Question: John Lennon had two number one hits in 1981. 'Imagine' was one, what was the other?

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Imagine (John Lennon song)

won both the "Silver Lion" award for Best Clip at Cannes and the Festival Award at the Rio International Film Festival. Released as a single in the United Kingdom in 1975 in conjunction with the album "Shaved Fish", "Imagine" peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart. Following Lennon's murder in 1980, the single re-entered the UK chart, reaching number one, where it remained for four weeks in January 1981. "Imagine" was re-released as a single in the UK in 1988, peaking at number 45, and again in 1999, reaching number three. It has sold 1,640,000 copies in the

Imagine (John Lennon song)

it was released in 1975 to promote a compilation LP and it reached number six on the chart that year. The song has since sold more than 1.6 million copies in the UK; it reached number one following Lennon's murder in December 1980. In 1985, the Central Park Conservancy memorialised a portion of the park in honour of Lennon, called Strawberry Fields, with a mosaic that reads "Imagine". BMI named "Imagine" one of the 100 most-performed songs of the 20th century. The song ranked number 30 on the Recording Industry Association of America's list of the 365 Songs of the

Imagine (John Lennon song)

Included in several song polls, in 1999, BMI named it one of the top 100 most-performed songs of the 20th century. Also that year, it received the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. "Imagine" ranked number 23 in the list of best-selling singles of all time in the UK, in 2000. In 2002, a UK survey conducted by the "Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book" ranked it the second best single of all time behind Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody". Gold Radio ranked the

John Lennon

was responsible for 25 "Billboard" Hot 100 number one singles as performer, writer or co-writer. "Imagine" topped the US singles chart compiled by "Record World" magazine, however, in 1971. Citations Sources John Lennon John Winston Ono Lennon (9 October 19408 December 1980) was an English singer, songwriter, and peace activist who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a much-celebrated songwriting partnership. Along with George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the group would ascend to worldwide fame during the 1960s. After the group disbanded in 1970, Lennon

Imagine (John Lennon song)

song number three on its "Gold's greatest 1000 hits" list. "Rolling Stone" ranked "Imagine" number three on its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", describing it as "an enduring hymn of solace and promise that has carried us through extreme grief, from the shock of Lennon's own death in 1980 to the unspeakable horror of September 11th. It is now impossible to imagine a world without 'Imagine', and we need it more than he ever dreamed." Despite that sentiment, Clear Channel Communications (now known today as iHeartMedia) included the song on its post-9/11 "do not play" list.

List of UK top-ten singles in 1981

List of UK top-ten singles in 1981

The UK Singles Chart is one of many music charts compiled by the Official Charts Company that calculates the best-selling singles of the week in the United Kingdom. Before 2004, the chart was only based on the sales of physical singles. This list shows singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the UK Singles Chart during 1981, as well as singles which peaked in 1980 and 1982 but were in the top 10 in 1981. The entry date is when the single appeared in the top 10 for the first time (week ending, as published by the Official Charts Company, which is six days after the chart is announced).

One-hundred and forty-five singles were in the top ten in 1981. Ten singles from 1980 remained in the top 10 for several weeks at the beginning of the year, while "Ant Rap" by Adam and the Ants, "I'll Find My Way Home" by Jon and Vangelis, "It Must Be Love" by Madness, "The Land of Make Believe" by Bucks Fizz and "Mirror Mirror (Mon Amour)" by Dollar were released in 1981 but did not reach their peak until 1982. "Antmusic" by Adam and the Ants, "Happy Xmas (War is Over)" by John Lennon, Yoko Ono, the Plastic Ono Band with the Harlem Community Center Choir and "Imagine" by John Lennon were the singles from 1980 to reach their peak in 1981. Thirty artists scored multiple entries in the top 10 in 1981. Duran Duran, The Human League, Kim Wilde, Shakin' Stevens and Ultravox were among the many artists who achieved their first UK charting top 10 single in 1981.

The 1980 Christmas number-one, "There's No One Quite Like Grandma" by St. Winifred's School Choir remained at number-one for the first week of 1981. The first new number-one single of the year was "Imagine" by the late former Beatles singer John Lennon. Overall, twenty different singles peaked at number-one in 1981, with Adam and the Ants, John Lennon and Shakin' Stevens (2) having the joint most singles hit that position.

Imagine (John Lennon song)

Imagine (John Lennon song)

"Imagine" is a song by English rock musician John Lennon from his 1971 album of the same name. The best-selling single of his solo career, the lyrics encourage listeners to imagine a world of peace, without materialism, without borders separating nations and without religion. Shortly before his death, Lennon said that much of the song's lyrics and content came from his wife, Yoko Ono, and in 2017 the process to give Yoko co-writing credit (while not yet confirmed), was already under way.

Lennon and Ono co-produced the song with Phil Spector. Recording began at Lennon's home studio at Tittenhurst Park, England, in May 1971, with final overdubs taking place at the Record Plant, in New York City, during July. In October, Lennon released "Imagine" as a single in the United States, where it peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was first issued as a single in Britain in 1975, to promote the compilation "Shaved Fish", and reached number six on the UK Singles Chart that year. It later topped the chart following Lennon's murder in 1980.

BMI named "Imagine" one of the 100 most performed songs of the 20th century. In 1999, it was ranked number 30 on the RIAA's list of the 365 "Songs of the Century", earned a Grammy Hall of Fame Award, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". A 2002 UK survey conducted by the "Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book" named it the second-best single of all time, while "Rolling Stone" ranked it number three in the 2004 list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Since 2005, event organisers have played the song just before the New Year's Times Square Ball drops in New York City.

"Imagine" has sold more than 1.7 million copies in the UK. More than 200 artists have performed or covered the song, including Madonna, Stevie Wonder, Joan Baez, Lady Gaga, Elton John and Diana Ross. After "Imagine" was featured at the 2012 Summer Olympics, the song re-entered the UK Top 40, reaching number 18, and was presented as a theme song in the opening ceremony of the 2022 Winter Olympics. The song remains controversial, as it has been since its release, over its request to imagine "no religion too".

List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1980s

The UK Singles Chart is the official record chart in the United Kingdom. Until 1983, it was compiled weekly by the British Market Research Bureau (BMRB) on behalf of the British record industry with a two-week break each Christmas. On 4 January 1983, the chart was taken over by Gallup who expanded the chart from the Top 75 to the Top 100 The chart was based entirely on sales of physical singles from retail outlets and announced on Tuesday until October 1987, when the Top 40 was revealed each Sunday, due to the new automated process.

During the 1980s there were a total of 191 singles which took the UK chart number 1 spot. In terms of number-one singles, Madonna was the most successful single act of the decade, as six of her singles reached the top spot. George Michael had significant involvement with eight number-one singles; with two number-one singles as a solo artist, four as a member of pop duo Wham!, one as a duet with Aretha Franklin and one as a member of charity supergroup Band Aid. The longest duration of a single at number one was nine weeks, achieved by Frankie Goes to Hollywood's "Two Tribes" in 1984.

The best-selling single of the decade was "Do They Know It's Christmas?" by Band Aid, selling over 3.5 million copies, and passing "Mull of Kintyre" by Wings to become the best-selling single ever. "Do They Know It's Christmas?" is currently the second best-selling song after "Candle in the Wind 1997" by Elton John.

The 1980s saw the introduction of the cassette single (or "cassingle") alongside the 7-inch and 12-inch record formats and in 1987 major record labels developed a common format for the CD single. For the chart week ending 3 May 1989, chart regulations confined Kylie Minogue's song "Hand on Your Heart" to number two. Minogue would have reached number one if sales from cassette singles were included but they were sold for £1.99 – cheaper than was allowed at the time. Following the debacle the British Phonographic Industry reduced the minimum price for cassette singles to become eligible towards sales figures.

John Lennon

John Lennon

John Winston Ono Lennon (born John Winston Lennon; 9 October 19408 December 1980) was an English singer, songwriter, musician and peace activist who achieved worldwide fame as founder, co-songwriter, co-lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist of the Beatles. Lennon's work was characterised by the rebellious nature and acerbic wit of his music, writing and drawings, on film, and in interviews. His songwriting partnership with Paul McCartney remains the most successful in history.

Born in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the skiffle craze as a teenager. In 1956, he formed The Quarrymen, which evolved into the Beatles in 1960. Sometimes called "the smart Beatle", he was initially the group's de facto leader, a role gradually ceded to McCartney. Lennon soon expanded his work into other media by participating in numerous films, including "How I Won the War", and authoring "In His Own Write" and "A Spaniard in the Works", both collections of nonsense writings and line drawings. Starting with "All You Need Is Love", his songs were adopted as anthems by the anti-war movement and the larger counterculture of the 1960s. In 1969, he started the Plastic Ono Band with his second wife, the multimedia artist Yoko Ono, held the two-week-long anti-war demonstration Bed-ins for Peace, and left the Beatles to embark on a solo career.

Between 1968 and 1972, Lennon and Ono collaborated on many works, including a trilogy of avant-garde albums, several more films, his solo debut "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band", and the international top 10 singles "Give Peace a Chance", "Instant Karma!", "Imagine" and "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)". Moving to New York City in 1971, his criticism of the Vietnam War resulted in a three-year deportation attempt by the Nixon administration. Lennon and Ono separated from 1973 to 1975, during which time he produced Harry Nilsson's album "Pussy Cats". He also had chart-topping collaborations with Elton John ("Whatever Gets You thru the Night") and David Bowie ("Fame"). Following a five-year hiatus, Lennon returned to music in 1980 with the Ono collaboration "Double Fantasy". He was murdered by a Beatles fan, Mark David Chapman, three weeks after the album's release.

