Question: How many pieces does each player have at the start of a game of Draughts?

Draughts

played on a 12×12 board. The 8×8 variant of draughts was weakly solved in 2007 by the team of Canadian computer scientist Jonathan Schaeffer. From the standard starting position, both players can guarantee a draw with perfect play. Draughts is played by two opponents, on opposite sides of the gameboard. One player has the dark pieces; the other has the light pieces. Players alternate turns. A player may not move an opponent's piece. A move consists of moving a piece diagonally to an adjacent unoccupied square. If the adjacent square contains an opponent's piece, and the square immediately beyond it

English draughts

3 move openings of tournament play. The number of possible positions in English draughts is 500,995,484,682,338,672,639 and it has a game-tree complexity of approximately 10. By comparison, chess is estimated to have between 10 and 10 legal positions. When draughts is generalized so that it can be played on an "n"×"n" board, the problem of determining if the first player has a win in a given position is EXPTIME-complete. The July 2007 announcement by Chinook's team stating that the game had been solved must be understood in the sense that, with perfect play on both sides, the game will always

International draughts

was 3 minutes and 52.98 seconds. Some older well known programs are: International draughts International draughts (also called Polish draughts or international checkers) is a strategy board game for two players, one of the variants of draughts. The gameboard comprises 10×10 squares in alternating dark and light colours, of which only the 50 dark squares are used. Each player has 20 pieces, light for one player and dark for the other, at opposite sides of the board. In conventional diagrams the board is displayed with the light pieces at the bottom; in this orientation the lower-left corner square must be

Permainan-Tabal

the black pieces, and the other player has the white pieces, although any two colors or distinguishable objects are appropriate. Players decide among themselves what colored pieces to play. They also decide who will start first. Each player's 16 pieces are placed initially on the first four ranks of each player's side of the board. Permainan-Tabal Permainan-Tabal is a two-player abstract strategy board game from Indonesia. The game is sometimes referred to as a cross between Alquerque and Draughts. It is essentially Draughts played on an expanded Alquerque board. It is especially similar to Draughts in that the moves of

English draughts

are often manufactured with indentations to aid stacking. Each player starts with 12 men on the dark squares of the three rows closest to that player's side (see diagram). The row closest to each player is called the "kings row" or "crownhead". The player with the darker-coloured pieces moves first. There are two different ways to move in English draughts: "Multiple jumps" are possible, if after one jump, another piece is immediately eligible to be jumped—even if that jump is in a different diagonal direction. If more than one multi-jump is available, the player can choose which piece to jump

English draughts

English draughts

English draughts (British English) or checkers (American English), also called straight checkers or simply draughts, is a form of the strategy board game checkers (or draughts). It is played on an 8×8 checkerboard with 12 pieces per side. The pieces move and capture diagonally forward, until they reach the opposite end of the board, when they are crowned and can thereafter move and capture both backward and forward.

As in all forms of draughts, English draughts is played by two opponents, alternating turns on opposite sides of the board. The pieces are traditionally black, red, or white. Enemy pieces are captured by jumping over them.

The 8×8 variant of draughts was weakly solved in 2007 by a team of Canadian computer scientists led by Jonathan Schaeffer. From the standard starting position, both players can guarantee a draw with perfect play.

Checkers

Checkers

Checkers (American English), also known as draughts (; British English), is a group of strategy board games for two players which involve diagonal moves of uniform game pieces and mandatory captures by jumping over opponent pieces. Checkers is developed from alquerque. The term "checkers" derives from the checkered board which the game is played on, whereas "draughts" derives from the verb "to draw" or "to move".

The most popular forms of checkers in Anglophone countries are American checkers (also called English draughts), which is played on an 8×8 checkerboard; Russian draughts, Turkish draughts both on an 8x8 board, and International draughts, played on a 10×10 board – the latter is widely played in many countries worldwide. There are many other variants played on 8×8 boards. Canadian checkers and Singaporean/Malaysian checkers (also locally known as "dum") are played on a 12×12 board.

American checkers was weakly solved in 2007 by a team of Canadian computer scientists led by Jonathan Schaeffer. From the standard starting position, perfect play by each side would result in a draw.

Backgammon

Backgammon

Backgammon is a two-player board game played with counters and dice on tables boards. It is the most widespread Western member of the large family of tables games, whose ancestors date back nearly 5,000 years to the regions of Mesopotamia and Persia. The earliest record of backgammon itself dates to 17th-century England, being descended from the 16th-century game of Irish.

Backgammon is a two-player game of contrary movement in which each player has fifteen pieces, known traditionally as 'men' (short for 'tablemen') but increasingly known as 'checkers' in the US in recent decades. These pieces move along twenty-four 'points' according to the roll of two dice. The objective of the game is to move the fifteen pieces around the board and be first to "bear off", i.e., remove them from the board. The achievement of this while the opponent is still a long way behind results in a triple win known as a "backgammon", hence the name of the game.

Backgammon involves a combination of strategy and luck (from rolling dice). While the dice may determine the outcome of a single game, the better player will accumulate the better record over a series of many games. With each roll of the dice, players must choose from numerous options for moving their pieces and anticipate possible counter-moves by the opponent. The optional use of a doubling cube allows players to raise the stakes during the game.

International draughts

International draughts

International draughts (also called international checkers or Polish draughts) is a strategy board game for two players, one of the variants of draughts. The gameboard comprises 10×10 squares in alternating dark and light colours, of which only the 50 dark squares are used. Each player has 20 pieces, light for one player and dark for the other, at opposite sides of the board. In conventional diagrams, the board is displayed with the light pieces at the bottom; in this orientation, the lower-left corner square must be dark.

Chinese checkers

Chinese checkers

Sternhalma, commonly known as Chinese checkers (U.S. and Canadian spelling) or Chinese chequers (UK spelling), is a strategy board game of German origin that can be played by two, three, four, or six people, playing individually or with partners. The game is a modern and simplified variation of the game Halma.

The objective is to be first to race all of one's pieces across the hexagram-shaped board into "home"—the corner of the star opposite one's starting corner—using single-step moves or moves that over other pieces. The remaining players continue the game to establish second-, third-, fourth-, fifth-, and last-place finishers. The rules are simple, so even young children can play.

International draughts

International draughts International draughts (also called Polish draughts or international checkers) is a strategy board game for two players, one of the variants of draughts. The gameboard comprises 10×10 squares in alternating dark and light colours, of which only the 50 dark squares are used. Each player has 20 pieces, light for one player and dark for the other, at opposite sides of the board. In conventional diagrams the board is displayed with the light pieces at the bottom; in this orientation the lower-left corner square must be dark. The general rule is that all moves and captures are made

English draughts

finish with a draw. However, not all positions that could result from imperfect play have been analysed. English draughts English draughts (British English) or checkers (American English; see spelling differences), also called American checkers or straight checkers, is a form of the strategy board game draughts. It is played on an 8×8 chequered board with 12 pieces per side. The pieces move and capture diagonally forward, until they reach the opposite end of the board, when they are crowned and can thereafter move and capture both backward and forward. As in all forms of draughts, English draughts is played by

Nine men's morris

and twelve men's morris. The board consists of a grid with twenty-four intersections or "points". Each player has nine pieces, or "men", usually coloured black and white. Players try to form 'mills'—three of their own men lined horizontally or vertically—allowing a player to remove an opponent's man from the game. A player wins by reducing the opponent to two pieces (where they could no longer form mills and thus be unable to win), or by leaving them without a legal move. The game proceeds in three phases: The game begins with an empty board. The players determine who plays first,

English draughts

white. Enemy pieces are captured by jumping over them. The 8×8 variant of draughts was weakly solved in 2007 by the team of Canadian computer scientist Jonathan Schaeffer. From the standard starting position, both players can guarantee a draw with perfect play. Though pieces are traditionally made of wood, now many are made of plastic, though other materials may be used. Pieces are typically flat and cylindrical. They are invariably split into one darker and one lighter colour. Traditionally and in tournaments, these colours are red and white, but black and red are common in the United States, as well

Liberian Queah

is used. Each player has 10 pieces each. One plays the black pieces, and the other plays the white pieces. 1. Players decide what colors to play, and who starts first. 2. Players initially place four of their pieces on the four squares nearest them and to their right. Each player's remaining six pieces are set aside next to the board. 3. Players alternate their turns. Only one piece may be moved or used to capture an enemy piece per turn. 4. A piece moves one space per turn orthogonally along the slanted or diagonal square board onto a vacant

Italian draughts

Italian draughts Italian draughts is a variant of the draughts family played mainly in Italy and Northern Africa. It is a two-handed game played on a board consisting of sixty-four squares, thirty-two white and thirty-two black. There are twenty-four pieces: twelve white and twelve black. The board is placed so that the rightmost square on both sides of the board is black. White always moves first, and players alternate moving. Men (called "pedine"—a single man is called "pedina") move one square diagonally forward. Should they reach the file farthest from the player to which they belong, they become kings (called

