Question: What science does Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's creation, Sherlock Holmes, practise?

Sherlock Holmes

Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes ( or ) is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a "consulting detective" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, forensic science, and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard. First appearing in print in 1887's "A Study in Scarlet", the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in "The Strand Magazine", beginning with "A Scandal in Bohemia" in 1891; additional tales appeared

Sherlock Holmes

Forensic science

forensics and the use of reasoning in detective work was the popularity of the fictional character Sherlock Holmes, written by Arthur Conan Doyle in the late 19th century. He remains a great inspiration for forensic science, especially for the way his acute study of a crime scene yielded small clues as to the precise sequence of events. He made great use of trace evidence such as shoe and tire impressions, as well as fingerprints, ballistics and handwriting analysis, now known as questioned document examination. Such evidence is used to test theories conceived by the police, for example, or by the

All-Consuming Fire

Wildthyme and Friends Investigate" from Obverse Books. Holmes' creator Arthur Conan Doyle appears in the Virgin Missing Adventures novel "Evolution" by John Peel, where it is implied that he based some elements of the fictional Holmes on the Fourth Doctor. As well as Sherlock Holmes, the novel includes appearances by Sherlock's older brother Mycroft, who first appeared in "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", and another yet older brother, Sherringford (sic) along with a cameo from their father, Siger (Siger and the similarly named Sherrinford were invented by Holmesian scholar William S. Baring-Gould to resolve an apparent contradiction in the

Gentleman detective

Diogenes Club. As further indirect evidence that Holmes is an educated gentleman, Conan Doyle indicates that Holmes is fluent in Latin ("A Study in Scarlet", 1887), and as the series continues his speech is replete with references to the Bible, Shakespeare, and even Goethe. Holmes had earlier attended university, where he began his detecting as an amateur (The Gloria Scott, 1893, and The Musgrave Ritual, 1893). A violinist himself, Holmes loves music (The Red-Headed League, 1890), sometimes to the point of eccentricity; in The Bruce-Partington Plans (1912), Watson reports that "Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken

Sherlock Holmes

Sherlock Holmes

Sherlock Holmes () is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a "consulting detective" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic, which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients, including Scotland Yard.

First appearing in print in 1887's "A Study in Scarlet", the character's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in "The Strand Magazine", beginning with "A Scandal in Bohemia" in 1891; additional tales appeared from then until 1927, eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories. All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras, between about 1880 and 1914. Most are narrated by the character of Holmes's friend and biographer Dr. John H. Watson, who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street, London, where many of the stories begin.

Though not the first fictional detective, Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known. By the 1990s, there were already over 25,000 stage adaptations, films, television productions and publications featuring the detective, Holmes's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded on this pretence. Avid readers of the Holmes stories helped create the modern practice of fandom. The character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole, with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays, television, films, video games, and other media for over one hundred years.

Arthur Conan Doyle

Arthur Conan Doyle

Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician. He created the character Sherlock Holmes in 1887 for "A Study in Scarlet", the first of four novels and fifty-six short stories about Holmes and Dr. Watson. The Sherlock Holmes stories are milestones in the field of crime fiction.

Doyle was a prolific writer; other than Holmes stories, his works include fantasy and science fiction stories about Professor Challenger, and humorous stories about the Napoleonic soldier Brigadier Gerard, as well as plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction, and historical novels. One of Doyle's early short stories, "J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement" (1884), helped to popularise the mystery of the "Mary Celeste".

Dr. Watson

Dr. Watson

John H. Watson, known as Dr. Watson, is a fictional character in the Sherlock Holmes stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Along with Sherlock Holmes, Dr. Watson first appeared in the novel "A Study in Scarlet" (1887). The last work by Doyle featuring Watson and Holmes is the short story "The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place" (1927), but that is not the last story in the timeline of the series, which is "His Last Bow" (1917).

Watson is Holmes's best friend, assistant and flatmate. He is the first-person narrator of all but four of the stories of the cases that he relates. Watson is described as a classic Victorian-era gentleman, unlike the more eccentric Holmes. He is astute and intelligent although he fails to match his friend's deductive skills.

As Holmes's friend and confidant, Watson has appeared in various films, television series, video games, comics and radio programmes.

The Adventure of the Speckled Band

The Adventure of the Speckled Band

"The Adventure of the Speckled Band" is one of 56 short Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the eighth story of twelve in the collection "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes". It was originally published in "Strand Magazine" in February 1892.

"The Speckled Band" is a classic locked-room mystery that deals with the themes of parental greed, inheritance and freedom. Tinged with Gothic elements, it is considered by many to be one of Doyle's finest works, with the author himself calling it his best story. The story, alongside the rest of the Sherlock Holmes canon, has become a defining part of detective fiction. It has been adapted for television, film, theatre, radio, and a video game. It is also part of the exhibit at the Sherlock Holmes Museum. The theatrical adaptation was written and produced by Doyle himself, directed by and starring Lyn Harding as Grimesby Roylott. The role of Sherlock Holmes was played by H. A. Saintsbury. Doyle famously clashed with Harding over several details of the script, but later reconciled with him after the universal success of the play.

Sherlock Holmes pastiches

Sherlock Holmes pastiches

Sherlock Holmes has long been a popular character for pastiche, Holmes-related work by authors and creators other than Arthur Conan Doyle.
Their works can be grouped into four broad categories:

Forensic science

investigator himself. All of the techniques advocated by Holmes later became reality, but were generally in their infancy at the time Conan Doyle was writing. In many of his reported cases, Holmes frequently complains of the way the crime scene has been contaminated by others, especially by the police, emphasising the critical importance of maintaining its integrity, a now well-known feature of crime scene examination. He used analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis as well as toxicology examination and determination for poisons. He used ballistics by measuring bullet calibres and matching them with a suspected murder weapon. Hans Gross applied

Sherlock Holmes

of Charles Augustus Milverton". Holmes derives pleasure from baffling police inspectors with his deductions and has supreme confidence—bordering on arrogance—in his intellectual abilities. While the detective does not actively seek fame and is usually content to let the police take public credit for his work, he is pleased when his skills are recognised and responds to flattery. Except for that of Watson, Holmes avoids casual company. In "The Adventure of the "Gloria Scott"", he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one friend: "I was never a very sociable fellow, Watson ... I never mixed

Arthur Conan Doyle

Arthur Conan Doyle Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer best known for his detective fiction featuring the character Sherlock Holmes. Originally a physician, in 1887 he published "A Study in Scarlet", the first of four novels about Holmes and Dr. Watson. In addition, Doyle wrote over fifty short stories featuring the famous detective. The Sherlock Holmes stories are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction. Doyle was a prolific writer; his non-Sherlockian works include fantasy and science fiction stories about Professor Challenger and humorous stories about the Napoleonic

Ernest Holmes

audiobook form. In the 1920s, Holmes published the following statement of beliefs: Through his research, Holmes created a "structure of concepts" based on the religions and philosophies of human history, sometimes correlating his findings with the then-emerging "new" physics. He named the teaching a science because he believed that its principles were scientifically provable in practice. He wrote, "I would rather see a student of this Science prove its Principle than to have him repeat all the words of wisdom that have ever been uttered." Holmes ultimately came to believe in a "core concept" – what he saw as a

A Catalogue of Crime

"The Hollow", published in 1946). Part V "The Literature of Sherlock Holmes..." contains 81 entries (numbers 4965 through 5045). Included are, of course, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle himself, the originator of Holmes and the author of the 60 Holmes stories (56 short stories and four novelas). Also represented are a host of writers, some well-known from their works in other fields, and others little known to the general public but recognized by Sherlockian scholars as having made notable contributions to the Holmesian literature. Among the former are Isaac Asimov, the renowned science-fiction writer; the Roman Catholic clergyman Ronald Knox; and

A Study in Scarlet

P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. The new short story is titled "A Study in Emerald" (2004) and is modelled with a parallel structure. A Study in Scarlet A Study in Scarlet is an 1887 detective novel by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Written in 1886, the story marks the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, who would become the most famous detective duo in popular fiction. The book's title derives from a speech given by Holmes, a consulting detective, to his friend and chronicler Watson on the nature of his work, in which he describes the story's murder investigation

Sherlock Holmes

Holmes was inspired by the real-life figure of Joseph Bell, a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, whom Conan Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for as a clerk. Like Holmes, Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations. However, he later wrote to Conan Doyle: "You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it". Sir Henry Littlejohn, Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes. Littlejohn, who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh, provided Conan Doyle with a

Gentleman detective

and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. He appeared in four novels and fifty-six short stories, all but four stories narrated by his associate, the notable Dr Watson. These works cover in fiction a period from around 1878 up to 1907, with a final case in 1914. Both characters also appear in many pastiches. Holmes is a brilliant London-based and self-styled "consulting detective". In their debut (the 1887 novel, "A Study in Scarlet"), he tells Watson that this occupation is unique (which at that date it was). As a retired army doctor, Dr Watson is far closer to the stereotypic English

William Rutherford (physiologist)

at the Royal Institution. In 1874 he returned to Edinburgh University to succeed Bennett as professor of physiology there. Rutherford lectured at the University of Edinburgh when Arthur Conan Doyle studied medicine there. Like his fictional character Sherlock Holmes, who was based on a real person, Conan Doyle's Professor Challenger was based on Rutherford. From 1881 his laboratory assistant was Sutherland Simpson. He died 21 February 1899 at 14 Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh. He was not married and had no children, so he was buried with his parents in Ancrum parish churchyard. His chair at the university was filled by Prof