As a performer, writer or co-writer, Lennon had 25 number-one singles in the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. "Double Fantasy", his best-selling album, won the 1981 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. In 1982, Lennon won the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In 2002, Lennon was voted eighth in a BBC history poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. "Rolling Stone" ranked him the fifth-greatest singer and 38th greatest artist of all time. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame (in 1997) and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (twice, as a member of the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 1994).

Imagine (John Lennon album)

Imagine (John Lennon album)

Imagine is the second studio album by English musician John Lennon, released on 9 September 1971 by Apple Records. Co-produced by Lennon, his wife Yoko Ono and Phil Spector, the album's lush sound contrasts the basic, small-group arrangements of his first album, "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band" (1970), while the opening title track is widely considered to be his signature song.

Lennon recorded the album from early to mid-1971 at Ascot Sound Studios, Abbey Road Studios and the Record Plant in New York City, with supporting musicians that included his ex-Beatles bandmate George Harrison, keyboardist Nicky Hopkins, bassist Klaus Voormann and drummers Alan White and Jim Keltner. Its lyrics reflect peace, love, politics, Lennon's experience with primal scream therapy, and, following a period of high personal tensions, an attack on his former writing partner Paul McCartney in "How Do You Sleep?" Extensive footage from the sessions was recorded for a scrapped documentary; parts were released on the documentary film "" (1988). The documentary "", based on that footage, was released in 2018.

"Imagine" was a critical and commercial success, peaking at number one on both the UK Albums Chart and US "Billboard" 200. Along with "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band", it is considered one of Lennon's finest solo albums. In 2012, the album was voted 80th on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The album has been reissued multiple times, including in 2018 as "The Ultimate Collection", a six-disc box set containing previously unreleased demos, rare studio outtakes, "evolution documentaries" for each track, and isolated track elements along with surround mixes.

Imagine (John Lennon song)

the Flux Fiddlers on strings. Issued by Apple Records in the United States in October 1971, "Imagine" became the best-selling single of Lennon's solo career. It peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and reached number one in Canada on the "RPM" national singles chart, remaining there for two weeks. Upon its release the song's lyrics upset some religious groups, particularly the line: "Imagine there's no heaven". When asked about the song during one of his final interviews, Lennon said he considered it to be as strong a composition as any he had written with the Beatles. He

There's No One Quite Like Grandma

There's No One Quite Like Grandma "There's No One Quite Like Grandma" was a number-one hit in the UK Singles Chart, by the Stockport-based primary school choir St Winifred's School Choir from 27 December 1980 to 3 January 1981. It was written by Gordon Lorenz. The song was a Christmas number-one single in both the UK and Ireland. In the UK, it demoted John Lennon's last single, "(Just Like) Starting Over," to number two. After two weeks at number one, a previous Lennon song, "Imagine," replaced it. This was a posthumous release as Lennon had been killed three weeks prior.

Imagine (John Lennon song)

UK as of June 2013, making it Lennon's best-selling single. In 1999, on National Poetry Day in the United Kingdom, the BBC announced that listeners had voted "Imagine" Britain's favourite song lyric. In 2003, it reached number 33 as the B-side to a re-release of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)". "Rolling Stone" described "Imagine" as Lennon's "greatest musical gift to the world", praising "the serene melody; the pillowy chord progression; [and] that beckoning, four-note [piano] figure". Robert Christgau called it "both a hymn for the Movement and a love song for his wife, celebrating a Yokoism and a Marcusianism simultaneously".

Imagine (John Lennon album)

1981, peaking at number 3 in Norway, 5 in the United Kingdom, 34 in Sweden, and 63 in the United States. In 2000, Yoko Ono supervised the remixing of "Imagine" for its remastered reissue. In February 2000, the remastered and remixed edition reached number 11 on the Japanese chart. It was reissued in 2003 by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab on gold CD and on 180 gram half-speed mastered vinyl. The Record Plant piano on which Lennon re-recorded some of the album's keyboard parts was sold at auction in 2007. In October 2010, another remastered version of the album was released,

Imagine (John Lennon song)

Century bearing the most historical significance. It earned a Grammy Hall of Fame Award and an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. A UK survey conducted by the "Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book" named it the second best single of all time, while "Rolling Stone" ranked it number three in their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Since 2005, event organisers have played it just before the New Year's Times Square Ball drops in New York City. Dozens of artists have performed or recorded versions

Imagine (John Lennon song)

On 1 January 2005, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation named "Imagine" the greatest song in the past 100 years as voted by listeners on the show "50 Tracks". The song ranked number 30 on the Recording Industry Association of America's list of the 365 Songs of the Century bearing the most historical significance. Virgin Radio conducted a UK favourite song survey in December 2005, and listeners voted "Imagine" number one. Australians selected it the greatest song of all time on the Nine Network's "20 to 1" countdown show on 12 September 2006. They voted it eleventh in the youth radio network

Imagination (band)

under the group name Imagination, a name that the group chose as a tribute to John Lennon. The track reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1981, selling 250,000 copies in the UK and spending eighteen weeks in the Top 50. They had two more hit singles that year, "In and Out of Love" (September) and "Flashback" (November), both of which peaked at number 16, all from their debut album, also called "Body Talk". Their biggest hit, "Just an Illusion", peaked at number two in March 1982 ("Just an Illusion" would later be used as the end

Imagine (John Lennon song)

described the song's meaning and explicated its commercial appeal: "Anti-religious, anti-nationalistic, anti-conventional, anti-capitalistic, but because it is sugarcoated it is accepted ... Now I understand what you have to do. Put your political message across with a little honey." In an open letter to Paul McCartney published in "Melody Maker", Lennon said that "Imagine" was "'Working Class Hero' with sugar on it for conservatives like yourself". On 30 November 1971, the "Imagine" LP reached number one on the UK chart. It became the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed album of Lennon's solo career. In 1972, Lennon and Ono released

Imagine (John Lennon album)

LP included a postcard featuring a photo of Lennon holding a pig, in mockery of McCartney's similar pose with a sheep on the cover of "Ram". It was also originally released in quadrophonic. (In Europe and the US it was issued in Columbia/Sony's SQ system, in Japan i Sansui's QS Regular Matrix system).) "Imagine", backed with "It's So Hard", was released as a single, in the US on 11 October 1971. The album went to number 1 worldwide and became an enduring seller, with the title track reaching number 3 in the United States. "Imagine" would not be issued as

Imagine (John Lennon album)

a single in Britain until four years later, to coincide with the release of Lennon's "Shaved Fish" singles collection. Reviewing the album in 1971, "Rolling Stone" magazine's Ben Gerson said it "contains a substantial portion of good music" but considered Lennon's previous album to be superior. He also warned of the possibility that Lennon's "posturings will soon seem not merely dull but irrelevant". "Imagine" was voted the fifth best record of the year in "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide. Robert Christgau, the poll's supervisor, also ranked it fifth on his year-end list,

Imagine (John Lennon song)

Triple J's Hottest 100 Of All Time on 11 July 2009. Jimmy Carter said, "in many countries around the world—my wife and I have visited about 125 countries—you hear John Lennon's song 'Imagine' used almost equally with national anthems." On 9 October 2010, which would have been Lennon's 70th birthday, the Liverpool Singing Choir performed "Imagine" along with other Lennon songs at the unveiling of the John Lennon Peace Monument in Chavasse Park, Liverpool, England. Beatles producer George Martin praised Lennon's solo work, singling out the composition: "My favourite song of all was 'Imagine'". Music critic Paul Du Noyer described

Jealous Guy

Record Plant, in New York City. Lennon's recording of "Jealous Guy" was released on the "Imagine" album in 1971. It was not released as a single until November 1985, five years after Lennon's murder, and four-and-a-half years after Roxy Music had taken their cover of the song to number one. Accompanied on the B-side by "Going Down on Love", a track from "Walls and Bridges", the single reached number 65 in the UK charts. In the United States, the single reached number 80 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in November 1988, in conjunction with the release of the film "".

Top 2000

song on the countdown, with Boudewijn de Groot's "Avond" achieving the top spot in 2005 and the Eagles' "Hotel California" doing the same in 2010 and 2014. On 27 November 2015, it was announced that John Lennon with his song "Imagine" was voted number one of the list for the first time, in association with the piano act of Davide Martello after the November 2015 Paris attacks. Top 2000 The Top 2000 is an annual marathon radio program, that plays the 2000 most popular songs of all time, from Christmas through New Year's Eve. Hosted by Dutch national radio station

Stand and Deliver (Adam and the Ants song)

but was denied the No. 1 position by the re-release of John Lennon's "Imagine" after his murder in New York City on 8 December 1980. "Stand and Deliver" became the band's first No. 1 when it debuted at the top spot on 9 May 1981, and remained there for five weeks. It has sold 1.03 million copies in the UK. On the US Dance chart, "Stand and Deliver" peaked at #38. Copies of the single "Stand and Deliver" b/w "Beat My Guest" were included as a free bonus item with some vinyl copies of the US version of the album

More popular than Jesus

don't believe in Jesus", but also sang that he did not believe in the Bible, Buddha, the "Gita", and the Beatles. Critics of Lennon's lyrics have also focused on the line "Imagine there's no heaven" from his 1971 song "Imagine". Lennon was murdered on 8 December 1980 by Mark David Chapman, who had become a born-again Christian in 1970 and was incensed by Lennon's "more popular than Jesus" remark, calling it blasphemy. He later stated that he was further enraged by the songs "God" and "Imagine", even singing the latter with the altered lyric: "Imagine John Lennon dead". Notes Citations


Question: What may be described as a 'red earthworm with rings of a brighter colour, often found in manure and used as fishing bait?

