Question: Which English football ground features the 'Holte End'?

Villa Park (stadium)
villa park england
Doug Ellis Stand
aston lower grounds
villa park stadium
Villa Park, England
Aston Lower Grounds
doug ellis stand
villa park
Trinity Road Stand
Holte End
Villa Park
trinity road stand
Holte end
holte end

Villa Park

gables and a mosaic introduced in the 2007 season in the style of the old Trinity Road Stand make up the facade, itself inspired by Aston Hall. The Holte End is the most renowned stand at Villa Park amongst home and away team supporters. Traditionally Villa's most vocal and passionate supporters gather here, including some Aston Villa hooligan firms. Built in 2000, the main Trinity Road Stand is the most recently completed at Villa Park and houses the dressing rooms, club offices and director's boxes. The stand is composed of three tiers with a row of executive boxes between the

Villa Park

it was fully operational and had a capacity of 13,501 seats, bringing the Villa Park capacity to 40,310. Upon completion, the Holte was the largest single end stand in Britain. The next development at Villa Park was the Trinity Road Stand in 2000. It had stood since 1922 and seen several renovations and additions. The demolition of the old stand began after the last game of the 1999–2000 season, an event met with an element of sadness from observers such as Simon Inglis who stated that "the landscape of English football will never be the same." The new stand was

Villa Park

has three. The Holte End is a large two-tiered stand at the south end of the stadium. Originally a large terraced banking with accommodation for more than 20,000 spectators, the current stand was constructed in 1994–1995 and consists of two tiers with no executive boxes. The two tiers are slightly curved in a parabola to provide good sightlines from all seats. Inside there are three levels of concourse and the Holte Suite, a large hospitality room for supporters. The roof is a variant of the "King Truss" system and the front third slopes slightly forward. Two large staircases, pediments, Dutch

Villa Park

the same as the Holte End and North Stand, but the plans were changed to a simpler cantilever design. It saw slight refurbishment before the 1996 European Championships to join the corners with the lower tier of the North Stand, improve legroom and increase the curve of the terracing to improve sightlines. The main television camera viewpoint is on the half-way line in the Doug Ellis Stand. In the south-west corner, between the Holte End and the Trinity Road Stand, there is a three-storey pavilion-like structure, which is used for corporate hospitality. There is a large television screen. On 28

Rose Bowl (cricket ground)

an additional satellite ground borders the main ground to the south-east. Known as the Nursery Ground, it hosts Hampshire Second XI matches at the Hampshire Academy in Southern Premier Cricket League matches. Its end names are the Northern End and the Golf Club End. Its pavilion is named after Arthur Holt, who coached Hampshire from 1949 to 1965. The main pavilion, now known as the Rod Bransgrove Pavilion, holds the players facilities, as well as facilities for club members, such as the Robin Smith Suite, Derek Shackleton suite, the Richards Suite, the Greenidge Suite and The Hambledons (a suite named

Villa Park

Villa Park

Villa Park is a football stadium in Aston, Birmingham, England, with a seating capacity of 42,682.<ref name="cap2021"/> It has been the home of Premier League side Aston Villa since 1897. The ground is less than a mile from both Witton and Aston railway stations and has hosted sixteen England internationals at senior level, the first in 1899 and the most recent in 2005. Villa Park has hosted 55 FA Cup semi-finals, more than any other stadium.

In 1897, Aston Villa moved into the Aston Lower Grounds, a sports ground in a Victorian amusement park in the former grounds of Aston Hall, a Jacobean stately home. The stadium has gone through various stages of renovation and development, resulting in the current stand configuration of the Holte End, Trinity Road Stand, North Stand and Doug Ellis Stand.

Before 1914, a cycling track ran around the perimeter of the pitch where regular cycling meetings were hosted as well as athletic events. Aside from football-related uses, the stadium has seen various concerts staged along with other sporting events including boxing matches and international rugby league and rugby union matches. In 1999, the last final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup took place at Villa Park. Villa Park also hosted the 2012 FA Community Shield, as Wembley Stadium was in use for the final of the Olympic football tournament.

