ascot. Starting the 11/10 favourite, he led the field into the straight

Maori's Idol

In the final he finished second to Rip Van Winkle. At the end of the season he was selected as the Australian Harness Horse of the Year, the only time that a trotter has received the award. Maori’s Idol won four of his first five starts, his only loss against pacers in the Kilmore Cup. His wins included the Dullard Cup from a 40 m handicap on 25 November and the Freestone Cup. In the Dullard Cup he broke his own track record when driven less patiently than the Inter Dominion final when there was severe criticism of the drive.

Reference Point (horse)

any horse up to that time, and higher than those of Nijinsky, Alleged and Troy. In their book "A Century of Champions", John Randall and Tony Morris rated Reference Point the thirty-sixth best British horse of the 20th Century and the second best Derby winner of the 1980s behind Shergar. The BBC sport correspondent Lee McKenzie rated him as one of his "six of the best" recent Derby winners' and explained that his "workmanlike" racing style sometimes led to his being overlooked. Steve Cauthen ranked Reference Point as a "great champion" and one of the best horses he rode in

Grand National

to secure his first of three wins. McCain's Amberleigh House came home first, ridden by Graham Lee, overtaking Clan Royal on the final straight. Hedgehunter, who would go on to win in 2005, fell at the last while leading. McCain had equalled George Dockeray and Fred Rimell's record feat of training four Grand National winners. In 2005 John Smith's took over from Martell as main sponsors of the Grand National and many of the other races at the three-day Aintree meeting for the first time. In 2006 John Smith's launched the John Smith's People's Race which gave ten members of

into the lead from the start and set the pace from Acatenango, Sir Harry Lewis and Unite and the same order was maintained into the straight. Approaching the last quarter mile the favourite began to draw away from his opponents as Triptych and Celestial Storm made progress from the rear. Reference Point was never seriously challenged and won by three lengths and a neck from Celestial Storm and Triptych. There was a gap of five lengths back to Moon Madness, who took fourth place ahead of Tony Bin, Acatenango and Sir Harry Lewis. Unite and Bourbon Girl were fifteen lengths


Question: In which year did Nick Faldo win both the Open and the US Masters Championships?

one thousand nine hundred and ninety
one thousand, nine hundred and ninety
1990

Nick Faldo

that would have won him the tournament. On the 2nd playoff hole, amid the growing evening darkness, Faldo holed a 25-foot birdie putt to win the tournament. At the 1990 Masters, Faldo successfully defended his Masters title. He came from behind to get into a playoff with Raymond Floyd, once again winning on the second playoff hole after Floyd pulled his approach shot into a pond left of the green. Faldo became the first player to win back-to-back Masters titles since Jack Nicklaus in 1965-66. In the next major at the 1990 U.S. Open at Medinah Country Club, Faldo finished

Nick Faldo

I hit a foot past the hole. How can you say I hit it too hard?" The following month, Faldo won his second Open Championship at St Andrews, Scotland, by five shots, becoming the first golfer since Tom Watson in 1982 to win two majors in the same year. Faldo won the famous Claret Jug trophy for a third time in the 1992 Open Championship at Muirfield. Faldo's first two rounds of 66-64 for a 36-hole total of 130 broke the Open Championship record for the lowest first 36 holes (a record later tied by Brandt Snedeker in 2012). Faldo

1990 Masters Tournament

72 holes. It was the third consecutive year that the Masters champion was from the United Kingdom, which had no winners prior to Sandy Lyle's victory in 1988. Faldo was just the second to win consecutive titles at Augusta, following Jack Nicklaus (1965 and 1966). Both of Faldo's wins came at the second hole of a sudden-death playoff, at the eleventh green. Tiger Woods later won back-to-back Masters in 2001 and 2002. Faldo won his third Masters six years later in 1996, for his sixth and final major title. Chris Patton was the only amateur to make the cut and

Nick Faldo

and 1992, and has won 29 European Tour titles. While his professional tournament wins (40) pale in quantity to that of contemporaries Greg Norman, Seve Ballesteros, and Bernhard Langer, the prestige and stature of his successes are impressive, and he has more major victories than any of these players. Faldo's CV boasts (often multiple) successes in high-profile tour events such as the French Open, Irish Open, Spanish Open, the European PGA, the British Masters, the European Open, the Johnnie Walker Classic, and the Volvo Masters, as well as his Nissan Open, Doral Open, and Heritage successes in the US. These

Nick Faldo

final round of 67, but he finished runner-up, two strokes behind Norman, who shot a spectacular final round of 64. Throughout the early 1990s, Faldo remained a European Tour player while also visiting America regularly and playing events around the world, but in 1995 he decided to concentrate on playing on the U.S. PGA Tour, as his priority was to win further major championships (and three out of the four majors are played in the United States). At first this strategy didn't seem to work, as he had a moderate 1995 season, but in April 1996 he won a famous

Nick Faldo

Nick Faldo

Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo, (born 18 July 1957) is an English retired professional golfer and television commentator. A top player of his era, renowned for his dedication to the game, he was ranked No. 1 on the Official World Golf Ranking for a total of 97 weeks. His 41 professional wins include 30 victories on the European Tour and six major championships: three Open Championships (1987, 1990, 1992) and three Masters (1989, 1990, 1996).

Faldo has since become a television commentator for major golf championships. In 2006, he became the lead golf analyst for CBS Sports. In 2012, Faldo joined the BBC Sport on-air team for coverage of the Open Championship.

List of Masters Tournament champions

List of Masters Tournament champions

The Masters Tournament is a golf competition that was established in 1934, with Horton Smith winning the inaugural tournament. The Masters is the first of four major championships to be played each year, with the final round of the Masters always being scheduled for the second Sunday in April. The Masters is the only one of the four majors to use the same course every year; the Augusta National Golf Club. Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (the U.S. Open, the Open Championship (British Open), and the PGA Championship) for the next five years, and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters. They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to the Players Championship for the five years following their victory. The champion also receives the "Green Jacket", the first one being won by Sam Snead in 1949. The champion takes the jacket home for a year and returns it thereafter. A multiple champion will only have one jacket unless his size changes dramatically.

Jack Nicklaus holds the record for the most Masters victories, winning the tournament six times during his career. Nicklaus is also the oldest winner of the Masters: he was 46 years 82 days old when he won in 1986. Nicklaus, Nick Faldo, and Tiger Woods co-hold the record for most consecutive victories with two. Woods was the youngest winner of the Masters, 21 years 104 days old when he won in 1997.

The highest winning score of 289 (+1) was originally set by Sam Snead in 1954, it was equalled by Jack Burke Jr. in 1956, and Zach Johnson in 2007. Five golfers have won the Masters wire-to-wire; Craig Wood in 1941, Arnold Palmer in 1960, Nicklaus in 1972, Raymond Floyd in 1976, and Jordan Spieth in 2015. Other players have led wire-to-wire if ties after a round are included, most recently Dustin Johnson in the 2020 Masters Tournament. Scottie Scheffler is the current champion. He won the 2022 Masters Tournament with a score of 278 (−10).

Masters Tournament

Masters Tournament

The Masters Tournament (usually referred to as simply The Masters, or the U.S. Masters outside North America) is one of the four major championships in professional golf. Scheduled for the first full week of April, the Masters is the first major of the year, and unlike the others, it is always held at the same location, Augusta National Golf Club, a private course in the city of Augusta, Georgia, in the southeastern United States.

The Masters was started by amateur champion Bobby Jones and investment banker Clifford Roberts. After his grand slam in 1930, Jones acquired the former plant nursery and co-designed Augusta National with course architect Alister MacKenzie.<ref name=itcpgat11/> First played in 1934, the tournament is an official money event on the PGA Tour, the European Tour, and the Japan Golf Tour. The field of players is smaller than those of the other major championships because it is an invitational event, held by the Augusta National Golf Club.