Dendrodrilus rubidus

the various soil horizons, a change which has a cascading effect through other ecosystems. One common way this species spreads is through the release of bait worms into the habitat. It is a "nightcrawler", an earthworm used as fishing bait, and one of several species sold in American bait shops as "red wigglers". It can often be found in shipments of worms labelled as another species, such as "Lumbricus terrestris" or "L. rubellus". Bait worms are commonly lost and dumped in the habitat on fishing trips; sites of invasive populations are often near lakes. Exotic earthworms in general are also

Dendrodrilus rubidus

Dendrodrilus rubidus Dendrodrilus rubidus is a species of earthworm in the family Lumbricidae. It is native to Europe, and it is a widespread introduced species, occurring on every continent except Antarctica, as well as many islands. It is often invasive. It is sometimes used as fishing bait, and is marketed under many nonspecific names, including red wiggler, jumping red wiggler, red trout worm, jumbo red worm, and pink worm. Other common names include bank worm, tree worm, and gilt tail. This earthworm is 2 to 10 centimeters long and dark red in color with a yellowish or orange tail end.

Fishing bait

farm bins. The red compost worms, such as the well known red wiggler or the European nightcrawler, are better candidates, as they are epigeic, or surface dwellers. This is the reason that red worms are more usually available commercially for bait worms. Their natural home is just below the surface in rotting leaves, dung heaps and other plant litter. They are called detritivourous because they eat detritus (waste material). The larger species, the European nightcrawler is much sought after for fishing bait as it tolerates near freezing water and is one of the few earthworms suitable for salt-water fishing. These

Eisenia fetida

Eisenia fetida Eisenia fetida (older spelling: foetida), known under various common names such as redworm, brandling worm, panfish worm, trout worm, tiger worm, red wiggler worm, red Californian earthworm, etc., is a species of earthworm adapted to decaying organic material. These worms thrive in rotting vegetation, compost, and manure. They are epigean, rarely found in soil. In this trait, they resemble "Lumbricus rubellus". They have groups of bristles (called setae) on each segment that move in and out to grip nearby surfaces as the worms stretch and contract their muscles to push themselves forward or backward. "E. fetida" worms are

Earthworm

of birds (e.g. starlings, thrushes, gulls, crows, European robins and American robins), snakes, mammals (e.g. bears, foxes, hedgehogs, pigs, moles) and invertebrates (e.g. ground beetles and other beetles, snails, slugs). Earthworms have many internal parasites, including protozoa, platyhelminthes, and nematodes; they can be found in the worms' blood, seminal vesicles, coelom, or intestine, or in their cocoons. Nitrogenous fertilizers tend to create acidic conditions, which are fatal to the worms, and dead specimens are often found on the surface following the application of substances such as DDT, lime sulphur, and lead arsenate. In Australia, changes in farming practices such as

Eisenia fetida

Eisenia fetida

Eisenia fetida, known under various common names such as manure worm, redworm, brandling worm, panfish worm, trout worm, tiger worm, red wiggler worm, etc., is a species of earthworm adapted to decaying organic material. These worms thrive in rotting vegetation, compost, and manure. They are epigean, rarely found in soil. In this trait, they resemble "Lumbricus rubellus".

Red wigglers are reddish-brown in color, have small rings around their body and have a yellowish tail. They have groups of bristles (called setae) on each segment that move in and out to grip nearby surfaces as the worms stretch and contract their muscles to push themselves forward or backward.

"Eisenia fetida" worms are native to Europe, but have been introduced (both intentionally and unintentionally) to every other continent except Antarctica.

"Eisenia fetida" also possess a unique natural defense system in their coelomic fluid: cells called coelomocytes secrete a protein called lysenin, which is a pore-forming toxin (PFT), which is able to permeabilize and lyse invading cells. It is best at targeting foreign cells whose membranes contain significant amounts of sphingomyelin. (Lysenin is also toxic to organisms lacking sphingomyelin in their cell walls, including "Bacillus megaterium", though the pathway is not understood).

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Wikipedia:WikiProject Core Content/Articles

Aporrectodea caliginosa

Aporrectodea caliginosa Aporrectodea calignosa (also known as Allolobophora similis or the grey worm) is an earthworm commonly found in Great Britain. It is recognizable by the three distinct shades of colour at its front end, and it is in length when not moving. Its saddle pads usually form a two humped ridge across three segments along the length of the saddle, however this is not clearly visible. The worm mostly lies in non-permanent horizontal burrows in topsoil, and is rarely found in leaf litter. Like most worms, its diet consists only of soil. Bart S, Amosse J, Lowe CN, Mougin

Allolobophora chlorotica

Allolobophora chlorotica Allolobophora chlorotica, or green worm, is a species of earthworm that feeds and lives in soil. This species stands out from other earthworms due to the presence of three 'Sucker-like Discs' on the underside of the clitellum. Worms are many different distantly related animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body and no limbs. An examination of "A. chlorotica" specimens from many parts of the British Isles suggests that there are two forms of this species, one with green-pigment in the body wall, and one which lacks this pigment, making it pink. "Allolobophora chlorotica" is a medium-sized

Earthworm

is either a class or a subclass depending on the author). In classical systems, they were placed in the order Opisthopora, on the basis of the male pores opening posterior to the female pores, though the internal male segments are anterior to the female. Theoretical cladistic studies have placed them, instead, in the suborder Lumbricina of the order Haplotaxida, but this may again soon change. Folk names for the earthworm include "dew-worm", "rainworm", "night crawler", and "angleworm" (due to its use as fishing bait). Larger terrestrial earthworms are also called megadriles (which translates to "big worms"), as opposed to the

Fishing bait

in southern climates such as Florida, United States, fish such as bream will take bread bait. Bread bait is a small amount of bread, often moistened by saliva, balled up to a small size that is bite size to a small fish. Most common earthworm species, such as "Lumbricus terrestris", which can often be dug up in the garden, are eminently suitable for freshwater fishing. However, on a commercial scale they are not really candidates for worm farming for providing fishing bait. The greyish brown common earthworms are deep burrowing ("anecic") and do not readily breed in the shallow worm

Earthworm

tropics, the African nightcrawler "Eudrilus eugeniae" and the Indian blue "Perionyx excavatus" are used. Earthworms are sold all over the world; the market is sizable. According to Doug Collicut, "In 1980, 370 million worms were exported from Canada, with a Canadian export value of $13 million and an American retail value of $54 million." Earthworms are also sold as food for human consumption. "Noke" is a culinary term used by the Māori of New Zealand, and refers to earthworms which are considered delicacies for their chiefs. Earthworm An earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. They

Dendrodrilus rubidus

introduced when the cocoons are transported on vehicles and machinery, in ballast, and on the water itself. There are no good control methods for exotic earthworms that do not have the potential to affect other organisms, so prevention of introductions is more important. Dendrodrilus rubidus Dendrodrilus rubidus is a species of earthworm in the family Lumbricidae. It is native to Europe, and it is a widespread introduced species, occurring on every continent except Antarctica, as well as many islands. It is often invasive. It is sometimes used as fishing bait, and is marketed under many nonspecific names, including red wiggler,

Dendrodrilus rubidus

Finland, and it may help to keep the nests free of fungi. This earthworm is tolerant of soils with high levels of heavy metals and toxic semimetals. It has been observed in mine spoils contaminated with arsenic and in nickel- and copper-contaminated soils near smelting operations. It also tolerates acidic conditions, allowing it to thrive in the acidic litter of conifers. The species has a high rate of reproduction, and can complete its life cycle in 75 days. There are morphs that reproduce sexually and by parthenogenesis, producing young without fertilization. While the worms themselves are sensitive to cold temperatures,

Radiole

in color, with white transverse bands. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment, is responsible for the bright red color of the crown of "Serpula vermicularis". Juvenile and other worms of small size have small crowns and radioles, so prefer to capture and eat very small particles, such as bacterioplankton and single-celled phytoplankton and zooplankton. As a worm matures and grows in size, so does its crown. The larger crown allows the animal to feed on larger multicellular plankton. The preferred food size depends on the maximum size achieved by the adult worm. Canalipalpata worms often lose one or more radioles, or even

Earthworm

took much longer to re-establish. Research from the Station d'écologie Tropicale de Lamto asserts that the earthworms positively influence the rate of macroaggregate formation, an important feature for soil structure. The stability of aggregates in response to water was also found to be improved when constructed by earthworms. Various species of worms are used in vermiculture, the practice of feeding organic waste to earthworms to decompose food waste. These are usually "Eisenia fetida" (or its close relative "Eisenia andrei") or the Brandling worm, commonly known as the tiger worm or red wiggler. They are distinct from soil-dwelling earthworms. In the