Aston Villa have plans to redevelop the North Stand: this would increase the capacity of Villa Park from 42,682 to 50,065. Such plans also include the construction of an accompanying commercial and entertainment venue dubbed "Villa Live". In December 2022, the plans were approved by Birmingham City Council.

Terrace (stadium)

Terrace (stadium)

A terrace or terracing in sporting terms refers to the standing area of a sports stadium, particularly in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. It is a series of concrete steps, with intermittent safety barriers installed at specific locations to prevent an excessive movement of people down its slope.

Terraces carry particular importance in football stadiums, where they have tended to be located in the areas behind the two goals as a cheaper alternative to sitting in the stands which were traditionally located at the sides of the field. As standing on the terraces was cheaper and provided a greater degree of freedom to move and congregate with fellow supporters, over the decades of the 20th century they became the most popular areas for younger working class men and teenage boys to watch the games.

After the Hillsborough disaster and subsequent Taylor report, terraces were banned from football grounds in the top two divisions in England. The report stated that standing areas were not intrinsically unsafe and laid the majority of the blame for the disaster with the police and the stadium itself. Despite that finding, the report made a number of recommendations for the future of football in England including a conversion to all-seater venues which provided a basis for the government ban on terracing. In the 1990s, UEFA banned standing areas for games in its competitions which led to the removal of terraces from many stadiums around Europe, including the Bernabéu and the Stadium of Light.

There is currently a growing demand for the introduction of a hybrid model of terracing/seating to the top divisions of English football, based on several different stadium designs in Germany and other European countries, dubbed "safe standing" areas. Genuine terraces continue to be built in modern Irish stadiums such as Hill 16 in Croke Park, Thomond Park and the redeveloped Páirc Uí Chaoimh.

Spion Kop (stadiums)

Spion Kop (stadiums)

Spion Kop (or Kop for short) is a colloquial name or term for a number of single tier terraces and stands at sports stadiums, particularly in the United Kingdom, the most famous example of which is the Kop Stand at Liverpool F.C.'s home ground, Anfield.

Their steep nature resembles the Spion Kop hill near Ladysmith, South Africa, that was the scene of the Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900 during the Second Boer War.

Development of stadiums in English football

A large number of English football clubs have ongoing schemes to redevelop existing grounds, or to move to newly constructed stadiums. A trend towards all-seater stadiums was initially prescribed by the Taylor Report, and was originally a condition only of Premier League admission. It has now become a requirement that within three years of a club's first promotion to the Championship all paying spectators are seated, even if the club is subsequently relegated. This page provides an (incomplete) list and description of those clubs who have planned new stadiums or refurbishments, or who have already moved/refurbished since around the time of the Taylor Report.

The following list includes clubs that are based in Wales but play in the English football league system.

Fratton Park

Villa Park

measures in place at the time, Villa acquired a special permit to continue construction of the Holte End; Simon Inglis notes "How they achieved this is not recorded." Work on the ground was completed by April 1940, and the stand was immediately mothballed as Villa Park switched to its wartime role. The Trinity Road Stand became an air-raid shelter and ammunition store while the home dressing room became the temporary home of a rifle company from the 9th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment. German bombs caused £20,000 worth of damage to the Witton Lane Stand, which was remedied by 1954. In

Villa Park

of the Aston Lower Grounds, "the finest sports ground in the district." Situated in the former grounds of Aston Hall, a Jacobean stately home, the Lower Grounds had seen varied uses over the years. Originally the kitchen garden of Aston Hall's owner Sir Thomas Holte, after whom the Holte End stand was named, it later became a Victorian amusement park with an aquarium and a great hall. The current pitch stands on the site of the Dovehouse Pool, an ornamental pond that was drained in 1889. In place of the pool, the owners of the Lower Grounds built a cycle

Villa Park

Hall, a Jacobean stately home. The stadium has gone through various stages of renovation and development, resulting in the current stand configuration of the Holte End, Trinity Road Stand, North Stand and Doug Ellis Stand. The club has initial planning permission to redevelop the North Stand, which will increase the capacity of Villa Park from 42,682 to about 50,000. Before 1914, a cycling track ran around the perimeter of the pitch where regular cycling meetings were hosted as well as athletic events. Aside from football-related uses, the stadium has seen various concerts staged along with other sporting events including boxing