Armenian draughts

Armenian draughts Armenian draughts is a variant of draughts (or checkers) played in Armenia. Its rules are quite similar to Turkish draughts. Armenian draughts, however, allows diagonal movement, too. Players take turns with each making one move per turn. Pieces consist of men and kings. There are no kings in the setup position. On an 8x8 board, 16 men are lined up on each side in two rows, skipping the first and last row. So, from a player's point of view, the second and third row are filled with his own men, and the sixth and seventh row are filled

English draughts

English draughts English draughts (British English) or checkers (American English; see spelling differences), also called American checkers or straight checkers, is a form of the strategy board game draughts. It is played on an 8×8 chequered board with 12 pieces per side. The pieces move and capture diagonally forward, until they reach the opposite end of the board, when they are crowned and can thereafter move and capture both backward and forward. As in all forms of draughts, English draughts is played by two opponents, alternating turns on opposite sides of the board. The pieces are traditionally black, red, or

English draughts

program had been improved to the point where it could not lose a game. If no mistakes were made by either player, the game would always end in a draw. After eighteen years, they have computationally proven a weak solution to the game of checkers. Using between two hundred desktop computers at the peak of the project and around fifty later on, the team made just 10 calculations to search from the initial position to a database of positions with at most ten pieces. However, the solution is only for the initial position rather than for all 156 accepted random

Russian draughts

if he doesn't have any legal moves on his turn (either by giving up all of his checkers or having them being blocked). Another popular variant is called "Bashni" ("Towers"), where captured pieces are not removed from the game, but placed underneath the capturing piece, forming a "tower". Another variant is played on a 10x8 board (2 additional columns, labelled 'i' and 'k'). There are official championships for shashki and its variants. Another variant, invented by Grandmaster Vladimir Vigman, exists in which each player has 24 pieces (two full sets) — one on the white squares, second on the black.

International draughts

diagonally. All references to squares refer to the dark squares only. The main differences from English draughts are: the size of the board (10×10), pieces can also capture backward (not only forward), the long-range moving and capturing capability of kings known as flying, and the requirement that the maximum number of men be captured whenever a player has capturing options. These are extra rules accommodated in some tournaments and may vary: Each of the fifty dark squares has a number (1 through 50). Number 46 is at the left corner seen from the player with the light pieces. Number 5

Sixteen Soldiers

will do. Pieces are played on the intersection points of the board. 1. Players decide what colors to play, and who starts first. Players alternate their turns, and only use one piece to either move or capture per turn. 2. Each players pieces are initially set up on the first four ranks of their side of the board. 3. A piece moves one space per turn in any direction following the pattern on the board onto an unoccupied point on the board. 4. A piece can capture an enemy piece in any direction by the short leap as in draughts

Banqi

xiangqi article. The 32 pieces are shuffled and randomly allocated face-down to squares on the board. The pieces, as in Western chess, are placed inside the squares, rather than on the intersections as in Chinese chess. The first player turns up a piece to begin the game. The color of that first uncovered piece is the color he or she will play in the game. The second player then makes a move, and the two alternate until the game is finished. The game ends when a player cannot move, and that player is the loser. Most often, the game is

Kharbaga

to Kharbaga. The only difference is that pieces can move in any direction at any time during the game and each player has 22 pieces. It is uncertain how the game can be played this way since both players would yield 44 pieces total and there are only 41 intersection points that make up the board. The game is called Aiyawatstani or "chuck away grains". The player who captures all their opponent's pieces is the winner. The board is a 5 x 5 square grid, or a 4 x 4 square board with pieces played on the intersections with left

Tukvnanawopi

41 intersection points. Each player has 20 pieces called "pokmoita" which means animals. One set of 20 pieces may be black, and the other set of 20 pieces may be white. 1. Players decide who will start first, and which among them will play the black and white pieces. 2. Each player's 20 pieces are set up on their half of the board on the intersection points including the middle (5th.) rank specifically the two intersection points to the left of the middle point. The middle point is the only intersection point left vacant in the beginning. 3. Players alternate


Question: Which saint was known as “The Apostle of the Indies”?

Franciszek Ksawery d' Abancourt de Franqueville

franciszek ksawery d abancourt de franqueville

Antigua Guatemala

Passion of Jesus Christ our good or Rules Confraternity Betlemitas. He is considered the great evangelist of the West Indies, just as San Francisco Javier is to the East Indies. Brother Pedro attended to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying, and was an early promoter of Human Rights. Additionally, he was the first literacy advocate in America, and the Order of Betlemitas in turn was the first religious order born in the Americas. The Santo Hermano Pedro was a man ahead of his time, both in his methods of teaching reading and writing to the illiterate and in medical patient

Louis Bertrand (saint)

Louis Bertrand (saint) St. Louis Bertrand, O.P. () (1 January 1526 – 9 October 1581) was a Spanish Dominican friar who preached in South America during the 16th century, and is known as the "Apostle to the Americas". He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church. Bertrand was born in Valencia to Juan Bertrand and Juana Angela Exarch. Through his father he was related to St. Vincent Ferrer, a thaumaturgus of the Dominican Order. At an early age he conceived the idea of becoming a Dominican Friar, and despite the efforts of his father to dissuade him, was

Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur

veneration is the Sanctuary of the Santo Hermano Pedro, which is built on his birthplace in Vilaflor. Peter is considered the great evangelist of the West Indies. He made a great social work comparable to that made centuries later by Mother Teresa in Calcutta, serving the most vulnerable and needy. He is sometimes credited with introducing to the Americas, the Christmas Eve "posadas" procession, in which people representing Mary and Joseph seek a night's lodging from their neighbors. The custom soon spread to Mexico and other Central American countries. Peter was known to work miracles also, some of them including

Antonio de Rojas Manrique

the first Patriarch of the West Indies. On 3 July 1525, he was appointed by Pope Clement VII as Bishop of Burgos. He served as Bishop of Burgos and Patriarch of West Indies until his death on 27 June 1527. Antonio de Rojas Manrique Antonio de Rojas Manrique (died 27 June 1527) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Patriarch of the West Indies (1524–1527), Bishop of Burgos (1525–1527), Bishop of Palencia (1524–1525), Archbishop of Granada (1507–1524), Bishop of Mallorca (1496–1507), and President of the Council of Castile (1519–1524). In 1496, Antonio de Rojas Manrique was selected by the

Peter Martyr d'Anghiera

the post of chronicler ("cronista") in the newly formed Council of the Indies, commissioned by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the New World. In 1523 Charles gave him the title of Count Palatine, and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was invested by Pope Clement VII, as proposed by Charles V, as Abbot of Jamaica. Although Martyr never visited the island, as abbot he directed construction of the first stone church there. He died in Granada in 1526. Peter Martyr was a prolific writer.

Francis Xavier

Francis Xavier

Francis Xavier (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: "Franciscus Xaverius"; Basque: "Frantzisko Xabierkoa"; French: "François Xavier"; Spanish: "Francisco Javier"; Portuguese: "Francisco Xavier"; 7 April 15063 December 1552), venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was a Spanish Catholic missionary and saint who was a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.

Born in Javier (Xavier in Old Spanish and in Navarro-Aragonese, or Xabier, a Basque word meaning "new house"), in the Kingdom of Navarre (in present-day Spain), he was a companion of Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris in 1534. He led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly the Portuguese Empire in the East, and was influential in evangelisation work, most notably in early modern India. He was extensively involved in the missionary activity in Portuguese India. In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the Goan Inquisition in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, John III.
 While some sources claim that he actually asked for a special minister whose sole office would be to further Christianity in Goa, others disagree with this assertion. He was also the first Christian missionary to venture into Borneo, the Maluku Islands, and other areas. In those areas, struggling to learn the local languages and in the face of opposition, he had less success than what he had enjoyed in India. Xavier was about to extend his mission to Ming China, when he died on Shangchuan Island.

He was beatified by Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619 and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. In 1624, he was made co-patron of Navarre. Known as the "Apostle of the Indies", "Apostle of the Far East", "Apostle of China" and "Apostle of Japan", he is considered to be one of the greatest missionaries since Paul the Apostle. In 1927, Pope Pius XI published the decree "Apostolicorum in Missionibus" naming Francis Xavier, along with Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of all foreign missions. He is now co-patron saint of Navarre, with Fermin. The Day of Navarre in Navarre, Spain, marks the anniversary of Francis Xavier's death, on 3 December 1552.

Abuyog

Abuyog

Abuyog (IPA: ]), officially the Municipality of Abuyog (; ; ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Leyte, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 61,216 people.

Facing Leyte Gulf out into the Philippine Sea, it is the largest town of the island of Leyte in terms of land area. It is bordered to the north by Javier, to the west by Mahaplag and Baybay City and to the south by Silago in Southern Leyte.

Abuyog got its name when Spanish bread sailors came ashore in an early settlement at the mouth of the Abuyog River to replenish their supplies. Swarms of bees were all over the shore. The Spaniards asked the natives ""¿Cómo se llama el pueblo?"", not knowing that the Spaniards asked for the town's name, the natives answered ""Buyog"". Repeating after the natives, the sailors muttered, ""Ah! Buyog"". Eventually the town came to be known as "Abuyog" to which some Spanish chroniclers often used in reference to the whole island of Leyte. But Abuyog in the early annals, though grown prosperous, remained obscure because of the absence of a powerful chieftain. It was Datu Bangcao, who had his seat of government in Carigara, who ruled Abuyog.

