Question: Who was the composer of list of symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky?

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Tchaikovsky
Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky
Peter Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Il'ich Chaikovskiy
Tschaikowski
Tschaikowsky
Chajkovskij
Chaikovsky
Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky

Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky)

Symphony No. 2 (Tchaikovsky) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 2 in C minor, Op. 17 was composed in 1872. One of Tchaikovsky's joyful compositions, it was successful right from its premiere and also won the favor of the group of nationalistic Russian composers known as "The Five", led by Mily Balakirev. Because Tchaikovsky used three Ukrainian folk songs to great effect in this work, it was nicknamed the "Little Russian" (, "Malorossiyskaya") by Nikolay Kashkin, a friend of the composer as well as a well-known musical critic of Moscow. Ukraine was at that time frequently called "Little Russia". Despite its

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( ; , ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893), was a Russian composer of the romantic period, whose works are among the most popular music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally, bolstered by his appearances as a guest conductor in Europe and the United States. He was honored in 1884 by Emperor Alexander III, and awarded a lifetime pension. Although musically precocious, Tchaikovsky was educated for a career as a civil servant. There was scant opportunity for a musical career in

Symphony No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)

Symphony No. 1 (Tchaikovsky) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote his Symphony No. 1 in G minor, "Winter Daydreams (or Winter Dreams)" (, "Zimniye gryozy"), Op. 13, in 1866, just after he accepted a professorship at the Moscow Conservatory: it is the composer's earliest notable work. The composer's brother Modest claimed this work cost Tchaikovsky more labor and suffering than any of his other works. Even so, he remained fond of it, writing to his patroness Nadezhda von Meck in 1883 that "although it is in many ways very immature, yet fundamentally it has more substance and is better than any of

Music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Symphonies. The first three are original music, while the fourth, subtitled "Mozartiana", consists of arrangements of music by Mozart. According to Dutch musicologist Francis Maes, Tchaikovsky valued the freedom the suites gave him to experiment and saw them as a genre for unrestricted musical fantasy. To this Russian musicologist and critic Daniel Zhitomirsky agrees and adds that through them, the composer solved a number of challenges in orchestral tonality, thematic development and form. Wiley comments that they contain music in a number of styles—scholarly counterpoint, salon style, folk music, bizarre scherzos, character pieces—in an overall vein that Russians call "prelest",

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle

Russian composer Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857). In 1885, disgusted with the quality of music publishing in Russia and the lack of foreign copyright for works printed there, he founded his own publishing firm in Leipzig, Germany. This firm initially issued works by Glazunov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov and Borodin at its own expense, and would boast a catalog of over 2000 works, all written by Russian composers, by the time of the October Revolution in 1917. At Rimsky-Korsakov's suggestion, Belyayev also founded his own concert series, the Russian Symphony Concerts, open exclusively to Russian composers. Among the works written especially for this series

Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Tchaikovsky facing a paradox. He reportedly did not care for program music, to the point of reproaching himself for writing the fantasy-overture "Romeo and Juliet". Yet the notion of writing symphonies as purely intellectual patterns of chords, rhythms and modulations was at least equally abhorrent. Nevertheless, Tchaikovsky attempted to adhere more closely at least to the manner of sonata form in his first three symphonies. They remain chronicles of his attempts to reconcile his training from the Saint Petersburg Conservatory with the music he had heard all his life and his own innate penchant for melody. Both those factors worked

Symphony No. 3 (Tchaikovsky)

Symphony No. 3 (Tchaikovsky) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 3 in D major, Op. 29, was written in 1875. He began it at Vladimir Shilovsky's estate at Ussovo on 5 June and finished on 1 August at Verbovka. Dedicated to Shilovsky, the work is unique in Tchaikovsky's symphonic output in two ways: it is the only one of his seven symphonies (including the unnumbered "Manfred Symphony") in a major key (discounting the unfinished Symphony in E major); and it is the only one to contain five movements (an additional "Alla tedesca" movement occurs between the opening movement and the slow

Symphony No. 1 (Tchaikovsky)

acting as emotional coloration rather than implying a harmonic progression." Symphony No. 1 (Tchaikovsky) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote his Symphony No. 1 in G minor, "Winter Daydreams (or Winter Dreams)" (, "Zimniye gryozy"), Op. 13, in 1866, just after he accepted a professorship at the Moscow Conservatory: it is the composer's earliest notable work. The composer's brother Modest claimed this work cost Tchaikovsky more labor and suffering than any of his other works. Even so, he remained fond of it, writing to his patroness Nadezhda von Meck in 1883 that "although it is in many ways very immature, yet fundamentally

Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky)

Symphony No. 4 (Tchaikovsky) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 4 in F minor, Op. 36, was written between 1877 and 1878. Its first performance was at a Russian Musical Society concert in Moscow on February 22 (or the 10th using the calendar of the time), 1878, with Nikolai Rubinstein as conductor. In Middle Europe it sometimes receives the nickname "Fatum", or "Fate". During the composition of the symphony, Tchaikovsky wrote to his patroness, Nadezhda von Meck, that he wanted "very much" to dedicate it to her, and that he would write on it "Dedicated to My Best Friend". He had

Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

ethnic heritage. Brown points out that Tchaikovsky, like the majority of 19th-century Russian composers, was highly gifted melodically. However, even when those melodies were conceived with broad, multi-phrase structures, they tended to be even more self-contained than those in Russian folk songs, "thus requiring the composer to climb, as it were, a perimeter fence if he wanted to move on, perhaps to explore a new melodic field." This, Brown says, is again typical of Russian creativity, with a mindset of stasis rather than ongoing development. "This problem of transition", Brown writes—of moving smoothly from one theme to another—"was one of


Question: What color is flag of Zimbabwe?

Flag of Zimbabwe

source of power and identity in yellow on a vertical black stripe, symbolising the importance of majority rule, and three horizontal stripes, one red representing the blood spilled in the struggle for majority rule, one white, representing the integral part of the European community and other minorities in all aspects of the country's life, and one green, reflecting the importance of agriculture to the country's well-being, but the new design had little support from black politicians, who described it as "the flag with two names", a reference to "Zimbabwe Rhodesia". In response, the Voice of Zimbabwe radio service operated by

Flag of Zimbabwe

flag is a "reminder that the nation was born of pain". It is a breach of Zimbabwean law to sell products bearing the colours of the national flag of the country. Flag of Zimbabwe The national flag of Zimbabwe consists of seven even horizontal stripes of green, gold, red and black with a white triangle containing a red 5-pointed star with a Zimbabwe Bird. The present design was adopted on 18 April 1980, when Zimbabwe won its independence from the United Kingdom. The soapstone bird featured on the flag represents a statuette of a bird found at the ruins of

Flag of Zimbabwe

political, regional, and cultural meanings. Green represents the agriculture and rural areas of Zimbabwe. Yellow stands for the wealth of minerals in the country, predominantly gold. The red symbolises the blood shed during the first and second Chimurenga (wars) in the "struggle for independence". The black indicates the heritage, race and ethnicity of the black majority. The white triangle is a symbol for peace. The golden bird, known as the "Great Zimbabwe Bird" is the national symbol of Zimbabwe and is most likely a representation of the bateleur eagle or the African fish eagle. It "exemplifies the strong bond that

Flag of Zimbabwe

Flag of Zimbabwe The national flag of Zimbabwe consists of seven even horizontal stripes of green, gold, red and black with a white triangle containing a red 5-pointed star with a Zimbabwe Bird. The present design was adopted on 18 April 1980, when Zimbabwe won its independence from the United Kingdom. The soapstone bird featured on the flag represents a statuette of a bird found at the ruins of Great Zimbabwe. The bird symbolises the history of Zimbabwe; the red star beneath it officially stands for the nation's aspirations but is commonly thought to symbolise socialism, and the revolutionary struggle

Flag of Zimbabwe

the Zimbabwe Bird, which had been present in the coat of arms since 1924. In 1979, when the country reconstituted itself as Zimbabwe Rhodesia following the Internal Settlement between the government and moderate black nationalists, a new flag was adopted to mark the transition on 4 September of that year. The flag of Zimbabwe Rhodesia was designed by Flight Lieutenant Cedric Herbert of the Rhodesian Air Force and a member of the Rhodesian Heraldry and Genealogy Society. The design incorporated the pan-African colours of yellow, black, green and red, with the soapstone bird of Great Zimbabwe, representing an older, pre-colonial

Flag of Zimbabwe

flag should be replaced with a new one. According to Patrick Chinamasa, Zimbabwean Minister of Justice and Legal Affairs, any company in Zimbabwe can manufacture the national flag, so long as it does not "imprint on it anything that should not be on the national flag", and the flag can be displayed anywhere deemed fit by the people. Some police officers in Zimbabwe have the national flag displayed on their uniforms' sleeve tops. The national flag of Zimbabwe is made up of five different colours: Green, gold, red, black and white. Officially, the colours of the flag of Zimbabwe carry

Flag of Zimbabwe

was adopted which followed the standard British colonial practice, being a Blue Ensign, defaced with the shield from the Southern Rhodesian coat of arms. This basic design was used until 1968, although a light blue ensign was introduced in April 1964 following the break-up of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. On 11 November 1968, three years after the predominantly white government unilaterally declared independence from Britain, a national flag based on a completely new design was adopted. This was a green-white-green vertical triband, charged centrally with the national coat of arms. This was the first national flag to contain

Flag of Zimbabwe

– Patriotic Front. This is viewed as a sign of humble submission and respect towards the party. On 7 August 1980, Samora Machel made a famous speech involving the national flag of Zimbabwe, in which he said while holding the flag, "This flag covers everyone. There are no blacks in Zimbabwe, there are no whites, there are no mulattos and Indians, today there are just Zimbabweans." In Harare, Zimbabwe, every other car has one to many miniature national flags plastered onto it. Sales of the national flag are sky-high in the country. According to Petina Gappah of "The Guardian", the

Flag of Harare

The Zimbabwe Bird is the country's National symbol. It appears on its currency, flags, and stamps. The flag also contains many similarities to other African flags as in contains some of the Pan-African colours. Flag of Harare The flag of Harare is the civil flag for the capital city of Zimbabwe. The flag was adopted on 18 April 1982, when the capital city of Zimbabwe was renamed Harare from the original, Salisbury. When the city was renamed it adopted a new flag and a new coat of arms replacing those of Salisbury, which bore the Latin motto "Discrimine Salus" ("In

Rhodesian Air Force

the Zimbabwe flag in the canton with the air force emblem in gold in the fly. In 1982, a new post-independence marking was introduced, featuring a yellow Zimbabwe Bird sitting on the walls of Great Zimbabwe. This marking was displayed on the fin of the aircraft or on the fuselage of helicopters. No wing markings were displayed. In 1994, a new roundel was introduced, featuring the national colours in concentric rings. Initially, the roundel was used in association with the 'Zimbabwe Bird' tail marking used previously, but this was soon replaced by the national flag. The main marking is normally


Question: What color is AFC Bournemouth?