Gay Meadow

cited by the club for moving to a new ground. Station End - So-called due to its proximity to the town's railway station. A partially covered terrace, normally allocated to visiting fans, although it was also a home terrace until the 1970s. Its capacity, depending on the away allocation, ranged from 1,500 to 2,000. Unusually it kept the bottom half of its perimeter fencing right up until its final game, most other stadia in the country having removed theirs following the Taylor Report. It was also notable for housing the oldest working football turnstile in the country, although this was

Racecourse Ground

the ground over to the football club as part a 99-year lease. The Kop: the all-standing home stand, is named after the Battle of Spion Kop, as many grounds in the UK used to have ends named similarly. Behind the goal, it is known officially as the Crispin Lane End or "Town End". With a capacity of 5,000, the Spion Kop was the largest all-standing terrace in the English Football League. Bkoncepts Stand, capacity 4,200, backing onto where Yale College used to be. It was built in 1972 in preparation for the club's first venture into Europe, and also provided

Marston Road (Stafford)

supports that according to some date back to before the First World War. The traditional gathering point for the more vocal parts of Rangers' support. The Shed End is said to have equal ability to "suck a goal in" as other supporter strongholds such as Manchester United's Stretford End and Wolverhampton Wanderers' Sir Jack Hayward Stand. The Shed End was knocked down, and a new 2,000-seat stand erected by 4 April 2007, when it was tested by the Conference Safety Officers. In May 2009 the 2,000 seated temporary Shed End stand was taken away, with crowds set to average just

Edgeley Park

stadium scoreboard, notorious for never having functioned properly since it was installed in the late 1980s, is located at the rear of the Railway End. The Bungalow, a Labour Party club, is situated behind this end of the stadium. In the late 1990s, after the recent major development at the Cheadle End of the ground, County chairman Brendan Elwood announced plans to rebuild the Railway End. The plan would have involved purchasing The Bungalow behind it, on which a hotel would have been built by Britannia Building Society, which would have overlooked the ground. However, like other Millennium-related projects, these

Terrace (stadium)

of those packed in so they could be treated for their ill effects. But there were perhaps more advantages than disadvantages still. The ground fee was low and achievable for all, the singing and cheering was not rarely astonishing, especially where the huge covered "Goal Stands" existed. Like the Kop at Anfield Road, Holte End at Villa Park and North Bank Stand at Molineux Ground By the 1970s the lower cost of travel meant it was easier for fans to have away days, or road trips and a common practice among young visiting fans was to try to "take the

The Kippax

Stretford End, Everton's Gwladys Street or Aston Villa's Holte End. In the summer of 1994, due to the Taylor Report, the Kippax was demolished. A new all seater stand was built in its place and opened by City legend Bert Trautmann in October 1995. It housed 10,178 seated fans, had three tiers and was at the time the highest stand in the country. The club left Maine Road in May 2003 and relocated to the City of Manchester Stadium. The old stadium was demolished in early 2004. Unofficially, the East Stand at the new stadium is also called The Kippax.

Edgar Street

of this is a number of windows at pitch level. The Meadow End is located at the northern end of the ground and is traditionally populated with the club's most vocal supporters. It is a fully covered terrace and has a distinctive curve to its shape. The flat area in front of the terracing enables supporters to stand directly behind the perimeter wall of the pitch, very close to the action. It has a capacity of 1,400. Located behind this end is the substantial Merton Meadow car park. The pitch's distinctive downhill slope is in the direction of the Meadow

Taylor Report

changes resulted in a number of terraces being replaced by all-seater stands, two of the early examples being Manchester United's Stretford End and Arsenal's North Bank, which were both demolished in the summer of 1992. Two years later, Aston Villa's Holte End and Liverpool's Spion Kop were both demolished. The 1990s saw the closure of some of the oldest football stadiums in England, including Middlesbrough's Ayresome Park and Sunderland's Roker Park, in favour of new sites which were more suitable for all-seater capacities that would have been practically impossible on the site of the existing grounds. The clubs who remained

Luton Town F.C.