Sherlock Holmes

ink stains or clay on boots), emotional state, and physical condition in order to deduce their origins and recent history. The style and state of wear of a person's clothes and personal items are also commonly relied on; in the stories Holmes is seen applying his method to walking sticks, pipes, hats, and other objects. Holmes does employ deductive reasoning as well. The detective's guiding principle, as he says in "The Sign of the Four" and other stories, is: "When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth". Despite Holmes' remarkable reasoning abilities, Conan Doyle

Sherlock Holmes

as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later, including Holmes. Conan Doyle once wrote, "Each [of Poe's detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it?" Similarly, the stories of Émile Gaboriau's Monsieur Lecoq were extremely popular at the time Conan Doyle began writing Holmes, and Holmes' speech and behaviour sometimes follow that of Lecoq. Both Dupin and Lecoq are referenced at the beginning of "A Study in Scarlet". Conan Doyle repeatedly said that

History of crime fiction

to "discover" the murder when the room was unlocked in fact committed it just then. In 1887, Scotsman Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) gave fresh impetus to the emerging form of the detective story by creating Sherlock Holmes, resident at 221B Baker Street, London—probably the most famous of fictional detectives and the first one to have clients, to be hired to solve a case. Holmes's art of detection consists in logical deduction based on minute details that escape everyone else's notice, and the careful and systematic elimination of all clues that in the course of his investigation turn out to

Arthur Conan Doyle

of corporal punishment and ritual humiliation. From 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria. His family decided that he would spend a year there with the objective of perfecting his German and broadening his academic horizons. He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic. A source attributed his drift from religion to science and reason to the time spent in the less strict Austrian school. He also later became a spiritualist mystic. From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, including periods working in

Sherlock Holmes

as Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot and Dorothy L. Sayers' Lord Peter Wimsey) became a successful character for a number of authors. The phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson" is never uttered by Holmes in the sixty stories written by Conan Doyle. He often observes that his conclusions are "elementary", however, and occasionally calls Watson "my dear Watson". One of the nearest approximations of the phrase appears in "The Adventure of the Crooked Man" when Holmes explains a deduction: Excellent!' I cried. 'Elementary,' said he." William Gillette is widely considered to have originated the phrase with the formulation, "Oh, this is elementary,

George Edalji

correct, or correct at all.” As his creator admitted, Holmes was an idealised reasoner without light or shade. Conan Doyle arrived to meet with Edalji at a hotel after becoming interested in the case, and he recalled that he paused to study Edalji, who was passing the time reading a newspaper while waiting in the lobby. On observing how Edalji held the paper at an angle inches from his face, Conan Doyle was convinced that Edalji was innocent; he believed it impossible for someone with eyesight as bad as Edalji’s to have moved through the countryside after nightfall attacking animals


Question: Which word would you choose in talking about the right in law to take necessaries, or necessary materials?

Capacity in English law

this form have been found in a wide range of situations, including expensive and far reaching purchases. The definition of necessaries includes obvious purchases, such as food and clothing, but also services or goods which are in furtherance of education or apprenticeship. The necessaries of one minor will not necessarily reflect those of another. The particular circumstances, such as age and immediate needs, may lead to differing outcomes. For example, in "Peters v Fleming", it was found that a gold ring and watch chain were necessaries, for the child of a Member of Parliament. However, a contract may not be

Capacity in English law

for necessaries where a minor's needs are adequately satisfied, or a purchase can be seen as unnecessary. This is demonstrated by "Nash v Inman", where a tailor's claim that a child's purchase of 11 waistcoats was for necessaries failed, on the grounds that he already owned adequate clothing. Although it is clear that contracts for necessaries can legally bind minors, the terms of such a contract may defeat it. Where a contract contains particularly burdensome or unfair terms, the courts may decide that a minor does not have the capacity to be bound by them. Where a minor hired a

Capacity in English law

the Sale of Goods Act 1979, in section 3, where it is stated: Where necessaries are sold and delivered to a minor ... he must pay a reasonable price for them. A statutory definition of the term "necessary" is provided in section 2(3) of the Sales of Goods Act of Ghana, 1962 (Act 137) which states: "necessaries are goods suitable to the condition in life of the person to whom they are delivered and his actual requirements at the time of the delivery". Whilst the onus of proof that a contract is for necessaries falls upon the supplier, contracts in

Necessity in Canadian law

Necessity in Canadian law "Necessitas non habet legem;" "Necessity knows no law." This well-known maxim reflects the theoretical basis of the defence of necessity: that in dire circumstances of looming peril, the claims of positive law seems to weaken. Canadian criminal law allows for a common law defence of necessity. This controversial common law or judge-made defence has only been firmly recognized in Canadian law since 1984. It is recognized in Canada as a defence for crimes committed in urgent situations of clear and imminent peril in which the accused has no safe avenue of escape or legal way out

Necessity (criminal law)

who lack the financial means to feed their children cannot use necessity as a defense if they steal food. The existence of welfare benefits and strategies other than self-help defeat the claim of an urgent necessity that cannot be avoided in any way other than by breaking the law. Further, some states apply a test of proportionality. So the defense would only be allowed where the degree of harm actually caused was a reasonably proportionate response to the degree of harm threatened. This is a legal form of cost–benefit analysis. Emergency law/right ("nødret", "nødrett") is the equivalent of necessity in

Free will

Free will

Free will is the capacity of agents to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded.

Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, culpability, sin, and other judgements which apply only to actions that are freely chosen. It is also connected with the concepts of advice, persuasion, deliberation, and prohibition. Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed are seen as deserving credit or blame. Whether free will exists, what it is and the implications of whether it exists or not are some of the longest running debates of philosophy and religion. Some conceive of free will as the right to act outside of external influences or wishes.

Some conceive free will to be the capacity to make choices undetermined by past events. Determinism suggests that only one course of events is possible, which is inconsistent with a libertarian model of free will. Ancient Greek philosophy identified this issue,<ref name=bobzien1998determinism /> which remains a major focus of philosophical debate. The view that conceives free will as incompatible with determinism is called "incompatibilism" and encompasses both metaphysical libertarianism (the claim that determinism is false and thus free will is at least possible) and hard determinism (the claim that determinism is true and thus free will is not possible). Incompatibilism also encompasses hard incompatibilism, which holds not only determinism but also indeterminism to be incompatible with free will and thus free will to be impossible whatever the case may be regarding determinism.

In contrast, compatibilists hold that free will "is" compatible with determinism. Some compatibilists even hold that determinism is "necessary" for free will, arguing that choice involves preference for one course of action over another, requiring a sense of "how" choices will turn out. Compatibilists thus consider the debate between libertarians and hard determinists over free will vs. determinism a false dilemma. Different compatibilists offer very different definitions of what "free will" means and consequently find different types of constraints to be relevant to the issue. Classical compatibilists considered free will nothing more than freedom of action, considering one free of will simply if, "had" one counterfactually wanted to do otherwise, one "could" have done otherwise without physical impediment. Contemporary compatibilists instead identify free will as a psychological capacity, such as to direct one's behavior in a way responsive to reason, and there are still further different conceptions of free will, each with their own concerns, sharing only the common feature of not finding the possibility of determinism a threat to the possibility of free will.

Censorship

Censorship

Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments, private institutions and other controlling bodies.

Governments When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of his or her own works or speech, it is referred to as "self-censorship". General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel.

Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, and content. Many countries provide strong protections against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute and frequently a claim of necessity to balance conflicting rights is made, in order to determine what could and could not be censored. There are no laws against self-censorship.

3D printing

3D printing

3D printing or additive manufacturing is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control,<ref name="engineer" /> with material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.

In the 1980s, 3D printing techniques were considered suitable only for the production of functional or aesthetic prototypes, and a more appropriate term for it at the time was rapid prototyping. , the precision, repeatability, and material range of 3D printing have increased to the point that some 3D printing processes are considered viable as an industrial-production technology, whereby the term "additive manufacturing" can be used synonymously with "3D printing". One of the key advantages of 3D printing is the ability to produce very complex shapes or geometries that would be otherwise infeasible to construct by hand, including hollow parts or parts with internal truss structures to reduce weight. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), which uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material, is the most common 3D printing process in use .<ref name="statista1"/>

Marriage

Marriage

Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognized union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. It is considered a cultural universal, but the definition of marriage varies between cultures and religions, and over time. Typically, it is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged or sanctioned. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity. A marriage ceremony is called a wedding.

Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, and religious purposes. Whom they marry may be influenced by gender, socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice, and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, and forced marriage are practiced. In other areas, such practices are outlawed to preserve women's rights or children's rights (both female and male) or as a result of international law. In some parts of the world, marriage has historically restricted the rights of women, who are (or were) considered the property of the husband. Around the world, primarily in developed democracies, there has been a general trend towards ensuring equal rights for women within marriage (including abolishing coverture, liberalizing divorce laws, and reforming reproductive and sexual rights) and legally recognizing the marriages of interfaith, interracial/interethnic/inter-caste, and same-sex couples. Controversies continue regarding the legal status of married women, leniency towards violence within marriage, customs such as dowry and bride price, forced marriage, marriageable age, and criminalization of premarital and extramarital sex. Female age at marriage has proven to be a strong indicator for female autonomy and is continuously used by economic history research.

Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, a religious authority, a tribal group, a local community, or peers. It is often viewed as a contract. A religious marriage is performed by a religious institution to recognize and create the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony in that religion. Religious marriage is known variously as sacramental marriage in Catholicism, nikah in Islam, nissuin in Judaism, and various other names in other faith traditions, each with their own constraints as to what constitutes, and who can enter into, a valid religious marriage.

Space colonization

Chose

Chose Chose (pronounced: , French for "thing") is a term used in common law tradition to refer to rights in property, specifically a combined bundle of rights. A chose describes the enforcement right which a party possesses in an object. The use of "Chose" extends from the English use of French within the courts. In English and commonwealth law, all personal things fall into one of two categories, either choses in action and choses in possession. English law uses a "chose" to refer to a bundle of rights, traditionally relating to property which may be utilised in certain circumstances. Thus,

Legal plunder

redistributive taxation, crony capitalism, welfare, etc., which Bastiat terms (only two years after the publication of the Communist Manifesto, and before it was a firm political science term of art), "socialism:" Now, legal plunder may be exercised in an infinite multitude of ways. Hence come an infinite multitude of plans for organization; tariffs, protection, perquisites, gratuities, encouragements, progressive taxation, free public education, right to work, right to profit, right to wages, right to assistance, right to instruments of labor, gratuity of credit, etc., etc. And it is all these plans, taken as a whole, with what they have in common,

Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.

word, "paraphernalia", he looked to a 1954 decision in a bookmaking case by a California appellate court, which noted that it was "not a technical word in the law of crimes, although it may be in the law of property." More recently, he noted, both law enforcement and drug users had begun referring to the items targeted by the ordinance collectively as paraphernalia, and the Eighth Circuit had taken notice of that usage in a case where it upheld the seizure of such items based on search warrant which had used the word. At trial the village attorney had given

In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas

consensus was that the source of the quotation was probably Lutheran theologian Peter Meiderlin (known as Rupertus Meldenius), who, in his "Paraenesis votiva pro pace ecclesiae ad theologos Augustanae" of 1626 had said, ""Verbo dicam: Si nos servaremus in necessariis Unitatem, in non-necessariis Libertatem, in utrisque Charitatem, optimo certe loco essent res nostrae,"" meaning "In a word, let me say: if we might keep in necessary things Unity, in unnecessary things Freedom, and in both Charity, our affairs would certainly be in the best condition." Henk Nellen's 1999 article that showed the phrase had previously been used by De Dominis

Larceny

it was assumed "borrowing" if there was no one to ask: unless or until other mitigating factors arose (such as refusal to return promptly when asked). The taking or caption element requires that the offender take actual physical control of the property, if but for a moment. Under the common law, it was not sufficient if the offender simply deprived the victim of possession; the offender must have gained control over the property. Thus merely knocking an article from a person’s hand was not larceny, as long as the defendant did not thereafter take it. The control must be complete.

Necessity (tort)

Necessity (tort) In tort common law, the defense of necessity gives the state or an individual a privilege to take or use the property of another. A defendant typically invokes the defense of necessity only against the intentional torts of trespass to chattels, trespass to land, or conversion. The Latin phrase from common law is "necessitas inducit privilegium quod jura privata" ("Necessity induces a privilege because of a private right"). A court will grant this privilege to a trespasser when the risk of harm to an individual or society is apparently and reasonably greater than the harm to the property.

Law of the land

or "legem terrae" in the accusative case (i.e. when the term is being used as the object in a sentence). Judges and barristers have said for many centuries that the words "law of the land" refer to particular legal requirements. For example, William Bereford, Justice of the Common Pleas, said in 1308 that the then-existing "law of the land requires" a tenant to be summoned by two summoners. In 1550, it was said by John Pollard, who was a serjeant-at-law and later Speaker of the House of Commons, that beating and wounding a man is generally "against the law of

Nash v Inman

to his station in life and he does not already have enough. If either of these things are disputed, the onus is on the plaintiff to prove them. The judge must determine whether the goods are capable of being necessaries as a matter of law, and if they are so capable, let the jury decide whether they are in fact necessaries. In this case, there was no evidence that the goods were capable of being necessaries, so the trial judge was correct in not giving the question to the jury for their decision. Nash v Inman Nash v Inman was

Re'eh

to the house, "whatever is lacking" to refer to a bed and a table, and "for him (, "lo")" to refer to a wife, as uses the same term, "for him (, "lo")," to refer to Adam's wife, whom calls "a helpmate "for him"." The Rabbis taught that the words "sufficient for his "need"" command us to maintain the poor person, but not to make the poor person rich. But the Gemara interpreted the words "whatever is lacking "for him"" to include even a horse to ride upon and a servant to run before the impoverished person, if that was

Necessity (criminal law)

Denmark and Norway. It is considered related to but separate from self-defence. Common legal examples of necessity includes: breaking windows and other objects in order to escape a fire, commandeering a vehicle to serve as an emergency ambulance, ignoring traffic rules while rushing a dying patient to a hospital, and even killing a person who poses an immediate threat to several other people not including yourself. In the last case self-defense laws are not enough, but the case is covered by "nødret". "Nødret" can only be invoked though when no other option is available. Under international law, an obligation of

Necessity in Canadian law

defense of necessity in Canada. In "Morgentaler v. The Queen" [1976] 1 S.C.R. 616 the SCC decided that the defense of necessity was not available on these facts. They based this decision on the lack of urgent and real medical need. Only in situations when compliance with the law was demonstrably impossible should necessity be available. Necessity in Canadian law "Necessitas non habet legem;" "Necessity knows no law." This well-known maxim reflects the theoretical basis of the defence of necessity: that in dire circumstances of looming peril, the claims of positive law seems to weaken. Canadian criminal law allows for

Accession (property law)

would be capable of laying "one" of two actions if X was in good faith (bonas fides) in using Y's materials, but "two" actions if X was in bad faith ("mala fides"). These actions were (i) the "vindicatio" for the materials and (ii) the "actio de tigno", which would recoup twice the value of the materials. Additionally, Y would also have an action against a third party if that third party stole the materials. In "A Text-Book of Roman Law from Augustus to Justinian", W. W. Buckland discusses a third situation where X builds on Y's land using Z's materials.

Necessary and Proper Clause

laws for the accomplishment of objects not intrusted [sic] to the Government, it would become the painful duty of this tribunal, should a case requiring such a decision come before it, to say that such an act was not the law of the land." As Chief Justice Marshall put it, the Necessary and Proper Clause "purport[s] to enlarge, not to diminish the powers vested in the government. It purports to be an additional power, not a restriction on those already granted." Without this clause in the Constitution, there would have been a dispute about whether the express powers imply incidental

Necessity (criminal law)

and the Administrative Penalty Act. Necessity as a defense to criminal acts conducted to meet political ends was rejected in the case of "United States v. Schoon". In that case, 30 people, including appellants, gained admittance to the IRS office in Tucson, where they chanted "keep America's tax dollars out of El Salvador," splashed simulated blood on the counters, walls, and carpeting, and generally obstructed the office's operation. The court ruled that the elements of necessity did not exist in this case. Necessity is a defence per the Penal Code. This requires lack of criminal intent, good faith (due care

Necessity (tort)

must bear the cost of the greater public good. Courts determine this issue as a matter of public policy. Necessity (tort) In tort common law, the defense of necessity gives the state or an individual a privilege to take or use the property of another. A defendant typically invokes the defense of necessity only against the intentional torts of trespass to chattels, trespass to land, or conversion. The Latin phrase from common law is "necessitas inducit privilegium quod jura privata" ("Necessity induces a privilege because of a private right"). A court will grant this privilege to a trespasser when the


Question: What world championship, the fourth to date, was held in Germany in August 2015?

European Championship (darts)

held at Dinslaken. The 2011 tournament remained in Germany, only this time, it took place in Düsseldorf – the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia. From 2012 to 2014, the tournament took place in Mülheim, Germany, then between 2015 and 2017, the tournament took place in Hasselt, Belgium, but in 2018, the tournament will return to Germany, moving to the Westfalenhallen in Dortmund. It will then move to Göttingen in 2019. Phil Taylor won the tournament on each of the first four stagings of the event, before Simon Whitlock took the title in 2012. Adrian Lewis gained -at that time- his third

2017 World Women's Handball Championship The 2017 IHF World Women's Handball Championship, the 23rd event hosted by the International Handball Federation, was held in Germany from 1 to 17 December 2017. Germany was the only applicant for this championship. Germany was host of the World Championships in 1965 and 1997. France won their second title after 2003, by defeating reigning champions Norway 23–21 in the final. The tournament is being played in the following venues: Bietigheim-Bissingen, Magdeburg, Oldenburg, Leipzig, Trier and Hamburg as the final four venue. The draw was held on 27 June 2017 at Hamburg, Germany. The seeding

2015 Men's Fistball World Championships

becoming the fourth South American team represented. Germany will be defending their title as World Champion, and will be joined by 9 other returning teams. Serbia and Japan are the only two teams not returning from the 2011 tournament. These teams have provisionally reported for the World Cup in Argentina: 2015 Men's Fistball World Championships The 14th Men’s World Fistball Championships was held from the 14th to 22 November 2015 in Calamuchita, Córdoba in Argentina. This will be the second time the Men's Fistball World Championships have been held in Argentina, having also previously been held in Buenos Aires in

the same issue. 2015 League of Legends World Championship The 2015 "League of Legends" World Championship was the world championship held from October 1–31, 2015 for the multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) video game "League of Legends". It was the fifth iteration of the "League of Legends" World Championship. The different stages of the event were held in various cities across Europe: the group stages in Le Dock Pullman, in Paris, France; the quarterfinals at the Wembley Arena in London, England; the semifinals in the Brussels Expo in Brussels, Belgium; and the finals at Mercedes-Benz Arena in Berlin, Germany. The

Outbreak Europe

Fourth annual was held on July 26 – 28, 2013. After special World Finals edition in 2012, bboys and bgirls battled to qualify and get to Outbreak World Finals in USA again. Attendance increased to 1350 dancers and visitors from 61 countries. Judges: MCs: DJs: Funk bands: Graffiti writers: Fifth edition was a celebration of Outbreak Europe 5th anniversary and took place on July 25 – 27, 2014. It was an essential edition because European qualification became officially the World championship. This year was accompanied by new major event The Legits Blast Concert and Undisputed 1 vs 1 Battle qualification.