A.F.C. Bournemouth

white sleeves, and mostly, since 1990, in red and black stripes, similar to that of Milan. A predominantly red shirt was chosen for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons before a return to the stripes for the 2006–07 season due to fan demand. Since 2017 Bournemouth's kit has been manufactured by Umbro. Previously it has been made by Umbro (1974–78, 1983–86), Adidas (1978–81), Osca (1982–83), Henson (1986–87), Scoreline (1987–90), Ellgren (1990–92), Matchwinner (1993–95), Le Coq Sportif (1995–96), Patrick (1996–2000), Super League (200-01), TFG Sportswear (2001–03), Bourne Red (2003–08), Carbrini Sportswear (2008–11, 2014–15), Fila (2011–14) and JD Sports (2015–17). Their shirts are

A.F.C. Bournemouth

A.F.C. Bournemouth A.F.C. Bournemouth () is a professional football club in Bournemouth, Dorset, that play in the Premier League, the top tier of the English football league system. Formed in 1890 as Boscombe St. John's Institute F.C., the club adopted their current name in 1972. Nicknamed The Cherries, since 1910 Bournemouth have played their home games at Dean Court. Their home colours are red and black striped shirts, with black shorts and socks. A.F.C. Bournemouth have won the second and third tiers of English football, and were twice runners-up of the fourth tier. They have also won the Football League

A.F.C. Bournemouth

the club adopted a new badge as a symbol of the club's progress. The stripes in the background were based on the club shirt, while in the foreground is the profile of a player heading the ball, in honour of Dickie Dowsett, a prolific scorer for the club in the 1950s and 1960s. Their red and black kit, introduced in 1971, was based on the A.C. Milan strip. This was the era of Ted MacDougall, a prolific goalscorer who, in an FA Cup tie in November 1971, scored nine goals in an 11–0 win against Margate. The club recorded a

Portsmouth F.C.

other trim. For 2018–19 season, sportswear manufacturer Nike produced a first-choice away kit of white shirts with a blue v-neck and blue shoulders, trimmed with blue sleeve cuffs. The shorts and socks are plain blue. An all-black third kit was revealed on 13 August 2018, to avoid clashing with other teams such as Bristol Rovers who wear blue and white quartered shirts as their first choice home kit colours. For the 2008 FA Cup Final victory against Cardiff City, Portsmouth debuted an all blue home kit manufactured by Canterbury and sponsored by Oki Printing Solutions to commemorate the club's 110th

2010 FA Cup Final

County Football Association's Stuart Burt. Since both sides' first-choice kits are blue, the toss of a coin was used to decide which team had choice of kit. Chelsea won the toss and wore their new blue home kit, while Portsmouth wore a new white change kit with burgundy and salmon pink trim. Throughout the 2009–10 FA Cup season, the Football Association took the FA Cup trophy on a nationwide tour covering 30 venues. The tour began at AFC Bournemouth's Dean Court stadium on 12 November 2009 and culminated at Trafalgar Square on 13 May 2010, two days before the final.

Bournemouth F.C.

Bournemouth F.C. Bournemouth Football Club is an English football team currently playing in the , in the ninth tier of the English football league system. Their nickname is "The Poppies", and they are often known as Bournemouth Poppies to avoid confusion with the Premier League club A.F.C. Bournemouth. The club play at Victoria Park, Namu Road, in Bournemouth and are founding members of the Hampshire FA and Bournemouth FA. The club was founded as Bournemouth Rovers on 11 September 1875 at a meeting held in Abbotts Auction Mart in Old Christchurch Road. In 1878 on Tuesday 26 November the club

Portsmouth F.C.

in wartime as red is the traditional colour of the British Army and also the colour of the Remembrance poppy. With the resumption of a full professional Football League season in England in 1947–48, Portsmouth changed their socks from the usual black to red for the start of the 1947–48 season. This also gave the Portsmouth team a patriotic blue, white and red appearance similar to the United Kingdom's red white and blue Union Flag. The new red socks also coincided with Portsmouth's most successful period, as the club won two consecutive top-tier division (now 'Premier League') title honours in

A.F.C. Bournemouth

currently sponsored by Mansion.com. On 2017–2018 season, the Mansion.com logo will appear on the left shirt sleeve of Bournemouth's home and third shirts. In addition, Casino.com, which is a subsidiary of Mansion, will feature on the sleeve of the club's away shirt. Before this, sponsors have been Reg Heynes Toyota (1980–82, 1983–85), Coopers Beers (1985–87), Canberra Homes (1987–88), Nolan (1988–89), A1 Windscreens (1990–92), Exchange & Mart (1992–93), Frizzell (1993–97), Seward (1993–2006), Focal Point (2006–08, 2011–12), Carbrini Sportswear (2008–11), and Energy Consulting (2012–15). A.F.C. Bournemouth A.F.C. Bournemouth () is a professional football club in Bournemouth, Dorset, that play in the Premier

AFC Wimbledon

The crest is designed to replicate, as closely as legally possible, the crest of the original Wimbledon F.C. in order to reflect the fact that AFC Wimbledon see themselves as a direct continuation of the club that existed before the relocation and renaming as Milton Keynes Dons. The colours that were chosen for the AFC Wimbledon kit were the royal blue and yellow traditionally associated with the rise of the original Wimbledon F.C. to the top of the Football League (rather than the darker navy blue and yellow that Wimbledon F.C. were wearing at the time, which had been a

Dorchester Town F.C.

to allow the football club to become a hub for the local community. The club have a long tradition of playing in black and white striped shirts with black shorts and socks at home. For the 2005–06 season, to celebrate the club's 125th anniversary the home club sported a black and white quartered shirt, similar to the original strip the club was founded in. The away kit is currently sky blue, with previous kits being red, yellow or white. The club's current badge is circular, with the words 'Dorchester Town F.C.' and 'The Magpies' on a white outer rim, in


Question: What color is Manchester United F.C.?

F.C. United of Manchester

club reverted to a plain red shirt, manufactured by O'Neills. The club's second kit, worn when playing away against a team with a predominantly red kit, is a white shirt with a horizontal red and black wave, white shorts and socks. The club has an alternative plain blue kit for playing against a team with a red and white kit. In past seasons white shirts with diagonal black or red stripes and a white shirt with a red trim, black shorts and white socks have all been used as the second kits. The club's badge is red, white, black and

Manchester United F.C.

navy blue shorts. After the name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit. Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final. They remained part of their home kits until 1927. For a period in 1934, the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours, but the following season the red shirt was recalled

Manchester United F.C.

competitive game in the kit. In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white/gold away kit was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible. The club's third kit is often all-blue, this was most recently the case during the 2014–15 season. Exceptions include a green-and-gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994, a blue-and-white striped shirt worn during the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, an all-black kit worn during the Treble-winning 1998–99 season, and a white shirt with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003–04 and 2005–06. From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the

2007–08 Manchester City F.C. season

blue diagonal sash across the front of the left shoulder. New goalkeeper strips — a two-tone green (solid light green shirt plus solid dark green shorts and socks), an all-grey change and a yellow third with purple shorts and socks, were introduced for this season. On 10 February 2008, during the club's local derby game against Manchester United, the City team played in a one-off special kit to mark the 50-year memorial of the Munich air disaster. This kit was devoid of the pinstripes, contained no kit supplier or sponsorship logos and had a black ribbon on the right shoulder

Manchester United F.C.

have been the preferred choice for European games, which are typically played on weeknights, to aid with player visibility. The current home kit is a red shirt with black stripes gradually getting thicker towards the base and the trademark Adidas three stripes in black on the shoulders, black shorts, and red socks with black tops and gradual stripes in between. The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions. These include an all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995, the navy blue shirt

F.C. United of Manchester

and black—the same colours worn by Manchester United. The shirt bears no sponsorship logo, as it was written into the club's constitution that the club should not have a shirt sponsor. The club's first kit was a plain red shirt, white shorts and plain black socks. The club introduced a new home shirt for the 2007–08 season with a striped collar and striped ends on the sleeves which lasted until 2009. This was changed for the 2009–11 seasons to a red shirt with a black and white stripe down the left side, manufactured by Admiral Sportswear. For seasons 2011–13 the