The tournament has a number of traditions. Since 1949, a green jacket has been awarded to the champion, who must return it to the clubhouse one year after his victory, although it remains his personal property and is stored with other champions' jackets in a specially designated cloakroom. In most instances, only a first-time and currently reigning champion may remove his jacket from the club grounds. A golfer who wins the event multiple times uses the same green jacket awarded upon his initial win (unless they need to be re-fitted with a new jacket). The Champions Dinner, inaugurated by Ben Hogan in 1952, is held on the Tuesday before each tournament, and is open only to past champions and certain board members of the Augusta National Golf Club. Beginning in 1963, legendary golfers, usually past champions, have hit an honorary tee shot on the morning of the first round to commence play. These have included Fred McLeod, Jock Hutchinson, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, Byron Nelson, Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Lee Elder, and Tom Watson. Since 1960, a semi-social contest at the par-3 course has been played on Wednesday, the day before the first round.

Nicklaus has the most Masters wins, with six between 1963 and 1986. Tiger Woods won five between 1997 and 2019. Palmer won four between 1958 and 1964. Five have won three titles at Augusta: Jimmy Demaret, Sam Snead, Gary Player, Nick Faldo, and Phil Mickelson. Player, from South Africa, was the first non-American player to win the tournament, in 1961; the second was Seve Ballesteros of Spain, the champion in 1980 and 1983.

The Augusta National course first opened in 1933 and has been modified many times by different architects. Among the changes: greens have been reshaped and, on occasion, entirely re-designed, bunkers have been added, water hazards have been extended, new tee boxes have been built, hundreds of trees have been planted, and several mounds have been installed.

Timeline of golf history (1945–1999)

Timeline of golf history (1945–1999)

The following is a partial timeline of the history of golf.

1989 Masters Tournament

1989 Masters Tournament

The 1989 Masters Tournament was the 53rd Masters Tournament, held April 6–9 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia.

Nick Faldo won the first of his three Masters titles, the second of his six major championships. After a third round 77 (+5), he shot a final round 65 (−7) and won with a birdie on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff with Scott Hoch. The 1989 Masters is remembered for Hoch missing a putt on the first playoff hole that would have won him the green jacket. Greg Norman continued his misfortunes at the Masters with a bogey on the 72nd hole to miss a playoff by a stroke, similar to 1986. Third round leader Ben Crenshaw also bogeyed the final hole to tie Norman for third.

Faldo became the first man from England to win the Masters and was the second consecutive winner from the United Kingdom. Defending champion Sandy Lyle of Scotland missed the cut by two strokes, but made history at the champions' dinner on Tuesday by sporting a kilt and serving haggis.

Tommy Aaron, George Archer, Seve Ballesteros (3,9,12), Gay Brewer, Billy Casper, Charles Coody, Ben Crenshaw (9,10,13,14), Raymond Floyd (2,9), Doug Ford, Bernhard Langer (9), Sandy Lyle (3,13), Larry Mize (10,14), Jack Nicklaus (9), Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, Craig Stadler (9), Tom Watson (3,9), Fuzzy Zoeller (2,9,10)

Andy North, Scott Simpson (10,14), Curtis Strange (9,12,13,14)

Nick Faldo (10,11), Greg Norman (9,12,13)

Hubert Green (9), Larry Nelson (12,13,14), Jeff Sluman (12,13), Lee Trevino, Bob Tway (13)

Eric Meeks (a), Danny Yates (a)

Christian Hardin (a)

Ralph Howe III (a)

David Eger (a)

Chip Beck (12,13), Mark Calcavecchia (12,13,14), Chen Tze-chung, Fred Couples (10,13), David Frost (12,13), Mark McCumber (13), Mark McNulty, Dan Pohl (10,11,13,14), Don Pooley, Nick Price, Doug Tewell, Lanny Wadkins (10,12,13,14)

Paul Azinger (11,13), Andy Bean (14), Bob Gilder (11), Mark O'Meara (12,13), Steve Pate (13), Payne Stewart (13,14), D. A. Weibring

Tom Kite (12,13,14), Tsuneyuki Nakajima, Dave Rummells

Jim Benepe, Mark Brooks, Bill Glasson (13), Ken Green (13), Morris Hatalsky, Steve Jones, Gary Koch (13), Bruce Lietzke (13), Bob Lohr, Andrew Magee, Blaine McCallister, Jodie Mudd (13), Corey Pavin, Tom Purtzer, Mike Reid (13), Gene Sauers, Tom Sieckmann, Tim Simpson, Joey Sindelar (13), Mike Sullivan, Greg Twiggs, Scott Verplank

Jay Haas, Scott Hoch, Peter Jacobsen, Mark Wiebe

Hal Sutton

José María Olazábal, Masashi Ozaki, Ian Woosnam

Nick Faldo

tied for the lead on the 18th tee. Faldo missed a 25-foot birdie putt on the 18th green which would have made him the first British player since Tony Jacklin in 1970 to hold both major national championships. The following day, Strange won the 18-hole Monday playoff by four strokes. Strange shot an even-par round of 71, while Faldo struggled with a round of 75. Faldo won his second major championship at the 1989 Masters. Starting his fourth round five shots off the lead held by Ben Crenshaw, Faldo's final round of 65 (consisting of eight birdies, nine pars and

1989 Masters Tournament

first Masters title. 1989 Masters Tournament The 1989 Masters Tournament was the 53rd Masters Tournament, held April 6–9 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Nick Faldo won the first of his three Masters titles, the second of his six major championships. After a third round 77 (+5), he shot a final round 65 (−7) and won with a birdie on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff with Scott Hoch. The 1989 Masters is remembered for Hoch missing a putt on the first playoff hole that would have won him the green jacket. Greg Norman continued his misfortunes

Nick Faldo

in Faldo's game was lost in the mid-1980s when he remodelled his swing. Alliss said: "Faldo had cut out the excitement, but he had also eradicated the mistakes." It's been suggested that during his career Faldo wore down the opposition and benefited from other players making mistakes in pressure-filled situations. His three Masters titles at Augusta came after mistakes by Scott Hoch missing a short putt in 1989, Raymond Floyd hitting an approach shot into a pond in 1990 and from a collapse by Greg Norman in the final round in 1996. Two of Faldo's Open Championship wins came after

Nick Faldo

for CBS Sports. In 2012, Faldo joined the BBC Sport on-air team for coverage of the Open Championship. Born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England, Faldo "became hooked" on golf at the age of 14—having never "even picked up a golf club" himself, watching Jack Nicklaus play the 1971 Masters on his parent's "new colour" television (his very first exposure to the game). Just three years later, Faldo qualified to play in the 1974 English Amateur at Woodhall Spa. In 1975 he won both the English Amateur at Royal Lytham and the British Youths Championship. His successes came too late

Nick Faldo

victory at Augusta to collect his sixth and final major championship. Faldo went into the final round at the 1996 Masters trailing Greg Norman by six shots, but was the beneficiary of an infamous Sunday collapse at Augusta by Norman; Faldo shot a 67 to win by five over Norman, who struggled mightily en route to a 78. Though this is commonly remembered as the tournament where Norman collapsed in the final round, Faldo's 67 was a memorable display of concentration and consistency which put pressure on Norman. After Faldo finished, he hugged Norman and whispered something in his ear,