2015 World Championships in Athletics

2015 World Championships in Athletics

The 2015 IAAF World Championships (), the fifteenth edition of the IAAF World Championships, were held from 22 to 30 August at the National Stadium in Beijing, China. Forty-three nations won medals, 144 of which were awarded. Kenya topped the medal table for the first time, with 7 gold, 6 silver and 3 bronze medals. The United States won 18 medals, six gold, six silver and six bronze, which was the highest tally. Host nation China, finished 11th on the medals table, while Russia finished ninth.

205 IAAF member countries and territories participated, two more than in 2013, with new IAAF member, Kosovo, making its debut. South Sudan was also set to participate for the first time, but its sole athlete did not show up in Beijing.

Eritrea won their first world title at these championships, with Ghirmay Ghebreslassie winning the men's marathon.

The event was the largest sporting event to take place at the Beijing National Stadium ("Bird's Nest") since the 2008 Summer Olympics.

2015 FIVB Volleyball Girls' U18 World Championship

The 2015 Girls Youth Volleyball World Championship was held in Lima, Peru from 7 August to 16 August 2015.

2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 100 metres ...

Swimming at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships – 4 × 100 ...

2015 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 110 metres hurdles ...

after losing 3-4. The number of teams relegated to the Qualification tournaments was increased from two to three due to a change in format by the IIHF. The change means that three qualification tournaments will be held in the even years, starting in 2016, and the World Championships will be held in the odd years, starting in 2017. The qualification tournaments have been restructured into three regions to lower travel costs with the regions now being Africa / South America, Asia / Oceania, and Europe / North America. In the semifinals Australia defeated Great Britain and Croatia beat Argentina, both

2015 World Men's Handball Championship

accused of being one-sided in favour of the hosts. Especially at the matches against Austria, Germany and Poland. After the final whistle, the Polish players showed their discontent by ironically applauding the three referees. 2015 World Men's Handball Championship The 2015 World Men's Handball Championship was the 24th staging of the World Men's Handball Championship, organised by the International Handball Federation (IHF). The final tournament was held for the first time in Qatar, from 15 January to 1 February 2015. The Qatari bid was selected over those of Norway, Poland and France after a vote by the IHF Council on

World of Warcraft Trading Card Game

Texas from October 9-October 11, 2009. The format was "Drums of War" Block Constructed. It was won by William Postlethwait, also known as "Billy P." The fourth World Championships took place in Indianapolis, Indiana, from August 4-August 7, 2010. The format was Classic Constructed. German player Jonas Skali-Lami won with a Nicholas Merrick mage deck. The fifth World Championships took place in Rotterdam, Netherlands, from November 10-November 13, 2011. The format consisted of Core and Classic Constructed and Booster Draft. It was won by German player Hans Joachim Höh using a Rohashu Paladin deck, taking down Jim Fleckenstein's less aggressive

2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship The 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship was the 19th IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship, an international inline hockey tournament run by the International Ice Hockey Federation. The World Championship runs alongside the 2015 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championship Division I tournament and took place between 5 and 11 July 2015 in Tampere, Finland. The tournament was won by Canada, earning their third World Championship title. Finland finished in second place and Sweden in third after defeating Slovakia in the bronze medal match. Slovenia, after losing the relegation game against Germany was relegated to

with not competing with Berlin riders Robert Bartko and Guido Fulst. As a result, the German federation decided to withdraw from the team pursuit event, and later decided to suspend the Erfurt riders from the national team. 2003 UCI Track Cycling World Championships The 2003 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place at the Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle in Stuttgart, Germany from July 30 to August 3, 2003. The championships were due to be held in Shenzhen, China, but were moved to Stuttgart following the 2003 SARS outbreak in China. One of Germany's best chances

2015 World Men's Handball Championship

2015 World Men's Handball Championship The 2015 World Men's Handball Championship was the 24th staging of the World Men's Handball Championship, organised by the International Handball Federation (IHF). The final tournament was held for the first time in Qatar, from 15 January to 1 February 2015. The Qatari bid was selected over those of Norway, Poland and France after a vote by the IHF Council on 27 January 2011, in Malmö, Sweden. This is the third time that the World Championship was hosted in the Middle East And North Africa, after Egypt in 1999 and Tunisia in 2005. France won

Laser tag

host country Finland. Results: The Third Zone Worlds Laser Tag Championships were hosted in the United States. Syracuse, New York site hosted Worlds III in 2011. Results: The Fourth Zone Worlds Laser Tag Championships took place at Sunshine Coast, Australia from 31 August 2014 to 5 September 2014. Results: The Fifth Zone Worlds Laser Tag Championships took place in Belfort, France from 20 August 2017 to 25 August 2017 Results: The Armageddon cross-system tournament was created in 2000. Whereas most laser tag tournaments are limited to competition on one brand of laser tag equipment, the US Armageddon Tournament takes place

2014 WBPF World Championship

and Organizing Secretary Vikaram Rothe and the Organizing Committee of this event. This championship was preceded by 2013 WBPF World Championship held in Budaors, Hungary and succeeded by 2015 WBPF World Championship held in Bangkok, Thailand. On August 17, 2014 World Bodybuilding and Physique Sports Federation (WBPF) made an official announcement on their website that 6th WBPF World Championship will be held in Mumbai, India, from December 5 to December 10, 2014. Datuk Paul Chua, Secretary General of WBPF confirmed this decision after inspection meeting with Indian government and sports officials. More than 300 contestants from 33 countries participated in

2015 Extreme Sailing Series

of the 2015 series, on the weekend of 30 April–3 May 2014. The fourth act of 2015 was in Cardiff, Wales for the fourth time, but rather than the August Bank Holiday, it was held on the weekend of 18–21 June 2015. Hamburg, Germany was a new venue for the series, and was held on 23–26 July 2015. The sixth act was held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, a new venue in the Extreme Sailing Series. It was held on the weekend of 20–23 August 2015. The seventh act took place in Istanbul, Turkey on the weekend of 1–4 October 2015.

1990 World Rowing Championships

but without the designation of East Germany (GDR). There were no problems with medal ceremonies, as national anthems were not played nor national flags raised based on a decision made in 1955. 1990 World Rowing Championships The 1990 World Rowing Championships were World Rowing Championships that were held from 31 October to 4 November 1990 at Lake Barrington in Tasmania, Australia. A month prior to the World Championships, Germany completed the political process of reunification of the eastern and western parts of the country. This was done at great speed, and organisational changes at the sports level took longer, with

2015 IIHF World Championship

2015 IIHF World Championship The 2015 IIHF World Championship was the 79th event hosted by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), held in Prague and Ostrava, Czech Republic, between 1–17 May 2015. The tournament was the top division of the 2015 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. It broke the historical attendance record of IIHF World Championships. Canada won their 25th title by defeating Russia 6–1 in the championship final game. Canada went undefeated at the tournament to win its first IIHF championship since 2007. With the win, Canadian captain Sidney Crosby became a member of the Triple Gold Club and

2015 IIHF World Championship

IFAF World Championship

in the World Cup until 2007 and won every tournament ever since. Prior to American participation, Japan won the 1999 and 2003 championships. The championship was held in Italy in 1999, in Germany in 2003, in Kawasaki, Japan in 2007, and in Austria in 2011. The 2015 IFAF World Championship was originally going to be held in Stockholm, Sweden, however local organizers had to cancel the event due to lack of sponsorship. The 2015 tournament was played in Canton, Ohio, United States. At the 2011 championship, the championship tournament consisted of eight teams divided into two groups of four (there

that advanced to the round of 16. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> 2015 World Women's Handball Championship The 2015 IHF World Women's Handball Championship, the 22nd event hosted by the International Handball Federation, was held in Denmark. The decision to select Denmark as the host was announced on 27 January 2011. In the final Norway won 31–23 against the Netherlands to gain their third title. Romania won bronze after they defeated Poland 31–22. Venues for the tournament were announced on 7 June 2014. Jyske Bank Boxen in Herning hosted the final, both semi-finals, two quarter-finals, matches in the round of 16 and Denmark's group.