1 Maple Road. Opposite the eponymous Kenilworth Stand is the Oak Road End, which has evolved from a stand first used exclusively by Luton supporters, then later by away supporters, and now used by both except in times of high ticket demand from away clubs. The Main Stand is flanked by the David Preece Stand, and opposite them stands a row of executive boxes. These boxes replaced the Bobbers Stand in 1986, as the club sought to maximise income. The original Main Stand burnt down in 1921, and was replaced by the current stand before the 1922–23 season. The ground

Holt, Norfolk

on to win this league on five occasions. In 1935 the club was in the Norfolk and Suffolk League and did not suffer a league defeat until December that year, when they lost to Norwich City A at Carrow Road. Holt was the first amateur team to play at the newly built Carrow Road ground. In 1985 Holt United left their ground at Jubilee Road, which was sold to finance the new Sports Centre complex on Kelling Road. For one season Holt played their matches at Gresham's School. In 1986 the club moved to their new ground at the Sports

Villa Park

Stand, the only remaining feature of the 1897 Villa Park, was removed in the summer of 1963 and replaced with a plain sloping roof in the same style as the Holte End. Villa Park was chosen by FIFA to host three matches for the 1966 World Cup on the condition that the Witton Lane Stand became all-seater. The players' tunnel had to be covered with a cage while the pitch was widened by . Regular ground developments and innovations began from 1969 under the direction of the new chairman, Doug Ellis, who set about redeveloping Villa Park for the modern

Villa Park

Stand became the Doug Ellis Stand. The Holte End was the only remaining stand that did not meet the Taylor Report requirements, and a structural survey revealed that putting seats onto the existing terracing would be uneconomical. Instead, the decision was taken to build a new stand consisting of two tiers, just four years after construction of the new roof. The demolition of the stand began on the last day of the 1993–94 season. Its replacement began to open in August 1994 with 3,000 seats in the lower tier occupied for the first seating-only game at Villa Park. By December


Question: Under what name is the American singer/songwriter Steveland Judkins better known?

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stevland hardaway morris
stephen judkins
Stevie Wonder
Steveland Morris Judkins
steveland morris judkins
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Stephen Judkins
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stevland morris
Little Stevie Wonder
Blame It On the Sun
Steve Wonder
Stevland Judkins Morris
steveland morris
Wonder, Stevie
stevland judkins
Wonderlove
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Wonder,Stevie
stevland judkins morris
blame it on sun
wonder stevie
Steveland Judkins
STEVIE WONDER
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Stevland Morris
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stewie wonder
22little 22 stevie wonder
Steveland Morris
stevie wonder
Stevland Hardaway Morris
S. Wonder
Stewie Wonder
steve wonder

Steve Mann (guitarist)

Steve Mann (guitarist) Steven Mann (May 2, 1943 – September 9, 2009) was an American songwriter and guitarist. Mann broke onto the West Coast music scene in the 1960s. As a student at Valley State College in Los Angeles, Mann began to perform folk music at hootenannies and Los Angeles clubs like The Ash Grove and The Troubadour. He made a number of friends on the folk music scene, including Hoyt Axton, Judy Henske, Gale Garnett, Jimmy Rubin, and Terry Wadsworth (who later joined The New Christy Minstrels). In 1962, Mann was introduced to a young singer named Janis Joplin

John Makin (singer)

John Makin (singer) John Makin, better known under his artist name "Mister John" (13 February 1950, Liverpool, England – 23 October 2011, Brussels, Belgium), was a British singer who lived in Belgium. He is best known for his feel-good novelty songs, among which the one-hit wonder song "Potverdekke! (It's great to be a Belgian)" is the best known. It was a hit in the Belgian hitparade in 1998 for 26 consecutive weeks. Makin was born in England, and moved to Brussels in 1972 where he worked as a professional quantity surveyor. He became a professional folk and blues singer and

Steve Ignorant

live by him. In 2010 Southern Records published "The Rest Is Propaganda", Ignorant's autobiography co-written with Steve Pottinger. He moved to the Norfolk coast in 2007 where he volunteers as a lifeboatman. Steve Ignorant Steve Ignorant, born Steven Williams in 1957, is a singer and artist. He co-founded the anarcho-punk band Crass with Penny Rimbaud in 1977. After Crass stopped performing in 1984, he has worked with other groups including Conflict, Schwartzeneggar, Stratford Mercenaries, and Current 93 as well as being an occasional solo performer. He is also a sculptor, and has worked as a traditional Punch and Judy performer