2008–09 Manchester City F.C. season

Milan's classic colors. A striking new "blaze orange"/navy third kit completed the collection of kits, while the team's main home strip shed the previous season's thin white vertical stripes from the shirts and returned to the solid sky blue shirts that are more traditionally associated with the team. As well as all three of the team kits being new this season, the previous season's two-tone green goalkeeper strip was also replaced with two new strips for the goalkeepers. The main goalkeeper strip, intended primarily for use with the home team colours, sported an all gold shirt trimmed with black on

Manchester City F.C.

there is evidence that the club has worn blue since 1892 or earlier. A booklet entitled "Famous Football Clubs – Manchester City" published in the 1940s indicates that West Gorton (St. Marks) originally played in scarlet and black, and reports dating from 1884 describe the team wearing black jerseys bearing a white cross, showing the club's origins as a church side. The red and black away colours used infrequently yet recurrently come from former assistant manager Malcolm Allison, who believed that adopting the colours of A.C. Milan would inspire City to glory. Allison's theory worked, with City winning the 1969

F.C. United of Manchester

yellow, and incorporates elements from the coat of arms of Manchester City Council; a ship representing Manchester's industry and three stripes representing the three rivers that flow through Manchester: the Irk, the Irwell and the Medlock. F.C. United play at the 4,400 capacity Broadhurst Park, which opened in May 2015. The ground was built at a cost of £6.3 million, using £2 million from a Community Share Scheme and the remainder from a variety of governmental and charity grants. The ground is surrounded on all sides by covered stands: the St. Mary's Road End (east), the North Stand, the Lightbowne

Manchester United F.C.

included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971. Newton Heath's uniform in 1879, four years before the club played its first competitive match, has been documented as 'white with blue cord'. A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing red-and-white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers. Between 1894–96, the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with


Question: What color is Fleetwood Town F.C.?

Fleetwood Town F.C.

Fleetwood Town F.C. Fleetwood Town Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Fleetwood, Lancashire, England. Established in 1997, the current Fleetwood Town F.C. is the third incarnation of the club; it was first formed in 1908. The team compete in League One, the third tier of English football. Their home strip is red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts. The home ground is Highbury Stadium in Fleetwood, and the supporters are affectionately known as the Cod Army. The club won the 2011–12 Football Conference, and played in the Football League for the first

Fleetwood Town F.C.

a 4% decrease over the previous season's average attendance. Fleetwood Town F.C. Fleetwood Town Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Fleetwood, Lancashire, England. Established in 1997, the current Fleetwood Town F.C. is the third incarnation of the club; it was first formed in 1908. The team compete in League One, the third tier of English football. Their home strip is red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts. The home ground is Highbury Stadium in Fleetwood, and the supporters are affectionately known as the Cod Army. The club won the 2011–12 Football Conference,

Fleetwood Town F.C.

Percy Ronson, after whom one stand is named. The club was re-established in 1977 as Fleetwood Town F.C., with many of the original personnel. Initially placed in Division One of the Cheshire League, it was moved in 1982 to the North West Counties League Division Two in its inaugural year, and promoted to Division One in 1984. The team reached the final of the FA Vase in 1985, losing 3–1 to Halesowen Town in front of a 16,000 crowd at Wembley. The club was placed in Division One (second tier) of the Northern Premier League when the league established a

Fleetwood

New Folk 'n' Roots Festival. Stuart Chatwood of Canadian rock band the Tea Party was also born in Fleetwood. Fleetwood has had several football clubs over its history. The current version of the club, dating from 1997, is now known as Fleetwood Town F.C. and is nicknamed the Fishermen, and its followers the Cod Army. The club has played in the Football League since 2012, having been promoted in that year as champions of the Conference National. This is the first time a club from the town has played in the Football League. In May 2014 Fleetwood were victorious in

Fleetwood Town F.C.

second tier in 1987, becoming the inaugural Division One Champions in 1988. In 1990–91 the club finished fourth in the NPL Premier Division, at the time effectively the sixth tier. However, by 1996, this second club had also folded. Re-formed in 1997 as Fleetwood Wanderers, the club was placed back in Division One of the North West Counties Football League (now the tenth tier of the English League system) and a sponsorship deal saw the club's name immediately changed to Fleetwood Freeport F.C.. The club was promoted to the Premier Division of the North West Counties League in 1999 and

Fleetwood

Vase in 1985, before being wound up because of financial difficulties in 1996. The same fate also befell the two previous town clubs. Fleetwood F.C. was founded in 1908 and wound up in 1976, having been several times Lancashire Combination cup champions in the 1930s, and founder members of the Northern Premier League in 1968. Fleetwood Rangers, the town's first club, spent ten seasons in the Lancashire League and Lancashire Combination from 1889 to 1899. Since 1939, home games have been played at Highbury Stadium. Blackpool Reserves also use the stadium for their home matches. In January 1938, Jimmy Hampson,

Fleetwood Town F.C.

time in its history in the 2012–13 season. In May 2014, at Wembley, Fleetwood won the promotion play-off to League One, the club's sixth promotion in 10 years. The current club was officially established in 1997 but, in two previous incarnations, the club's history dates back to 1908. The original club, Fleetwood F.C., were champions of the Lancashire Combination in 1923–24, and registered a hat-trick of Lancashire Combination Cup wins in 1932, 1933 and 1934. The side's goalkeeper in the first of those victories was Frank Swift, then only eighteen years old. After almost sixty years as a Lancashire Combination

2015–16 Fleetwood Town F.C. season

Soccer AM and drawn by Charlie Austin and Ed Skrein. Fleetwood are to host Shrewsbury Town. On the Lancashire FA website the first round details were announced, Southport will face Fleetwood Town. 2015–16 Fleetwood Town F.C. season The 2015–16 season was Fleetwood Town's 108th season in their history and second consecutive season in League One. Along with League One, the club also competed in the FA Cup, League Cup and JP Trophy. The season covered the period from 1 July 2015 to 30 June 2016, with competitive matches played between August and May. On 15 May 2015, Fleetwood Town announced

Fleetwood Town F.C.

renamed Fleetwood Town F.C. in 2002. Tony Greenwood was appointed manager in 2003; soon afterward, Andy Pilley took over as chairman. Successive promotions, as North West Counties League champions in 2005 and Northern Premier League First Division runners-up in 2006, saw the club reach the Northern Premier League Premier Division. Fleetwood Town won the Northern Premier League Challenge Cup in the 2006–07 season, beating Matlock Town 1–0, and finished the season in eighth place with 67 points. In the 2007–08 season Fleetwood won the Northern Premier League, gaining promotion to the Conference North. Along the way they set a new

Fleetwood Town F.C.

City. Fleetwood Town's main kit sponsors include Commercial Power Ltd and Business Energy Solutions. Football League Two Conference National Conference North Northern Premier League Premier Division Northern Premier League First Division North West Counties Football League Premier Division North West Counties Football League First Division Lancashire Combination Lancashire League West Division Reserve League Northern Premier League Challenge Cup Northern Premier League President's Cup North West Counties Football League First Division Trophy FA Vase Lancashire Combination Cup Peter Swales Memorial Shield The 2017–18 average in terms of percentage of ground capacity (which is currently given as 5,327) is 59%. It is


Question: What color is Sheffield United F.C.?

Sheffield United F.C.

was white with a red breast, and with thin stripes down either side, and was created to accommodate the logo of the club's principal sponsor, Cantor's, a local furniture shop. This was to be replaced by a striped kit, with the sponsor "Bentley's" (1981–82) and Renault (1982–83) written vertically down a white stripe over the left-hand side. Stripes continued while the 1995–96 season, albeit with various aids to accommodate the sponsors, including a yellow square for Laver from 1988–92 (the 1990–92 shirt also featured narrow black stripes through each white stripe) and a black hoop, also for Laver in the

2012–13 Sheffield United F.C. season

light-red trim and a light-red diagonal stripe across the chest. In September the club announced a new third kit, this one being all white, introduced to avoid further colour clashes. At the end of that month the club also announced a new secondary kit sponsor, revealing that the GCI Com logo would be included on the back of the team shirts. Pre-season began with 11 players being released, including former Player of the Year James Beattie, defenders Andy Taylor and Johnny Ertl, and first choice stopper Steve Simonsen. Three senior out-of-contract players were offered new terms with Kevin McDonald, Chris

Sheffield United F.C.

began playing in white shirts and blue shorts. They briefly played in narrow red stripes for the 1890–91 season, before returning to all white the following year. The stripes returned in the 1892–93 season, with black shorts replacing the blue in 1904. The shirts remained largely unchanged until collars were first removed in 1955, replaced by V-necks until the 1966–67 season (when white socks were also used), and from here on the neck style varied. The traditional red and white striped remained until the 1974–75 season, when elements of black were added, until the 1979–81 and 82 season kit. This

2013–14 Sheffield United F.C. season

by Macron, the home kit maintained the clubs traditional red and white stripes, albeit with the addition of a solid red panel across the shoulders and neck. The away kit was a complete change from previous seasons, consisting of an all yellow shirt with green trim plus green socks and shorts. The club also announced that the home kit would be sponsored by Spanish video game developer VSports, and the away kit would bear the logo of Chinese real estate company Top Spring. The following day the club also announced a new secondary shirt sponsor, with the logo for video

Sheffield United F.C.