Nick Faldo

José María Olazábal, Faldo's fourth round of 65 enabled him to tie over 72 holes with Olazábal. Faldo won the sudden death playoff at the first extra hole. Later that month, as defending Open champion, Faldo was involved in a memorable duel with rival Greg Norman in the Open Championship at Royal St George's Golf Club. Starting his final round one shot ahead of Norman, Faldo hit a tee shot on the par-3 11th which appeared to be heading for a hole in one, but the ball hit the cup and rolled away. Faldo played some excellent golf in his

Nick Faldo

Peugeot Spanish Open, his first European Tour victory since 1984 (Faldo later said the win was a "major turning point," which restored his confidence). Two months later, in July 1987, Faldo claimed his first major title at The Open Championship at Muirfield. After rounds of 68 (-3) and 69 (-2), Faldo emerged through stormy conditions with an even-par 71, thus entering the final round one stroke behind American Paul Azinger. Faldo parred every hole in his final round for a one shot victory. At one point Azinger held a lead of three shots with nine holes to play, but bogeys

Nick Faldo

make a mistake. But in our playoff in the 1988 U.S. Open, I was in a good frame of mind to handle him. We didn't say three words all day, which was fine with me. I'm proud of beating him when he was in his prime." Nick Dougherty, who won three Faldo Junior Series events and went on to win tournaments on the European Tour, said of Faldo: "He's the most driven human being I've ever known. People say Tiger Woods created the new breed of golfer but I believe Nick Faldo did." British golf writer Peter Dobereiner gave an

Nick Faldo

1981. Faldo finished top of the Order of Merit in 1983, with five European Tour victories. In the mid-1980s, Faldo began rebuilding his swing under the tutelage of David Leadbetter, to reorder his game and become a regular contender in major championships (many contemporaries and commentators viewed his all-encompassing swing change as excessive, although later players have adopted similar strategies to varying degrees—most notably, Tiger Woods). Leadbetter felt that although Faldo's swing "looked beautiful," and had "marvelous rhythm," it "camouflaged a number of faults". After a series of setbacks, Faldo's efforts paid off in May 1987, when he won the

Nick Faldo

Nick Faldo Sir Nicholas Alexander Faldo, (born 18 July 1957) is an English professional golfer who is now mainly an on-air golf analyst. A top player of his era, renowned for his single-minded dedication to the game, he was ranked No. 1 on the Official World Golf Ranking for a total of 97 weeks. His 41 professional wins include 30 victories on the European Tour and six major championships: three Open Championships (1987, 1990, 1992) and three Masters (1989, 1990, 1996). Faldo has since become a television pundit for major golf championships. In 2006, he became the lead golf analyst

Nick Faldo

had a 54-hole lead of four shots in the 1992 Open, before losing the lead during the back-nine of the final round to American John Cook. Faldo recovered with birdies on two of the last four holes to win by a stroke over Cook, who bogeyed the 72nd hole. Perceived by some golf fans to be an aloof stoic character in the mould of Ben Hogan, Faldo displayed visible emotion after his Open-winning putt on the final hole at Muirfield in 1992, trembling and shedding tears. Faldo later said: "I thought I'd blown it. If I had lost, I would

1989 Masters Tournament

1996 Masters Tournament

1996 Masters Tournament The 1996 Masters Tournament was the 60th Masters Tournament, held April 11–14 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. Nick Faldo won his third Masters and his sixth and final major title, five strokes ahead of runner-up Greg Norman. Faldo overcame a six-stroke deficit going into the final day as Norman, leader after each of the first three rounds, faltered down the stretch once again at Augusta. The win was the seventh by a European in the last nine Masters. The first win by an Australian at the Masters came seventeen years later when Adam Scott

Official World Golf Ranking

who had never won a major, took the No. 1 spot from Faldo on the eve of the latter's attempt to win the Masters for a third year in succession; as if justifying the ranking system, Woosnam—and not Faldo—won the tournament. Twelve months later, Fred Couples similarly took over the No. 1 ranking shortly before the 1992 Masters, then also went on to make that tournament his first major victory. Faldo's Open victory in 1992 lifted him back to the No. 1 position, and he held that spot until replaced by Nick Price, who in 1994 became the first African

Nick Faldo

gradually declined and he devoted more time to off-course activities. The last season that he played regularly on the PGA Tour was 2001. Afterwards, he refocused on the European Tour, but has consistently played less than a full schedule. At the 2002 U.S. Open, a month before his 45th birthday, Faldo finished in a very creditable position of tied for 5th place. At the 2003 Open Championship at Royal St George's, Faldo shot a fine third round of 67 and was briefly in contention for the tournament during the final round. He closed to within two shots of the lead


Question: How is the American singer Anna Mae Bullock better known?

tina turner
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Annie Mae Bullock
Anna Bullock
Tina Turner
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annie mae bullock
anna bullock
tinna turner
anna mae bullock
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Anna Mae Bullock
Tina Turner's

Tina Turner

Tina Turner Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock, November 26, 1939) is an American-born Swiss singer-songwriter, dancer, and actress. Turner rose to prominence with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm before recording hit singles both with Ike and as a solo performer. One of the world's best-selling artists of all time, she has been referred to as The Queen of Rock 'n' Roll and has sold more than 200 million records worldwide to date. Turner is noted for her energetic stage presence, powerful vocals, career longevity, and trademark legs. Anna Mae Bullock was born in Nutbush, Tennessee. She began her career

A Fool in Love

Ike Turner would spend years trying to match the song's success with similar productions to little success. In 1956, Anna Mae Bullock was a 16-year-old girl who had moved from Brownsville, Tennessee to St. Louis to live with her mother and sister Alline. With Alline, Bullock frequented predominantly black nightclubs in East St. Louis, including Club Manhattan, which was headlined by 24-year-old bandleader Ike Turner, who had settled in the St. Louis era after moving from Memphis. Formerly a talent scout for other labels where he discovered artists such as B.B. King and Howlin' Wolf, Turner also wrote and played

Ike Turner

where label owner Juggy Murray insisted on putting out the track with Bullock's vocal. Murray offered a $25,000 advance (US$ in dollars) for the song, convinced it was a hit. Around the time of the recording, Anna Mae had been pursued by Raymond Hill to join his band and leave Turner's. When Ike Turner asked her to use his last name as an attempt to discourage Hill, Anna Mae took the offer. He then named her "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena. He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle to create the name "Tina Turner." Turner had the

Brownsville, Tennessee

Tennessee. Credit for the writing of the song is given to songwriter Alex Harvey and former child rockabilly star Larry Collins. According to a 1990s interview with Zelma Bullock, mother of singer Tina Turner, her daughter was born Anna Mae Bullock in a sharecroppers' cabin in Nutbush on November 26, 1939. Her father was a farm overseer, and Anna Mae lived as a child in the Knoxville area, Nutbush, Ripley and Brownsville. Haywood County was the only county in Tennessee outside of the two biggest cities of Nashville and Memphis to vote for Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016

Tina Turner

night, becoming a featured vocalist with the Kings of Rhythm from then on. Through this period, Ike taught her the points of voice control and performance. Bullock's first studio recording was in 1958, under the name "Little Ann", on the Ike Turner song, "Box Top", where she is credited as a vocalist on the record alongside fellow Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver. In 1960, Ike wrote an R&B song, "A Fool in Love", originally for Kings of Rhythm vocalist Art Lassiter, for which Bullock was to sing background with Lassiter's background vocalists, the Artettes. Lassiter failed to show up

Tina Turner

Tina Turner

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American-born Swiss retired singer and actress. Widely referred to as the "Queen of Rock 'n' Roll", she rose to prominence as the lead singer of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue before launching a successful career as a solo performer.

Turner began her career with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm in 1957. Under the name Little Ann, she appeared on her first record, "Boxtop", in 1958. In 1960, she debuted as Tina Turner with the hit duet single "A Fool in Love". The duo Ike & Tina Turner became "one of the most formidable live acts in history". They released hits such as "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", "River Deep – Mountain High", "Proud Mary", and "Nutbush City Limits" before disbanding in 1976.