People mostly from Samar migrated to Abuyog because of the many opportunities the immigrants got from its rich soil. The language of this town which acquired the name "melting pot" became Waray-Waray language from the Samar immigrants.

List of organisms named after famous people (born before 1800 ...

Talk:Ruy López de Villalobos

Louis Bertrand (saint)

Divine interposition, the poison failed to accomplish its purpose. Tenerife in the Canary Islands became the next field of the saint's apostolic labours. Unfortunately, there are no records extant to indicate the result of his preaching there. At Mompax, 37 leagues south-east of Cartagena, we are told, rather indefinitely, that many thousands were converted to the faith. Several of the West Indies islands, notably those of St. Vincent and St. Thomas, were also visited by Louis. After seven years as a missionary in South America, Bertrand returned to Spain in 1569, to plead the cause of the oppressed Indians, but

Santiago Apostol Church (Plaridel)

a barrio chapel, present home to San Tiago’s image in Sipat. San Tiago, or St. James the Apostle, was a Galilean and brother of St. John the Evangelist. He was ordered killed by Herod Agrippa, King of Judea in 41 A.D. A history book of Philip Van Ness says the tomb of St. James was found in Northern Spain in 718 A.D. Thirty years after that, a war between the Spaniards and the Moors broke out. When the Spaniards were in near defeat, an apparition of St. James, armed with a sword and riding a white horse, appeared “as bright

Simón de Rojas

Simón de Rojas Saint Simón de Rojas O.SS.T. (28 October 1552 – 29 September 1624) was a Spanish priest of the Trinitarian Order known as the "Apostle of the Ave Maria", for his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. A person of many abilities, Simón was a theologian and a spiritual writer, as well as a friend and benefactor of the poor. Born 28 October 1552, in Valladolid, Spain, he lived a childhood steeped in piety. As a child, Simón was cured of a serious speech impediment through his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. His very first words were

Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur

Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur (or Betancourt) y Gonzáles, O.F.B. (, March 21, 1626 (Tenerife) – April 25, 1667 (Antigua Guatemala), called Hermano Pedro de San José Betancurt or more simply Hermano Pedro, Santo Hermano Pedro, or San Pedro de Vilaflor, was a Spanish saint and missionary in Guatemala. Known as the "St. Francis of Assisi of the Americas", he is the first saint native to the Canary Islands, is also considered the first saint of Guatemala and Central America for having done his missionary work in those American lands. He was the

Matías de Escobar y Llamas

Matías de Escobar y Llamas Matías de Escobar y Llamas (La Orotava, Spain, in 1680 or 1688 - Morelia, México, 1748) was a Spanish religious of the Order of Saint Augustine. He is known for his work "Americana Thebaida" (1724), one of the most important treatises of Mexican colonial historiography. Born in La Orotava, in the north of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). In his youth, he emigrated with his parents to New Spain. In 1706 he received the religious habit in the convent of Yuririapúndaro, the May 25, 1714, he was ordained priest. Later, he studied to teach

Francis Xavier

1622. In 1624 he was made co-patron of Navarre. Known as the "Apostle of the Indies" and "Apostle of Japan", he is considered to be one of the greatest missionaries since Saint Paul. In 1927, Pope Pius XI published the decree "Apostolicorum in Missionibus" naming Saint Francis Xavier, along with Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of all foreign missions. He is now co-patron saint of Navarre with San Fermin. The Day of Navarre (Día de Navarra) in Spain marks the anniversary of Saint Francis Xavier's death, on 3 December 1552. Francis Xavier was born in the royal castle of Xavier,

Dominican Order

the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists. He became famous for his advocacy of the rights of Native Americans, whose cultures, especially in the Caribbean, he describes with care. Gaspar da Cruz (c.1520–1570), who worked all over the Portuguese colonial empire in Asia, was probably the first Christian missionary to preach (unsuccessfully) in Cambodia. After a (similarly unsuccessful) stint, in 1556, in Guangzhou, China, he eventually returned to Portugal and became the first European to publish a book devoted exclusively to China in 1569/1570. The beginning of the 16th century confronted the order with the upheavals of Revolution. The spread

Louis Bertrand (saint)

he was not permitted to return and labour among them. He used his own growing reputation for sanctity, as well as family and other contacts, to lobby on behalf of the native peoples he had encountered, as well as serving in his native diocese of Valencia. There he also became a spiritual counselor to many, including St. Teresa of Ávila. In 1580, Louis fell ill and was carried down from the pulpit of the Valencia cathedral. He died on 9 October 1582, as he is said to have foretold. Louis Bertrand is sometimes called the "Apostle of South America". He

Matías de Escobar y Llamas

chronicler of Michoacan. In 1748, he died in "Valladolid" (now Morelia), where he was provincial prior. Matías de Escobar y Llamas Matías de Escobar y Llamas (La Orotava, Spain, in 1680 or 1688 - Morelia, México, 1748) was a Spanish religious of the Order of Saint Augustine. He is known for his work "Americana Thebaida" (1724), one of the most important treatises of Mexican colonial historiography. Born in La Orotava, in the north of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). In his youth, he emigrated with his parents to New Spain. In 1706 he received the religious habit in the

Alfonso de Bolaños

Alfonso de Bolaños Alfonso de Bolaños (Burgos?, Crown of Castile - 1478, Menceyato de Güímar, island of Tenerife) was a Franciscan friar and missionary of the 15th century. He is nicknamed the "Apostle of Tenerife" because he initiated an evangelizing process on this island approximately 30 years before the conquest of it. He is a historical character of which little is known in his first years of life. It has been assumed that he was born in the city of Burgos, at the time situated in the Crown of Castile, probably in the early fifteenth century. This is deduced by

Apostles

Latin equivalent of "apostle", i.e. "", the source of the English word "missionary". For example, Saint Patrick (AD 373–463) was the "Apostle of Ireland", Saint Boniface (680–755) was the "Apostle to the Germans", Saint José de Anchieta (1534–1597) was the "Apostle of Brazil" and Saint Peter of Betancur (1626–1667) was the "Apostle of Guatemala". While Christian tradition often refers to the apostles as being twelve in number, different gospel writers give different names for the same individual, and apostles mentioned in one gospel are not mentioned in others. The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles during the ministry of Jesus is

Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Thomas of Mylapore

the Word, for my grace shall be with you. "But the Apostle still demurred, so the Lord overruled the stubborn disciple by ordering circumstances so compelling that he was forced to accompany an Indian merchant, Abbanes, to his native place in northwest India, where he found himself in the service of the Indo-Parthian king, Gondophares. The apostle's ministry resulted in many conversions throughout the kingdom, including the king and his brother.. The Acts of Thomas clearly states Saint Thomas was martyred in the Persian Gulf at Calamina where Greco-Persian names were common. Critical historians treated this legend as an idle

Roman Catholic Diocese of San Cristóbal de La Laguna

again sent to the Court a letter in similar terms which were ratified in the earlier decision, which did not reach any positive response. Subsequently, requests for creation of a diocese stated that its jurisdiction should cover the western islands of the Canaries. In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries there will be a boom of contemplative and religious life. At this time born in Tenerife: Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur and José de Anchieta, the two native saints of the Canary Islands. Both were two of the greatest missionaries in Latin America. Another important religious figure born at the

Oratory of San Francesco Saverio del Caravita

but is also seen in miniature at Caravita – an architectural plan following the same principles. Caravita was completely rebuilt between 1670 and 1677, probably under the guidance of architect Giovanni Antonio de’Rossi, and was once again dedicated to Saint Francis Xavier, Apostle of the Indies, and the Madonna della Pietà as indicated in the inscription about the entrance on the Oratory’s façade. Of particular interest are the seventeenth century benches along the wall which are of sculpted walnut. The two holy water fonts in the Atrium are made in the form of a crab with the bronze crucifix in

Manuel Santa Cruz Loidi

December 1876 he was first recorded as performing religious service in Jamaica; he was later to serve in the parishes of St. Andrews, Portland and St. Mary, all located in the Eastern part of the island. His exact position in the religious structure is not clear; in documentation available he is listed as "clergyman"; until the early 1880s he is recorded usually as administering baptisms, marriages and especially funerals, mostly though not exclusively in the location of King’s Weston. At one point or another he served in 5 different mission stations and himself founded the other nine. Today he is


Question: How many Enigma Variations did Edward Elgar compose?