1994–95 season. Then came the diamond kit, which was so badly received that the club reverted to stripes the following season. Since then, red and white stripes and black socks with varying trim have been the order of the day, with black shorts for all but the 2002–05 seasons, when white and then red were tried. The club also every few seasons opt to put thin black stripes between the red and white stripes. Sheffield United's home colours were the inspiration for the kit of Irish club, Derry City. In 1934, Derry City adopted the stripes, while Billy Gillespie was

2014–15 Sheffield United F.C. season

kit, featuring a yellow and black shirt, sponsored by Topspring. On 17 October, Sheffield United announced a two-year deal with local business Blue Portal Telecoms with their logo appearing on the shorts of the first team. On 16 May 2014, Sheffield United released their retained list; Darryl Westlake, Matt Hill, Shaun Miller, Sean McGinty, Elliott Whitehouse, Jasper Johns, Jordan Hodder and Jahmal Smith were all released. Chris Porter was also on the released list, however Nigel Clough confirmed that the club was still in negotiation with him over a new contract. The retained list also confirmed that Mark Howard, Bob

2011–12 Sheffield United F.C. season

yellow away kit. By mid July the club announced that they had struck a joint sponsorship deal with cross-city rivals Sheffield Wednesday which would see both teams sponsored by the same two local companies. The Blades home kit was sponsored by Westfield Health and the away kit by local car dealers Gilders Group (with Sheffield Wednesday's kit's having the reverse). The club later announced that a new secondary sponsor, Nexis, would appear on the back of the home shirts for the coming season. Following relegation from the Championship at the end of the previous season, company chairman Kevin McCabe sacked

Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

hold. A monkey mascot introduced some years earlier had not brought much luck. Since its founding the club has played their home games in blue and white shirts, traditionally in vertical stripes. However, this has not always been the case and there have been variations upon the theme. A monochrome photograph from 1874–75 shows the Wednesday team in plain dark shirts, while the 1871 "Rules of the Sheffield Football Association" listed the Wednesday club colours as blue and white hoops. A quartered blue and white design was used in 1887 and a blue shirt with white sleeves between 1965 and

Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

1973. Wednesday's socks have been predominantly black, blue or white throughout their history. The club's away strip has changed regularly over the years. Traditionally, white was the second choice for many teams, including Wednesday, although the club has used a multitude of colours for its change strip over the years, including yellow, black, silver, green and orange. Since 1912, the owl has become a theme that has run throughout the club. The original club crest was introduced in 1956 and consisted of a shield showing a traditionally drawn owl perched on a branch. The White Rose of York was depicted

Sheffield United F.C.

by a red ring with "Sheffield United F.C." written around the top and "1889", the year the club was founded, underneath. This had been altered very slightly a few times, with a simple black embroidered crest appearing on shirts from 1987–90, and an all-white crest on a red-edged black shield for the 1992–99 seasons, but reverted to its original form in 2000. Sheffield United play at Bramall Lane, near the centre of Sheffield. Bramall Lane is the oldest major league ground anywhere in the world, having hosted its first game in 1862, a match between Hallam and Sheffield Club. Bramall


Question: What color is Juventus F.C.?

Juventus F.C.

a pink and black kit. Juventus first won the league championship in 1905 while playing at their Velodrome Umberto I ground. By this time the club colours had changed to black and white stripes, inspired by English side Notts County. There was a split at the club in 1906, after some of the staff considered moving Juve out of Turin. President Alfred Dick was unhappy with this and left with some prominent players to found FBC Torino which in turn spawned the "Derby della Mole". Juventus spent much of this period steadily rebuilding after the split, surviving the First World

Notts County F.C.

the club adopted black and white striped shirts, and have played in these colours for most of the rest of their history. The Italian football club Juventus F.C. derived its famous black-and-white striped kits from Notts County. Juventus have played in black and white striped shirts, and with white or sometimes black shorts, since 1903. Originally, they played in pink shirts with a black tie, which only occurred due to the wrong shirts being sent to them, the father of one of the players made the earliest shirts, but continual washing faded the colour so much that in 1903 the

Juventus F.C.

elements. He had a friend who lived in Nottingham, who being a Notts County supporter, shipped out the black and white striped shirts to Turin. Juventus have worn the shirts ever since, considering the colours to be aggressive and powerful. Juventus's official emblem has undergone different and small modifications since the 1920s. The previous modification of the Juventus badge took place in 2004, when the emblem of the team changed to a black-and-white oval shield of a type used by Italian ecclesiastics. It is divided in five vertical stripes: two white stripes and three black stripes, inside which are the

Notts County F.C.

club sought to replace them. Juventus asked one of their team members, Englishman John Savage, if he had any contacts in England who could supply new shirts in a colour that would better withstand the elements. He had a friend who lived in Nottingham, who being a Notts County supporter, shipped out the black and white striped shirts to Turin. On 8 September 2011 to mark the opening of the new Stadium in Turin, Juventus invited Notts County for an historic exhibition match. After a spectacular opening ceremony referencing Juve's history, the game ended 1–1 with goals from Luca Toni

History of Juventus F.C.

pupils from the Massimo D'Azeglio Lyceum school in Turin, but were renamed as Foot-Ball Club Juventus two years later. The club joined the Italian Football Championship during 1900. In 1904, the businessman Ajmone-Marsan revived the finances of the football club Juventus, making it also possible to transfer the training field from piazza d'armi to the more appropriate Velodrome Umberto I. During this period, the team wore a pink and black kit. Juventus first won the league championship in 1905 while playing at their Velodrome Umberto I ground. By this time, the club colours had changed to black and white stripes,

Juventus F.C.

2015–16 season, Juventus reintroduced the stars and added the third star to their jersey as well with new kit manufacturers Adidas, in addition to the Coppa Italia badge for winning their tenth Coppa Italia the previous season. For the 2016–17 season, Juventus re-designed their kit with a different take on the trademark black and white stripes. For the 2017–18 season, Juventus introduced the J shaped logo onto the kits. In September 2015, Juventus officially announced a new project called JKids for its junior supporters on its website. Along with this project, Juventus also introduced a new mascot to all its

2011–12 Juventus F.C. season

the season unbeaten in the current 38-game format. The kits for the 2011–12 season, made by Nike, were revealed on 6 July 2011 at the new stadium inside the "Bianconeri"'s dressing room. The home kit is a reinterpretation of the traditional black and white stripes in order to guarantee a 3D effect. The away shirt is bright pink, dominated by a large black star. As in the previous season, the home shirt sponsor is BetClic, while for the away kit the sponsor is Balocco. The white away kit used in the previous season is now the third kit. Official club

Juventus F.C.

the 33 year old Cristiano Ronaldo from Real Madrid for €112 million, or £99.2 million. Juventus have played in black and white striped shirts, with white shorts, sometimes black shorts since 1903. Originally, they played in pink shirts with a black tie. The father of one of the players made the earliest shirts, but continual washing faded the colour so much that in 1903 the club sought to replace them. Juventus asked one of their team members, Englishman John Savage, if he had any contacts in England who could supply new shirts in a colour that would better withstand the

2010–11 Juventus F.C. season

2010–11 Juventus F.C. season The 2010–11 season was Juventus Football Club's 113th in existence and fourth consecutive season in the top-flight of Italian football. Juventus started the season with a new president, Andrea Agnelli and a new manager, Luigi Delneri. The kits for the 2010–11 season were revealed on 2 July 2010 bearing the "BetClic" logo. The home kit is traditional white and black stripes reinterpreted by Nike through a zigzag motif. The same motif is also present on the away kit, which has two green and red stripes on white background imitating flag of Italy. In October 2010 "Balocco"

Juventus Stadium

known commercially as the Allianz Stadium for six seasons from 1 July 2017 to 30 June 2023. The opening ceremony of the stadium was held on 8 September 2011, with a friendly match against Notts County, chosen as Juventus' black and white stripes were inspired by County's jersey colours. The game ended 1–1 with goals from Luca Toni and Lee Hughes in the second half. In return, Notts County extended an invitation to Juventus for a return match at Meadow Lane in 2012 to celebrate County's 150th anniversary. The stadium includes 3,600 premium seats and 64 sky boxes. Services for


Question: What color is snow?

White

white color from the large amount of chalk, made of limestone, which they contain, which reflects the sunlight. Snow is a mixture of air and tiny ice crystals. When white sunlight enters snow, very little of the spectrum is absorbed; almost all of the light is reflected or scattered by the air and water molecules, so the snow appears to be the color of sunlight, white. Sometimes the light bounces around inside the ice crystals before being scattered, making the snow seem to sparkle. In the case of glaciers, the ice is more tightly pressed together and contains little air.

Shades of white

There is no evidence that this color name was in use before the X11 color names were formulated in 1987. The web color "white smoke" is displayed on the left. There is no evidence that this color name was in use before the X11 color names were formulated in 1987. The Crayola crayon color "baby powder" was introduced in 1994 as part of its specialty Magic Scent crayon collection. The web color "snow" is displayed at left. The first recorded use of "snow" as a color name in English was in 1000. The color "snow" was included as one of

L'Estaque, Melting Snow

and a sliding block of snow?" The colors are oppressively dark, while the thickly painted, quick brushwork adds to the urgent violence of the scene. With the exception of the red rooftops and the greens of the trees in the foreground, the colors and the tones are monotonous and gloomy. The whites, greys and blacks are used mostly for emotional impact. Though "L'Estaque, Melting Snow" evidences Cézanne's new-found facility in depicting the deep space of a landscape, it is marked by an emotional intensity closer in spirit to the turbulence of his early figure works than to the structural complexity

Snow (picture book)

Snow (picture book) Snow is a children's picture book by Uri Shulevitz. It received a Caldecott Honor in 1999. It also won the Charlotte Zolotow Award in 1999. This book uses lively watercolor and pen-and-ink illustrations to show the transformation of the city as snow falls. The beginning pages use a dull and bleak palette. By the end of the book the previously dull city is covered in snow and looks magical and bright. It is a dull and grey city until the first snowflakes start to fall. No one thinks those few flakes will amount to much except for