Clitellum

which contains oligochaetes (earthworms) and hirudineans (leeches). The clitellum is a thick, saddle-like ring found in the epidermis (skin) of the worm, usually with a light-colored pigment. To form a cocoon for its eggs, the clitellum secretes a viscous fluid. This organ is used in sexual reproduction of some annelids. In earthworms, the clitellum can only be seen when the worm is sexually mature. It may be white, orange-red or reddish-brown in colour. Earthworms are ready to mate when their clitellum is orange. In leeches, the clitellum appears seasonally. Its color is usually slightly lighter than that of the body

Lumbricus rubellus

Lumbricus rubellus Lumbricus rubellus is a species of earthworm that is related to "Lumbricus terrestris". It is usually reddish brown or reddish violet, iridescent dorsally, and pale yellow ventrally. They are usually about to in length, with around 95–120 segments. Their native distribution was mainland Europe and the British Isles, but they have currently spread worldwide in suitable habitats. "Lumbricus rubellus", or the "red earthworm", ranges from to in length and has smooth, reddish, semi-transparent, flexible skin segmented into circular sections. Each segment contains four pairs of setae, or bristles, and the total number of segments per matured organism ranges

Convolutriloba retrogemma

Convolutriloba retrogemma "Convolutriloba retrogemma" is a reddish-brown flatworm 2 mm in length also commonly known as redbug, red planaria, rust flatworm, or simply red flatworm. It is a marine flatworm that gets energy from its endosymbiotic algae or from the consumption of small invertebrates such as copepods and rotifers. Among other flatworms, it is known to starve coral on accident by blocking out its sunlight while searching for food on the corals surface due to its rapid reproduction. C. retrogemma, like lots of other flatworms, contains dangerous toxins to keep it predators away, and, on death, it can release these

Allolobophora chlorotica

were made up of more than 90% green morphs. A suggestion was made that it may not be simply the soil moisture content that affects distribution of the colour morphs but that it might be availability of the soil water to the earthworms that is important. Allolobophora chlorotica Allolobophora chlorotica, or green worm, is a species of earthworm that feeds and lives in soil. This species stands out from other earthworms due to the presence of three 'Sucker-like Discs' on the underside of the clitellum. Worms are many different distantly related animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body

European nightcrawler

European nightcrawler The European nightcrawler, Eisenia hortensis or "Dendrobaena veneta", is a medium-small earthworm averaging about 1.5 grams each when fully grown. Generally blueish, pink-grey (cf. Latin "veneta" meaning "sea-blue") in color with a banded or striped appearance, the tips of their tails are often cream or pale yellow. When the species has not been feeding, it is pale pink. These worms are usually found in deep woodland litter and garden soils that are rich in organic matter in European countries. "E. hortensis" is sold primarily as a bait worm, but its popularity as a composting worm is increasing. The

Lumbricus terrestris

world, the "common earthworm" is actually "Aporrectodea" (="Allolobophora") "trapezoides", which in those areas is a similar size and dark color to "L. terrestris". "L. terrestris" is an anecic worm. That is, it forms temporary deep burrows and comes to the surface to feed, as opposed to burrowing through the soil for its food as most other earthworms do. An unusual habit of this species is to pull leaves into the mouth of its burrow where they partially decay before being eaten. While they generally feed on plant material, they have been observed feeding on dead insects and feces. The natural


Question: Name either British coin that ceased to be legal tender on August 31st. 1971?

THREEPENCE or ONE PENNY (3d. or 1d.)
threepence or one penny 3d or 1d

Coins of the pound sterling

and have ceased to be legal tender. <nowiki>* The specifications and dates of 5p, 10p, and 50p coins refer to the larger sizes issued in 1968 and 1969 respectively. † The specification refers to the round coin issued from 1983–2016. Although obsolete, this coin is still redeemable at banks and still legal tender on the Isle of Man.</nowiki> All modern British coins feature a profile of the current monarch's head on the obverse. There has been only one monarch since decimalisation, Queen Elizabeth II, so her head appears on all decimal coins, facing to the right (see also Monarch's head,

Royal Mint

million. Coin minting and production gradually shifted to the new site over the next seven years until the last coin, a gold sovereign, was struck in London in November 1975. In an attempt to consolidate all previous coin-related acts, the "Coinage Act of 1971" was passed, which among other things effectively abolished the individual role of Master of the Mint. Under this act, the Chancellor of the Exchequer took over the role, with a Deputy Master being appointed by the Treasury to exercise all the powers and duties of the Master within the mint. After moving to Wales, the mint

History of the British penny (1901–1970)

Finally, there was an issue of proof quality coins dated 1970 for collectors, to bid farewell to a denomination which had served the country well for 1200 years. The longstanding depiction of Britannia on the penny was translated by sculptor Christopher Ironside to the post-decimal fifty-pence coin. The Decimal Currency Board had anticipated the need for a transition of up to 18 months after Decimal Day, 15 February 1971, but the "old penny" quickly vanished from circulation, and it was made no longer legal tender after 31 August 1971. It had been the last survivor of the three bronze coins,

Guernsey pound

than the modern version and the diameter also measured slightly less. The 1-pound coin ceased to be legal tender on 15 October 2017 to coincide with the withdrawal of the circular £1 coin in the UK. The UK's new twelve-sided £1 coin will be the only £1 coin that is legal tender on the island. The first decimal issues continued with the same obverse as the last pre-decimal issues until 1985, when Raphael Maklouf's portrait of Queen Elizabeth II was added. Ian Rank-Broadley's portrait of the Queen has appeared since 1998. Designs on the reverses of Guernsey's decimal coins are:

New Zealand one-cent coin

pound sterling in 1985. In 1988, the bronze one and two-cent coins had become too expensive to produce as inflation lowered the value of the dollar and their minting ceased. They remained legal tender until 30 April 1990. According to the Reserve Bank of New Zealand no one-cent coins were issued in 1968 or 1969 due to the large amount issued on their introduction in 1967, or in 1977. In years with no regular mintings, coins were still issued in mint sets. Counting proofs and coins in mint sets, a total of 553,466,065 (553 million) coins of the denomination were

£sd

Coins of the pound sterling

Coins of the pound sterling

The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories is denominated in pennies and pounds sterling (symbol "£", commercial GBP), and ranges in value from one penny sterling to two pounds. Since decimalisation, on 15 February 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 (new) pence. Before decimalisation, twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound.

British coins are minted by the Royal Mint in Llantrisant, Wales. The Royal Mint also commissions the coins' designs.

In addition to the circulating coinage, the UK also mints commemorative decimal coins (crowns) in the denomination of five pounds. Ceremonial Maundy money and bullion coinage of gold sovereigns, half sovereigns, and gold and silver Britannia coins are also produced. Some territories outside the United Kingdom, which use the pound sterling, produce their own coinage, with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs.

Legal tender

Legal tender

Legal tender is a form of money that courts of law are required to recognize as satisfactory payment for any monetary debt.<ref name="Royal Mint"/> Each jurisdiction determines what is legal tender, but essentially it is anything which when offered ("tendered") in payment of a debt extinguishes the debt. There is no obligation on the creditor to accept the tendered payment, but the act of tendering the payment in legal tender discharges the debt.

Some jurisdictions allow contract law to overrule the status of legal tender, allowing (for example) merchants to specify that they will not accept cash payments. Coins and banknotes are usually defined as legal tender in many countries, but personal cheques, credit cards, and similar non-cash methods of payment are usually not. Some jurisdictions may include a specific foreign currency as legal tender, at times as its exclusive legal tender or concurrently with its domestic currency. Some jurisdictions may forbid or restrict payment made by other than legal tender. In some jurisdictions legal tender can be refused as payment if no debt exists prior to the time of payment (where the obligation to pay may arise at the same time as the offer of payment). For example, vending machines and transport staff do not have to accept the largest denomination of banknote. Shopkeepers may reject large banknotes, which is covered by the legal concept known as invitation to treat.

The right, in many jurisdictions, of a trader to refuse to do business with any person means that a would-be purchaser may not force a purchase merely by presenting legal tender, as legal tender must only be accepted for debts already incurred.

Fiat money

Fiat money

Fiat money is a type of currency that is not backed by a commodity, such as gold or silver. It is typically designated by the issuing government to be legal tender. Throughout history, fiat money was sometimes issued by local banks and other institutions. In modern times, fiat money is generally authorized by government regulation.

Fiat money generally does not have intrinsic value and does not have use value. It has value only because the individuals who use it as a unit of account or, in the case of currency, a medium of exchange agree on its value. They trust that it will be accepted by merchants and other people.

Fiat money is an alternative to commodity money, which is a currency that has intrinsic value because it contains, for example, a precious metal such as gold or silver which is embedded in the coin. Fiat also differs from representative money, which is money that has intrinsic value because it is backed by and can be converted into a precious metal or another commodity. Fiat money can look similar to representative money (such as paper bills), but the former has no backing, while the latter represents a claim on a commodity (which can be redeemed to a greater or lesser extent).

Government-issued fiat money banknotes were used first during the 11th century in China. Fiat money started to predominate during the 20th century. Since President Richard Nixon's decision to suspend US dollar convertibility to gold in 1971, a system of national fiat currencies has been used globally.

Fiat money can be:
</ref>

The term "fiat" derives from the Latin word , meaning "let it be done" used in the sense of an order, decree<ref name=mankiw /> or resolution.