Edward Elgar

as the pre-eminent British composer of his generation. The work is formally titled "Variations on an Original Theme"; the word "Enigma" appears over the first six bars of music, which led to the familiar version of the title. The enigma is that, although there are fourteen variations on the "original theme", there is another overarching theme, never identified by Elgar, which he said "runs through and over the whole set" but is never heard. Later commentators have observed that although Elgar is today regarded as a characteristically English composer, his orchestral music and this work in particular share much with

Enigma Variations

Enigma Variations Edward Elgar composed his Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36, popularly known as the Enigma Variations, between October 1898 and February 1899. It is an orchestral work comprising fourteen variations on an original theme. Elgar dedicated the work "to my friends pictured within", each variation being a musical sketch of one of his circle of close acquaintances (see musical cryptogram). Those portrayed include Elgar's wife Alice, his friend and publisher Augustus J. Jaeger and Elgar himself. In a programme note for a performance in 1911 Elgar wrote: In naming his theme "Enigma" Elgar posed a challenge which

Enigma Variations

has generated much speculation but has never been conclusively answered. The Enigma is widely believed to involve a hidden melody. After its 1899 London premiere the "Variations" achieved immediate popularity and established Elgar's international reputation. The work has been recorded over 60 times. Elgar described how on the evening of 21 October 1898, after a tiring day's teaching, he sat down at the piano. A melody he played caught the attention of his wife, and he began to improvise variations on it in styles which reflected the character of some of his friends. These improvisations, expanded and orchestrated, became the

Enigma Variations

"Enigma Variations". Elgar considered including variations portraying Arthur Sullivan and Hubert Parry, but was unable to assimilate their musical styles without pastiche, and dropped the idea. The piece was finished on 18 February 1899 and published by Novello & Co. It was first performed at St James's Hall in London on 19 June 1899, conducted by Hans Richter. Critics were at first irritated by the layer of mystification, but most praised the substance, structure, and orchestration of the work. Elgar later revised the final variation, adding 96 new bars and an organ part. The new version, the one usually played

Enigma Variations

Daniel Barenboim, Sir Georg Solti, Leonard Bernstein, Giuseppe Sinopoli, Leopold Stokowski, Eugene Ormandy, Pierre Monteux, William Steinberg and André Previn, as well as leading English conductors from Sir Henry Wood and Sir Adrian Boult to Sir Simon Rattle. Enigma Variations Edward Elgar composed his Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36, popularly known as the Enigma Variations, between October 1898 and February 1899. It is an orchestral work comprising fourteen variations on an original theme. Elgar dedicated the work "to my friends pictured within", each variation being a musical sketch of one of his circle of close acquaintances (see musical

Enigma Variations

Enigma Variations

Edward Elgar composed his Variations on an Original Theme, Op. 36, popularly known as the Enigma Variations, between October 1898 and February 1899. It is an orchestral work comprising fourteen variations on an original theme.

Elgar dedicated the work "to my friends pictured within", each variation being a musical sketch of one of his circle of close acquaintances (see musical cryptogram). Those portrayed include Elgar's wife Alice, his friend and publisher Augustus J. Jaeger and Elgar himself. In a programme note for a performance in 1911 Elgar wrote:

In naming his theme "Enigma", Elgar posed a challenge which has generated much speculation but has never been conclusively answered. The Enigma is widely believed to involve a hidden melody.

After its 1899 London premiere the "Variations" achieved immediate popularity and established Elgar's international reputation.

Edward Elgar

Edward Elgar

Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, (; 2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have entered the British and international classical concert repertoire. Among his best-known compositions are orchestral works including the "Enigma Variations", the "Pomp and Circumstance Marches", concertos for violin and cello, and two symphonies. He also composed choral works, including "The Dream of Gerontius", chamber music and songs. He was appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1924.

Although Elgar is often regarded as a typically English composer, most of his musical influences were not from England but from continental Europe. He felt himself to be an outsider, not only musically, but socially. In musical circles dominated by academics, he was a self-taught composer; in Protestant Britain, his Roman Catholicism was regarded with suspicion in some quarters; and in the class-conscious society of Victorian and Edwardian Britain, he was acutely sensitive about his humble origins even after he achieved recognition. He nevertheless married the daughter of a senior British Army officer. She inspired him both musically and socially, but he struggled to achieve success until his forties, when after a series of moderately successful works his "Enigma Variations" (1899) became immediately popular in Britain and overseas. He followed the Variations with a choral work, "The Dream of Gerontius" (1900), based on a Roman Catholic text that caused some disquiet in the Anglican establishment in Britain, but it became, and has remained, a core repertory work in Britain and elsewhere. His later full-length religious choral works were well received but have not entered the regular repertory.

In his fifties, Elgar composed a symphony and a violin concerto that were immensely successful. His second symphony and his cello concerto did not gain immediate public popularity and took many years to achieve a regular place in the concert repertory of British orchestras. Elgar's music came, in his later years, to be seen as appealing chiefly to British audiences. His stock remained low for a generation after his death. It began to revive significantly in the 1960s, helped by new recordings of his works. Some of his works have, in recent years, been taken up again internationally, but the music continues to be played more in Britain than elsewhere.

Elgar has been described as the first composer to take the gramophone seriously. Between 1914 and 1925, he conducted a series of acoustic recordings of his works. The introduction of the moving-coil microphone in 1923 made far more accurate sound reproduction possible, and Elgar made new recordings of most of his major orchestral works and excerpts from "The Dream of Gerontius".

Enigma Variations (ballet)

Enigma Variations (ballet)

Enigma Variations (My Friends Pictured Within) is a one-act ballet by Frederick Ashton, to the music of the "Variations on an Original Theme" ("Enigma Variations"), Op. 36, by Edward Elgar. The work was first given by the Royal Ballet at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London, on 25 October 1968. It has been revived in every subsequent decade.

Enigma Variations discography

Enigma Variations discography

Edward Elgar's Enigma Variations has received more than sixty recordings since the first version, recorded under the baton of the composer in 1924. The first two recordings were made by the old acoustic process. Following the introduction of the microphone and electrical recording in 1925, Elgar re-recorded the work, taking advantage of the greatly increased realism of the new process. New recordings of the Variations were later made following the introduction of the long playing record in the early 1950s, and after the introduction of stereophonic recording towards the end of the decade. Details of the recordings, below, are taken from "The Gramophone".

August Jaeger

August Jaeger

August Johannes Jaeger (18 March 1860 – 18 May 1909) was an Anglo-German music publisher, who developed a close friendship with the English composer Edward Elgar. He offered advice and help to Elgar and is immortalised in the "Enigma Variations".

Edward Elgar

the mastery of his first great success, the "Enigma Variations", appeared to be a sudden transformation from mediocrity to genius, but in fact his orchestral skills had been building up throughout the decade. Elgar's best-known works were composed within the twenty-one years between 1899 and 1920. Most of them are orchestral. Reed wrote, "Elgar's genius rose to its greatest height in his orchestral works" and quoted the composer as saying that, even in his oratorios, the orchestral part is the most important. The "Enigma Variations" made Elgar's name nationally. The variation form was ideal for him at this stage of

Edward Elgar

spirits: "A day's attack of the blues ... will not drive away your desire, your necessity, which is to exercise those creative faculties which a kind providence has given you. Your time of universal recognition will come." In 1899, that prediction suddenly came true. At the age of forty-two, Elgar produced the "Enigma Variations", which were premiered in London under the baton of the eminent German conductor Hans Richter. In Elgar's own words, "I have sketched a set of Variations on an original theme. The Variations have amused me because I've labelled them with the nicknames of my particular friends

Enigma Variations discography

below, are taken from "The Gramophone" Enigma Variations discography Edward Elgar's Enigma Variations has received more than sixty recordings since the first version, recorded under the baton of the composer in 1924. The first two recordings were made by the old acoustic process. Following the introduction of the microphone and electrical recording in 1925, Elgar re-recorded the work, taking advantage of the greatly increased realism of the new process. New recordings of the Variations were later made following the introduction of the long playing record in the early 1950s, and after the introduction of stereophonic recording towards the end of

Enigma Variations

a four-note melodic fragment which Elgar reportedly whistled when arriving home to his wife. After Alice's death, Elgar wrote, "The variation is really a prolongation of the theme with what I wished to be romantic and delicate additions; those who knew C.A.E. will understand this reference to one whose life was a romantic and delicate inspiration." <score vorbis="1"> </score> Hew David Steuart-Powell. Elgar wrote, "Hew David Steuart-Powell was a well-known amateur pianist and a great player of chamber music. He was associated with B.G.N. (cello) and the composer (violin) for many years in this playing. His characteristic diatonic run over

Enigma Variations

in Variation X. He "expressed himself somewhat energetically". This is the shortest of the variations. Richard Penrose Arnold, the son of the poet Matthew Arnold, and an amateur pianist. This variation leads into the next without pause. Isabel Fitton, a viola pupil of Elgar. Elgar explained, "It may be noticed that the opening bar, a phrase made use of throughout the variation, is an 'exercise' for crossing the strings – a difficulty for beginners; on this is built a pensive and, for a moment, romantic movement." <score vorbis="1"> </score> Arthur Troyte Griffith, a Malvern architect and one of Elgar's firmest