Snow White design language

project’s code name. The Apple IIc computer, and its peripherals, were the first Snow White design. Initially, Snow White debuted in a creamy off-white color known at Apple as "Fog" but later other products moved to the warm gray "Platinum" color, lighter than the previous Apple "Putty" color, used throughout the Apple product line from 1987 on. Esslinger favored a bright-white color originally for the IIc, but Jerry Manock successfully argued that it would attract fingerprints. Nevertheless, Esslinger detested the original Apple beige color and insisted all Snow White-styled products use the same off-white color as the IIc. Until the

2007 Siberian orange snow

the snow was red or yellow. It affected an area with about 27,000 residents. It was originally speculated that it was caused by industrial pollution, a rocket launch or even a nuclear accident. It was later determined that the snow was non-toxic; however, people in the region were advised not to use the snow or allow animals to feed upon it. Colored snow is uncommon in Russia but not unheard of, as there have been many cases of black, blue, green and red snowfall. This orange snow may have been caused by a heavy sandstorm in neighboring Kazakhstan. Tests on

Snow at Argenteuil

The application of smaller strokes of greens, yellows, reds and darker blues breaks up these large expanses, and the almost choreographed dispersal of these various colours helps bind the picture together. Paint at the depicted road surface is thicker than elsewhere in the painting, and impasto is suggestive of the feel of disturbed snow. Most of Monet’s "Snow at Argenteuil" pictures from the winter of 1874–1875 were painted from locations close to the house on the boulevard Saint-Denis (now number 21 boulevard Karl Marx) into which Monet and his family had just moved. This particular painting shows the boulevard Saint-Denis

Watermelon snow

Watermelon snow Watermelon snow, also called snow algae, pink snow, red snow, or blood snow, is a phenomenon caused by "Chlamydomonas nivalis", a species of green algae containing a secondary red carotenoid pigment (astaxanthin) in addition to chlorophyll. Unlike most species of fresh-water algae, it is cryophilic (cold-loving) and thrives in freezing water. This type of snow is common during the summer in alpine and coastal polar regions worldwide, such as the Sierra Nevada of California. Here, at altitudes of 10,000 to 12,000 feet (3,000–3,600 m), the temperature is cold throughout the year, and so the snow has lingered from

Snow at Argenteuil

Snow at Argenteuil Snow at Argenteuil () is an oil-on-canvas landscape painting from the Impressionist artist Claude Monet. It is the largest of no fewer than eighteen works Monet painted of his home commune of Argenteuil while it was under a blanket of snow during the winter of 1874–1875. This painting—number 352 in Wildenstein’s catalogue of the works of Monet—is the largest of the eighteen. The attention to detail evident in the smaller paintings is less evident in this larger picture. Instead, Monet has rendered large areas of the canvas in closely like tones and colours of blue and grey.

Snow camouflage

advised either all-white using zinc white or titanium white paint for level, open country, or disruptive two-colour winter camouflage for areas with more variety including "forests, underbrush, small settlements, thawed patches of earth". The two colours could be achieved either by leaving around a quarter to a third of the vehicle's summer camouflage uncovered, or by repainting the whole vehicle in white with dark gray or gray-brown spots. Units were advised not to paint all their vehicles identically, but to have some tanks all white, some in white with green stripes, and some in white and gray or gray-brown. Winter


Question: What color is Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'?

Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'

Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman' "Rosa" 'Ingrid Bergman' (syn. 'POUlman') is a red hybrid tea rose, bred by the Danish rose growers Pernille and Mogens Olesen and introduced by their company Poulsen Roser in 1984. It is a cross between the red hybrid tea 'Precious Platinum' (Dickson 1974) and an unnamed seedling. It was named in honor of the Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman (1915-1982). 'Ingrid Bergman' has very large, moderately fragrant flowers with up to diameter. Their colour is a warm, velvety, dark red, described as currant to cardinal red. The well-formed flowers have a full, high-centered form and 26 to 40

Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'

petals. They appear solitary or in clusters on long stems from June to September, and are long lasting on the plant and as cut flowers, making it well liked by gardeners and florists. The shrubs are upright, reaching a height of , and a width of . The medium-sized dark green foliage is semi-glossy and normally healthy. The cultivar is heat and rain tolerant, very winter hardy down to -30 °C (USDA 4b), and very disease resistant. 'Ingrid Bergman' can also be grown in containers. The cultivar was granted several awards, including the Award of Garden Merit by the Royal

Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'

Horticultural Society (1993), the Golden Rose of The Hague (1987) and gold medals at rose trials in Belfast (1985), Copenhagen (1986), and Madrid (1986), bearing witness to its good qualities its tolerance of different climates. Finally, it was selected as "World Favourite Rose" in 2000 by the World Federation of Rose Societies and is listed in their Rose Hall of Fame. Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman' "Rosa" 'Ingrid Bergman' (syn. 'POUlman') is a red hybrid tea rose, bred by the Danish rose growers Pernille and Mogens Olesen and introduced by their company Poulsen Roser in 1984. It is a cross between the

Ingrid Bergman

According to "Life", the impression that she left on Hollywood, after she returned to Sweden, was of a tall (5 ft. 9 in.) girl "with light brown hair and blue eyes who was painfully shy, but friendly, with a warm, straight, quick smile". Selznick appreciated her uniqueness, and with his wife Irene, they remained important friends throughout her career. After the onset of World War II, Bergman "felt guilty because she had so misjudged the situation in Germany" while she was there filming "Die vier Gesellen" (The Four Companions). According to one of her biographers, Charlotte Chandler (2007), she had

Velvia

red end of the spectrum. Beige will be seen as more reddish. Blues and greens are rendered very well. Reds are especially vibrant. The original Velvia (RVP) suffered much more from reciprocity failure than most other films. Exposing the film for as little as 16 seconds produced a color shift, typically to purple or green, depending on shooting conditions. Anything over four seconds requires the use of magenta color correction filters if correct color balance is required, exposures of 64 seconds and longer are "not recommended" by Fuji. Velvia 100 (RVP 100) is much better with long exposures: no reciprocity

Ingrid Bergman

one film and return home to Sweden. Her husband, Dr. Petter Lindström, remained in Sweden with their daughter Pia (born 1938). In "Intermezzo", she played the role of a young piano accompanist opposite Leslie Howard as a famous violin virtuoso. She arrived in Los Angeles on 6 May 1939, and stayed at the Selznick home until she could find another residence. According to Selznick's son Danny, who was a child at the time, his father had concerns about Ingrid: "She didn't speak English, she was too tall, her name sounded too German, and her eyebrows were too thick." Bergman was

Ingrid Bergman

Stockholm, to a Swedish father, Justus Samuel Bergman (2 May 1871 – 29 July 1929), and his German wife, Friedel Henrietta Augusta Louise (née Adler) Bergman (12 September 1884 – 19 January 1918), who was born in Kiel. Her parents married in Hamburg in 1907. She was named after Princess Ingrid of Sweden. She mainly grew up in Sweden, but spent the summers in Germany, and spoke fluent German. When she was two years old, her mother died. Her father, who was an artist and photographer, died when she was 13. In the years before he died, he wanted her

Ingrid Bergman

in style and without need of make-up. Film critic James Agee wrote that she "not only bears a startling resemblance to an imaginable human being; she really knows how to act, in a blend of poetic grace with quiet realism". According to film historian David Thomson, she "always strove to be a 'true' woman", and many filmgoers identified with her: Writing about her first years in Hollywood, "Life" magazine stated that "All Bergman vehicles are blessed", and "they all go speedily and happily, with no temperament from the leading lady". She was "completely pleased" with her early career's management by

Cries and Whispers

time on Fårö when he wrote constantly. He described a recurring dream of four women in white clothing in a red room, whispering to each other. He said that this symbolised his childhood view of the soul as a faceless person who was black on the outside, representing shame, and red on the inside. The persistence of the vision indicated to Bergman that it could be a film, he said, and he planned a "portrait of my mother ... the great beloved of my childhood". Karin has the same name as Bergman's mother, but all four female protagonists are intended

Cries and Whispers

cast. Kari Sylwan, a novice in Bergman's films, had what would have been Farrow's role. Few of Bergman's previous films were shot in colour. Red was particularly sensitive, and cinematographer Sven Nykvist made many photography tests to capture balanced combinations of reds, whites and skin colours. To the disappointment of Swedish Film Institute members, Bergman refused to shoot in their new, expensive studios and filmed on location at Taxinge-Näsby Castle. Since the mansion's interior was dilapidated, the crew was free to paint and decorate as they saw fit. Principal photography took place from 9 September to 30 October 1971. Nykvist


Question: What color is Charlton Athletic F.C.?