Shilling (British coin)

currency more suited to simple monetary calculations became pressing. The decision to decimalise was announced in 1966, with the pound to be redivided into 100, rather than 240, pence. Decimal Day was set for 15 February 1971, and a whole range of new coins were introduced. Shillings continued to be legal tender with a value of 5 new pence until 31 December 1990. Testoons issued during the reign of Henry VII feature a right-facing portrait of the king on the obverse. Surrounding the portrait is the inscription , or similar, meaning ""Henry, by the Grace of God, King of England

Legal tender

1840, when the Governor of New South Wales by proclamation annexed New Zealand, or from 14 January 1840 when Captain Hobson Royal Navy was sworn in as Lieutenant-Governor. The English Laws Act 1858 subsequently confirmed that English legislation passed prior to 14 January 1840 was and had been the law of New Zealand, as applicable to local circumstances. The (UK) Coinage Act 1816 therefore applied and British coins were confirmed as legal tender in New Zealand. Unusually, until 1989, the Reserve Bank did not have the right to issue coins as legal tender. Coins had to be issued by the

Farthing (Irish coin)

and ceased to be legal tender on 1 August 1969. As the Irish pound was pegged to the British pound until 1979, the Irish farthing had the same dimensions and weight as the British version. The reverse design featuring a woodcock was by English artist Percy Metcalfe. The obverse featured the Irish harp. From 1928 through 1937 the date was split either side of the harp with the name "Saorstát Éireann" circling around. From 1938 through 1966 the inscription changed to "Éire" on the left of the harp and the date on the right. Ireland is one of only four

Decimal Day

old coins were returned to the banks and in this way the bulk of them were quickly taken out of circulation. The new halfpenny, penny, and twopence coins were introduced on 15 February 1971. Within two weeks of Decimal Day, the old penny (1d) and old threepenny (3d) coins had left circulation, and old sixpences were becoming rare. On 31 August 1971, the 1d and 3d were officially withdrawn from circulation, ending the transition period. The government intended that in speech the new units would be called "new pence", but the public decided that it was clearer and quicker to

Decimal Day

1971, remained in circulation until 1984, by which time its value had been greatly reduced by inflation. It was not struck, except for collectors' sets, after 1983 (those dated 1984 were struck only as proofs or in Uncirculated Mint Sets) and was demonetised on 31 December 1984. The 50p piece was reduced in size in 1997, following the reduction in size of the 5p in 1990 and the 10p in 1992 (the large versions of each of the three are now demonetised). The 1p and 2p underwent a compositional change from bronze to plated steel in 1992. However, both coins

Scottish coinage

Gaelic word for a penny sterling, and "bonn-a-sia" which literally means ‘coin of six’ became the word for a halfpenny. Following decimalisation in 1971, "sgillinn" became and remains the Scottish Gaelic word for a new penny. As a result of the recoinage, foreign coins, which were frequently used alongside the local currency, stopped being legal tender on 6 October 1707. Pre-Union 40, 20 and 10 shilling coins ceased to be legal tender on 10 February 1708, but were temporarily put back into circulation before finally ceasing as legal tender on June 1, along with coins of ½, 1, 2, and

Threepence (Irish coin)

measured in diameter and weighed ; this did not change with the cupro-nickel coin. The coin was minted at the Royal Mint starting from 1928, and ceased to be legal tender after decimalisation on 31 December 1971. Ireland did not adopt the brass dodecagonal threepenny coin that the United Kingdom used between 1937 and 1971. The reverse design featuring an Irish hare was by the English artist Percy Metcalfe. The obverse featured the Irish harp. From 1928 to 1937 the date was split either side of the harp with the name circling around. From 1938 to 1969 the inscription changed

Legal tender

withdrawn and replaced by coins, but Canadian $1,000 bills remain legal tender even if they are removed from circulation as they arrive at a bank. However, Bank of England notes that are withdrawn from circulation generally cease to be legal tender but remain redeemable for current currency at the Bank of England itself or by post. All paper and polymer issues of New Zealand banknotes issued from 1967 onwards (and 1- and 2-dollar notes until 1993) are still legal tender; however, 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins are no longer used in New Zealand. A cashless society describes an economic state

Crown (British coin)

being legal tender, and having the same decimal value as a crown, the 25p pieces were issued to commemorate events, such as: the 1972 piece was for the Silver Wedding anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; the 1977 issue was to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee of ascension to the throne; the 1980 issue was for the 80th birthday of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother; and, in 1981, the coin was issued to celebrate the marriage of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer. All of these issues were struck in large mintages,

History of the threepence

1967, and in 1970 (in proof sets only). Following decimalisation, the brass threepence ceased to be legal tender after 31 August 1971. A three pence coin was also used in the pre-decimalisation currencies of Commonwealth of Nations countries such as Fiji, Australia, and New Zealand. It was called a tickey in South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. No. 1 Croydon was known for many years as the "threepenny bit building" for its resemblance to a stack of threepenny coins. After the coins were phased out (beginning in 1970) the building eventually gained a new nickname: the "50p building”. In March 2014,

Central Bank of Ireland

15 February 1971, when the decimal coinage was released into circulation (although 5p, 10p, and 50p coins were released a few years earlier, as they had exact equivalents in old currency units). Decimalisation would have provided an ideal opportunity to break the link with Sterling, but there was not much demand for this at that time. In 1972 however, the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates broke down, and in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis inflation in Britain increased dramatically, and economic theory would suggest that a smaller economy whose currency is pegged to a larger one

Manx pound

despite no longer being legal tender, old UK £1 coins remained in use in the Isle of Man until 28 February 2018, after which date only IOM £1 notes and coins, and 12-sided UK £1 coins will be accepted. In 1865, the Isle of Man Banking Company was founded and began issuing £1 notes, with £5 notes introduced in 1894. The bank changed its name to the Isle of Man Bank in 1926. Other banks which issued notes (£1 only) on the Isle of Man were: The Isle of Man Government Notes Act revoked the banks' licences to issue banknotes

Halfpenny (Irish pre-decimal coin)

or a ram, and the sow was chosen. The obverse featured the Irish harp. From 1928 to 1937 the date was split either side of the harp with the name "Saorstát Éireann" circling around. From 1938 to 1969 the inscription changed to "Éire" on the left of the harp and the date on the right. Halfpenny (Irish pre-decimal coin) The halfpenny (d) () coin was the second smallest denomination of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth of a pound or of a shilling. First issued in 1928 it ceased to be legal tender on 1 August 1969. The coin measured in

Legal tender

with its own rial in 1970. On 8 November 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that existing INR 500 and INR 1000 banknotes would no longer be accepted as legal tender with a view to curb counterfeiting, tax evasion and the parallel economy. The Reserve Bank of India outlined a scheme for holders of such banknotes to either deposit them into their bank accounts for full, unlimited value, or to exchange the banknotes for new, subject to a cap. New Zealand has a complex history of legal tender. English law applied, as applicable to local circumstances, from either 6 January

Legal tender

Banknotes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks are not legal tender anywhere but are widely accepted with agreement between parties. Thus legal tender in Scotland is limited to coin. In a 1976 case, Miliangos v George Frank Ltd, the House of Lords established that the English courts could order debts to be paid in currencies other than the pound sterling under certain circumstances, overturning two centuries of precedent. Before the Civil War (1861 to 1865), silver coins were legal tender only up to the sum of $5. Before 1853, when U.S. silver coins were reduced in weight 7%, coins


Question: Who in the title of a play by Keith Waterhouse, was described as being unwell?

Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell

his favourite public house, the Coach and Horses, Soho, and uses the occasion to share anecdotes from his life with the audience. A highlight of the play is a trick involving a glass of water, a matchbox, and an egg which must remain unbroken at the end of the trick. This trick is more fully described in an obituary of Keith Waterhouse in "The Guardian". Often remembered as a one-man show, but in fact packed with characters performed by a versatile supporting cast of four, "Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell" was a highly successful vehicle for its original star Peter O'Toole.

Keith Waterhouse

Unwell" (1989; Old Vic premiere, 1999), based on the louche life of London journalist Jeffrey Bernard. His career began at the "Yorkshire Evening Post" and he also wrote regularly for "Punch", the "Daily Mirror", and latterly for the "Daily Mail". He initially joined the "Mirror" as a reporter in 1952, before he became a playwright and novelist; during his initial stint, he campaigned against the colour bar in post-war Britain, the abuses committed in the name of the British Empire in Kenya and the British government's selling of weapons to various Middle Eastern countries. Subsequently, he returned as a columnist,

Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell

Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell is a play by Keith Waterhouse about real-life journalist Jeffrey Bernard. Bernard was still alive at the time the play was first performed in the West End in 1989. Bernard wrote the "Low Life" column in "The Spectator". The play's title refers to the magazine's habit of printing a one-line apology on a blank page when he was too drunk or hung-over to produce the required copy and a substitute article could not be found before the deadline for publication. Its premise is that Bernard has found himself locked in overnight at

Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell

was released in both full and abridged versions. O'Toole was followed in the part by Tom Conti who starred in a revival of the play until September 2006 at the Garrick Theatre in London. The part has also been played by James Bolam, Dennis Waterman, Robert Powell, and most recently Simon Hill in the Frayed Knot Production of the play. A radio adaptation starring John Hurt was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 15 August, 2015 and repeated on 18 February 2017 following the death of John Hurt. Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell is a play by

Dennis Waterman

(2015), he appeared in only the first two episodes. He recited excerpts from the journal of Walter H. Thompson for the UK history series "Churchill's Bodyguard". He appeared on stage in "Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell" by Keith Waterhouse and as Alfred P. Doolittle in the 2001 London revival of "My Fair Lady". He narrated the reality-format television programme "Bad Lads' Army" and appeared in the 2009 BBC2 miniseries "Moses Jones". Waterman has been married four times: Waterman's marriage to Lenska ended because of his violent behaviour towards her. In March 2012 he caused controversy with some comments on this issue:

Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell

Jeffrey Bernard

Jeffrey Bernard

Jeffrey Joseph Bernard (; 27 May 1932 – 4 September 1997) was an English journalist, best known for his weekly column "Low Life" in "The Spectator" magazine, and also notorious for a feckless and chaotic career and life of alcohol abuse.