Enigma Variations

the recipient of another of Elgar's enigmas, the so-called Dorabella Cipher. She described the "Friends Pictured Within" and "The Enigma" in two chapters of her book "Edward Elgar, Memories of a Variation". This variation features a melody for solo viola. <score vorbis="1"> </score> George Robertson Sinclair, the energetic organist of Hereford Cathedral. In the words of Elgar: "The variation, however, has nothing to do with organs or cathedrals, or, except remotely, with G.R.S. The first few bars were suggested by his great bulldog, Dan (a well-known character) falling down the steep bank into the River Wye (bar 1); his paddling

Enigma Variations discography

Enigma Variations

contrabassoon, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in F, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, side drum, triangle, bass drum, cymbals, organ (ad lib) and strings. The theme is followed by 14 variations. The variations spring from the theme's melodic, harmonic and rhythmic elements, and the extended fourteenth variation forms a grand finale. Elgar dedicated the piece to "my friends pictured within" and in the score each variation is prefaced the initials, name or nickname of the friend depicted. As was common with painted portraits of the time, Elgar's musical portraits depict their subjects at two levels. Each movement conveys a general

William Henry Reed

"Enigma Variations" of 1899), and that may have played some part in Elgar's always having something positive and encouraging to say to Reed whenever they happened to meet. On 27 May 1910, Elgar and Reed happened by chance to meet in Regent Street, London. Elgar said he was having some problems with the writing of his Violin Concerto and asked Reed if he could assist him. This was the real beginning of their great friendship, which lasted until Elgar's death in February 1934. Reed played through the sketches of the concerto, at Elgar's flat. He was also the first to

Enigma Variations

bars shorter than the one now usually played. In July 1899, one month after the original version was finished Jaeger urged Elgar to make the variation a little longer. After some cajoling Elgar agreed, and also added an organ part. The new version was played for the first time at the Worcester Three Choirs Festival, with Elgar himself conducting, on 13 September 1899. Arrangements of the "Variations" include: The word "Enigma", serving as a title for the theme of the "Variations", was added to the score at a late stage, after the manuscript had been delivered to the publisher. Despite

Enigma Variations

the field opens up to admit other kinds of connection with well-known themes. Elgar himself quoted many of his own works, including "Nimrod" (Variation IX), in his choral piece of 1912, "The Music Makers". On 24 May 1912 Elgar conducted a performance of the "Variations" at a Memorial Concert in aid of the family survivors of musicians who had been lost in the Titanic disaster. Frederick Ashton's ballet "Enigma Variations (My Friends Pictured Within)" is choreographed to Elgar's score with the exception of the finale, which uses Elgar's original shorter ending (see above), transcribed from the manuscript by John Lanchbery.

Enigma Variations (ballet)

not taken up, but in the 1960s Ashton had come round to it, and invited Trevelyan Oman, by then a rising star of theatre design, to collaborate. Ashton used the whole of Elgar's published score, with the exception of the finale, for which he went back to the composer's original ending. When completing the score in 1898, Elgar had been persuaded by his publisher (portrayed as "Nimrod" of the variations) to add a further 96 bars to the ending. With the permission of the Elgar estate, Ashton used the shorter version, previously unheard by even the most dedicated Elgarians. The

Edward Elgar

Edward Elgar Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet (; 2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have entered the British and international classical concert repertoire. Among his best-known compositions are orchestral works including the "Enigma Variations", the "Pomp and Circumstance Marches", concertos for violin and cello, and two symphonies. He also composed choral works, including "The Dream of Gerontius", chamber music and songs. He was appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1924. Although Elgar is often regarded as a typically English composer, most of his musical influences were not from England

Enigma Variations

Times", F. G. Edwards, who reported: Five years later, Robert Buckley stated in his biography of Elgar (written with the composer's close cooperation): Attempted solutions to the Enigma commonly propose a well-known melody which is claimed to be either a counterpoint to Elgar's theme or in some other way linked to it. Musical solutions of this sort are supported by Dora Penny and Carice Elgar's testimony that the solution was generally understood to involve a tune, and by the evidence from an anecdote describing how Elgar encoded the solution in a numbered sequence of piano keys. A rival school of

Enigma Variations

a definitive solution. But Norman Del Mar expressed the view that "there would be considerable loss if the solution were to be found, much of the work's attraction lying in the impenetrability of the riddle itself", and that interest in the work would not be as strong had the Enigma been solved during Elgar's lifetime. Solutions in this category suggest a well-known tune which (in the proponent's view) forms a counterpoint to the theme of the "Variations". A few more solutions of this type have been published in recent years. In the following three examples the counterpoints involve complete renditions


Question: Who founded the TV production company 'David Paradine Productions'?

Sir David Frost
David Frost (broadcaster)
David Frost Show
DAVID FROST
David Paradine Frost
Sir David Paradine Frost
david paradine frost
The David Frost Show
david frost show
david frost broadcaster
david frost
david paradine
David Paradine
sir david paradine frost
David Frost
sir david frost

Marvin Minoff

As president of Paradine Television, Minoff also produced interviews with former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Additionally, Minoff produced several television films for Paradine, including "Dynasty" (based on the novel, "The Ordeal of Patty Hearst" by James Michener) and "Portrait of a Rebel: The Remarkable Mrs. Sanger" (starring his future wife, Bonnie Franklin, as Margaret Sanger). Minoff left David Paradine Television in the early 1980s and worked for a time as an indie producer. In 1985, he partnered with actor and producer Mike Farrell to form Farrell/Minoff Productions, which created a series

David Production

David Production The company was founded by former Gonzo president and producer Kōji Kajita and fellow producer Taito Okiura in September 2007 upon having left Gonzo. The company's first work was as an animation subcontractor, but in 2009 David Production undertook their first full animation production as a primary contractor with "Ristorante Paradiso". Fuji TV acquired the studio on August 1, 2014. The company's name derives from the Biblical story of "David and Goliath", a story chosen to represent "[the creation of] good animation with great storytelling and characters" despite being smaller than other well-known studios. The name is also

David Frost

Murdoch confessed to his biographer Michael Wolff that the incident had convinced him that Frost was "an arrogant bastard, [and] a bloody bugger". In the late 1960s, he began an intermittent involvement in the film industry. Setting up David Paradine Ltd in 1966, he part-financed "The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer" (1970), in which the lead character was based partly on Frost, and gained an executive producer credit. In 1976, Frost was the executive producer of the British musical film "The Slipper and the Rose", retelling the story of Cinderella. Frost was the subject of "This Is Your Life"

Marvin Minoff

to become the president of David Paradine Television, which had been founded by journalist David Frost. While president of the company, Minoff teamed with television producer John Birt to co-executive produce "The Nixon Interviews" by Frost of Richard Nixon. The interviews, which took place three years after Nixon left office, were broadcast in syndication in 1977. "The Nixon Interviews" would later be adapted into a Broadway play, which in turn, formed the basis for the 2008 film "Frost/Nixon", directed by Ron Howard, which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture. Actor Keith MacKechnie portrayed Minoff in the film.

David Production

an acronym for "Design Audio & Visual Illusion Dynamics" which signifies the studio's impactful animations. David Production The company was founded by former Gonzo president and producer Kōji Kajita and fellow producer Taito Okiura in September 2007 upon having left Gonzo. The company's first work was as an animation subcontractor, but in 2009 David Production undertook their first full animation production as a primary contractor with "Ristorante Paradiso". Fuji TV acquired the studio on August 1, 2014. The company's name derives from the Biblical story of "David and Goliath", a story chosen to represent "[the creation of] good animation with

David Paradine Productions

David Paradine Productions

David Paradine Productions is a television production company founded by David Frost as 'David Paradine Ltd' in 1966. "Paradine" was Frost's middle name.

David Frost

David Frost

Sir David Paradine Frost (7 April 1939 – 31 August 2013) was a British television host, journalist, comedian and writer. He rose to prominence during the satire boom in the United Kingdom when he was chosen to host the satirical programme "That Was the Week That Was" in 1962. His success on this show led to work as a host on American television. He became known for his television interviews with senior political figures, among them the Nixon interviews with US president Richard Nixon in 1977 which were adapted into a stage play and film. Frost interviewed all eight British prime ministers serving between 1964 and 2016 and all seven American presidents in office between 1969 and 2008.<ref name="Jeffries"/>

Frost was one of the people behind the launch of ITV station TV-am in 1983. He was the inaugural host of the US news magazine programme "Inside Edition". He hosted the Sunday morning interview programme "Breakfast with Frost" for the BBC from 1993 to 2005, and spent two decades as host of "Through the Keyhole". From 2006 to 2012, he hosted the weekly programme "Frost Over the World" on Al Jazeera English, and the weekly programme "The Frost Interview" from 2012. He received the BAFTA Fellowship from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2005 and the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Emmy Awards in 2009.

Frost died on 31 August 2013, aged 74, on board the cruise ship , where he had been engaged as a speaker. His memorial stone was unveiled in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey in March 2014.

Category:Television production company stubs

The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer

The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer

The Rise and Rise of Michael Rimmer is a 1970 British satirical film starring Peter Cook, and co-written by Cook, John Cleese, Graham Chapman, and Kevin Billington, who directed the film. The film was devised and produced by David Frost under the pseudonym "David Paradine". Cleese and Chapman began writing the script following patronage from Frost. Cook and Billington were later called upon to complete the writing as, according to Cleese, he and Chapman "had no idea what they were doing".