Muzzle Loaders Associations International Committee

spectators. The Fourth championship has been organized by the FIATA (Federazione Italiana Associazoni Tiro ad Avancarica), at Codogno, on 27 and 28 September 1975, with participation of South African and Austrian Teams, with 8 records broken. The fifth championship organised by Arquebusiers de France, Tir National de Versailles and Federation Francaise de Tir will be shot a T.N.V. range on 25 and 26 September, with participation of U.S. and Japanese shooters. The European Zone consists of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Russia,


Question: What is more likely to be associated with a sward?

festuca rubra ssp commutata
Festuca rubra subsp. commutata
Festuca rubra ssp. commutata
Chewings fescue
chewing s fescue
festuca rubra subsp commutata
Chewings Fescue
chewings fescue
Chewing's Fescue

Marsh fritillary

the sward height is too tall and densely packed, then it becomes difficult for adult butterflies to locate the host plant to oviposit on. Thus, the level of sward height is most optimal when it is medium height. The caterpillars are known to feed primarily on "Succisa pratensis" and species of "Digitalis", "Plantago lanceolata", "Knautia arvensis", "Scabiosa succisa", "Scabiosa columbaria," "Veronica" ("Veronica dubravnaya", etc.), "Geranium", "Sambucus", "Gentiana", "Valeriana", "Lonicera implexa", "Filipendula", "Spiraea" and "Viburnum". One study measuring the level of volatiles released by plants that are consumed by herbivores has shown that huge amounts of methanol and other volatile substances

Swash

the beach profile that is subject to swash processes (Figure 2). The beachface extends from the berm to the low tide level. The beachface is in dynamic equilibrium with swash action when the amount of sediment transport by uprush and backwash are equal. If the beachface is flatter than the equilibrium gradient, more sediment is transported by the uprush to result in net onshore sediment transport. If the beachface is steeper than the equilibrium gradient, the sediment transport is dominated by the backwash and this results in net offshore sediment transport. The equilibrium beachface gradient is governed by a complex

Daniel Swärd

Daniel Swärd Daniel Swärd (also spelled Svärd, born 22 February 1990) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a forward for FC Linköping City. Swärd was born in Ljungsbro, Sweden, and played youth football with local team BK Ljungsbro, and in the early teens he established himself in Linköpings FF before joining Åtvidabergs FF in Superettan in 2009. In his first year with Åtvidabergs FF the team ended up in second place and earned promotion to Allsvenskan, the Swedish top tier. The spell in Allsvenskan lasted for one season, before the team got relegated back to Superettan, but before relegation

Purple moor grass and rush pastures

of the sward no more than for grass and for rushes - a diverse sward of shorter areas interspersed by taller tussocks. Areas of dense litter are beneficial to over-wintering insects and small mammals, but should be less than 25% of the total area in October. In the UK there are a number of initiatives to help prevent deterioration and to restore these sites. These include designation as Site of Special Scientific Interest, national nature reserves, voluntary entry into the Environmental Stewardship Scheme by landowners, or work by voluntary conservation organisations such as the Devon Wildlife Trust. The largest area

Yellowstripe scad

monophyletic clade of the scads and horse mackerels with "Atule", "Selar", "Trachurus" and "Decapterus", being most closely related to "Atule". A 1987 analysis of genetic divergence amongst the scads and horse mackerels using isozyme electrophoresis indicated the species was most closely related to "Selar", forming a monophyletic clade with "Trachurus", but being more distant from "Decapterus". Two studies in 2002 and 2007 of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences generally agreed that "Selaroides" was most closely related to "Selar" (depending on analysis type), however both indicated a closer relationship to the deeper bodied genera such as "Caranx" and "Hemicaranx" than to the

Sword

Mummers' play

Mummers' play

Mummers' plays are folk plays performed by troupes of amateur actors, traditionally all male, known as mummers or guisers (also by local names such as "rhymers", "pace-eggers", "soulers", "tipteerers", "wrenboys", and "galoshins"). Historically, mummers' plays consisted of informal groups of costumed community members that visited from house to house on various holidays. Today the term refers especially to a play in which a number of characters are called on stage, two of whom engage in a combat, the loser being revived by a doctor character. This play is sometimes found associated with a sword dance though both also exist in Britain independently.

Mumming spread from the British Isles to a number of former British colonies. It is sometimes performed in the street but more usually during visits to houses and pubs. It is generally performed seasonally or annually, often at Christmas, Easter or on Plough Monday, more rarely on Halloween or All Souls' Day, and often with a collection of money, in which the practice may be compared with other customs such as those of Halloween, Bonfire Night, wassailing, pace egging and first-footing at new year.

Although the term "mummer" has been in use since the Middle Ages, no scripts or details survive from that era and the term may have been used loosely to describe performers of several different kinds. The earliest evidence of mummers' plays as they are known today is from the mid- to late 18th century. Mummers' plays should not be confused with the earlier mystery plays.

Flaming sword (mythology)

Flaming sword (mythology)

A flaming sword is a sword which is glowing with a flame which is produced by some supernatural power. Flaming swords have existed in legends and myths for thousands of years.

In Sumerian mythology, the deity known as Asaruludu is "the wielder of the flaming sword" who "ensures the most perfect safety".

Damocles

Damocles

Damocles is a character who appears in an (likely apocryphal) anecdote commonly referred to as "the sword of Damocles", an allusion to the imminent and ever-present peril faced by those in positions of power. Damocles was a courtier in the court of Dionysius II of Syracuse, a 4th-century BC ruler of Syracuse, Sicily.

The anecdote apparently figured in the lost history of Sicily by Timaeus of Tauromenium (). The Roman orator Cicero () may have read it in the texts of Greek historian Diodorus Siculus and used it in his "Tusculanae Disputationes", 5. 61, by which means it passed into the European cultural mainstream.

Sword-billed hummingbird

Sword-billed hummingbird

The sword-billed hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera), also known as the swordbill, is a neotropical species of hummingbird from the Andean regions of South America. It is the only member in the genus Ensifera. Among the largest species of hummingbird, it is characterized by its unusually long bill, being the only bird to have a beak longer than the rest of its body, excluding the tail. It uses its bill to drink nectar from flowers with long corollas and has coevolved with the species "Passiflora mixta". While most hummingbirds preen using their bills, the sword-billed hummingbird uses its feet to scratch and preen due to its bill being so long.

The sword-billed hummingbird is a trap-line feeder and feeds on nectar, especially from "Passiflora mixta" and other passionflowers. It also hawks for insects. It breeds from February to March and builds cup nests using moss. The sword-billed hummingbird is listed as being of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) on the IUCN Red List, but is threatened by climate change and deforestation.

Chorthippus brunneus

compared to agricultural areas. This can be explained by the difference in sward height in the two areas. "C. brunneus" prefer habitats with sward heights of 100 to 200 mm and fine leaved grass species. In fact a positive correlation between "C. brunneus" and both "Agrostis " species and " Festuca " species exists. Fine leaved grass species and taller sward heights occur more commonly in heathlands where less human alteration of the land occurs compared to agricultural sites. Sward height also influences abundance. A greater number of "C. brunneus" are found in taller swards although some scientific literature suggests

Robert Sward

Robert Sward Robert Sward (born 1933) is an American and Canadian poet and novelist. Jack Foley, in his Introduction to Sward's "Collected Poems, 1957–2004" (Black Moss Press, 2004) calls him, "in truth, a citizen, at heart, of both countries. At once a Canadian and American poet, one with a foot in both worlds, Sward also inhabits an enormous in-between." Or, as Rainer Maria Rilke puts it, "Every artist is born in an alien country; he has a homeland nowhere but within his own borders." Born in 1933 and raised in Chicago, Illinois, Sward began writing poetry at the age of

Splashed white

be more common than previously thought, possibly due to the pattern's tendency to masquerade as modest markings. For example, minimally marked splashed whites have been responsible for cropouts among American Quarter Horses. Since the original study, SW-1 has been confirmed in the Finnhorse by genetic testing. In addition to breeds identified as carrying the SW-1, -2 or -3 alleles, color patterns described as splashed white but not yet verified via genetic testing have also been identified in American Saddlebreds, Shire horse, Clydesdales, and the Irish Tinker or Gypsy horse. There may be additional forms not yet mapped. However studies suggest

Robert Sward

while living on the Toronto Islands. He received a Canada Council grant to research and write "The Toronto Islands" (1983), a best-selling (Source: Dreadnaught Press publisher, 1983) illustrated history of a unique community, from prehistoric times to the present. A Fulbright Scholar and Guggenheim Fellow, he was chosen by Lucille Clifton to receive a Villa Montalvo Literary Arts Award and is the author of 30 books of poetry, fiction and nonfiction. He has been published widely in numerous anthologies and traditional literary magazines, such as "The New Yorker", "Poetry Chicago", and "The Hudson Review". Sward later worked as technical writer

Canterbury Bight

bight since the 1950s suggesting sediment is lost from beaches before reaching Banks Peninsula (Hemmingsen, 2002). This has been attributed to sediment becoming finer after undergoing abrasion, which allows it to be winnowed from the beach (Single, 2006). To further this conclusion, backwash is significantly weaker than swash as there is a lot of percolation through the coarse beach material (Kirk, 1967). Weaker backwash means that sediment must be smaller in order for it to be removed from the beach. Estimations for the amount of sediment losses due to abrasion differ greatly with studies giving figures of 76%, 9-98% and

Swash

where swash is characterised by standing long-wave motion. Values εb<2.5 indicate reflective conditions where swash is dominated by wave bores. Swash consists of two phases: uprush (onshore flow) and backwash (offshore flow). Generally uprush velocities are greater but of shorter duration compared to the backwash. Onshore velocities are at greatest at the start of the uprush and then decrease, whereas offshore velocities increase towards the end of the backwash. The direction of the uprush varies with the prevailing wind, whereas the backwash is always perpendicular to the coastline. This asymmetrical motion of swash can cause longshore drift as well as