In the 1980s, Turner launched "one of the greatest comebacks in music history". Her 1984 multi-platinum album "Private Dancer" contained the hit song "What's Love Got to Do with It", which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became her first and only number one song on the "Billboard" Hot 100. At age 44, she was the oldest female solo artist to top the Hot 100.<ref name="retired" /> Her chart success continued with "Better Be Good to Me", "Private Dancer", "We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)", "Typical Male", "The Best", "I Don't Wanna Fight", and "GoldenEye". During her Break Every Rule World Tour in 1988, she set a then-Guinness World Record for the largest paying audience (180,000) for a solo performer.<ref name="upi88" /> Turner also acted in the films "Tommy" (1975), "Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome" (1985), and "Last Action Hero" (1993). In 1993, "What's Love Got to Do with It", a biographical film adapted from her autobiography "I, Tina: My Life Story", was released. In 2009, Turner retired after completing her , which is the 15th highest-grossing tour of the 2000s. In 2018, she became the subject of the jukebox musical "Tina".

Having sold over 100 million records worldwide, Turner is one of the best-selling recording artists of all time. She has received 12 Grammy Awards, which include eight competitive awards, three Grammy Hall of Fame awards, and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. She is the first black artist and first woman to be on the cover of "Rolling Stone". "Rolling Stone" ranked her among the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time. She is also a 2005 recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors and Women of the Year award.

Anna Mae

Anna Mae

Anna Mae (also Anna May) is a feminine double name, composed of Anna and Mae. Notable people with the name include:

What's Love Got to Do with It (1993 film)

What's Love Got to Do with It is a 1993 American biographical film based on the life of American music icon Tina Turner. It was directed by Brian Gibson and written by Kate Lanier. The film stars Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as her husband Ike Turner.

Adapted from Tina Turner's autobiography "I, Tina" (1986), the film follows her life from a rural upbringing to her rise to stardom, along with her abusive marriage to Ike Turner.

"What's Love Got to Do with It" premiered in Los Angeles on June 6, 1993 and was theatrically released by Touchstone Pictures on June 25, 1993. Although Tina Turner and Ike Turner were not happy with the accuracy of the film, it was a critical and commercial success. It grossed $61 million on a $15 million budget. For their performances, Bassett and Fishburne received nominations at the 66th Academy Awards for Best Actress and Best Actor. Bassett also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical.

Eugene Bridges

Eugene Bridges

Eugene Bridges (born March 30, 1963), usually credited as Eugene "Hideaway" Bridges, is an American blues and soul singer, songwriter, guitarist and bandleader who has released seven albums and has performed widely in the US, Asia, Britain, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

Queen of Rock

Tina Turner

with Hill ended after he broke his ankle while in a wrestling match with fellow Rhythm Kings singer Carlson Oliver. The injury was so severe that Hill had to return to his hometown of Clarksdale, Mississippi. After first singing in Ike Turner's band, the Kings of Rhythm, 17-year-old Anna Bullock eventually became a featured singer in the group. Ike nicknamed her "Little Ann" and the two became friends. In 1958, after Bullock's mother put her and her infant son Craig out of the house, she moved into Ike's home in East St. Louis. Ike was still married to his common-law

What's Love Got to Do with It (film)

in seven countries. In the United States, the film grossed almost $40 million and around $20 million in rentals. In the United Kingdom, it grossed nearly £10 million. Born and raised in Nutbush, Tennessee, Anna Mae Bullock (Tina's birth name) grows up in an unhappy family, with her parents leaving and abandoning her at a young age. Following her grandmother's death, she relocates to St. Louis, reuniting with her mother and close sister Alline. Anna Mae pursues a chance to be a professional singer after seeing charismatic bandleader Ike Turner perform one night. Later she wins her spot in Turner's

Tina Turner

Murray bought the track and paid Ike a $25,000 (around $208,620 as of 2017) advance for recording and publishing rights. Murray also convinced Turner to make Bullock "the star of the show". Ike responded by giving Anna the name "Tina", because the name rhymed with the television character Sheena. He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle to create her stage persona. Paranoid that Bullock would leave him, Ike added his last name and trademarked it as a form of protection so that if Bullock left him, he could replace her with another singer and have the new singer

Tina Turner

Warren in the lead role. Her second memoir, "Tina Turner: My Love Story", was released in October 2018. In January 2018, it was announced that Turner would receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In October 2018, it was announced that the biographical musical "Tina" would open on Broadway in the fall of 2019. Tina (then called Anna Mae Bullock) fell in love for the first time with Harry Taylor. They met at a school basketball game. She spoke about this relationship in her 1986 interview with "Rolling Stone". "Harry was real popular and had tons of girlfriends, but eventually I

Nutbush, Tennessee

near Nutbush. Nutbush is best known as the childhood home of singer Tina Turner, then known as Anna Mae Bullock. At age 16, she moved to St. Louis, Missouri. After her birth in 1939, Bullock was raised in Nutbush, Brownsville, and Ripley by her maternal grandmother and extended family in the area. The houses she lived in as a child no longer exist. Wood from her Nutbush/Flagg Grove home was used to build a barn. Both Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church and Spring Hill Baptist Church in Nutbush were family churches of Tina Turner. She attended and sang in both choirs

The Soul of Ike & Tina Turner

the act as one of his many lead singers, making her the first female lead vocalist of the Kings of Rhythm. For the next three and a half years, Turner would teach Bullock on how to control her voice and to perform and the two developed a friendly bond that both described as "brother and sister". By 1958, Bullock, now known as "Little Ann", had moved up from singing three songs a night to more than ten, becoming a regional star. She also began recording under the "Little Ann" name, singing on Turner's calypso-influenced rocker, "Box Top" (or "Boxtop" with

Ike & Tina Turner

to the move to St. Louis, Turner worked as a talent scout for R&B labels such as Modern and RPM Records. Around this time, a young high school student from Nutbush, Tennessee who had moved to St. Louis from Brownsville named Anna Mae Bullock, began attending the predominantly African American nightclub, Club Manhattan, where she saw the Kings of Rhythm for the first time, later writing that the band's performance "put her in a trance". Bullock eventually got to know Turner and his band and later dated Kings of Rhythm saxophonist Raymond Hill, with whom she had her first child,

Anna Reynolds (singer)

also participated on the recording of this piece for Apple Records in 1970. She died in Peesten, Germany on 24 February 2014, aged 83, from undisclosed causes. Anna Reynolds (singer) Anna Reynolds (4 October 193124 February 2014) was an English classical mezzo-soprano and contralto singer in opera and concert. Ann Reynolds was born in Canterbury. She first studied piano, then voice at the Royal Academy of Music. She continued her voice studies with Debora Fambri and Re Koster in Rome, where she adopted Anna as her stage name. Jean Cox, an American-born tenor best known for his Wagner performances, was

Ike & Tina Turner

perform with his band, Turner had Bullock and the Kings of Rhythm perform regularly in all of the clubs in the St. Louis and East St. Louis areas. Bullock was one of many other singers, mostly male, who would front the band at times. Inspired by her skinny, long-legged frame, and her dramatic soulful vocals, Turner gave Bullock the first stage name of "Little Ann". Later in 1958, Bullock added her vocals on an Ike Turner record, titled "Box Top," which was released on the St. Louis label, Tune Town Records. Bullock later moved into Turner's home in East St.