He became associated with the louche and bohemian atmosphere that existed in London's Soho district and was later immortalised in the comical play "Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell" by Keith Waterhouse. He was played by his friend Peter O'Toole when the play first opened. The title refers to a notice "The Spectator" would put in the place of Bernard's column on occasions in which he was unable to write.

Billy Liar

Billy Liar

Billy Liar is a 1959 novel by Keith Waterhouse that was later adapted into a play, a film, a musical and a TV series. The work has inspired and been featured in a number of popular songs.

The semi-comical story is about William Fisher, a working-class 19-year-old living with his parents in the fictional town of Stradhoughton in Yorkshire. Bored by his job as a lowly clerk for an undertaker, Billy spends his time indulging in fantasies and dreams of life in the big city as a comedy writer.

Keith Waterhouse

Keith Waterhouse

Keith Spencer Waterhouse (6 February 1929 – 4 September 2009) was a British novelist and newspaper columnist and the writer of many television series.

Billy Liar (film)

Billy Liar (film)

Billy Liar is a 1963 British CinemaScope comedy-drama film based on the 1959 novel by Keith Waterhouse. Directed by John Schlesinger, it stars Tom Courtenay (who had understudied Albert Finney in the West End theatre adaptation of the novel) as Billy and Julie Christie as Liz, one of his three girlfriends. Mona Washbourne plays Mrs. Fisher and Wilfred Pickles plays Mr. Fisher. Rodney Bewes, Finlay Currie and Leonard Rossiter also feature. The Cinemascope photography is by Denys Coop and Richard Rodney Bennett supplied the score.

The film belongs to the British New Wave, inspired by both the earlier kitchen sink realism movement and the French New Wave. Characteristic of the style is a documentary/"cinéma vérité" feel and the use of real locations (in this case, many in the city of Bradford in Yorkshire).

Keith Waterhouse

died quietly in his sleep at his home in London; he was 80. Keith Waterhouse Keith Spencer Waterhouse (6 February 1929 – 4 September 2009) was a British novelist and newspaper columnist, and the writer of many television series. Keith Waterhouse was born in Hunslet, Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He did two years of national service in the Royal Air Force. His credits, many with lifelong friend and collaborator Willis Hall, include satires such as "That Was The Week That Was", "BBC-3" and "The Frost Report" during the 1960s, the book for the 1975 musical "The Card", "Budgie",

Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell

The show opened in Brighton in September 1989, moved to Bath and made its triumphant London debut at the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue in October. O'Toole also appeared in a later revival at the Old Vic. The Old Vic run was totally sold out, and on 23 August 1999 the London "Evening Standard" published a 'Bluffer's Guide' to enable readers to pretend they had seen it: "thereby allowing dinner party conversations and watercooler debates to run their course unhindered by ignorance." A filmed version of the stage play was shot at the Apollo Theatre with a live audience and

Keith Waterhouse

Keith Waterhouse Keith Spencer Waterhouse (6 February 1929 – 4 September 2009) was a British novelist and newspaper columnist, and the writer of many television series. Keith Waterhouse was born in Hunslet, Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He did two years of national service in the Royal Air Force. His credits, many with lifelong friend and collaborator Willis Hall, include satires such as "That Was The Week That Was", "BBC-3" and "The Frost Report" during the 1960s, the book for the 1975 musical "The Card", "Budgie", "Worzel Gummidge" and "Andy Capp" (an adaptation of the comic strip). His 1959

Unman, Wittering and Zigo

disbelieving Headmaster. The resonant quotation from the play falls to the wise old Farthingale. "Authority is a necessary evil, and every bit as evil as it is necessary." The play was adapted for television as an episode of BBC 2's "Theatre 625" series and broadcast in June 1965. It was the BBC's Italia Prize entry that year. It featured a number of young actors who gained a higher profile including Hywel Bennett and Dennis Waterman. In 1967, the stage premiere was produced at Manchester Grammar School, directed by Brian Derbyshire and Brian Phythian, with Patrick Miller as John Ebony. The

Entertaining Angels (play)

water, the play is filled with sharp-edged comedy and probing wit with Penelope Keith giving a widely acclaimed performance as Grace. Penelope Keith plays Grace with Benjamin Whitrow as her late husband. The rest of the cast include Polly Adams, Carolyn Backhouse and Claudia Elmhirst. It was directed by Alan Strachan and produced by Michael Codron The play received widely positive reviews, receiving 5 stars from the Edinburgh Guide with The Sunday Times writing that "Richard Everett has written a warm, glowing, serious comedy, like an Ayckbourn play finished by JM Barrie", while the London Evening Standard reviewed the play

Underground (1958 TV play)

feeling unwell while off-set in make-up between two of his scenes, and then suddenly collapsed and died as he was about to continue. His character was due to die in the same way during the course of the play. The actor Peter Bowles was also in the cast and recalled many years later: "During transmission, a little group of us was talking on camera while awaiting the arrival of Gareth Jones's character, who had some information for us. We could see him coming up towards us, but we saw him fall. We had no idea what had happened, but he

James Bachman

to direct the subsequent revue "Fall From Grace", which included amongst its cast Mitchell, Webb, and Matthew Holness. That same year he also directed a production of the Keith Waterhouse play "Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell 2", starring Mitchell as Jeffrey Bernard and Webb in multiple roles. By the time Bachman finished university he had lost interest in his area of study and chose to go into comedy instead. Shortly after graduating, Bachman began a short-lived sketch double-act with fellow Cambridge comedian Matthew Holness. Bachman & Holness performed their first sketch show "Rummage" in the Pleasance Attic at the Edinburgh Fringe

Matthew Waterhouse

"Old Acquaintance" which was performed by David Selby (Quentin). Between 1998 and 2016 Waterhouse lived in Connecticut in the United States, though he regularly visited the UK. He has since returned to live full-time in the UK with his American husband. Waterhouse's name was used by comedians Matt Lucas and David Walliams for a character in their sketch show "Little Britain". Waterhouse in the programme is an unsuccessful inventor of bizarre and ridiculous new versions of things such as board games and breakfast cereals. "Little Britain" has also featured two other characters named after "Doctor Who" companion actors, Michael Craze

The National Health (play)

The National Health (play) The National Health is a play by Peter Nichols. Reminiscent of the "Carry On" film series, this black comedy with tragic overtones focuses on the appalling conditions in an under-funded national health hospital, which are contrasted comically with a "Dr. Kildare"-style soap opera airing on the ward television. Originally entitled "The End Beds", the play – based on Nichols' time in hospitals where he received treatment for a collapsed lung – was originally written for television, but the playwright received no enthusiastic response from anyone to whom he submitted it. When Kenneth Tynan and Laurence Olivier

Rodger McFarlane

his death due to AIDS in 2002. Together with Philip Bashe, he wrote the 1998 book "The Complete Bedside Companion: No-Nonsense Advice on Caring for the Seriously Ill", which was based on his personal experiences over more than two decades caring for his brother and other seriously ill friends and family members. According to the dramaturgical information that Kramer passed out after performances of the 2011 revival of his 1985 work "The Normal Heart" (which was one of the first plays to address the HIV/AIDS crisis), that play's character named "Tommy" was based on McFarlane. Tommy was played by William

Nymph Errant

at the Chichester Festival Theatre in August 1999. It was presented by The Medicine Show Theatre, New York City, in February 2004. Act 1, Scene 1. Oxford, England While visiting Ermyntrude Edwards (the Aunt of Evangeline Edwards) for afternoon tea, Edith Sanford and the Reverend Malcolm Pither argue about the ability of an English lady to travel the Continent alone, unmolested. The tea ends with Pither promising to find a young, attractive, and virginal Englishwoman, who has made such a trip, to parade in front of Edith. Act 1, Scene 2. Lausanne, Switzerland Evangeline joins her friends (Joyce Arbuthnot-Palmer, Bertha,

Jeffrey Bernard

column by wealthy socialite Taki Theodoracopulos, writing as "Taki". While Taki's column described a life of yachts, casinos, and grand hotels, Bernard's was described by Jonathan Meades as a "suicide note in weekly instalments" and principally chronicled his daily round of intoxication and dissipation in the Coach and Horses public house and its fateful consequences. This was mixed with anecdotes, many of which were repeated in the play "Jeffrey Bernard is unwell", and ponderings on life. His lifestyle had an inevitable effect on his health and reliability, and the magazine often had to post the notice "Jeffrey Bernard is unwell"