Cockle (bivalve)

A study conducted in England in the early 1980s showed a correlation between the consumption of cockles, presumed to be incorrectly processed, and an elevated local occurrence of hepatitis. Cockles are an effective bait for a wide variety of sea fishes. The folk song "Molly Malone" is also known as "Cockles and Mussels" because the title character's sale of the two foods is referred to in the song's refrain. The shells of cockles are mentioned in the English nursery rhyme "Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary". Cockles are also eaten by the indigenous peoples of North America. The common English phrase "it

King George whiting

mentioned, younger fish tend to school when foraging, and have been known to forage in groups with other species such as silver trevally, tarwhine and other species of whiting. Larger fish tend to occupy areas with larger species such as Australasian snapper, blue morwong and larger trevally. King George whiting, especially juveniles, are known to be common prey for a number of larger inshore fishes and wading birds. The most prominent inshore predators are Australian salmon, members of the flathead family, the barracouta (a snake mackerel), snook as well as various species of sharks and rays. Various species of diving

Swash

Swash Swash, or forewash in geography, is a turbulent layer of water that washes up on the beach after an incoming wave has broken. The swash action can move beach materials up and down the beach, which results in the cross-shore sediment exchange. The time-scale of swash motion varies from seconds to minutes depending on the type of beach (see Figure 1 for beach types). Greater swash generally occurs on flatter beaches. The swash motion plays the primary role in the formation of morphological features and their changes in the swash zone. The swash action also plays an important role

River Parrett

in Somerset. The central area contains a sward dominated by sheep's fescue ("Festuca ovina") in combination with yellow oat-grass ("Trisetum flavescens") and quaking-grass ("Briza media"). Salad burnet ("Sanguisorba minor") forms a major component of the sward with the two nationally rare species rough marsh-mallow ("Althaea hirsuta") and nit-grass ("Gastridium ventricosum"), also present. Southlake Moor is another SSSI, which forms part of an extensive grazing marsh and ditch system. When conditions in the River Parrett are suitable, the moor can be deliberately flooded in winter by opening a sluice in the river's floodbank. Some 96 species of aquatic and bankside vascular

Swash Channel Wreck

Swash Channel Wreck The Swash Channel Wreck is the remains of an early 17th-century armed merchantman possibly of Dutch origin wrecked outside of Poole Harbour. The vessel was approximately 40 m long and has been predicted to be around 600 tonnes. The ship was probably involved with the beginning of internationalization. The archaeological evidence, including the small number of guns, the position of the galley, wooden sheathing, ornate carvings and that only one row of knees is present on the wreck, suggest that the vessel was a high-status merchantman bound for the tropics. Dendrochronology dates the ship's timbers to 1628

Swash

to manage coast wisely. There has been significant progress in the last two decades, however, gaps in understanding and knowledge in swash research still remain today. Swash Swash, or forewash in geography, is a turbulent layer of water that washes up on the beach after an incoming wave has broken. The swash action can move beach materials up and down the beach, which results in the cross-shore sediment exchange. The time-scale of swash motion varies from seconds to minutes depending on the type of beach (see Figure 1 for beach types). Greater swash generally occurs on flatter beaches. The swash

Skittles (sport)

though in some areas in Leicestershire and Rutland players remove dead skittles before each new throw. Once the player has thrown all three cheeses his total is noted and the skittles are all set up afresh for the next player. The area around the table where one or two members of the opposition stand in order to manage the table (i.e., standing up skittles once three throws have been made or removing dead skittles) is known as the woodyard. Scattles is a version of skittles in which all the pins are numbered. Players take turn in throwing the baton at

Mallard

birds, including grey wagtail and black redstart, the first documented occasion they had been seen attacking and consuming large vertebrates. It usually nests on a river bank, but not always near water. It is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season and forms large flocks, which are known as "sords". Mallards usually form pairs (in October and November in the Northern Hemisphere) until the female lays eggs at the start of the nesting season, which is around the beginning of spring. At this time she is left by the male who joins up with other males to await the moulting

Outcast of Redwall

and travel throughout Mossflower Woods together, defending the weak and helpless and quickly growing older. Sunflash's reputation quickly spreads throughout the land. He eventually moulds his hornbeam limb into a fearsome, stone-spiked warclub, calling it his mace. Meanwhile, Swartt also grows older, stronger, and wiser. He travels the northern lands with his vixen seer Nightshade and his horde and eventually ends up at the camp of Bowfleg, a fat ferret with a large horde who has settled down in a plentiful land. As an earlier leader of Swartt's, his captains are suspicious, and rightly so: with the help of Nightshade,


Question: The New Zealand government proposes to create a 620,000 sq km Ocean Sanctuary in 2016 round what island or islands?

Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone

Sanctuary was proposed in 2015 by the Prime Minister of New Zealand, John Key, at the United Nations in New York, which would create an area off limits to aquaculture, fishing, and mining. The sanctuary would be 620,000 square kilometers, making it the world's largest and most significant fully protected areas. The intention was to have the sanctuary in place, enacted by Parliament in November 2016. In September 2016, the enactment of the Kermadec Sanctuary was delayed due to failed negotiations over the Māori people's rights. As of June 2017, these issues have still not been resolved. Kermadec-Tonga subduction zone

British Overseas Territories

the Mediterranean Basin and the Oceania ecozone in the Pacific. The UK created the largest continuous marine protected areas in the world, the Chagos Marine Protected Area, and announced in 2015 funding to establish a new, larger, reserve around the Pitcairn Islands. In January 2016, the UK government announced the intention to create a marine protected area around Ascension Island. The protected area would be 234,291 square kilometers, half of which would be closed to fishing. British Overseas Territories The British Overseas Territories (BOTs) or United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs) are 14 territories under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the

Orokonui Ecosanctuary

use of the land and completed a heads of agreement and the Orokonui site was visited on 27 April 2006 by Chris Carter, the New Zealand Minister of Conservation. The trust purchased and added a further 67 hectares of adjacent land to the Conservation Area. The donation of 57 ha from an adjacent landowner extended the proposed Ecosanctuary area by 20%. In May 2007, the trust announced that the sanctuary might expand in future onto adjacent public land. A fundraising appeal was launched in November 2005. The trust ran two public fundraising campaigns in 2006-2007: the public were urged to

Zealandia (wildlife sanctuary)

catchment as having special significance because it is a large self-contained habitat suitable for a wide variety of native plants and animals. In 1993 a feasibility study was carried out by the Wellington regional and city councils and after public consultation in 1994, the idea of a sanctuary was given the go-ahead. The Karori Wildlife Sanctuary Trust was formed in mid-1995 to implement the proposed 'mainland island' wildlife sanctuary. The most crucial aspect of the sanctuary is a pest-exclusion fence, designed to exclude fourteen species of non-native land mammals ranging from deer to mice, which encircles the 8.6 km perimeter

Brook Waimarama Sanctuary

with the intent of allowing complete eradication of the predator population (mammals) and the prevention of re-invasion. This predator-proof fence was completed in September 2016. A trapping programme began in a small area in 2006 aimed at controlling possum, rat, mice, stoat and weasel populations, and has since extended to cover an area of approximately 300 hectares. Brook Waimarama Sanctuary The Brook Waimarama Sanctuary is a 715 hectare mainland “ecological island” sanctuary located in Nelson, New Zealand. The Brook Waimarama Sanctuary Trust was established in 2004 with the intent of restoring the local populations of pre-European flora and fauna which

Kermadec Islands

Kermadec Islands

The Kermadec Islands () are a subtropical island arc in the South Pacific Ocean northeast of New Zealand's North Island, and a similar distance southwest of Tonga. The islands are part of New Zealand. They are  in total area and uninhabited, except for the permanently manned Raoul Island Station, the northernmost outpost of New Zealand.

The islands are listed with the New Zealand outlying islands. The islands are an immediate part of New Zealand, but not part of any region or district, but instead an "Area Outside Territorial Authority".

Bouvet Island

Bouvet Island

Bouvet Island ( ; <ref name="polar-stadnamn-Bouvetøya" /> or "Bouvetøyen")<ref name="Berulfsen-1969" /> is an island claimed by Norway, and declared an uninhabited protected nature reserve. It is a subantarctic volcanic island, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean at the southern end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, making it the world's most remote island. It is not part of the southern region covered by the Antarctic Treaty System.

The island lies north of the Princess Astrid Coast of Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, east of the South Sandwich Islands, south of Gough Island, and south-southwest of the coast of South Africa. It has an area of , 93 percent of which is covered by a glacier. The centre of the island is the ice-filled crater of an inactive volcano. Some skerries and one smaller island, Larsøya, lie along its coast. Nyrøysa, created by a rock slide in the late 1950s, is the only easy place to land and is the location of a weather station.

The island was first spotted on 1 January 1739 by the Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, during a French exploration mission in the South Atlantic with the ships "Aigle" and "Marie". They did not make landfall. He mislabeled the coordinates for the island, and it was not sighted again until 1808, when the British whaler James Lindsay encountered it and named it Lindsay Island.<ref name="Mills-2003-1-96" /> The first claim to have landed on the island was made by the American sailor Benjamin Morrell, although this claim is disputed. In 1825, the island was claimed for the British Crown by George Norris, who named it Liverpool Island. He also reported having sighted another island nearby, which he named Thompson Island, but this was later shown to be a phantom island.