Chick Bullock

the 1930s he sang with musicians such as Duke Ellington, Luis Russell, Cab Calloway, Bunny Berigan, Bill Coleman, Jack Teagarden, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Joe Venuti, and Eddie Lang. Bullock's recordings proved so popular that he used pseudonyms for some recordings, including the name Sleepy Hall. In the 1940s the World War II recording ban essentially ended Bullock's career. He moved to California and took up real estate. Chick Bullock Charles (Chick) Bullock (September 16, 1898 – September 15, 1981) was an American jazz and dance band vocalist, most active in the 1930s. He recorded some 500 tunes over the

Anna Russell

set her on her international career as a "musical cartoonist", when he invited her to take part in his annual burlesque Christmas Box Symphony Concert in 1944. Russell made her New York City debut in her one-woman show in 1948, which she toured throughout North America, Britain, Australia and the rest of the English-speaking world. In her first major successful season, 1952–53, she performed in 37 cities in the United States and Canada before an estimated 100,000 listeners. Her recording "Anna Russell Sings?" became a best seller. She wrote the lyrics and music for "Anna Russell's Little Show" (1953) and

Anna of the North

Anna of the North Anna Lotterud (born 17 June 1991), better known by her stage name Anna of the North, is an Oslo-based Norwegian singer-songwriter from Gjøvik. Her music has been regarded as "soft, soul-baring electro-pop". Anna Lotterud was born in Gjøvik in Norway. She studied graphic design before moving to Melbourne for further studies. During her studies in Melbourne, Australia, Anna met New Zealand-born producer Brady Daniell-Smith at one of his shows and together formed Anna Of The North, with Anna performing vocals and Brady producing the melodies. In June 2014, Anna Of The North released her debut single

Anna Bishop

Anna Bishop Anna Bishop (9 January 181018 March 1884) was an English operatic soprano. She sang in many countries on every continent, and was the most widely travelled singer of the 19th century. She was married to the composer Henry Bishop but abandoned him for the French harpist, composer and entrepreneur Nicolas-Charles Bochsa. She and Bochsa were said to have been the inspiration for Trilby and Svengali in George du Maurier's 1894 novel "Trilby". Ann Rivière was born in London, daughter of a singing master. Her father was descended from a Huguenot family that had fled to England in the

Anna Domino

Domino and Delory formed the folk rock alternative outfit Snakefarm and released the album "Songs From My Funeral", a collection of traditional American ballads in the public domain. Their second album "My Halo At Half-Light" was released on October 11, 2011. They continue to collaborate on new music. Anna Domino Anna Domino (born 1955 as Anna Virginia Taylor) is an American indie rock artist based mainly in Europe who released several albums under that moniker, notably for Les Disques du Crepuscule and Factory Records. Notable performers Domino has collaborated with include The The, Blaine L. Reininger and Virginia Astley. She

Anna-Lena Löfgren

Anna-Lena Löfgren Anna-Lena Löfgren (1 May 1944 – 21 May 2010) was a Swedish singer from Stockholm. During the years 1962 and 1995, more than 40 of her songs made it onto Svensktoppen, the record chart of Sveriges Radio. Löfgren became one of the most best known schlager singers in Sweden during the 1960s. She made her first public appearance on the radio show "Barnens brevlåda" in the 1950s. A few years later Löfgren was discovered by the Swedish rock singer Rock-Olga at the nightspot Nalen in Stockholm. Her breakthrough came soon after in 1962 with the song "Regniga natt",


Question: The currency of Venezuela is named after which revolutionary?

Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar y Palacios

Maria Teresa Rodriguez del Toro y Alaysa

List of places named after Simon Bolivar

list of places named after simón bolívar

list of places named after simon bolivar

Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco

General Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios

maria teresa rodriguez del toro y alaysa

simon jose antonio de la santisima trinidad bolivar y palacios

general simón josé antonio de la santísima trinidad bolívar y palacios

List of places named after Simón Bolívar

María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa

maría teresa rodríguez del toro y alaysa

simón josé antonio de la santísima trinidad bolívar palacios y blanco

Venezuelan bolívar

to 1000 Bs. The bolívar is named after the hero of Latin American independence Simón Bolívar. The bolívar was adopted by the monetary law of 1879, replacing the short-lived venezolano at a rate of five bolívares to one venezolano. Initially, the bolívar was defined on the silver standard, equal to 4.5 g fine silver, following the principles of the Latin Monetary Union. The monetary law of 1887 made the gold bolívar unlimited legal tender, and the gold standard came into full operation in 1910. Venezuela went off gold in 1930, and in 1934, the bolívar exchange rate was fixed in

Currency of Venezuela

Paris, June 11, 1873. The inscription on Venezuelan coinage was changed to "Estados Unidos de Venezuela" (from "República de Venezuela"). Désiré-Albert Barre engraved the dies. An order for gold coins was placed, September 16, 1874, originally for 1, 5, 10, and 20 venezolanos. This order was subsequently replaced by one for a silver 1 venezolano and a gold 5 venezolanos. The coinage of 1858 had been very limited. The coinage of 1873–1877 marked the establishment of a true, modern national coinage. On June 14, 1876, the Minister of Finance ordered coins of 75% copper and 25% nickel for 1 and

Marcos Pérez Jiménez

that the balance of payments and government finances were evidence of the fiscal disorder of the dictatorship. Some Venezuelan journalists have pointed out that the Venezuelan bolivar came to be worth more than the US dollar, but this has been refuted by economists, academics and researchers. According to some notes published in the news website Caraota Digital, the Venezuelan bolivar became the first reserve currency in the world and surpassed the US dollar . According to data from Central Bank of Venezuela and the National Academy of Economic Sciences , between 1953 and 1957 Venezuela had a fixed official exchange

Currency of Venezuela

Achaguas. Bolívar did not favor this act and decreed that the coins should not circulate outside the province of Barinas. Royalist copper coinage was authorized for Guayana October 26, 1813, because the province was cut off from other Spanish forces: Royalist copper: silver: Republicans copper: 1821–1830 Gran Colombia Peso = 8 Reales (silver) Onza = 16 Pesos (gold) While Venezuela was federated with Nueva Granada (modern Colombia) and Quito (Ecuador) in Gran Colombia, 1821–1830, the monetary laws in force were those of Colombia. Bolívar prohibited (June 20, 1821) the circulation of all copper coin and all post-1810 royalist coin that

Currency of Venezuela

notes for 1, 2, and 5 bolívares. The change in official name to "República Bolivariana de Venezuela" resulted in a change in the text on bank notes. Denominations with the new name were the 1000, 2000, 5000, and 10,000. A 20,000 was added in 1999 and a 50,000 in 2002. Brass (70% copper, 30% zinc) dated 1944: Cupronickel dated 1945: Silver 0.835 fine, dated 1944–1948: The inscription on the coinage was changed to "República de Venezuela". Copper-nickel dated 1958: Silver 0·835 fine, dated 1954–1965: Copper-nickel dated 1964–1971: Nickel dated 1965–1973: Silver 0·900 fine, 1873–1973 centenary of Bolívar's bust on the

Simón Bolívar

Venezuela

Hugo Chávez

List of places and things named after Simón Bolivar

History of Venezuela

History of Venezuela

The history of Venezuela reflects events in areas of the Americas colonized by Spain starting 1522; amid resistance from indigenous peoples, led by Native caciques, such as Guaicaipuro and Tamanaco. However, in the Andean region of western Venezuela, complex Andean civilization of the Timoto-Cuica people flourished before European contact. In 1811, it became one of the first Spanish-American colonies to declare independence, which was not securely established until 1821, when Venezuela was a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia. It gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. During the 19th century, Venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy, remaining dominated by regional "caudillos" (military strongmen) until the mid-20th century. Since 1958, the country has had a series of democratic governments. Economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to several political crises, including the deadly Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992, and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former coup-involved career officer Hugo Chávez and the launch of the Bolivarian Revolution, beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela. This new constitution officially changed the name of the country to "República Bolivariana de Venezuela" (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela). Venezuela history month is in March.