Charlton Athletic F.C.

one season, Charlton have always played in red and white. The colours had been chosen by the group of boys who had founded Charlton Athletic in 1905 after having to play their first matches in the borrowed kits of their local rivals Woolwich Arsenal, who also played in red and white. The exception came during the 1923–24 season when Charlton wore the colours of Catford Southend as part of the proposed move to Catford, which were light and dark blue stripes. However, after the move fell through, Charlton returned to wearing red and white as their home colours. Charlton's main

Charlton Athletic F.C.

colours of "The Enders", light and dark blue vertical stripes. However, the move fell through and the Addicks returned to the Charlton area in 1924, returning to the traditional red and white colours in the process. Charlton finished second bottom in the Football League in 1926 and were forced to apply for re-election which was successful. Three years later the Addicks won the Division Three championship in 1929<ref name="England 1928/29"></ref> and they remained at the Division Two level for four years. After relegation into the Third Division south at the end of the 1932–33 season the club appointed Jimmy Seed

Charlton Athletic F.C.

and first entered the Football League in 1921. Since then they have had four separate periods in the top flight of English football: 1936–1957, 1986–1990, 1998–1999, and 2000–2007. Historically, Charlton's most successful period was the 1930s, when the club's highest league finishes were recorded, including runners-up of the First Division in 1937. After World War II, the club reached the FA Cup Final twice, losing in 1946 and winning in 1947. The club's traditional kit consists of red shirts, white shorts and red socks, and their most commonly used nickname is "The Addicks". The club share local rivalries with fellow

2009–10 Charlton Athletic F.C. season

away kit featuring black shorts and socks and a blue and black striped shirt. The kits were sponsored by krbs.com, but, for the match against Millwall on 19 December, the club wore kits sponsoring the Street Violence Ruins Lives campaign, with proceeds going to the Rob Knox Memorial Fund. Rob Knox was an actor and a Charlton fan who was stabbed to death in a street attack in May 2008. 2009–10 Charlton Athletic F.C. season During the 2010–11 English football season, Charlton Athletic F.C. competed in Football League One. Charlton managed to start off their first season after relegation from

Charlton Athletic F.C.

changed since 1968. The first known badge, from the 1930s, consisted of the letters CAF in the shape of a club from a pack of cards. In the 1940s, Charlton used a design featuring a robin sitting in a football within a shield, sometimes with the letters CAFC in the four-quarters of the shield, which was worn for the 1946 FA Cup Final. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the crest of the former metropolitan borough of Greenwich was used as a symbol for the club but this was not used on the team's shirts. In 1963, a competition

Charlton Athletic F.C.

fiercely contested. <ref name="2018/19 squad numbers revealed"></ref> Charlton Athletic F.C. Charlton Athletic Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Charlton, south-east London. They play in League One, the third tier of English football. The club was founded on 9 June 1905 when a number of youth clubs in south-east London, including East Street Mission and Blundell Mission, combined to form Charlton Athletic. The club play at the Valley in Charlton, where they have played since 1919, apart from one year in Catford, during 1923–24, and seven years at Crystal Palace and West Ham United between 1985

2005–06 Charlton Athletic F.C. season

squad, with Arsenal's 17-year-old striker Theo Walcott a surprise inclusion ahead of him. After two seasons Charlton changed their home kit, although Spanish apparel manufacturers Joma remained the suppliers. During the season, however, kit sponsors all:sports went bankrupt; Charlton then signed a sponsorship deal with Spanish real estate company Llanera through to the end of the 2007–08 season. For the club's centenary, in a match in October Charlton wore a special centenary kit with a white band down the left-hand side of the shirt and a red band down the left-hand side of the shorts. "Charlton Athletic's score comes first"

Charlton Athletic F.C.

Charlton Athletic F.C. Charlton Athletic Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Charlton, south-east London. They play in League One, the third tier of English football. The club was founded on 9 June 1905 when a number of youth clubs in south-east London, including East Street Mission and Blundell Mission, combined to form Charlton Athletic. The club play at the Valley in Charlton, where they have played since 1919, apart from one year in Catford, during 1923–24, and seven years at Crystal Palace and West Ham United between 1985 and 1992. Charlton turned professional in 1920

Charlton Athletic W.F.C.

Charlton Athletic W.F.C. Charlton Athletic Women's Football Club (CAWFC) play in the . Founded in 1991 as Bromley Borough, later under the name Croydon Women's F.C., between 2000-2007 as Charlton Athletic the club was one of the most successful women's teams in England. After the parent club's relegation from the Premier League, the women's set up was controversially disbanded in the summer of 2007, causing almost all of the senior squad to depart, although later on a rescue sponsorship package was formed allowing the women's set up to continue. In September 2010 the team secured a two-year shirt sponsorship deal

Charlton Athletic F.C.

United Kingdom football sexual abuse scandal. The club's first ground was Siemens Meadow (1905–1907), a patch of rough ground by the River Thames. This was over-shadowed by the Siemens Brothers Telegraph Works. Then followed Woolwich Common (1907–1908), Pound Park (1908–1913), and Angerstein Lane (1913–1915). After the end of the First World War, a chalk quarry known as the Swamps was identified as Charlton's new ground, and in the summer of 1919 work began to create the level playing area and remove debris from the site. The first match at this site, now known as the club's current ground The Valley,


Question: What color is Arsenal F.C.?

Arsenal F.C.

for the first time in their history. Arsenal reached the FA Cup final again the following year wearing the red and white home strip and were beaten by Leeds United. Arsenal then competed in three consecutive FA Cup finals between 1978 and 1980 wearing their "lucky" yellow and blue strip, which remained the club's away strip until the release of a green and navy away kit in 1982–83. The following season, Arsenal returned to the yellow and blue scheme, albeit with a darker shade of blue than before. When Nike took over from Adidas as Arsenal's kit provider in 1994,

Arsenal F.C.

green and white strip. In 1920, Sporting Clube de Braga's manager returned from a game at Highbury and changed his team's green kit to a duplicate of Arsenal's red with white sleeves and shorts, giving rise to the team's nickname of "Os Arsenalistas". These teams still wear those designs to this day. For many years Arsenal's away colours were white shirts and either black or white shorts. In the 1969–70 season, Arsenal introduced an away kit of yellow shirts with blue shorts. This kit was worn in the 1971 FA Cup Final as Arsenal beat Liverpool to secure the double

Arsenal F.C.

the white sleeves. One story reports that Chapman noticed a supporter in the stands wearing a red sleeveless sweater over a white shirt; another was that he was inspired by a similar outfit worn by the cartoonist Tom Webster, with whom Chapman played golf. Regardless of which story is true, the red and white shirts have come to define Arsenal and the team have worn the combination ever since, aside from two seasons. The first was 1966–67, when Arsenal wore all-red shirts; this proved unpopular and the white sleeves returned the following season. The second was 2005–06, the last season

Arsenal F.C.

that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season. In the 2008–09 season, Arsenal replaced the traditional all-white sleeves with red sleeves with a broad white stripe. Arsenal's home colours have been the inspiration for at least three other clubs. In 1909, Sparta Prague adopted a dark red kit like the one Arsenal wore at the time; in 1938, Hibernian adopted the design of the Arsenal shirt sleeves in their own

Arsenal F.C.

Arsenal's away colours were again changed to two-tone blue shirts and shorts. Since the advent of the lucrative replica kit market, the away kits have been changed regularly, with Arsenal usually releasing both away and third choice kits. During this period the designs have been either all blue designs, or variations on the traditional yellow and blue, such as the metallic gold and navy strip used in the 2001–02 season, the yellow and dark grey used from 2005 to 2007, and the yellow and maroon of 2010 to 2013. Until 2014, the away kit was changed every season, and the

Arsenal F.C.

six pence pieces paid by the founding fathers to establish the club. The laurel leaves also represent strength. To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto "Forward" at the bottom of the crest. For much of Arsenal's history, their home colours have been bright red shirts with white sleeves and white shorts, though this has not always been the case. The choice of red is in recognition of a charitable donation from Nottingham Forest, soon after Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Two of Dial Square's founding members, Fred Beardsley and Morris Bates, were former

Arsenal F.C.

a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable. The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue. Until the 1960s, a badge was worn on the playing shirt only for high-profile matches such as FA

Arsenal F.C.

white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname "The Gunners", in the 1990s. In the 2011–12 season, Arsenal celebrated their 125th anniversary. The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season. The crest was all white, surrounded by 15 oak leaves to the right and 15 laurel leaves to the left. The oak leaves represent the 15 founding members of the club who met at the Royal Oak pub. The 15 laurel leaves represent the design detail on the

Arsenal F.C.

Forest players who had moved to Woolwich for work. As they put together the first team in the area, no kit could be found, so Beardsley and Bates wrote home for help and received a set of kit and a ball. The shirt was redcurrant, a dark shade of red, and was worn with white shorts and socks with blue and white hoops. In 1933, Herbert Chapman, wanting his players to be more distinctly dressed, updated the kit, adding white sleeves and changing the shade to a brighter pillar box red. Two possibilities have been suggested for the origin of

1969 Football League Cup Final

opted to wear an all-white kit instead of their usual alternative of all-blue. Arsenal began the game by putting Swindon's defence under heavy pressure early on, resulting in a series of early corners as Arsenal attempted to finish the game quickly. Swindon's attacking play was kept to a minimum by Arsenal's more experienced and better conditioned defence and the game developed into a one-way affair. However, the first goal came from Swindon in the 35th minute, against the run of play, scored by Roger Smart. A mix-up between defender Ian Ure and goalkeeper Bob Wilson over a backpass led to


Question: What color is Stoke City F.C.?

Stoke City F.C.

1997, the club was based at the Victoria Ground, which had been their home ground since 1878. The club's nickname is 'The Potters', named after the pottery industry in Stoke-on-Trent and their traditional home kit is a red and white vertically striped shirt, white shorts and stockings. Stoke's traditional rivals are Midlands clubs West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers whilst their local rivals are Port Vale with whom they contest the Potteries derby. Stoke City F.C. was formed in 1863 under the name Stoke Ramblers, when pupils of Charterhouse School formed a football club while they were apprentices at the

2011 FA Cup Final

play in their respective home colours without any colour clash: Stoke City played in their red-and-white stripes, and Manchester City played in their sky blue colours with the Manchester coat of arms on their shirt numbers, keeping up a long-standing club tradition of wearing the city's coat of arms for cup finals. Manchester City set up in a 4–2–3–1 formation, with Mario Balotelli, David Silva and Yaya Touré playing behind lone striker Carlos Tevez, and Nigel de Jong and Gareth Barry in defensive midfield roles. Stoke City set up in a rigid 4–4–2 formation, with two wingers in Jermaine Pennant

Stoke City F.C.

first strip was navy and cardinal hoops with white knickerbockers and hooped stockings. This changed to black and blue hoops before the club settled on red and white stripes in 1883. However, in 1891 the Football League decided that only one club could use one style of strip "per" season and Sunderland were allowed to take red and white stripes. So between 1891 and 1908 Stoke used a variety of kits with plain maroon being the most common. In 1908, Stoke lost their League status and were able to finally revert to red and white and when they re-joined the

Stoke City F.C.

and pottery kiln represented local tradition while red and white stripes were also added. This lasted until 1992 when the club decided to use the entire Stoke-on-Trent coat-of-arms which included the club's name at the top of the crest. They changed their crest in 2001 to the current version which includes their nickname "The Potters". For the 2012–13 season, they used a special version to mark the club's 150th anniversary which included the club's Latin motto ""Vis Unita Fortior"" ("United Strength is Stronger"). "For details of former players, see List of Stoke City F.C. players, List of Stoke City F.C.