Doug Adkins

Growing up, Doug lived in Westby, Culbertson, Froid and graduated high school from Sidney Montana. Doug grew up singing with his sisters Jackie, Betty Jo, Thereasa and Joan. During his songwriting career, primarily in the Country genre. It was the sessions produced by Mike Chapman, with the songs "Whiskey Salesman" and "Window Shoppin'" that initially brought Adkins popularity across Europe and gave Adkins much deserved respect among country songwriters. Adkins tours mostly in Europe and in addition to touring the U.S., has toured Switzerland, France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Latvia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. - 2006/23/February - Song

Steve Adams (musician)

in 2005. Steve has not only recorded three full-length records with ALO for Brushfire, but also appeared on several label compilations such as "A Brokedown Melody" and "Thank You... Goodnight". With occasional breaks and an ongoing interest to promote side-projects from within the band, Steve has additionally toured with Brett Dennen, whom he met at the High Sierra Music Festival. While on tour with Dennen, Steve also met support act Sara Bareilles which later resulted in some Winter touring in her band as well. Through the Bay Area jamband scene connection and from a long-time friendship with keyboardist Trevor Garrod

Stevie Wonder

Stevie Wonder

Stevland Hardaway Morris ( Judkins; May 13, 1950), known professionally as Stevie Wonder, is an American singer-songwriter, who is credited as a pioneer and influence by musicians across a range of genres that include rhythm and blues, pop, soul, gospel, funk, and jazz. A virtual one-man band, Wonder's use of synthesizers and other electronic musical instruments during the 1970s reshaped the conventions of R&B. He also helped drive such genres into the album era, crafting his LPs as cohesive and consistent, in addition to socially conscious statements with complex compositions. Blind since shortly after his birth, Wonder was a child prodigy who signed with Motown's Tamla label at the age of 11, where he was given the professional name Little Stevie Wonder.

Wonder's single "Fingertips" was a No. 1 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1963, at the age of 13, making him the youngest artist ever to top the chart. Wonder's critical success was at its peak in the 1970s. His "classic period" began in 1972 with the releases of "Music of My Mind" and "Talking Book", the latter featuring "Superstition", which is one of the most distinctive and famous examples of the sound of the Hohner Clavinet keyboard. His works "Innervisions" (1973), "Fulfillingness' First Finale" (1974) and "Songs in the Key of Life" (1976) all won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year, making him the tied-record holder for the most Album of the Year wins, with three. He is also the only artist to have won the award with three consecutive album releases. Wonder began his "commercial period" in the 1980s; he achieved his biggest hits and highest level of fame, had increased album sales, charity participation, high-profile collaborations (including Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson), political impact, and television appearances. Wonder has continued to remain active in music and political causes.

Wonder is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with sales of over 100 million records worldwide. He has won 25 Grammy Awards (the most by a solo artist) and one Academy Award (Best Original Song, for the 1984 film "The Woman in Red"). Wonder has been inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Songwriters Hall of Fame. He is also noted for his work as an activist for political causes, including his 1980 campaign to make Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday a federal holiday in the U.S. In 2009, he was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace, and in 2014, he was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Wonder

Seasick Steve

Martin Wold, aka "Wishful Thinking", released his debut album "A Waste of Time Well Spent" on November 2, 2009, and showcased a selection from the album whilst touring the UK with his father. Albums Seasick Steve Steven Gene Wold (born ), commonly known as Seasick Steve, is an American blues musician. He plays mostly personalized guitars and sings, usually about his early life doing casual work. Wold was born in Oakland, California. When he was four years old, his parents split up. His father played boogie-woogie piano and Wold tried to learn when he was five or six, without success.