Currency of Venezuela

based on the Colombian gold peso ("peso colombiano de oro") of 1·797238 g, and a silver coinage based on the Colombian silver peso ("peso colombiano de plata"). Bolívar's monetary law of November 6, 1828 confirmed the unrestricted circulation of macuquina, and the Department of Venezuela decreed (September 17, 1829) the obligatory acceptance of silver macuquina—a seller who refused legal macuquina being subject to a fine or imprisonment. José Antonio Páez, who eventually came to lead the separatist movement in Venezuela, reopened the Caracas mint in 1829 and authorized a silver peseta (2 reales) and a copper cuartillo. The Caracas mint

Currency of Venezuela

at the Royal Mint, London: Franco = 2 Reales = 20 Centavos Peso = 5 Francos = 10 Reales = 100 Centavos The monetary law of March 30, 1848 established the French franc ("franco frances"), 5·00 g, 0·900 fine, as the monetary unit of Venezuela. No detailed explanation was provided—presumably, the new government wanted to make a clean break with the policies of the conservative oligarchy ("Oligarquía Conservadora", 1830–1848) that it replaced. A table of coin ratings expressed in francos was published, and the Franco was declared equal to 20-centavos of the copper coins authorized between 1834 and 1842. Liberty-head

Currency of Venezuela

notes as possible and had them burned in La Victoria. macuquina-style copper dated 1812: macuquina-style silver dated Año 2: The royalists minted cob-style macuquina until 1817, then General Pablo Morillo had new-style coin inscribed "CARACAS" minted. This latter coin circulated widely; it was known as "morillera" in Venezuela and as "caraqueña" elsewhere. copper dated 1813–1821: silver dated 1817–1821: When republican forces under Gen. José Antonio Páez occupied Barinas, the city was overrun by refugees. In March 1817 at El Yagual, Páez asked that all silver be turned in. He then minted silver octagonal coins for the army at Caujaral and

Venezuelan bolívar

Bolívar is depicted, along with the inscription ""Bolívar Libertador"" within a heptagon, symbolizing the seven stars of the flag. On the reverse the coat of arms is depicted, circled by the official name of the country, with the date and the denomination below. In 2001, the reverse design was changed, putting the denomination of the coin at the right of the shield of the coat of arms, Semi-Circled by the official name of the country and the year of its emission below. Coins are in denominations of 1, 5, 10, , 25, 50 céntimos, and 1 bolívar. They were rendered

Currency of Venezuela

same type, diameter, and weight as those of 1876–1877, only the denomination differing, the new 5 céntimos being equal to the old centavo (and it was often called a centavo). Restrictions were placed on gold export in 1914, but banknotes never ceased being convertible into gold domestically. After war began, the exchange rate on New York depreciated slightly, but soon went to a premium. In April 1918 the US dollar cost only 4·32 bolívares. The monetary law of June 24, 1918 confirmed the bolívar de oro as equal to 290·323 mg fine gold. The exchange rate continued moving up and

Economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro administration

The first national meeting of Petro miners will occur on January 14, along with the publication of the whitepaper. On 22 March 2018, President Nicolás Maduro announced a new monetary reform, in which the bolívar would once again be revalued at a ratio of 1 to 1,000, making the new bolívar equal to one million pre-2008 bolívares. The currency was renamed as the "bolívar soberano" ("sovereign bolívar"). New coins in denominations of 50 céntimos and 1 bolívar soberano, and new banknotes in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 bolívares soberanos were introduced. The change will

Venezuelan venezolano

These were followed in 1875 by gold 5 venezolanos and in 1876 by cupro-nickel 1 and 2½ centavos. Banknotes were produced by the "Compañia de Crédito", the "Banco de Caracas" and the State of Guayana. Denominations included 50 centésimos and 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 50 and 100 venezolanos Venezuelan venezolano The venezolano was the currency of Venezuela between 1872 and 1879. It was divided into 100 "centavos", although the names "céntimo" and "centésimo" were also used. Venezolano was also the name of two currencies planned in 1854 and 1865 (see Currency of Venezuela). Given the inability of

Venezuelan peso

Venezuelan peso The peso (local name peso fuerte) was a currency of Venezuela until 1874. Until 1821, the Spanish colonial real circulated in Venezuela. Some of these coins were minted at the Caracas Royal Mint (Spanish: "Real Casa de Moneda de Caracas") established in 1802. Coins minted in Caracas were called Venezuelan reales. On August 27, 1811, with the United States of Venezuela ("Estados Unidos de Venezuela") having declared their independence, the recently-established Supreme Congress of Venezuela ("Congreso Supremo de Venezuela") establishes the peso with an equivalence of 8 reales to 1 peso and an initial issue of one million

Currency of Venezuela

in September 1995, and a 10,000 in 1998. Meanwhile, three commemorative notes were released: a 100 in 1980 for the 150th anniversary of Simón Bolívar's death, a 50 in 1981 for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Andrés Bello, and a 20 in 1987 for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Rafael Urdaneta. When the value of the metal in nickel-alloy coins exceeded face value, the coins began disappearing (and were completely gone by the time the metal was worth more than twice face in 1989). The severe shortage of change that resulted was met by issuing bank

Currency of Venezuela

(2) the peso fuerte (silver dollar) of the United States and its fractions; (3) the French franc; (4) the British shilling; and, (5) the pesos of Portugal and Brazil. A decree of June 26, 1834 ended the circulation of 1/4-real macuquina dated 1829–1830. Then on March 25, 1835 Congress authorized circulation of a hitherto unfamiliar coinage, copper centavos (cents) of the United States. To replace macuquina, Congress authorized the government, May 2, 1840, to obtain French francs (and halves and quarters) and United States silver 5, 10, and 20-cent pieces and copper cents and half-cents. On March 23, 1841 Congress

Venezuelan peso

by government issues for 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 pesos from 1859. From 1860, notes for 8 reales and 20 pesos were issued. Venezuelan peso The peso (local name peso fuerte) was a currency of Venezuela until 1874. Until 1821, the Spanish colonial real circulated in Venezuela. Some of these coins were minted at the Caracas Royal Mint (Spanish: "Real Casa de Moneda de Caracas") established in 1802. Coins minted in Caracas were called Venezuelan reales. On August 27, 1811, with the United States of Venezuela ("Estados Unidos de Venezuela") having declared their independence, the recently-established Supreme Congress

Currency of Venezuela

Union system, based on the silver fuerte (venezolano de plata) of 25·000 g, 0·900 fine, and the gold venezolano of 1·6129 g, 0·900 fine. The 20-venezolano gold piece was named the "Bolívar". Coins were ordered from Paris; foreign coin was to remain in circulation until they arrived. New ratings were published July 2. From January 1, 1872 all accounts had to be converted and expressed in venezolanos and centavos. On February 13, 1874 the circulation of coin worn on both sides was prohibited and a new table of ratings for foreign coin was published. When the coinage of 1873–1874 was

Currency of Venezuela

the amount of one million pesos. Congress also authorized (October 25) one million pesos in copper coin. The notes were put into circulation November 18, 1811 as a forced tender backed by national revenues. August 27, 1811 (released November 18): 1, 2 4, 8, and 16 pesos. A supplement of November 27, 1811 authorized 20,000 pesos in small cardboard notes of 2 reales. The peso notes were counterfeited extensively, so a second issue of new design was authorized February 7, 1812. A third issue, authorized December 31, 1812 appeared just before the royalists occupied Caracas. The royalists recovered as many