Stoke City F.C.

league in 1919 the rule was scrapped. Since then, Stoke have forever used red and white striped shirts, with the only time when they diverted from this was for two seasons in the mid-1980s, which saw them wear a pin-striped shirt. Stoke's first club crest was a stylised "S" which was used by players in 1882 who would stitch the crest on to their shirts, however this practice soon faded away. In the 1950s Stoke began using the shield from the Stoke-on-Trent coat-of-arms which was used infrequently until 1977. A new and simpler club crest was introduced a Stafford knot

Port Vale F.C.

playing in the red and white stripes now used by rivals Stoke City for over a century. However, the kit soon changed to plain red shirts with white shorts in 1923, a look which lasted until 1934, where the white shirt, black shorts and socks kit once again was adopted. Between 1958 and 1963 the club adopted various gold and black designs, before once again returning to the black and white theme. The club crest first featured on the kit in 1956, which at the time was modelled on the coat of arms of the Borough of Burslem. It featured

Stoke City F.C.

Stoke City F.C. Stoke City Football Club is an English professional football club based in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire. Founded as Stoke Ramblers in 1863 the club changed its name to Stoke in 1878 and then to Stoke City in 1925 after Stoke-on-Trent was granted city status. They are the second-oldest professional football club in the world, after Notts County, and were a founding member of the Football League in 1888. The team competes in the Championship, the second tier of English football. Their first, and to date only, major trophy, the League Cup was won in 1972, when the team beat

Stoke City F.C.

as the Victoria Ground. It was around this time that the club adopted their traditional red-and-white striped kit. In August 1885, the club turned professional. Stoke were one of the twelve founding members of the Football League when it was introduced in 1888. The club struggled in their first two seasons, 1888–89 and 1889–90, finishing bottom on both occasions. In 1890 Stoke failed to be re-elected and joined the Football Alliance, which they won and thus were re-elected to the Football League. Stoke spent the next 15 seasons in the First Division and reached the FA Cup Semi-final in the

Stoke City F.C.

there have only been 46 league matches between the two sides, with the last match being in 2002. Regardless of the lack of matches, the Potteries derby is often a tight and close game of football with few goals being scored. Stoke have won 19 matches while Vale have won 15. Stoke have an affiliation with Major League Soccer club Orlando City (formerly Austin Aztex) which was founded by former director Phil Rawlins. Stoke also have a strategic partnership with German club FC St Pauli. Stoke's traditional kit is red and white striped shirts with white shorts and socks. Their

Stoke City L.F.C.

City Ladies were formed in 2001 and began playing in the West Midlands League Division One, the sixth tier of Woman's football in England. They finished in third position gaining promotion to the West Midlands League Premier Division. They spent the next seven season's in the fifth tier before winning the league title in 2008–09 after amassing 81 points scoring 95 goals and conceding only 14 in just 22 matches. They also won the Staffordshire County Cup four time in a row from 2009 to 2012. In March 2013 with the side well on top of the Midland Combination League


Question: What color is Nottingham Forest F.C.?

1865–66 Nottingham Forest F.C. season

Following a brief transitional period and the establishment of new committee the playing of shinney was dropped and the name "Nottingham Forest Football Club" was born. The year 1865 was of equal importance in that at the same meeting at the Clinton Arms, the other main resolution passed was for the team to purchase a dozen red caps, complete with tassels, thereby establishing the official club colour: "Garibaldi Red", named after the leader of the Italian freedom fighters known as the Redshirts, who were universally popular in England at that time. Nottingham Forest played their first ever match on 22

Nottingham Forest F.C.

red as their club colour, after club's President Arístides Langone described the tourists as looking like "diablos rojos" ("red devils"), which would become Independiente's nickname. The first club crest used by Forest was the city arms of Nottingham, which was first used on kits in 1947. The current club badge was introduced in 1974. The logo has been reported as being the brainchild of manager Brian Clough. However, he did not arrive at the club until the year after. Forest have two stars above the club badge to commemorate the European Cup victories in 1979 and 1980. There was a

Nottingham Forest F.C.

would purchase twelve tasselled caps coloured 'Garibaldi Red' (named after the leader of the Italian 'Redshirts' fighters). Thus the club's official colours were established. Forest's first ever official game was played against Notts County taking place on 22 March 1866. In their early years Forest were a multi-sports club. As well as their roots in bandy and shinty, Forest's baseball club were British champions in 1899. Forest's charitable approach helped clubs like Liverpool, Arsenal and Brighton & Hove Albion to form. In 1886, Forest donated a set of football kits to help Arsenal establish themselves – the North London team

Nottingham Forest F.C.

This decision was made in honour of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian patriot who was the leader of the redshirts volunteers. At this time, clubs identified themselves more by their headgear than their shirts and a dozen red caps with tassels were duly purchased, making Forest the first club to 'officially' wear red, a colour that has since been adopted by a significant number of others. Forest is the reason behind Arsenal's choice of red, having donated a full set of red kits following Arsenal's foundation in 1886. Forest's tour of South America in 1905 inspired Argentine club Independiente to adopt

Nottingham Forest F.C.

still wear red. Forest also donated shirts to Everton and helped secure a site to play on for Brighton. In 1878–79 season Forest entered the FA Cup for the first time. Forest beat Notts County 3–1 in the first round at Beeston Cricket Ground before eventually losing 2–1 to Old Etonians in the semi final. Forest's application was rejected to join the Football League at its formation in 1888. Forest instead joined the Football Alliance in 1889. They won the competition in 1892 before then entering the Football League. That season they reached and lost in an FA Cup semi

Nottingham Forest F.C.

after caretaker manager Gary Brazil had masterminded a 4–2 home win over FA Cup holders Arsenal in the third round of the FA Cup. Karanka immediately made his mark by making 10 new signings during the January transfer window. Following a 17th-place finish in the Championship for the 2017–18 season, Karanka made 14 new signings during the summer transfer window. Nottingham Forest have worn red since the club's foundation in 1865. At the meeting in the Clinton Arms which established Nottingham Forest as a football club, the committee also passed a resolution that the team colours should be 'Garibaldi red'.

History of Nottingham Forest F.C.

History of Nottingham Forest F.C. The history of Nottingham Forest Football Club covers the history of the club since its formation in 1865. For general information about the club, see Nottingham Forest F.C. In 1865 a group of Shinty players met at the Clinton Arms on Nottingham's Shakespeare Street. JS Scrimshaw's proposal to play football instead was agreed and Nottingham Forest Football Club was formed. It was agreed at the same meeting that the club would purchase twelve tasselled caps coloured 'Garibaldi Red' (named after the leader of the Italian 'Redshirts' freedom fighters). Thus the club's official colours were established.

Nottingham Forest F.C.

competition pre-Clough to design a new Forest logo and the winning design was by Trent Polytechnic graphic design lecturer David Lewis. He also designed the Nottinghamshire County Council logo. The club has garnered many nicknames over time. Historically, the nickname of "Foresters" was used, as was "Garibaldis". "The Forest" or the simpler "Forest" – as used on the club crest – is commonly used, as is "the Reds". Another, lesser-used, nickname referring to the club is the "Tricky Trees". Nottingham Forest is sometimes referred to as Notts Forest, which is not correct, as 'Notts' is an abbreviation of the word

Nottingham Forest L.F.C.

them. The current kit is sponsored by Incorporated London, unlike their male counterparts who are sponsored by 888 Sport, but the Ladies club is an amateur organisation and not funded by the men's club, so independent sponsors have been acquired. The team reached the FA Women's Premier League Cup final in March 2011, but were defeated by Barnet on penalties. They currently play in the FA Women's Premier League Northern Division. Forest Ladies applied to join the FA WSL in 2014, however were unsuccessful. Nottingham Forest L.F.C. Nottingham Forest Ladies Football Club is an English women's association football club affiliated

Nottingham Forest F.C.

Nottingham Forest F.C. Nottingham Forest Football Club, often referred to as simply Forest, is a professional football club based in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England. Forest were founded in 1865 and have played home matches at the City Ground since 1898. They compete in the Championship, the second tier of the English football league system. Forest were founder members of the Football Alliance in 1889 before joining the Football League in 1892. They have since mostly competed in the top two League tiers except five seasons in the third tier. Forest won the FA Cup in 1898 and 1959. Their most


Question: What color is White House?