In 1927, the first "Norvegia" expedition landed on the island, and claimed it for Norway. At that point, the island was given its current name of "Bouvet Island" ("Bouvetøya" in Norwegian).<ref name="wordpress-abandoned-lifeboat" /> In 1930, following resolution of a dispute with the United Kingdom over claiming rights, it was declared a Norwegian dependency. In 1971, it was designated a nature reserve.

List of March for Our Lives locations

List of March for Our Lives locations

This is an incomplete list of March for Our Lives events that took place on March 24, 2018. The official March for Our Lives event in Washington, D.C., attracted a turnout of between 200,000 to 800,000 on March 24, 2018. This is a partial list. Overall turnout was estimated to be between 1.2 and 2 million people in the United States, making it one of the largest protests in American history.

United Nations Ocean Conference

out of its non-biodegradable plastic and Austria pledged to reduce the number of plastic bags used per person to 25 a year by 2019. Several nations announced plans for new marine protected areas. China plans to establish 10 to 20 "demonstration zones" by 2020 and introduced a regulation which requires that 35 percent of the country's shoreline should be natural by 2020. Gabon announced that it will create one of Africa's largest marine protected areas with around 53,000 square kilometres of ocean when combined with its existing zones. New Zealand affirmed the government's commitment to establishing the Kermadec/Rangitahua Ocean Sanctuary,

Marine protected area

reserve. In March 2015, the UK announced the creation of a marine reserve around the Pitcairn Islands in the Southern Pacific Ocean to protect its special biodiversity. The area of surpassed the Chagos Marine Protected Area as the world's largest contiguous marine reserve, until the August 2016 expansion of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in the United States to . In January 2016, the UK government announced the intention to create a marine protected area around Ascension Island. The protected area will be , half of which will be closed to fishing. The Natura 2000 ecological MPA network in the

South Pacific Whale Sanctuary

had campaigned against the proposal. South Pacific Whale Sanctuary The South Pacific Whale Sanctuary (SPWS) was a proposed region of the South Pacific Ocean in which whaling would be prohibited. The establishment of a South Pacific Whale Sanctuary by the International Whaling Commission has been a major goal of New Zealand foreign policy. The proposed sanctuary would have created protected waters covering 12 million square kilometres, stretching from the Equator to the Southern Ocean and from Australia's east coast to between Pitcairn Island and Easter Island. The proposal was rejected at the 52nd annual International Whaling Commission meeting 3-6 July

United Nations Ocean Conference

which − with 620,000 square kilometres − would be one of the world's largest fully protected areas. Pakistan also announced its first marine protected area. The US-based international wildlife organisation Wildlife Conservation Society created the MPA Fund in 2016 as well as the blue moon fund for a combined $15 million commitment which aims to create 3.7 million square kilometers of new marine protected areas with The Tiffany & Co. Foundation adding a $1 million grant toward this fund in the week of the conference. Germany's Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety Barbara Hendricks also pledged

South Pacific Whale Sanctuary

South Pacific Whale Sanctuary The South Pacific Whale Sanctuary (SPWS) was a proposed region of the South Pacific Ocean in which whaling would be prohibited. The establishment of a South Pacific Whale Sanctuary by the International Whaling Commission has been a major goal of New Zealand foreign policy. The proposed sanctuary would have created protected waters covering 12 million square kilometres, stretching from the Equator to the Southern Ocean and from Australia's east coast to between Pitcairn Island and Easter Island. The proposal was rejected at the 52nd annual International Whaling Commission meeting 3-6 July 2000 in Adelaide, Australia. Japan

Michelle Bachelet

for waters surrounding the Easter Island following a poll of the islands native to Rapa Nui inhabitants was created, protecting at least 142 endemic marine species, including 27 threatened with extinction. Five new national parks in the Pantagonia region were created under a presidential decree, covering 10 million acres in January 2018, including 1 million acres of land contributed by conservationist Kris Tompkins. On 9 March 2018, Bachelet created nine marine reserves to protect biodiversity with her final presidential decree, increasing the area of the sea under state protection from 4.2 percent to 42.4 percent. The measure is expected to

Brook Waimarama Sanctuary

Brook Waimarama Sanctuary The Brook Waimarama Sanctuary is a 715 hectare mainland “ecological island” sanctuary located in Nelson, New Zealand. The Brook Waimarama Sanctuary Trust was established in 2004 with the intent of restoring the local populations of pre-European flora and fauna which have been ravaged by introduced mammalian predators. Invasion by introduced weeds also poses a threat. The sanctuary may also be used in the future as a site where endangered species such as the South Island kaka may be protected. The sanctuary is open to the public and encourages visitors. From inception a predator-proof fence had been planned

Protected areas of New Zealand

automatically become Conservation Parks in a legal sense. The Department of Conservation have set up five mainland islands: Often referred to as "Island Sanctuaries" these off-shore islands have been set aside by organisations like the Department of Conservation as reserves for endemic and native New Zealand species: New Zealand has a total of 32 marine reserves spread around the North and South Islands, and two on outlying island groups. The first marine reserve was created in 1975. There are 13 national parks, covering just under 25,000 km. A national reserve is a reserve that has been designated as having national

Neptune Islands

the islands in the Group to low water mark with the exception of Lighthouse Island in the South Neptune Islands and Low Rocks. The island group with exception to those areas under the control of the Australian government first obtained protected area status as a fauna conservation reserve declared under the "Crown Lands Act 1929-1966" on 16 March 1967 to mainly to conserve the New Zealand fur seal breeding colony on the southern island of the North Neptune Islands which is one of the largest in Australia. Other features that contributed to the declaration include the small breeding population of

Phoenix Islands

Islands Protected Area was announced in 2006. On January 28, 2008, the park was extended and the government of Kiribati formally declared the entire Phoenix group and surrounding waters a protected area, making its the world's largest marine protected area at the time. A ban on commercial fishing commenced on 1 January 2015. In 2016 the Kiribati government published a management scheme for the Line Islands and Phoenix Islands titled "Line and Phoenix Islands Sustainable, Integrated Development Strategy 2016 - 2036" available online. The report notes, inter alia: "For more than one hundred years the Line and Phoenix Islands (LPIs)

Marine protected area

member countries and the European Union at the time, agreed to establish the world's largest marine park encompassing 1.55 million km (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea after several years of failed negotiations. Establishment of the Ross Sea MPA required unanimity of the commission members and enforcement will begin in December 2017. However, due to a sunset provision inserted into the proposal, the new marine park will only be in force for 35 years. Many countries have established national targets, accompanied by action plans and implementations. The UN Council identified the need for countries to collaborate with each other

Orokonui Ecosanctuary

Orokonui Ecosanctuary Orokonui Ecosanctuary, called Te Korowai o Mihiwaka in Māori, is an ecological island wildlife reserve being developed by the Otago Natural History Trust in the Orokonui Valley near Waitati, New Zealand, 20 km to the north of central Dunedin. The idea of a sanctuary near Dunedin was first discussed in 1982 by New Zealand cartoonist Burton Silver and a few friends. The group made a proposal in July 1983 to convert a Dunedin fertiliser factory into a giant aviary. The proposal was later abandoned but inspired the formation in August 1983 of a charitable trust, the Otago Natural

Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument

protected area to . Sport fishing is exempt and public comments were solicited. He then signed a proclamation on September 25, 2014, expanding the Monument to six times its original size, resulting in 490,343 square miles (1,269,982 square kilometers) of protected area around these tropical islands and atolls in the south-central Pacific Ocean. Expanding the Monument protected the deep coral reefs, seamounts, and marine ecosystems unique to this part of the world, which are also among the most vulnerable areas to the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification. In September 2017, U.S. Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke recommended that the

Marine protected area

Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish. On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea. Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with

Orokonui Ecosanctuary

History Trust. Their initial proposal for a sanctuary at Orokonui lapsed and the group disbanded for a while until 1995, when the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary opened in Wellington. This gave the idea renewed impetus and a remaining trust member, Ralph Allen revived the proposal. The local Maori Runaka, Kati Huirapa of Puketeraki became supporters of the trust. The Ecosanctuary is in a north-facing valley comprising about 250 hectare (ha) of regenerating native forest. The trust gained the use of the 230 ha Orokonui Conservation Area 20 km north of central Dunedin. The New Zealand Department of Conservation approved the trust's


Question: After an earlier experiment by AOL's QuantumLink Serial what was the episodic online story (1995-7) which first included paid advertising banners and product placement?

spot or thespot com
The Spot, or thespot.com

QuantumLink Serial

Serial" model. It was highly successful and ran through 1997. QuantumLink Serial The QuantumLink Serial is a work of episodic online fiction by the American writer Tracy Reed. It is considered the first such project ever. The series ran from 1988 to 1989. It was also known as the "PC-Link Serial" and the "AppleLink Serial" before all three services were unified when Quantum changed its name to AOL. Unlike ad-supported "The Spot" by Scott Zakarin (1995–97) (which also added photographs and video to the concept), "The QuantumLink Serial" was included in the price of a monthly subscription to AOL. "The

QuantumLink Serial

QuantumLink Serial The QuantumLink Serial is a work of episodic online fiction by the American writer Tracy Reed. It is considered the first such project ever. The series ran from 1988 to 1989. It was also known as the "PC-Link Serial" and the "AppleLink Serial" before all three services were unified when Quantum changed its name to AOL. Unlike ad-supported "The Spot" by Scott Zakarin (1995–97) (which also added photographs and video to the concept), "The QuantumLink Serial" was included in the price of a monthly subscription to AOL. "The QuantumLink Serial" was played out in online chat rooms, emails