Currency of Venezuela

The various monetary laws from July 12, 1945 on continued to define the monetary unit as the gold bolívar ("bolívar de oro") of 290.323 mg pure gold. It was only October 30, 1974 that the monetary unit was defined simply as "bolívar", with no reference to gold. The bolívar was a very stable currency for a decade after 1964, but by the early 1980s it was in serious trouble. A peg to the US dollar at 14·50 bolívares did not halt the slide. Neither peg, nor crawling peg, nor managed float could keep the bolívar exchange rate under control. It

Venezuelan real

was part of Gran Colombia, silver ¼ real coins were struck at Caracas. Venezuelan real The real (plural: "reales") was the currency of Venezuela until 1843. Until 1821, the Spanish colonial real circulated in Venezuela. On 12 June 1802, a mint was opened in Caracas and issued coins denominated in reales until 1821. Paper money was introduced in 1811 denominated in pesos. The Colombian real circulated in Venezuela from 1821, with some coins struck in Caracas. In 1837, the Colombian real was replaced by the Colombian peso (subdivided into 8 reales), which was itself replaced by the Venezuelan peso (subdivided


Question: In which year was Sputnik, the first man-made satellite, launched?

one thousand nine hundred and fifty seven

one thousand, nine hundred and fifty-seven

Project A119

1 on 4 October 1957. "Sputnik" was the first artificial satellite in orbit around the Earth, and the surprise of its successful launch, compounded by the resounding failure of Project Vanguard to launch an American satellite after two attempts, has been dubbed the "Sputnik crisis" and was the impetus for the beginning of the Space Race. Trying to reclaim lost ground, the United States embarked on a series of new projects and studies, which eventually included the launch of Explorer 1 and the creation of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and NASA. In 1949, the Armour Research Foundation

Steven A. White

the Russians launched the rocket Sputnik I (carrying the first man-made earth satellite) on October 5, and Sputnik II on November 3, as well as the United States' failed attempt to launch the Vanguard TV3 rocket satellite on December 6, the desire for comparable technological achievement intensified, particularly under the administration of President Eisenhower. "Nautilus" successfully completed a transpolar crossing during Operation Sunshine, conducted from June through August 1958, piercing the pole on August 3, at 23:15 Eastern Daylight Saving Time. This achievement was announced by the TOP SECRET OP-IMMED message: "Nautilus Ninety North", transmitted on August 5. In the

Space exploration

meteoroid. "Sputnik 1" was launched by an R-7 rocket. It burned up upon re-entry on 3 January 1958. The second one was "Sputnik 2". Launched by the USSR on November 3, 1957, it carried the dog Laika, who became the first animal in orbit. This success led to an escalation of the American space program, which unsuccessfully attempted to launch a Vanguard satellite into orbit two months later. On 31 January 1958, the U.S. successfully orbited "Explorer 1" on a Juno rocket. The first successful human spaceflight was "Vostok 1" ("East 1"), carrying 27-year-old Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on 12

Cold War (1953–1962)

in funding the subsequent year. This marked the beginning of the United States' mission to the Moon. In August 1957 the Soviet Union tested the world's first successful Intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ), the R7 Semyorka. Within only two months of the launch of the Semyorka, Sputnik 1 became the first man made object in Earth's orbit. This was followed by the launch of Sputnik II which carried Laika the first living space traveller though she did not survive the trip. This led to the creation of the Vostok programme in 1960 and the first living creatures to survive

Cold War (1953–1962)

These changes consisted of a heavier nose that could carry 3 tons of nuclear payload and a design change that would allow for a controlled take off and flight due to the new launch weight being 280 tons. This rocket proved effective in testing in May 1957 and was then slightly adjusted to support space flight. In October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched the first Earth satellite into space. Sputnik 1's official mission was to send back data from space, however the effects of this launch were monumental for both the USSR and the United States. For both

Sputnik 1

Sputnik 1

Sputnik 1 (; see § Etymology) was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. It sent a radio signal back to Earth for three weeks before its three silver-zinc batteries ran out, and continued in orbit for three months until aerodynamic drag caused it to fall back into the atmosphere on 4 January 1958.

It was a polished metal sphere in diameter with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable by amateur radio operators, and the 65° orbital inclination made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth.

The satellite's unanticipated success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, part of the Cold War. The launch was the beginning of a new era of political, military, technological and scientific developments. The word "sputnik" is Russian for "satellite" when interpreted in an astronomical context; its other meanings are "spouse" or "traveling companion".

Tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information. The density of the upper atmosphere could be deduced from its drag on the orbit, and the propagation of its radio signals gave data about the ionosphere.

Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No.1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, in Kazakh SSR (now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome). The satellite traveled at a peak speed of about , taking 96.20 minutes to complete each orbit. It transmitted on 20.005 and 40.002 MHz, which were monitored by radio operators throughout the world. The signals continued for 21 days until the transmitter batteries ran out on 26 October 1957. Sputnik 1 burned up on 4 January 1958 while reentering Earth's atmosphere, after three months, 1,440 completed orbits of the Earth,

Satellite

Satellite

A satellite or artificial satellite is an object intentionally placed into orbit in outer space. Except for passive satellites, most satellites have an electricity generation system for equipment on board, such as solar panels or radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Most satellites also have a method of communication to ground stations, called transponders. Many satellites use a standardized bus to save cost and work, the most popular of which is small CubeSats. Similar satellites can work together as a group, forming constellations. Because of the high launch cost to space, satellites are designed to be as lightweight and robust as possible. Most communication satellites are radio relay stations in orbit and carry dozens of transponders, each with a bandwidth of tens of megahertz.

Satellites are placed from the surface to orbit by launch vehicles, high enough to avoid orbital decay by the atmosphere. Satellites can then change or maintain the orbit by propulsion, usually by chemical or ion thrusters. In 2018, about 90% of satellites orbiting Earth are in low Earth orbit or geostationary orbit; geostationary means the satellites stay still at the sky. Some imaging satellites chose a Sun-synchronous orbit because they can scan the entire globe with similar lighting. As the number of satellites and space debris around Earth increases, the collision threat is becoming more severe. A small number of satellites orbit other bodies (such as the Moon, Mars, and the Sun) or many bodies at once (two for a halo orbit, three for a Lissajous orbit).

Earth observation satellites gather information for reconnaissance, mapping, monitoring the weather, ocean, forest, etc. Space telescopes take advantage of outer space's near perfect vacuum to observe objects with the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Because satellites can see a large portion of the Earth at once, communications satellites can relay information to remote places. The signal delay from satellites and their orbit's predictability are used in satellite navigation systems, such as GPS. Space probes are satellites designed for robotic space exploration outside of Earth, and space stations are in essence crewed satellites.

The first artificial satellite to be launched into the Earth's orbit was the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957.

Space Race

Space Race

The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, to achieve superior spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. The technological advantage demonstrated by spaceflight achievement was seen as necessary for national security, and became part of the symbolism and ideology of the time. The Space Race brought pioneering launches of artificial satellites, robotic space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon.

Public interest in space travel originated in the 1951 publication of a Soviet youth magazine and was promptly picked up by US magazines. The competition began on July 30, 1955 when the United States announced its intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year. Four days later, the Soviet Union responded by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The launching of satellites was enabled by developments in ballistic missile capabilities since the end of World War II.

Gagarin's flight led US president John F. Kennedy to raise the stakes on May 25, 1961 by asking the US Congress to commit to the goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" before the end of the decade. a singular achievement Americans believed overshadowed all Soviet achievements. However, such an opinion is generally contentious, with others attributing the first man in space as being a much larger achievement. and continued exploration of other extraterrestrial bodies robotically.