The film satirised the growing influence of PR, spin and opinion polls in British politics, as well as parodying political figures of the time such as Harold Wilson and Enoch Powell. Cook admitted later that he had partly based his portrayal of the Rimmer character on David Frost, who provided funding for the film and took an executive producer credit.

Marvin Minoff

Marvin Minoff

Marvin Minoff (June 26, 1931 – November 11, 2009) was an American film and television producer best known for having produced "The Nixon Interviews" by British journalist David Frost of former U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1977. Minoff also co-produced, along with his business partner Mike Farrell and others, the 1998 film "Patch Adams", starring Robin Williams.

David Green (director)

Peter Ustinov presenting Masterpiece Theatre for Mobil and the award-winning "Red Mountain" coffee campaign. From 1992 Green was founder (and until 2007, chairman) of September Films, an independent film and television production company with offices in London and Los Angeles. The company made over two thousand hours of prime time television, including the landmark "Hollywood Women" series, which was the first part of a ten-season Hollywood franchise for ITV, and ten seasons of the American flagship show "Bridezillas" - both of which he created. The company's feature films include the Oscar-nominated "Solomon & Gaenor" (7 awards) and "House of America"

David L. Loew

David L. Loew David Leonard Loew (October 5, 1897 – March 25, 1973) was an American film producer. He and his twin brother, Arthur Loew were born on October 5, 1897 to MGM founder Marcus Loew. After being elected to the board of directors of Loew's, Inc., in 1922, he resigned from the studio in 1935 to launch an independent production career. In the early 1940s, he formed an independent production company with Albert Lewin and Stanley Kramer. At the end of World War II, he formed Enterprise Productions with actor John Garfield and former Warner Bros. publicity chief Charles

David L. Loew

Einfeld. He died on March 25, 1973 at the University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was survived by his wife, Hilda. David L. Loew David Leonard Loew (October 5, 1897 – March 25, 1973) was an American film producer. He and his twin brother, Arthur Loew were born on October 5, 1897 to MGM founder Marcus Loew. After being elected to the board of directors of Loew's, Inc., in 1922, he resigned from the studio in 1935 to launch an independent production career. In the early 1940s, he formed an independent production company with

CPV-TV

CPV-TV CPV-TV (from Chrysalis, Paradine and Virgin) was a company which had bid for three ITV franchises at the . It was a consortium led by Sir David Frost and Richard Branson with further backing from the Chrysalis Group media business and had bid for the East of England, London Weekday and the South and South East England franchises which were then held by Anglia Television, Thames Television and Television South respectively. The intention of the consortium was to create a centralised service for these three franchises with a generic presentation package. However it had lost each of these applications

Thomas & Friends

David Mitton, also the founder of Clearwater Features Ltd.; crew member Steve Asquith; American-born producer Robert D. Cardona; and the selected team of composers and songwriters Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell. The series started production in 1984 by Allcroft's production company, The Britt Allcroft Company; Clearwater Features Ltd. (Mitton and Cardona's company); and the ITV company Central Independent Television. The series was originally shot and produced with live action models at the Clearwater in house studio in Battersea, a suburb of London, for Series 1. It later relocated to Shepperton Studios, Middlesex, southwest of London for subsequent series. The use

David Rose (producer)

mining in South Wales. It is as a producer and production executive though, that he has had the greatest prominence. Rose was the original producer of "Z-Cars" (1962–65). Broadcast live at Rose's insistence thinking the excitement generated by avoiding pre-recording was integral to the production. Rose was responsible for ending its original run thinking the format had become exhausted. "Softly, Softly" (1966–69) was a spin-off series also produced by Rose. Appointed by David Attenborough in 1971 to be head of the newly established autonomous English Regional Drama department at BBC Pebble Mill in Birmingham in 1971, Rose produced work by

David Frost

David Frost Sir David Paradine Frost (7 April 1939 – 31 August 2013) was an English television host, media personality, journalist, comedian, and writer. After graduating from the University of Cambridge, Frost rose to prominence in the United Kingdom when he was chosen to host the satirical programme "That Was the Week That Was" in 1962. His success on this show led to work as a host on U.S. television. He became known for his television interviews with senior political figures, among them the Nixon Interviews with former U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1977, which were adapted into a stage

David Rose (producer)

David Rose (producer) David E. Rose (22 November 1924 – 26 January 2017) was a British television producer and commissioning editor. Following war service flying on 34 missions in Lancaster bombers, he trained as an actor at the Guildhall School of Drama, but following graduation pursued a career in stage management. He became an Assistant Floor Manager for BBC television in London in 1954, working on the television adaptation of "Nineteen Eighty-Four" in his first week, but by the end of the 1950s he was a director of dramatised documentaries for the BBC, including "Black Furrow" (1958) about open cast

David P. Levin

company with a focus on television projects. Levin was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, to his parents, Mark and Helene Levin. At an early age, the family moved to Teaneck, New Jersey, where he would grow up and graduate from Teaneck High School in 1976. Levin attended Rutgers University, where he created Knight Time Productions in 1979, the first student-run television production group at the University. Prior to the establishment of RU-TV in 1999, this group was responsible for all the student television on the New Brunswick Campus of Rutgers. Upon graduation, Levin began as an editor, and later worked as

David Mitton

David Mitton David Nelson Godfrey Mitton (13 July 1938 – 16 May 2008) was a British television producer, director and writer, and an experienced model-maker and author, best known for producing and directing the children's TV programmes "Thomas & Friends" and "Tugs". During the 1960s, he worked with Gerry and Sylvia Anderson as a special effects technician on series such as "Thunderbirds", "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons", "Joe 90", "The Secret Service" and "UFO". David Mitton was born in Preston, East Lothian and educated at The Strathallan School in Perthshire. On leaving school, he briefly attended art school before joining

Angus Wright (producer)

he resigned from network television to join an independent production company which he had founded in 1980 with his then wife Britt Allcroft, also a working and accomplished television producer. In the course of a freelance assignment, Allcroft met The Rev. Wilbert Awdry and together she and Wright acquired a licence for television rights for Awdry’s ‘ The Railway Series’ of books featuring Thomas the Tank Engine. David Mitton of The Clearwater Films company directed scripts which Britt Allcroft had developed from Awdry’s stories. Mitton’s live model animations which he made with Terry Permane, Steve Asquith and a talented crew,

David Manson (producer)

miniseries including the first major television miniseries about Vietnam, A Rumor of War (1980), which the New York Times called 'unusually ambitious and admirable' and the Washington Post referred to ‘as true as a movie is going to get’. In 1980, Manson formed his own company, Sarabande Productions, aimed at creating a platform for prestigious writers. He has since worked with Pulitzer Prize winners including Michael Chabon, Donald Margulies and Jules Feiffer, and acclaimed screenwriters such as Joan Tewkesbury, Barbara Turner, John Sacret Young, and National Book Award recipient Denis Johnson. In features, he executive-produced and developed the Cannes Film

David L. Wolper

following productions. He was a distributor of the early shows, and became an executive producer with "The Race for Space" in 1958. David L. Wolper David Lloyd Wolper (January 11, 1928 – August 10, 2010) was an American television and film producer, responsible for shows such as "Roots", "The Thorn Birds", "North & South", "L.A. Confidential," and the blockbuster "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory" (1971). He also produced numerous documentaries and documentary series including "Biography" (1961–63), "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich" (TV), "Appointment with Destiny" (TV series), "This is Elvis", "Four Days in November", "", "Visions

David Saltman

David Saltman David Bruce Saltman (born 1946) is an author, director and producer. He has written and produced more than 200 documentary films, and is the owner of Pinnacle Productions Inc, a New York media production company. He wrote a biography of Gilda Radner entitled "Gilda: An Intimate Portrait" published in 1993. Saltman was awarded an Emmy Award for Best Business Story. He has been an executive producer at CNN for TV programmes such as "Pinnacle", "Business Unusual", "Your Money and Movers". Previously, he was a producer and writer for "CBS News Sunday Morning" with Charles Kuralt, "CBS Morning News"

David Brown (producer)

David Brown (producer) David Brown (July 28, 1916 February 1, 2010) was an American film and theatre producer and writer who was best known for coproducing the 1975 film "Jaws" based on the best-selling novel by Peter Benchley. He was born in New York City, New York, the son of Lillian ("née" Baren) and Edward Fisher Brown. Brown was a graduate of Stanford University and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He began his professional career as a journalist, contributing to magazines including "The Saturday Evening Post", "Harper's" and "Collier's", before becoming an editor himself. He was a managing


Question: Of which country is Yingluck Shinawatra the Prime Minister?