Thomm Jutz

Thomm Jutz Thomm Jutz (born 27 December 1969) is a German-born American singer, songwriter, producer, and guitar player, based in Nashville, Tennessee. He has worked with Grammy-winning folk singer Nanci Griffith (as a member of her Blue Moon Orchestra), Grammy nominees Eric Brace & Peter Cooper, Americana star Mary Gauthier, Grand Ole Opry members and/or Country Music Hall of Fame inductees: Mac Wiseman, Bobby Bare, Connie Smith and Marty Stuart, veteran troubadour David Olney, Otis Gibbs, Kim Richey, Irene Kelley, Amy Speace, Milan Miller and German vocalist Marc Marshall. His songs have been recorded by Nanci Griffith, John Prine, Kim

Frank Fotusky

Frank Fotusky Frank Fotusky is an American singer-songwriter based in Portland, Maine. He plays six- and twelve-string acoustic guitar. Fotusky plays acoustic blues in the Piedmont style reminiscent of guitarists such as Reverend Gary Davis, Blind Boy Fuller, John Jackson and Blind Willie McTell. He has performed or appeared with John Jackson, Paul Geremia, Steve Mann, Will Scarlett, Bonnie Raitt, Buddy Guy and Chris Hillman, amongst others. His personal record label is Snappy Turtle Records, while his music publishing company is Sixty One Forty Nine Music. Fotusky has released two albums: "Teasin’ the Frets" (1999) and "Meet Me in the

Steve Adey

Steve Adey Steve Adey (born in Great Barr, Birmingham) is an English musician and singer-songwriter. His music is characterised by slow tempos, minimalist arrangements, underpinned by piano and a rich baritone vocal. To date, Adey has released three studio albums and various EPs and singles. Adey released his critically well received debut album "All Things Real" in 2006 through independent record label Grand Harmonium Records. Music journalists often categorise his piano, vocal led songs as folk and singer-songwriter, but also acknowledge a harder, less generic, left of mainstream approach; No Ripcord's Simon Briercliffe writes ""His voice is rich and carries

Steve Young (musician)

Steve Young (musician) Steve Young (July 12, 1942 – March 17, 2016) was an American country music singer, songwriter and guitarist, known for his song "Seven Bridges Road" (on "Rock Salt & Nails" & "Seven Bridges Road"). He was a pioneer of the country rock, Americana, and alternative country sounds, and also a vital force behind the "outlaw movement" that gave support to the careers of Waylon Jennings, Hank Williams, Jr. and more. Young was also featured in the 1975 Outlaw Country documentary "Heartworn Highways". He was the subject of the song "The All Golden" by Van Dyke Parks. Young's

Steve Young (musician)

on March 17, 2016. He was 73. Differs from 1972 release in that one new track was added and all other tracks were remixed. Steve Young (musician) Steve Young (July 12, 1942 – March 17, 2016) was an American country music singer, songwriter and guitarist, known for his song "Seven Bridges Road" (on "Rock Salt & Nails" & "Seven Bridges Road"). He was a pioneer of the country rock, Americana, and alternative country sounds, and also a vital force behind the "outlaw movement" that gave support to the careers of Waylon Jennings, Hank Williams, Jr. and more. Young was also

Jim Kweskin

albums and two greatest hits compilations on Vanguard Records between 1963 and 1970; "Jim Kweskin's America" on Reprise Records in 1971; and four albums on Mountain Railroad Records between 1978 and 1987. Kweskin is probably best known as a singer and bandleader, but he is also known for his guitar stylings, adapting the ragtime-blues fingerpicking of artists like Blind Boy Fuller and Mississippi John Hurt, while incorporating more sophisticated jazz and blues stylings into the mix. In 2013, the band held a reunion tour that included Jim Kweskin, Maria Muldaur, Geoff Muldaur, Richard Greene, Bill Keith, Cindy Cashdollar and Sam

Steve Adey

Edinburgh, Scotland. Steve Adey Steve Adey (born in Great Barr, Birmingham) is an English musician and singer-songwriter. His music is characterised by slow tempos, minimalist arrangements, underpinned by piano and a rich baritone vocal. To date, Adey has released three studio albums and various EPs and singles. Adey released his critically well received debut album "All Things Real" in 2006 through independent record label Grand Harmonium Records. Music journalists often categorise his piano, vocal led songs as folk and singer-songwriter, but also acknowledge a harder, less generic, left of mainstream approach; No Ripcord's Simon Briercliffe writes ""His voice is rich