Timothy Ackroyd

George Bernard Shaw's "Man and Superman". Other appearances in the West End include closing down the long-running farce "No Sex Please, We're British," "Pygmalion" with John Thaw, "The Rivals" playing Sir Anthony Absolute and "Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell" appearing beside Peter O'Toole and Tom Conti. He has also served as a National Theatre player and appeared in weekly repertory at Southwold, Chichester, Harrogate, Farnham, Newbury, Glasgow and Leatherhead. After writing and playing William Hogarth in "The Compassionate Satirist" in collaboration with Brian Sewell and Peter O'Toole, he decided to take a break from the stage in 2007. Sir Timothy was

Howard Brenton

British military presence in Northern Ireland. But the politics of his play were ignored. Instead a display of moral outrage focused on a scene of attempted anal rape of a Druid priest (played by Greg Hicks), caught bathing by a Roman centurion (Peter Sproule). This resulted in a private prosecution by Mary Whitehouse against the play's director, Michael Bogdanov. But Whitehouse's prosecution was withdrawn by her own legal team when it became obvious that it would not succeed. The theme of Brenton's 1985 political comedy "Pravda", a collaboration with David Hare who also directed, was described by Michael Billington in

Unman, Wittering and Zigo

Unman, Wittering and Zigo Unman, Wittering and Zigo is a 1958 radio play by the Anglo-Irish playwright Giles Cooper. The play is a thriller set in a traditional boys' boarding school where a senior form master has just been killed in a tragic accident. The main character is John Ebony, a teacher in his first job, brought in as a temporary measure, though one he hopes will be confirmed as permanent. Between his rebellious wife Nadia, the eccentric art master Cary Farthingale and the class of Lower 5B, Ebony struggles to exercise power, but is thwarted by reality and a


Question: Which 'nursery rhyme' was originally a satire on political instability during thereign of Charles II?

When the bough breaks the cradle will fall

Nursery rhyme

rhymes became associated with the idea of political correctness. Most attempts to reform nursery rhymes on this basis appear to be either very small scale, light-hearted updating, like Felix Dennis's "When Jack Sued Jill – Nursery Rhymes for Modern Times" (2006), or satires written as if from the point of view of political correctness in order to condemn reform. The controversy in Britain in 1986 over changing the language of "Baa Baa Black Sheep" because, it was alleged in the popular press, it was seen as racially dubious, was apparently based only on a rewriting of the rhyme in one

Nursery rhyme

poem, similar to "Thirty days hath September", numbering the days of the month, was recorded in the 13th century. From the later Middle Ages there are records of short children's rhyming songs, often as marginalia. From the mid-16th century they begin to be recorded in English plays. "Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, baker's man" is one of the oldest surviving English nursery rhymes. The earliest recorded version of the rhyme appears in Thomas d'Urfey's play "The Campaigners" from 1698. Most nursery rhymes were not written down until the 18th century, when the publishing of children's books began to move from polemic and education

Nursery rhyme

the early and mid-20th centuries this was a form of bowdlerisation, concerned with some of the more violent elements of nursery rhymes and led to the formation of organisations like the British 'Society for Nursery Rhyme Reform'. Psychoanalysts such as Bruno Bettelheim strongly criticized this revisionism, on the grounds that it weakened their usefulness to both children and adults as ways of symbolically resolving issues and it has been argued that revised versions may not perform the functions of catharsis for children, or allow them to imaginatively deal with violence and danger. In the late 20th century revisionism of nursery

Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book

Song Book", published in London by Mary Cooper in 1744. For many years, it was thought that there was only a single copy in existence, now in the British Library, but in 2001 another copy appeared and was sold for £45,000. Henry Carey's 1725 satire on Ambrose Philips, Namby Pamby, quotes or alludes to some half-dozen or so nursery rhymes. As a result, this is the oldest printed collection of English nursery rhymes that is available. The rhymes and illustrations were printed from copper plates, the text being stamped with punches into the plates, a technique borrowed from map and

Nursery rhyme

for the Cradle" (London, 1780). These rhymes seem to have come from a variety of sources, including traditional riddles, proverbs, ballads, lines of Mummers' plays, drinking songs, historical events, and, it has been suggested, ancient pagan rituals. About half of the currently recognised "traditional" English rhymes were known by the mid-18th century. In the early 19th century printed collections of rhymes began to spread to other countries, including Robert Chambers's "Popular Rhymes of Scotland" (1826) and in the United States, "Mother Goose's Melodies" (1833). From this period we sometimes know the origins and authors of rhymes—for instance, in "Twinkle Twinkle

Robert Walpole

Robert Walpole

Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, (26 August 1676 – 18 March 1745; known between 1725 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole) was a British statesman and Whig politician who, as First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Leader of the House of Commons, is generally regarded as the "de facto" first Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Although the exact dates of Walpole's dominance, dubbed the "Robinocracy", are a matter of scholarly debate, the period 1721–1742 is often used. He dominated the Walpole–Townshend ministry, as well as the subsequent Walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister. W. A. Speck wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as prime minister "is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history. Explanations are usually offered in terms of his expert handling of the political system after 1720, [and] his unique blending of the surviving powers of the crown with the increasing influence of the Commons".

Walpole was a Whig from the gentry class who was first elected to Parliament in 1701 and held many senior positions. He was a country squire and looked to country gentlemen for his political base. Historian Frank O'Gorman says his leadership in Parliament reflected his "reasonable and persuasive oratory, his ability to move both the emotions as well as the minds of men, and, above all, his extraordinary self-confidence". Hoppit says Walpole's policies sought moderation, he worked for peace, lower taxes and growing exports and allowed a little more tolerance for Protestant Dissenters. He mostly avoided controversy and high-intensity disputes as his middle way attracted moderates from both the Whig and Tory camps, but his appointment to Chancellor of the Exchequer after the South Sea Bubble stock-market crisis drew attention to perceived protection of political allies by Walpole.<ref name=":0" />

H. T. Dickinson sums up his historical role by saying that "Walpole was one of the greatest politicians in British history. He played a significant role in sustaining the Whig party, safeguarding the Hanoverian succession, and defending the principles of the Glorious Revolution (1688). He established stable political supremacy for the Whig party and taught succeeding ministers how best to establish an effective working relationship between Crown and Parliament". Some scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers.

Augustan literature

Augustan literature

Augustan literature (sometimes referred to misleadingly as Georgian literature) is a style of British literature produced during the reigns of Queen Anne, King George I, and George II in the first half of the 18th century and ending in the 1740s, with the deaths of Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, in 1744 and 1745, respectively. It was a literary epoch that featured the rapid development of the novel, an explosion in satire, the mutation of drama from political satire into melodrama and an evolution toward poetry of personal exploration. In philosophy, it was an age increasingly dominated by empiricism, while in the writings of political economy, it marked the evolution of mercantilism as a formal philosophy, the development of capitalism and the triumph of trade.

The chronological boundary points of the era are generally vague, largely since the label's origin in contemporary 18th-century criticism has made it a shorthand designation for a somewhat nebulous age of satire. Samuel Johnson, whose famous "A Dictionary of the English Language" was published in 1755, is also "to some extent" associated with the Augustan period. The new Augustan period exhibited exceptionally bold political writings in all genres, with the satires of the age marked by an arch, ironic pose, full of nuance and a superficial air of dignified calm that hid sharp criticisms beneath.

While the period is generally known for its adoption of highly regulated and stylized literary forms, some of the concerns of writers of this period, with the emotions, folk and a self-conscious model of authorship, foreshadowed the preoccupations of the later Romantic era. In general, philosophy, politics and literature underwent a turn away from older courtly concerns towards something closer to a modern sensibility.

Nineteen Eighty-Four

Nineteen Eighty-Four

Nineteen Eighty-Four (also published as 1984) is a dystopian social science fiction novel and cautionary tale by English writer George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Thematically, it centres on the consequences of totalitarianism, mass surveillance and repressive regimentation of people and behaviours within society. Orwell, a democratic socialist, modelled the authoritarian state in the novel on Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany. More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within societies and the ways in which they can be manipulated.

The story takes place in an imagined future in the year 1984, when much of the world is in perpetual war. Great Britain, now known as Airstrip One, has become a province of the totalitarian superstate Oceania, which is led by Big Brother, a dictatorial leader supported by an intense cult of personality manufactured by the Party's Thought Police. Through the Ministry of Truth, the Party engages in omnipresent government surveillance, historical negationism, and constant propaganda to persecute individuality and independent thinking.

The protagonist, Winston Smith, is a diligent mid-level worker at the Ministry of Truth who secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion. He keeps a forbidden diary and begins a relationship with his colleague Julia, and they learn about a shadowy resistance group called the Brotherhood. However, their contact with the Brotherhood turns out to be a Party agent, and Smith is arrested. He is subjected to months of psychological manipulation and torture by the Ministry of Love and is released once he has come to love Big Brother.

"Nineteen Eighty-Four" has become a classic literary example of political and dystopian fiction. It also popularised the term "Orwellian" as an adjective, with many terms used in the novel entering common usage, including "Big Brother", "doublethink", "Thought Police", "thoughtcrime", "Newspeak", and "2 + 2 = 5". Parallels have been drawn between the novel's subject matter and real life instances of totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and violations of freedom of expression among other themes. "Time" included the novel on its list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005, and it was placed on the Modern Library's 100 Best Novels list, reaching number 13 on the editors' list and number 6 on the readers' list. In 2003, it was listed at number eight on The Big Read survey by the BBC.