Sport in Thailand
ratcha anachak thai
ประเทศไทย
iso 3166 1 th
Muang-Thai
Prathet Thai
kingdom of thailand
Kingdom of the Thai
Taihland
thai empire
name of thailand
Sayam
ราชอาณาจักรไทย
thailande
THAILAND
kingdom of thai
taihland
Thai Kingdom
Muang Thai
Kingdom of Thailand
Skateboarding in Thailand
thailand
skateboarding in thailand
Thai Empire
tailand
Name of Thailand
The Kingdom Of Thailand
sayam
Thailande
Thailand
Siam
ISO 3166-1:TH
Thayland
Ratcha Anachak Thai
thayland
etymology of thailand
Etymology of Thailand
Kingdom Of Thailand
Tailand
เมืองไทย
siam thailand
prathet thai
sport in thailand
muang thai
Siam (Thailand)
thai kingdom
siam

Yingluck Shinawatra

the third Pheu Thai Prime minister removed from office by the Constitution Court. Born in Chiang Mai Province into a wealthy family of Hakka Chinese descent, Yingluck Shinawatra earned a bachelor's degree from Chiang Mai University and a master's degree from Kentucky State University, both in public administration. She then became an executive in the businesses founded by her elder brother, Thaksin Shinawatra, and later became the president of property developer SC Asset and managing director of Advanced Info Service. Thaksin served as Prime Minister from 2001 until 2006 when he was overthrown by a military coup. He fled abroad

Yingluck Shinawatra

of the House of Representatives was held in the morning of 5 August to select a new Prime Minister. 296 of the 500 members of parliament voted to approve the premiership of Yingluck Shinawatra, three disapproved, and 197 abstained. Four Democrat lawmakers were absent. Somsak Kiatsuranont, President of the National Assembly, advised and consented King Bhumibol Adulyadej to appoint Yingluck Prime Minister on 8 August. The Proclamation on her appointment was made retroactive, taking effect from 5 August. Yingluck established her Council of Ministers on 9 August. She and her Ministers were sworn in on 10 August. They were then

Yingluck Shinawatra

Government of Thailand

As the most visible member of the government the prime minister represents the country abroad and is the main spokesperson for the government at home. The prime minister's official residence is Phitsanulok Mansion, a mansion in the Dusit district of Bangkok. The most recent prime minister was Yingluck Shinawatra of the Pheu Thai Party, the first female prime minister of Thailand. She was removed from office by the Constitutional Court of Thailand on 7 May 2014, on charges of abuse of power. She was replaced briefly by an interim prime minister, Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan, and then succeeded by General Prayut Chan-o-cha,

Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan

due to lack of buyers. On 30 June 2013 he was appointed Minister of Commerce and a deputy prime minister in the cabinet of Yingluck Shinawatra. On 7 May 2014, Niwatthamrong became acting Prime Minister following the removal of Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra and several members of her cabinet from office. On 22 May 2014 he was himself removed from office following a military coup. Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan (, , ; born 25 January 1948) is a Thai businessman and politician who served as the acting Prime Minister of Thailand following Yingluck Shinawatra's removal from office by the Constitutional

Yingluck Shinawatra

Yingluck Shinawatra

Yingluck Shinawatra (, , ; ; born 21 June 1967), nicknamed Pou (, , , meaning "crab"), is a Thai businesswoman, politician and a member of the Pheu Thai Party who became the Prime Minister of Thailand following the 2011 election. Yingluck was Thailand's first female prime minister and its youngest in over 60 years. She was removed from office on 7 May 2014 by a Constitutional Court decision.

Born in Chiang Mai Province into a wealthy family of Hakka Chinese descent, Yingluck Shinawatra earned a bachelor's degree from Chiang Mai University and a master's degree from Kentucky State University, both in public administration. She then became an executive in the businesses founded by her elder brother, Thaksin Shinawatra and later became the president of property developer SC Asset and managing director of Advanced Info Service. Thaksin served as Prime Minister from 2001 until 2006 when he was overthrown by a military coup. He fled abroad shortly before he was convicted in absentia of using his position to increase his own wealth. He has since lived in self-imposed exile to avoid his sentence in prison.

In May 2011, the Pheu Thai Party, which maintains close ties to Thaksin, nominated Yingluck as their candidate for Prime Minister in the 2011 election. She campaigned on a platform of national reconciliation, poverty eradication, and corporate income tax reduction and won a landslide victory.

After mass protests against her government in late 2013, she asked for a dissolution of parliament on 9 December 2013, triggering a snap election, but continued to act as caretaker prime minister. On 7 May 2014, the Constitutional Court of Thailand removed Yingluck Shinawatra from the office of caretaker prime minister and defence minister following months of political crisis. The court found her guilty of charges of abuse of power over the removal of national security chief Thawil Pliensri in 2011. In the wake of the May 2014 military coup, Yingluck was arrested along with former cabinet ministers and political leaders of all parties and held at an army camp for a few days while the coup was consolidated.

She was tried in 2016 but did not appear in court in August 2017 for the verdict. An arrest warrant was issued. She reportedly fled the country. In September 2017, she was found guilty in absentia and sentenced to five years in prison. She is rumoured to now be in London. Yingluck has become the chairwoman and legal representative of Shantou International Container Terminals Ltd since 12 December 2018, a Chinese port operator, operating in the Shantou Port area in eastern Guangdong.

Thaksin Shinawatra

Thaksin Shinawatra

Thaksin Shinawatra (; ; ; Chinese: 丘達新; ; born 26 July 1949), is a Thai businessman, politician and visiting professor. He served in the Thai Police from 1973 to 1987, and was the Prime Minister of Thailand from 2001 to 2006.
Thaksin founded the mobile phone operator Advanced Info Service and the IT and telecommunications conglomerate Shin Corporation in 1987, ultimately making him one of the richest people in Thailand. He founded the Thai Rak Thai Party (TRT) in 1998 and, after a landslide electoral victory, became prime minister in 2001. He was the first democratically elected prime minister of Thailand to serve a full term and was re-elected in 2005 by an overwhelming majority.

Thaksin declared a "war on drugs" in which more than 2,500 people were killed. Thaksin's government launched programs to reduce poverty, expand infrastructure, promote small and medium-sized enterprises, and extend universal healthcare coverage. Thaksin took a strong-arm approach against the separatist insurgency in the Muslim southern provinces.

His decision to sell shares in his corporation for more than a billion tax-free dollars generated considerable controversy. A citizens' movement against Thaksin, called People's Alliance for Democracy or "Yellow Shirts", launched mass protests, accusing him of corruption, abuse of power, and autocratic tendencies. Thaksin called snap elections that were boycotted by the opposition and invalidated by the Constitutional Court.

Thaksin was overthrown in a military coup on 19 September 2006. His party was outlawed and he was barred from political activity. Thaksin has since lived in self-imposed exile except for a brief visit to Thailand in 2008. He was sentenced "in absentia" to two years in jail for abuse of power. From abroad he has continued to influence Thai politics, through the People's Power Party that ruled in 2008, and its successor organisation Pheu Thai Party, as well as the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship or "Red Shirt" movement. His younger sister Yingluck Shinawatra was the prime minister of Thailand from 2011 to 2014.

2013–2014 Thai political crisis

2013–2014 Thai political crisis

The 2013–2014 Thai political crisis was a period of political instability in Thailand. Anti-government protests took place between November 2013 and May 2014, organised by the People's Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC), a political pressure group led by former Democrat Party parliamentary representative (MP) Suthep Thaugsuban. The crisis eventually resulted in the removal of incumbent Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra, a coup d'état, and the establishment of a military junta.

The primary aim of the protests was the removal of former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra's – the brother of Yingluck – influence on Thai politics and the creation of an unelected "people's council" to oversee reforms of the political system. Protesters viewed Thaksin as corrupt and damaging to Thailand's democracy, although he enjoyed strong support in many areas of Thailand, particularly the poorer north and northeast, due to his reforming social programs and economic policies. Political parties allied to Thaksin had won a majority in every election since 2001. Other issues, such as the royal succession, a rural-urban or north-south divide, social inequality, over-centralised bureaucracy, royal and military influence in politics, and class conflict were suggested as factors behind the crisis by analysts and commentators.

Protests were first triggered by a proposed amnesty bill which would have pardoned politicians of various charges from the period following the 2006 coup d'état. Anti-government protestors argued the bill, and a simultaneous government attempt to alter the 2007 constitution, favoured Thaksin and would potentially allow him to return from self-imposed exile due to a corruption conviction. Voting was disrupted in areas of Bangkok and southern Thailand by PDRC protesters blocking entry to polling stations, leading to an annulment of the result by the Constitutional Court. Sporadic violence, including shootings, bomb attempts and grenades thrown at protesters led to 28 deaths and over 800 injuries during the course of the protests.<ref name="fatalities_16_may" /> On 21 January, Yingluck's government declared a state of emergency in Bangkok and the surrounding areas, to little effect.

Yingluck and nine ministers were removed from office by the Constitutional Court on 7 May 2014 over the controversial transfer of a senior security officer in 2011. Supporters of Yingluck and critics argued that the move was politically motivated and an abuse of judicial power. On 20 May, the Royal Thai Army declared martial law throughout the nation, In February 2021, three ministers from Prayut's cabinet, Puttipong Punnakanta, Nataphol Teepsuwan and Thaworn Senniam, were found guilty of insurrection during the protests that led to the 2014 coup.