White House china

brighter primary color, and images of the White House, instead of the customary presidential seal, in the center. Each piece in each place setting included a different pattern showing outstanding architectural elements found in the East Room, State Dining Room, and Diplomatic Reception Room. It was first used at a dinner function attended by Gerald Ford and Mrs. Ford, Jimmy Carter and Mrs. Carter, George H. W. Bush and Mrs. Bush, and Lady Bird Johnson. The George W. Bush White House state china has a gold rim with a green basket-weave pattern and a historically-inspired gold eagle. It was manufactured

Green Room (White House)

a more vertical and largely scaled moiré pattern and a darker shade. The coral color in the upholstered chairs and in the striped drapery fabric was intensified to a more vibrant shade bordering on vermilion. The drapery recreates Edward Vason Jones' 1971 design but with the more intense vermilion in the silk and the painted cornice. The drapery design was simplified by removing four large tassels but retained the large bobble-fringe of the Nixon-era design. The green Turkish Kilim carpet installed in the Nixon administration was replaced by a new rug woven in the Savonnerie style of France. It is

State Dining Room of the White House

woven by Scott Group Custom Carpets, features a border of wreaths surrounding a field of mottled light blue accented by clusters of oak leaves. The carpet's design mimics the plaster molding of the ceiling. The new silk window draperies are ecru in color, accented with stripes of peacock blue intended to mimic the Kailua blue color of the White House china (which in turn mimics the waters of President Obama's home state of Hawaii). Fabric for the draperies was manufactured by an undisclosed firm in Pennsylvania. The window valances feature heavy swags, with gold bullion fringe, and reflect similar window

Red Room (White House)

Red Room (White House) The Red Room is one of three state parlors on the State Floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States in Washington, D.C., in the United States. The room has served as a parlor and music room, and recent presidents have held small dinner parties in it. It has been traditionally decorated in shades of red. The room is approximately . It has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Blue Room, South Portico, and State Dining Room. Benjamin Latrobe's 1803 drawing of the White House's first floor indicates

Blue Room (White House)

chair upholstered in crimson, not blue, showing the original color used for the room. The design of the blue satin draperies is derived from early 19th-century French patterns. The present drapery design is similar to those installed during the administration of Richard Nixon. Clement Conger, White House Curator at that time, used archive materials from the Society for the Protection of New England Antiquities and the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Department of Decorative Arts as patterns for the drapery. The walls are hung with a chamois-colored wallpaper imprinted with medallions of burnished gold. It is adapted from an early 19th-century

Red Room (White House)

Hillary Clinton with advice from the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, and White House curator Betty Monkman retained the general form of Clement Conger's 1971 design. The color for walls and upholstery was changed to a deeper carmine red that historians considered more typical of nineteenth-century American manufactured textiles. The wide decorative tape, like those used in the Kennedy administration was installed above the dado. The most significant recent addition to the Red Room is a tall rectilinear secretary desk attributed to Charles-Honoré Lannuier. It was a gift of the White House Historical Association during the Clinton

An Invitation to the White House

inner-circle deliberations on choosing the right shade of deep sapphire blue for the Blue Room's new look." Sherryl Connolly of the "Daily News" wrote that the surprise of this book is Clinton's spotlighting her domestic duties – when for eight years she has worked so determinedly to expand the role beyond the traditional and expected. But there she is, pictured fingering carpet swatches and fussing over the flower arrangements for last year's millennium celebration dinner. An Invitation to the White House An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History is a 2000 coffee table book written by First

Red Room (White House)

state. The Clintons favored the room for small dinner parties. Red Room (White House) The Red Room is one of three state parlors on the State Floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States in Washington, D.C., in the United States. The room has served as a parlor and music room, and recent presidents have held small dinner parties in it. It has been traditionally decorated in shades of red. The room is approximately . It has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Blue Room, South Portico, and State Dining Room. Benjamin

State Dining Room of the White House

were protesting the status of oppressed people everywhere. First Lady Nancy Reagan hung new gold silk draperies designed by interior designer Ted Graber. She initially had the room repainted antique white in 1981, but in 1985, the room was painted off-white with an umber glaze. During the presidency of George W. Bush, the badly worn 1952 floor of the State Dining Room was removed. New flooring made of white oak, manufactured by Kentucky WoodFloors, was installed by Mountain State Floors (a West Virginia company) in a herringbone pattern. By the early 1990s, more than 50,000 people a year were being

White House

stars and stripes of red, white, and blue. A fifty-foot jeweled Tiffany glass screen, supported by imitation marble columns, replaced the glass doors that separated the main corridor from the north vestibule. In 1891, First Lady Caroline Harrison proposed major extensions to the White House, including a National Wing on the east for a historical art gallery, and a wing on the west for official functions. A plan was devised by Colonel Theodore A. Bingham, which reflected the Harrison proposal. These plans were ultimately rejected. However, in 1902 Theodore Roosevelt hired McKim, Mead & White to carry out expansions and


Question: What is the religion of Francesco Bonifacio?

Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church
Church
Roman Apostolic Catholic Church

Francesco Bonifacio

regime saw the Catholic Church as potential enemies. New holidays were introduced to replace religious feast days. The new government discouraged people from attending Church, and positioned agents outside churches to note the names of those who did. Don Francesco was seen as a leader in the community and a threat to the new regime. He was informed by some loyal parishioner that some members of his congregation had embraced the new standards, and he was warned not to trust them. At this time Yugoslav communism was modeled on Soviet style, and along with the usual violence, they were also

Francesco Bonifacio

Francesco Bonifacio Francesco Giovanni Bonifacio ( – ) was an Italian Catholic priest, killed by the Yugoslav communists in Grisignana (then Italy now Croatia); he was beatified in Trieste on . Francesco (Checco) Bonifacio was born September 7, 1912 in Pirano, Istria which was then part of Austria Hungary, later Italy, and is now part of Slovenia. He was the second of seven children born to Giovanni and Luigia Busdon Bonifacio. His father was a stoker on steamers sailing out of Trieste, which kept him away much of the time. His mother took a job as a cleaning lady to

Francesco Bonifacio

named after Francesco Bonifacio. Francesco Bonifacio Francesco Giovanni Bonifacio ( – ) was an Italian Catholic priest, killed by the Yugoslav communists in Grisignana (then Italy now Croatia); he was beatified in Trieste on . Francesco (Checco) Bonifacio was born September 7, 1912 in Pirano, Istria which was then part of Austria Hungary, later Italy, and is now part of Slovenia. He was the second of seven children born to Giovanni and Luigia Busdon Bonifacio. His father was a stoker on steamers sailing out of Trieste, which kept him away much of the time. His mother took a job as

Francesco Bonifacio

his confessor and the Chaplain of Peroi. A later reconstruction indicated that he was stopped on his way back from Grožnjan by some "Popular Guards", beaten to death and his body thrown into a foiba. Other unconfirmed versions stated that he was also reputedly physically abused, stoned and eventually stabbed twice. When his brother went to ask for information to the local "Popular Militia" (Communist Police) he was arrested on accusation of spreading false and anticommunist propaganda. Shortly afterwards the family moved to Italy. The fate of Father (Don) Francesco Bonifacio was not the only violence committed against the Catholic

Francesco Bonifacio

are a divisive subject in contemporary Italian politics. Right wing media accuse the left of attempting to downplay the massacres while focusing attention on crimes committed by the Fascists. Bonifacio and his martyrdom at the hands of Communists, has become an important symbol of the story of the foibe and the exodus of Italians from Istria. Famous Istrian priest Mons. Bozo Milanovic, author of many books on Istrian history and crimes committed against priests, wrote a book “Istra u dvadesetom stoljecu” (“Istria in the twentieth century”, Pazin 1996). In this book he described the work of the “college of priests

Francesco Bonifacio

Cattolica movement and a choir in the parish. He taught religion at the local school and began a small library. Don Francesco shared what little food he had with the poorest of his parishioners. Not of robust health, he suffered from asthma, a persistent cough and chronic bronchial and lung problems. Nonetheless, his afternoons were devoted to parish visits. In all types of weather, he traveled the length and breadth of the valley, on foot or by bicycle, dispensing comfort and encouragement. Don Francesco was well-liked by the people. War broke out in June 1940, but had very little effect

Francesco Bonifacio

supplement their income. The family were devout Catholics. Francesco attended the local elementary school of Pirano and, received religious education at the local parish of San Francesco where he served as an altar boy. In 1924, Bonifacio entered the seminary in Koper, where he earned the nickname of "El Santin" (the little Saint) for his obedience, meekness, service and availability to his companions. On Christmas Eve 1931 his father died. The following year he entered the Central Theological Seminary of Gorizia. These were turbulent years for Italy: Fascism had already consolidated its political power and sought to reduce the influence

Francesco Bonifacio

trained in the use of misinformation, propaganda and false accusations. He travelled to Triests to consult with his bishop who advised him to be cautious and to limit his activities to within the church, avoiding any public stance. Monsignor Santin also urged him to remain "true to [his] duties without being intimidated by anyone". Don Francesco was accused of being a “Subversive and an anti-communist”. He answered these false accusations by holding Action’s meeting in the Church, with the doors wide open, so that everyone could observe what was said. A few days before his death, Don Francesco, had been

Francesco Bonifacio

Croatia, first submitted the proposal for the beatification of Don Francesco Bonifacio back in 1957. Mons. Eugenio Ravignani, current Bishop of Trieste, wrote a report on the priest’s murder on . He wrote that Don Francesco Bonifacio was murdered at the age of 34 on the evening of . For many years nothing was known until witnesses confirmed and shed light on what happened that night. All of the testimonies said that Bonifacio was beaten and thrown into a pit. Other accounts mention him being stoned, injured with a knife and shot. The February 7, 2006 issued of "Avvenire" carried

Francesco Paolo Bonifacio

Francesco Paolo Bonifacio Francesco Paolo Bonifacio (May 3, 1923 in Castellammare di Stabia – March 14, 1989 in Rome) was an Italian politician and jurist, a Minister of Justice and President of the Constitutional Court of Italy. Bonifacio was born in Castellammare di Stabia, near Naples. He was one of the youngest full professors of Roman Law at the University of Naples, a position he held until February 1963 when he was elected by the Italian Parliament as a judge of the Italian Constitutional Court. He was then elected as the eighth President of such Court from February 1973 to