Robin Judkins

followed the winter whenever he had money to travel, and skied in North America and New Zealand. He competed in ski racing and his best result was a tenth place in the New Zealand nationals in 1973. He had a variety of employers and never stayed anywhere for more than two years. He wrote a book of poetry for which he could not find a publisher in New Zealand, but moved to Australia and utilised the 50% subsidy that Gough Whitlam's government was offering towards Australian-produced literature; Judkins successfully claimed to be Australian to receive the subsidy towards 600 copies

Steve Fox (musician)

Steve released the album "Lunch With Chet" with the single "Dream On". He also is noted for writing the Montgomery Gentry single "Daddy Won't Sell The Farm". Currently Steve is producing records for other artists. Steve released his single "If My Life Was a Movie" in January 2007. Steve Fox (musician) Steve Fox is a Canadian singer/songwriter. He was born in Brampton, Ontario and raised in Coquitlam, British Columbia, a suburb of Vancouver. He then moved to Toronto in the early 1980s to pursue a career in music. He got his break in 1995 with a rock LP "Where The

Steve Caton

Steve Caton Steve Caton is a professional guitarist/singer, song writer, producer, and visual artist, whose career has spanned almost three decades. Catons first time in a band was in Tedd Armstrongs' band "PEGASUS" in the late 1970s into the early 1980s. Even as a beginner, Caton's talent as a lead guitarist was apparent. Songs like "California Girl" and "At First Sight" and the cover or J. Kidds "Shakin All Over" with Armstrong as lead vocal rhythm guitar and composer, Matt Rydell keyboards, Jim Bender bass and Van Harter drums. Can be heard at Teddarmstrong.com. Caton came to wider public attention

Steve Seskin

in New York, live in San Francisco, and still become a major player in Nashville." Seskin splits his time between touring, Nashville and Northern California. Steve Seskin Steve Seskin is an American songwriter whose compositions have been recorded by Alabama, Kenny Chesney, Peter Frampton, Waylon Jennings, Brian McComas, Neal McCoy, Tim McGraw, John Michael Montgomery, Colin Raye, Tebey and Mark Wills. The debut single from McGraw's Set This Circus Down, “Grown Men Don’t Cry”, was nominated for a 2002 Grammy award and also garnered the #1 position on the Billboard Country Single Chart in June, 2001. Seskin also is known

Jonathan Yudkin

Band. Yudkin has worked with Kathy Mattea, John Hartford, Rascal Flatts, Lonestar, Taylor Swift, Robert Earl Keen, Terri Clark, Shania Twain, Ty Herndon, Riders in the Sky, Kenny Rogers, Walter Hyatt, and others. Yudkin co-produced Ty Herndon's 2007 album "Right About Now". Yudkin has composed feature length film soundtracks, including "Born Wild" (2013) and "Dug Up" (2014). Yudkin was a member of the Doug Dillard Band, along with Ginger Boatwright, Roger Rasnake, and David Grier. They recorded the albums "What's That" (1986) and "Heartbreak Hotel" (1989). Jonathan Yudkin Jonathan Yudkin is an American multi-instrumentalist who is a proficient player of

David Geddes (musician)

David Geddes (musician) David Cole Idema (born July 1, 1950), best known by the stage name David Geddes, is a soft rock singer who had a US Top 5 hit with "Run Joey Run" in 1975, which peaked at number four in October 1975. Under his real name, Geddes was the drummer/vocalist for the cult band The Fredric (also known as Rock Garden) and released several records in the early 1970s, one of which, "House on Holly Road," received some airplay around the state of Michigan. He previously attended the University of Michigan. Geddes got his stage name from a

Steve Thompson (songwriter)

Dean Stockdale on keyboards. Thompson was on guitar. A number of guest vocalists were invited including many of the people who recorded the original demos in the repertoire. Steve Thompson (songwriter) Steve Thompson (born 24 April 1952) is a British songwriter and record producer who is responsible for a number of single and album chart hits and well known songs recorded by international recording artists. He was instrumental in setting up the influential Neat Records. He was particularly active as a producer during (as well as being partially responsible for), the NWOBHM years (New Wave of British Heavy Metal) During


Question: Give a year in the life of Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi.