2014 Thai coup d'état

List of prime ministers of Thailand

List of prime ministers of Thailand

The prime minister of Thailand (; ; , literally 'chief minister of state') is the head of government of Thailand. The prime minister is also the chairman of the cabinet of Thailand and represents the government at home and the country abroad.

The post of prime minister has existed since the Siamese Revolution of 1932 and Siam's first constitution. Throughout the post's existence it has mostly been occupied by military leaders from the Royal Thai Army, three holding the rank of field marshal and seven the rank of general.

The current prime minister, former general Prayut Chan-o-cha, was formally appointed to the office on 24 August 2014; he previously served as the "de facto" head of government as leader of the National Council for Peace and Order after the coup d'état on 22 May 2014. A Constitutional Court ruling on the matter of his 8-year term limit led to Prayut's suspension from 24 August to 30 September 2022, during which his deputy prime minister, Prawit Wongsuwan served as acting prime minister of Thailand.

"Note:" The list includes leaders of military juntas and acting prime ministers. However, they are not counted in the official list as provided by the Royal Thai Government.

Anocracy

Wongsawat lost his position. Abhisit Vejjajiva's election as the next prime minister was met with opposition by "Red Shirts." On July 3, 2011, Yingluck Shinawatra, belonging to the Pheu Thai Party, was elected as prime minister. Following mass protests in 2013, Shinawatra was deposed by a military coup led by General Chan-o-cha, who is currently the prime minister. Burma, or the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is classified as an anocracy because of adverse armed conflict, changes in leadership, and the part-democratic, part-authoritarian nature of its government. Burma had a representative democracy after it gained independence from Britain. Soon

Premiership of Thaksin Shinawatra

Premiership of Thaksin Shinawatra Thaksin Shinawatra was the 23rd prime minister of Thailand. As prime minister, Thaksin Shinawatra initiated many policies affecting the economy, public health, education, energy, drugs and international relations. He gained two landslide re-election victories. Thaksin's policies were effective at reducing rural poverty and at providing affordable health coverage to the people. Because of this, his main support base has been the rural poor. His cabinet was packed with academics, former student leaders, and former leaders of the Palang Dharma Party, including Prommin Lertsuridej, Chaturon Chaisang, Prapat Panyachatraksa, Surapong Suebwonglee, Somkid Jatusripitak, Surakiart Sathirathai, and Sudarat Keyuraphan.

Yingluck Shinawatra

Samak Sundaravej

bid to regain his Thailand Prime Minister post, and Teerapon Noprampa said Samak would also give up the ruling People's Power Party (PPP) leadership. Somchai Wongsawat – the fugitive ex-P.M. Thaksin Shinawatra's brother-in-law, was ratified by the National Assembly of Thailand as Prime Minister of Thailand on 17 September, winning 298 votes against 163 votes for Abhisit Vejjajiva. The Senate President lodged a complaint with the Constitutional Court of Thailand (ConCourt) on 2 June 2008, and the Election Commission of Thailand (ECT) submitted a similar complaint 29 July 2008. The complaints requested the ConCourt to decide whether the premiership of

Yingluck Shinawatra

Yingluck Shinawatra Yingluck Shinawatra (, , ; born 21 June 1967), nicknamed Pou (, , , meaning "crab"), is a Thai businesswoman and politician. She is a member of the Pheu Thai Party who became the 28th Prime Minister of Thailand following the 2011 election. Yingluck was Thailand's first female Prime Minister and its youngest in over 60 years. Also, she holds the distinction as the world's first female of Chinese descent to have had led the government of a UN member state. She was removed from office on 7 May 2014 by a controversial Constitutional Court decision. She is

Anocracy

of temporary prime minister. Thaksin Shinawatra won the 2001 elections and became Prime Minister of Thailand; he won again in 2005 but a coup led by the Thai military deposed Prime Minister Shinawatra in 2006. After a new constitution was adopted, Samak Sundaravej and his People's Power Party (Thailand) won the election on December 23, 2007 and Sundaravej became prime minister. However, due to a conflict of interest, Sundaravej was ousted and Somchai Wongsawat was elected as the new prime minister. Shortly after his election, Prime Minister Wongsawat and the PPP was found to be guilty of electoral fraud and

House of Representatives (Thailand)

Party (PPP), the Prime Minister. On August 5, 2011, the House elected Yingluck Shinawatra as Prime Minister against Abhisit Vejjajiva of the Democrat Party, to a vote of 265 for and 159 against. After the appointment of the Cabinet, the King appointed the official Leader of the Opposition of Thailand. The Leader of the Opposition had to be the leader of the largest party with no members holding any ministerial positions. His party had to be larger than one fifth of the total number of the House. If no Party met this qualification then the Leader with most votes from

Yingluck cabinet

Yingluck cabinet Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra was appointed effective 5 August 2011, she handed in her cabinet list for endorsement on 9 August. Yingluck and her cabinet were sworn in at Siriraj Hospital where King Bhumibol Adulyadej resided, on 10 August. She would go on to reorganize the cabinet multiple times. Occasionally either the members of the cabinet or the occasion of the swearing was notable in some way. Composition of the Council of Ministers before 18 January 2012: On 18 January 2012, Yingluck reshuffled her cabinet, assigning six cabinet members to new posts, naming ten new ministers and deputies

Pheu Thai Party

and the ruling Democrats. Unexpectedly, the party won 265 of 500 seats in the House of Representatives on 3 July. Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva acknowledged Pheu Thai's success in the election, and congratulated Yingluck Shinawatra as Thailand's first female prime minister. Despite its absolute majority, the winning party announced that it would form a coalition government with five minor parties. On 5 August, Yingluck was elected prime minister with 296 votes in favour. The election was approved and Yingluck was formally appointed by the king on 8 August. Pheu Thai Party The Pheu Thai Party (PTP; , , ; "For

Yingluck Shinawatra

week before to Dubai. The pronouncement was then rescheduled to 27 September 2017. On 27 September 2017, in her absence, she was found guilty of dereliction of duty over the rice subsidy scheme and was sentenced to five years in prison. Yingluck passports were cancelled by the Junta controlled government, and she is rumored to be in London and to have a UK passport. During Yingluck Shinawatra's tenure as Prime Minister, she travelled to more than 40 countries in an effort to strengthen the relationship between them. Her goals included improvement of trade relations and increased export business investments, and

History of Thailand

sister of Thaksin Shinawatra), won the general election by a landslide (265 seats in the House of Representatives, out of 500). She had never previously been involved in politics, Pheu Thai campaigning for her with the slogan "Thaksin thinks, Pheu Thai acts". Yingluck was the nation's first female prime minister and her role was officially endorsed in a ceremony presided over by King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The Pheu Thai Party is a continuation of Thaksin's Thai Rak Thai party. Protests recommenced in late 2013, as a broad alliance of protesters, led by former opposition deputy leader Suthep Thaugsuban, demanded an end

Krisana Lalai

by Prime Minister General Prayuth Chan-ocha that aimed for stability, prosperity and sustainability of the country. This is a project which Krisana cooperates with Thai Health Promotion Foundation. It was awarded as one of the best ten Thailand volunteering projects in year 2013 and received the award from the Ex-Thai army chief, General Prayuth Chan-ocha who is the current Prime Minister of Thailand. With years of efforts to make the government sectors and private sectors realize the importance of Friendly Design, in year 2013, Ex-Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra set a historical event title “Change Burden to Power, Inclusive Society for

Yingluck Shinawatra

studying water resources management. Yingluck has received the following royal decorations in the Honours System of Thailand: Prayut Chan-o-cha Yingluck Shinawatra Yingluck Shinawatra (, , ; born 21 June 1967), nicknamed Pou (, , , meaning "crab"), is a Thai businesswoman and politician. She is a member of the Pheu Thai Party who became the 28th Prime Minister of Thailand following the 2011 election. Yingluck was Thailand's first female Prime Minister and its youngest in over 60 years. Also, she holds the distinction as the world's first female of Chinese descent to have had led the government of a UN

Surakiart Sathirathai

In 2001, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra appointed Dr. Surakiart as Minister of Foreign Affairs, a position he held until early 2005 when he became Deputy Prime Minister. As Foreign Minister, Surakiart sought to promote regional economic development through various cooperative networks, including Ayeyarwaddy-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS) and the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD). As Deputy Prime Minister and Acting Minister of Culture, Surakiart now oversees the Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Education, and Culture. On 2 October 2006, he became an independent politician by resigning from his last political party Thai Rak Thai following the coupe d'tat of Thailand. His

Yingluck Shinawatra

from political activity for five years by the Constitutional Court on 2 December 2008, the former People's Power Party MPs formed the Pheu Thai Party. Yingluck was asked to become the party's leader, but she declined, saying that she had no desire to be prime minister and wanted to concentrate on business. Yongyuth Wichaidit became the leader of the party. US diplomatic cables leaked in 2011 revealed that during a 9 September 2009 meeting, former Deputy Prime Minister and "close Thaksin ally" Sompong Amornvivat told Ambassador to Thailand Eric John that he did not envision a big role for Yingluck