A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew and joint development of an international docking standard APAS-75. Being considered as the final act of the Space Race, the competition would only gradually be replaced with cooperation. The collapse of the Soviet Union eventually allowed the US and the newly founded Russian Federation to end their Cold War competition also in space, by agreeing in 1993 on the Shuttle–"Mir" and International Space Station programs.<ref name="Mir deorbited">
</ref><ref name="ISS facts & figures">
</ref>

CORONA (satellite)

CORONA (satellite)

The CORONA program was a series of American strategic reconnaissance satellites produced and operated by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Directorate of Science & Technology with substantial assistance from the U.S. Air Force. The CORONA satellites were used for photographic surveillance of the Soviet Union (USSR), China, and other areas beginning in June 1959 and ending in May 1972.

Sigue Sigue Sputnik

Sigue Sigue Sputnik

Sigue Sigue Sputnik were a British new wave band formed in 1982 by former Generation X bassist Tony James. The band have had three UK top-40 hit singles, including "Love Missile F1-11" and "21st Century Boy".

The band's music, image and inspiration drew from a range of electronic and glam bands such as Suicide and the New York Dolls.<ref name="Schabe" />

Milton Rosen

The resulting shock to US pride and perceptions of national security, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial earth satellite, on October 4, 1957 (on the much larger R-7 rocket, developed as an ICBM), combined with the spectacular launch failure of the first complete Vanguard test launch December 6, 1957, is well known and recounted elsewhere. Thus the first US satellite, Explorer 1, was launched January 31, 1958 by a substantially larger Army Jupiter-C rocket, based on the Redstone missile, which had been developed by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) at Huntsville, Alabama under the leadership

History of spaceflight

exploration program conducted by the Soviet Union from the 1930s till its collapse in 1991. The Sputnik 1 became the first artificial Earth satellite on 4 October 1957. The satellite transmitted a radio signal, but had no sensors otherwise. Studying the Sputnik 1 allowed scientists to calculate the drag from the upper atmosphere by measuring position and speed of the satellite. Sputnik 1 broadcast for 21 days until its batteries depleted on 4 October 1957, and the satellite finally fell from orbit on 4 January 1958. The Luna programme was a series of unmanned robotic satellite launches with the goal

Sergei Korolev

Rocket, which reached Kamchatka. In doing so, he developed the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Following this, Sputnik 1 was launched on 4 October 1957 using the R-7 booster to propel it into space. The satellite was designed and constructed in less than a month. Sputnik 1 was a simple polished metal sphere no bigger than a beach ball, containing batteries powering a transmitter using 4 external communication antennas. Korolev personally managed the assembly at a hectic pace; and the satellite was placed in orbit using a rocket that had successfully launched only once before. International response to the accomplishment

John Bruce Medaris

1960, a two-man satellite by 1962, Saturn rockets capable of boosting ten tons into orbit by 1963, an orbiting space station by 1965, a three-man expedition to the moon by 1967, and a permanent manned lunar base by 1971. That inspired an even more elaborate Army plan called Project Horizon in June 1959. Sputnik sparked a free-for-all among all the military branches, civilian bureaucracies, corporations, and universities about how to organize a gigantic effort to promote missiles and space technology swiftly and in ways that served several national interests. Medaris testified before Congress, in public appearances, and through the military

Bruno Rossi

only originate in the galactic halo or from beyond the galaxy, and their existence is not consistent with the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit. On 4 October 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1. This event created a "wave of near-hysteria" among a surprised American public. In response, the U.S. government increased funding for the National Science Foundation, and in 1958, created both the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which was renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1972. On 4 June 1958, two days after legislation creating NASA

Space exploration

usefulness. The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet uncrewed "Sputnik 1" ("Satellite 1") mission on 4 October 1957. The satellite weighed about , and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about . It had two radio transmitters (20 and 40 MHz), which emitted "beeps" that could be heard by radios around the globe. Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere, while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the duration of radio beeps. The results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a

San Marco programme

working with American rocketeers when the AMI was involved in weather experiments using Nike-Cajun rockets to release sodium clouds for study. While Soviet and American teams had been working on plans for orbiting research satellites for a number of years, the launch on 4 October 1957 of the world’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, began the Space Race in earnest and America soon launched its own Explorer 1 system in response. After Sputnik there was a desire from other countries to enter this new field of research and technological capability. In February 1961 Broglio introduced the idea to Prime Minister

Spacecraft

Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments; while the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the Space Age. Apart from its value as a technological first, Sputnik 1 also helped to identify the upper atmospheric layer's density, through measuring the satellite's orbital changes. It also provided data on radio-signal distribution in the ionosphere. Pressurized nitrogen in the satellite's false body provided the first opportunity for meteoroid detection. Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No.1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, in

Cold War (1953–1962)

The Soviet Union was the first nation to enter the space realm with their launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957. The satellite was merely an 83.6 kilogram aluminum alloy sphere, which was a major down size from the original 1,000 kilogram design, that carried a radio and four antennas into space. This size was shocking to western scientists as America was designing a much smaller 8 kilogram satellite. This size discrepancy was apparent due to the gap in weapon technology as the United States was able to develop much smaller nuclear warheads than their soviet counterparts. The Soviet

Fly Me to the Moon (film)

explains that in 1957, the Soviet Union launched Earth's first satellite Sputnik 1 into orbit. Four years later in 1961, when NASA was putting a monkey named Enos aboard Mercury Atlas 5, astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man on Earth to go to space. Feeling the sense of urgency to overtake the Soviets in the space race, U.S. President John F. Kennedy made a huge statement toward a joint session of Congress on May 25, 1961, stating that before the decade is out, he plans to launch a man to the Moon and return him safely to the Earth.

History of spaceflight

Soviet Union launched the second satellite, Sputnik 2, and the first to carry a living animal, a dog named Laika. Sputnik 3 was launched on May 15, 1958, and carried a large array of instruments for geophysical research and provided data on pressure and composition of the upper atmosphere, concentration of charged particles, photons in cosmic rays, heavy nuclei in cosmic rays, magnetic and electrostatic fields, and meteoric particles. After a series of failures with the program, the US succeeded with Explorer 1, which became the first US satellite in space, on February 1, 1958. This carried scientific instrumentation and

NASA

Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch an artificial satellite for the International Geophysical Year (1957–58). An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard. After the Soviet launch of the world's first artificial satellite ("Sputnik 1") on October 4, 1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. The US Congress, alarmed by the perceived threat to national security and technological leadership (known as the "Sputnik crisis"), urged immediate and swift action; President Dwight D. Eisenhower

Apollo 11

returning him safely to the Earth." In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the world. It demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, and challenged American claims of military, economic and technological superiority. This precipitated the Sputnik crisis, and triggered the Space Race. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded to the Sputnik challenge by creating

Automatic Language Translator

in "Scientific American" that the system was "...found, in an operational evaluation, to be quite useful by the Government." On 4 October 1957 the USSR launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This caused a wave of concern in the US, whose own Project Vanguard was caught flat-footed and then proved to repeatedly fail in spectacular fashion. This embarrassing turn of events led to a huge investment in US science and technology, including the formation of DARPA, NASA and a variety of intelligence efforts that would attempt to avoid being surprised in this fashion again. After a short period, the

Space propaganda

of Britain's space exploration effort. On 26 April 1962, its first satellite, Ariel 1, was launched by Nasa. It carried scientific experiments designed by British universities and turned Britain into the world's third spacefaring nation, after Russia and America." Books can have a strong effect on creativity and pride. They can lead to new ideas but more important is that the idea of the possible. Prior to the launch of Sputnik, many Russians were avid science fiction readers. Among them was the son of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, Dr. Sergei Khrushchev. "We were more perplexed that the satellite had not