James Gillray

James Gillray

James Gillray (13 August 1756 1June 1815) was a British caricaturist and printmaker famous for his etched political and social satires, mainly published between 1792 and 1810. Many of his works are held at the National Portrait Gallery in London.

Gillray has been called "the father of the political cartoon", with his works satirizing George III, Napoleon, prime ministers and generals. Regarded as being one of the two most influential cartoonists, the other being William Hogarth, Gillray's wit and humour, knowledge of life, fertility of resource, keen sense of the ludicrous, and beauty of execution, at once gave him the first place among caricaturists.

Ovid

Ovid

Publius Ovidius Naso (; 20 March 43 BC – 17/18 AD), known in English as Ovid ( ), was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus. He was a contemporary of the older Virgil and Horace, with whom he is often ranked as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Imperial scholar Quintilian considered him the last of the Latin love elegists. Although Ovid enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime, the emperor Augustus banished him to Tomis, a Dacian province on the Black Sea, where he remained a decade until his death.

Little Jack Horner

children of his aristocratic patrons. Although several other nursery rhymes are mentioned in his poem, the one about Little Jack Horner has been associated with acts of opportunism ever since. Just six years later it figured in another satirical work, Henry Fielding's "The Grub Street Opera" (1731). That had the prime minister Robert Walpole as its target and ended with all the characters processing off the stage "to the music of Little Jack Horner". The political theme was later taken up by Samuel Bishop, one of whose epigrams describes the Civil service bureaucracy and enquires: <poem style="margin-left:24px> What are they

Nursery rhyme

Nursery rhyme A nursery rhyme is a traditional poem or song for children in Britain and many other countries, but usage of the term only dates from the late 18th/early 19th century. The term Mother Goose rhymes is interchangeable with nursery rhymes. From the mid-16th century nursery rhymes begin to be recorded in English plays, and most popular rhymes date from the 17th and 18th centuries. The first English collections, "Tommy Thumb's Song Book" and a sequel, "Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book", were published before 1744. Publisher John Newbery's stepson, Thomas Carnan, was the first to use the term Mother

Nursery rhyme

been argued to have hidden meanings and origins. John Bellenden Ker (1765?–1842), for example, wrote four volumes arguing that English nursery rhymes were actually written in 'Low Saxon', a hypothetical early form of Dutch. He then 'translated' them back into English, revealing in particular a strong tendency to anti-clericalism. Many of the ideas about the links between rhymes and historical persons, or events, can be traced back to Katherine Elwes's book "The Real Personages of Mother Goose" (1930), in which she linked famous nursery-rhyme characters with real people, on little or no evidence. She assumed that children's songs were a

Samuel Croxall

never printed", followed next year by "Another original canto of Spencer". Croxall's satirical target was the Tory politician of the day, Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford, and the choice of poetical model was also politically motivated. In 1706 the Whig turncoat Matthew Prior had used the Spenserian stanza in "An Ode, Humbly Inscrib'd to the Queen" on the conduct of the War of the Spanish Succession; at the time of Croxall's poems, Prior was negotiating an unpopular peace on behalf of Harley and so the style he had adopted was being turned against him. This was further underlined by Croxall's

Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme)

Marie Antoinette (who came tumbling after), a theory made difficult by the fact that the earliest printing of the rhyme pre-dates those events. However, as the previous paragraph refers to King Charles I being in conflict with Parliament, the phrase "broke his crown" could also refer to that King's beheading in 1649. There is also a local belief that the rhyme records events in the village of Kilmersdon in Somerset in 1697 when a local spinster became pregnant; the putative father is said to have died from a rock fall and the woman died in childbirth soon after. Jack and

Upon the Double Murder of King Charles

Upon the Double Murder of King Charles "Upon the Double Murder of King Charles In Answer to a Libelous Rhyme made by V.P." is a 17th-century poem by Katherine Philips. This piece was written by Katherine Philips reportedly in response to "a Libelous Rhyme made by V.P." The "V.P." in question is Vavasor Powell (1617–70), a Noncomformist preacher, member of the Fifth Monarchists, and a writer. The "rhyme" alluded to by Philips is his poem "Of The Late K. Charles of Blessed Memory". The historical moment which spurred the creation of this piece was the regicide of King Charles I

Nursery rhyme

peculiar form of coded historical narrative, propaganda or covert protest, and rarely considered that they could have been written simply for entertainment. There have been several attempts, across the world, to revise nursery rhymes (along with fairy tales and popular songs). Even in the late 18th century we can sometimes see how rhymes like "Little Robin Redbreast" were cleaned up for a young audience. In the late 19th century the major concern seems to have been violence and crime, which led leading children's publishers in the United States like Jacob Abbot and Samuel Goodrich to 'improve' Mother Goose rhymes. In

Elizabeth Melville

youngest child's behaviour had long been unpredictable. Three of Samuel's doggerel pasquils (from 1643, 1669 and 1673) survive in manuscript, attacking Clerk Register Sir Alexander Gibson, Bishop Gilbert Burnet and the Earl of Dundonald respectively. In 1681 Samuel published the first-known of numerous editions of his "Mock Poem", or "The Whiggs Supplication", which is sometimes described as the Scottish Hudibras. In 1673 he had published a large tome, "The Grand Impostor Discovered: or, An Historical Dispute of the Papacy and Popish Religion", supposedly the first of two. No further parts ever appeared. It is not known when he died. It

Little Jack Horner

Nursery Songs" (1870). The earliest reference to the well-known verse is in "Namby Pamby", a satire by Henry Carey published in 1725, in which he himself italicised lines dependent on the original: <poem style="margin-left:24px> Now he sings of "Jackey Horner" "Sitting in the Chimney-Corner" "Eating of a Christmas pye," "Putting in his thumb", Oh fie! "Putting in," Oh fie! "his Thumb," "Pulling out", Oh strange! "a Plum."</poem> This occurrence has been taken to suggest that the rhyme was well known by the early eighteenth century. Carey's poem ridicules fellow writer Ambrose Philips, who had written infantile poems for the young

Little Jack Horner

David Lloyd George’s use of his party political fund. Other humorous uses of the nursery rhyme include a comic variation in Guy Wetmore Carryl’s "Mother Goose for Grown Ups" (New York, 1900) in which Jack breaks his tooth on a plum stone, and one of Lee G. Kratz’s "Humorous Quartets for Men’s Voices" (Boston, 1905) in which the pie is stolen by a cat. In the chapbook "The History of Jack Horner, Containing the Witty Pranks he play'd, from his Youth to his Riper Years, Being pleasant for Winter Evenings" (mid-18th century), there is a summarised version of the nursery

Sing a Song of Sixpence

to George Steevens (1736–1800), who used it in a pun at the expense of Poet Laureate Henry James Pye (1745–1813) in 1790, but the first verse had already appeared in print in "Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book", published in London around 1744, in the form: The next printed version that survives, from around 1780, has two verses and the boys have been replaced by birds. A version of the modern four verses is first extant in "Gammer Gurton's Garland or The Nursery Parnassus" published in 1784, which ends with a magpie attacking the unfortunate maid. Fifth verses with the happier

Culture of the United Kingdom

Orchard Halliwell was a notable collector of English nursery rhymes. Some of the best known nursery rhymes from Britain are "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star", "Roses Are Red", "Jack and Jill", "Cock a doodle doo", "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep", "The Grand Old Duke of York", "London Bridge Is Falling Down", "Hey Diddle Diddle", "Three Blind Mice", "Little Miss Muffet", "Pat-a-cake", "Pop Goes the Weasel", "The Queen of Hearts", "Polly Put the Kettle On", "Peter Piper", "One, Two, Buckle My Shoe", "Hickory Dickory Dock", "One for Sorrow", "This Old Man", "Simple Simon", "Old Mother Hubbard", "Little Bo Peep", "Sing a Song of

Upon the Double Murder of King Charles

the fallen king. Upon the Double Murder of King Charles "Upon the Double Murder of King Charles In Answer to a Libelous Rhyme made by V.P." is a 17th-century poem by Katherine Philips. This piece was written by Katherine Philips reportedly in response to "a Libelous Rhyme made by V.P." The "V.P." in question is Vavasor Powell (1617–70), a Noncomformist preacher, member of the Fifth Monarchists, and a writer. The "rhyme" alluded to by Philips is his poem "Of The Late K. Charles of Blessed Memory". The historical moment which spurred the creation of this piece was the regicide of

William Diaper

Whig and succeeding Tory ministries. Diaper himself espoused the Tory politics of his patrons more directly in "Dryades, or the nymphs prophecy", which was published soon after his eclogues. Among its medley of themes is praise of those who ended English participation in the War of the Spanish Succession. Those responsible who are specifically named in the poem are Bolingbroke, Robert Harley, recently created Earl of Oxford, Matthew Prior (identified as he "Who once of Henry sung, and Emma's Love") and William Wyndham, to whom the poem is dedicated at the end. The uneasy mixture in this poem of Classical

Culture of the United Kingdom

were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. British folk groups, such as Fairport Convention, have drawn heavily from these ballads. In the mid-16th century nursery rhymes begin to be recorded in English plays, and the most popular date from the 17th and 18th centuries. The first English collections, "Tommy Thumb's Song Book" and a sequel, "Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book", were published before 1744. John Newbery's compilation of English rhymes, "Mother Goose's Melody, or, Sonnets for the Cradle" (London, c. 1765), is the first record we have of many classic rhymes, still in use today. The 19th-century historian James