QuantumLink Serial

sample chapters, then pitched the project to AOL founder Steve Case and producer Kathi McHugh. Case bought the project immediately, and within three months "The Serial" was the highest-rated text segment of AOL (excluding chat rooms and message boards). The story ran for one year, when the death of Reed's father led to a hiatus for the writer. Both Reed and AOL turned to other projects and the series was not re-instituted. The concept was brought back on line in 1995 when "The Spot" by Scott Zakarin debuted as an ad-supported site, adding photos and video to the original "QuantumLink

Tracy Reed (writer)

Tracy Reed (writer) Tracy Reed is an American writer who created the first episodic online story, the "QuantumLink Serial" on AOL (then called Quantum Computer Services). The series debuted in 1988, and was played out in online chat rooms, emails and traditional narrative. The series also went by the name "The AppleLink Serial" and "The PC-Link Serial" on those services before they were all unified under the AOL brand when Quantum changed its name. After each week's chapter was published, users wrote to author Reed suggesting how they could be part of the story. Each week Reed chose one to

Steve Case

reaching 26.7 million subscribers at its peak in 2002. Among many initiatives in the early years of AOL, Case personally championed many innovative online interactive titles and games, including graphical chat environments Habitat (1986) and Club Caribe (1989), the first online interactive fiction series QuantumLink Serial by Tracy Reed (1988), Quantum Space, the first fully automated Play by email game (1989), and the original Dungeons & Dragons title "Neverwinter Nights", the first Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game (MMORPG) to depict the adventure with graphics instead of text (1991). After a decade of quick growth, AOL merged with media giant

Tracy Reed (writer)

new interactive drama by Reed, "The Koi Pond." Tracy Reed (writer) Tracy Reed is an American writer who created the first episodic online story, the "QuantumLink Serial" on AOL (then called Quantum Computer Services). The series debuted in 1988, and was played out in online chat rooms, emails and traditional narrative. The series also went by the name "The AppleLink Serial" and "The PC-Link Serial" on those services before they were all unified under the AOL brand when Quantum changed its name. After each week's chapter was published, users wrote to author Reed suggesting how they could be part of

QuantumLink Serial

and traditional narrative. After each week's chapter was published on each of the three AOL online services (Commodore 64, PC and Apple II/Macintosh), users wrote to author Reed suggesting how they could be part of the story. Each week Reed chose one to a handful of users on each of the three services and wrote them into the narrative, depicting how they interacted with the story through chat rooms, emails etc. Reed altered story lines to reflect the readers' input to the characters, as reflected in their unique custom-written "guest star appearances." Reed began the story with a series of

The Spot

The Spot The Spot, or thespot.com, was the second episodic online story (1995-1997), after an earlier experiment by AOL's QuantumLink Serial, and pioneered the underwriting of bandwidth and production costs by offering paid advertising banners on the web pages and product placement within the journal entries. The site earned one of the original Webby Awards. "The Spot" was likened to ""Melrose Place"-on-the-Web" and featured a rotating cast of attractive actors playing trendy and hip twenty somethings who rented rooms in a fabled southern California beach house called “The Spot”, in Santa Monica, California. Some of the actors depicted online were

Display advertising

opposed to in bulk purchases. The birthday of the first banner display on the World Wide Web was on 27 October 1994. It appeared on HotWired, the first commercial web magazine. The COCONET online service had graphical online banner ads starting in 1988 in San Diego, California. The PRODIGY service, launched also in 1988, had banner ads as well. Two students of the "Amsterdam school of Communication Research ASCor" have run studies about the audience reactions to different display advertising formats. In particular, they took into consideration two different types of format (sponsored content and banner advertising) to demonstrate that

Online advertising

page owners sought additional revenue streams to support their content. Commercial online service Prodigy displayed banners at the bottom of the screen to promote Sears products. The first clickable web ad was sold by Global Network Navigator in 1993 to a Silicon Valley law firm. In 1994, web banner advertising became mainstream when HotWired, the online component of Wired Magazine, sold banner ads to AT&T and other companies. The first AT&T ad on HotWired had a 44% click-through rate, and instead of directing clickers to AT&T's website, the ad linked to an online tour of seven of the world's most

Web television

small public access program from Bloomington, Indiana, became the first series distributed via the web, with an episode titled "Global Village Idiots". Later the same year, New York advertising creative Scott Zakarin persuaded his employers Fattal and Collins to finance an online television drama along the lines of the contemporary television drama "Melrose Place". "The Spot" became the first episodic fiction website, the first web soap opera. Fattal and Collins asked their Vice President, Sheri Herman, to obtain venture capital to finance it, because it was draining the resources of this boutique agency. Herman raised 7 million in a round

Web banner

long run for online advertising. In spite of this prediction, banner ads were valued and sold based on the number of impressions they generated. The first central ad server was released in July 1995 by Focalink Communications, which enabled the management, targeting, and tracking of online ads. A local ad server quickly followed from NetGravity in January 1996. The technology innovation of the ad server, together with the sale of online ads on an impression basis, fueled a dramatic rise in the proliferation of web advertising and provided the economic foundation for the web industry from the period of 1994

HotWired

Inc.'s Pathfinder.com site, and the emergence of independent web magazines such as Feed, Word, and Salon. HotWired's initial business model was 'corporate sponsorship', which quickly led to the design of the 'ad banner' display areas still in use today. The first banner ad on the internet was an AT&T ad featured on the site in 1994. The first direct marketing focused ads were sold by David Hyman to Virtual Vineyards. Under the leadership of Rex Briggs, HotWired was the first to measure the effectiveness of online advertising, and among the first to attempt behavioral targeting and the first to apply

Web banner

the first company to provide click through rate reports to its customers. The first web banner sold by HotWired was paid for by AT&T Corp. and was put online on October 27, 1994. Another source also credits Hotwired and October 1994, but has Coors' "Zima" campaign as the first web banner. In May 1994, Ken McCarthy mentored Boyce in his transition from traditional to online advertising and first introduced the concept of a clickable/trackable ad. He stated that he believed that only a direct response model—in which the return on investment of individual ads was measured—would prove sustainable over the

Online service provider

as America OnLine. These online services presaged the web browser that would change global online life 10 years later. Before Quantum Link, Apple computer had developed its own service, called AppleLink, which was mostly a support network targeted at Apple dealers and developers. Later, Apple offered the short-lived eWorld, targeted at Mac consumers and based on the Mac version of the America Online software. Beginning in 1992, the Internet, which had previously been limited to government, academic, and corporate research settings, was opened to commercial entities. The first online service to offer Internet access was DELPHI, which had developed TCP/IP

The Spot

remains nearly dormant though still visible online. The characters were chiefly "played" by models, with their diaries written by Zakarin, his assistant Laurie (Shiers) Plaksin, staff writer Dennis Dortch, and staff writer/ombudsman Jeff Gouda and Melanie Hall. The initial (1995–97) cast featured; The Spot The Spot, or thespot.com, was the second episodic online story (1995-1997), after an earlier experiment by AOL's QuantumLink Serial, and pioneered the underwriting of bandwidth and production costs by offering paid advertising banners on the web pages and product placement within the journal entries. The site earned one of the original Webby Awards. "The Spot" was

AOL

Quantum Link software was based on software licensed from PlayNet, Inc, (founded in 1983 by Howard Goldberg and Dave Panzl). The service was different from other online services as it used the computing power of the Commodore 64 and the Apple II rather than just a "dumb" terminal. It passed tokens back and forth and provided a fixed price service tailored for home users. In May 1988, Quantum and Apple launched AppleLink Personal Edition for Apple II and Macintosh computers. In August 1988, Quantum launched PC Link, a service for IBM-compatible PCs developed in a joint venture with the Tandy

Steve Case

CEO of the newly renamed Quantum Computer Services and hired Case as vice president of marketing. In 1987 he promoted him again to executive vice president. Kimsey groomed Case to become chairman and CEO when Kimsey retired, and the transition formally took place in 1991 (CEO) and 1995 (chairman). As part of the changes that gave birth to Quantum, Case changed the company's strategy, creating an online service called Quantum Link (Q-Link for short) for the Commodore 64 in 1985 with programmer (and AOL co-founder) Marc Seriff. In 1988, Quantum began offering the AppleLink online service for Apple and PC

Commodore 64

the minute. Quantum Link (or Q-Link) was a US and Canadian online service for Commodore 64 and 128 personal computers that operated from November 5, 1985, to November 1, 1994. It was operated by Quantum Computer Services of Vienna, Virginia, which in October 1991 changed its name to America Online, and continued to operate its AOL service for the IBM PC compatible and Apple Macintosh. Q-Link was a modified version of the PlayNET system, which Control Video Corporation (CVC, later renamed Quantum Computer Services) licensed. The first graphical character-based interactive environment is "Club Caribe". First released as "Habitat" in 1988,

Scott Merrill Siegler

advertiser-supported series ("The Spot", "The Pyramid") for the internet. He partnered with Jim Clark, the computer scientist who had previously founded Silicon Graphics in 1981, in an interactive video game television channel to be produced in conjunction with Nintendo, but the project never went beyond the planning stage. During this time Clark, who had begun pondering the World Wide Web and the commercial possibilities of the internet, invited University of Illinois graduate student Marc Andreessen to his home in Atherton, California, in late 1993 to explain the internet and Andreessen's innovative navigator ("a yellow pages for the internet") that he