Antonio Vivaldi

Antonio Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (; 4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian Baroque musical composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher, and priest. Born in Venice, the capital of the Venetian Republic, he is regarded as one of the greatest Baroque composers, and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe. He composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than forty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as the "Four Seasons". Many of his compositions were written for the

History of Italian culture (1700s)

plaster. Antonio Vivaldi was the most important composer in Italy at the end of the Baroque period. He wrote more than 400 concertos for various instruments, especially for the violin. The scores of 21 operas, including his first and last, are still intact. His best known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons. Johann Sebastian Bach was deeply influenced by Vivaldi's concertos and arias (recalled in his "St John Passion", "St Matthew Passion", and cantatas). Bach transcribed six of Vivaldi's concerti for solo keyboard, three for organ, and one for four harpsichords, strings, and basso

Antonio Vivaldi

was offered a prestigious new position as "Maestro di Cappella" of the court of prince Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt, governor of Mantua, in the northwest of Italy. He moved there for three years and produced several operas, among them "Tito Manlio" (RV 738). In 1721, he was in Milan, where he presented the pastoral drama "La Silvia" (RV 734); nine arias from it survive. He visited Milan again the following year with the oratorio "L'adorazione delli tre re magi al bambino Gesù" (RV 645, now lost). In 1722 he moved to Rome, where he introduced his operas' new style. The new

Antonio Vivaldi

all-female music ensemble of the "Ospedale della Pietà", a home for abandoned children. Vivaldi had worked there as a Catholic priest for years and was employed there from 1703 to 1715 and from 1723 to 1740. Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua and Vienna. After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna, hoping for royal support. However, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival, and Vivaldi himself died, in poverty, less than a year later. Antonio Lucio Vivaldi was born on 4 March 1678 in Venice, then the capital of

Antonio Vivaldi

Vivaldi may have been exaggerating, it is plausible that, in his dual role of composer and "impresario", he may have either written or been responsible for the production of as many as 94 operas—given that his career had by then spanned almost 25 years. While Vivaldi certainly composed many operas in his time, he never attained the prominence of other great composers such as Alessandro Scarlatti, Johann Adolph Hasse, Leonardo Leo, and Baldassare Galuppi, as evidenced by his inability to keep a production running for an extended period of time in any major opera house. In 1717 or 1718, Vivaldi

Antonio Vivaldi

Antonio Vivaldi

Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist and impresario of Baroque music. Regarded as one of the greatest Baroque composers, Vivaldi's influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe, giving origin to many imitators and admirers. He pioneered many developments in orchestration, violin technique and programatic music. He consolidated the emerging concerto form into a widely accepted and followed idiom, which was paramount in the development of Johann Sebastian Bach's instrumental music.

Vivaldi composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other musical instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than fifty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as "the Four Seasons". Many of his compositions were written for the all-female music ensemble of the "Ospedale della Pietà", a home for abandoned children. Vivaldi began studying for the priesthood at the age of 15 and was ordained at 25, but was given dispensation to no longer say public Masses due to a health problem. Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua and Vienna. After meeting the Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna, hoping for royal support. However, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival, and Vivaldi himself died in poverty less than a year later.

After almost two centuries of decline, Vivaldi's musical reputation underwent a revival in the early 20th century, with much scholarly research devoted to his work. Many of Vivaldi's compositions, once thought lost, have been rediscovered – in one case as recently as 2006. His music remains widely popular in the present day and is regularly played all over the world.

The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)

The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)

The Four Seasons () is a group of four violin concertos by Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi, each of which gives musical expression to a season of the year. These were composed around 1718−1720, when Vivaldi was the court chapel master in Mantua. They were published in 1725 in Amsterdam, together with eight additional concerti, as ("The Contest Between Harmony and Invention").

"The Four Seasons" is the best known of Vivaldi's works. Though three of the concerti are wholly original, the first, "Spring", borrows patterns from a sinfonia in the first act of Vivaldi's contemporaneous opera "Il Giustino". The inspiration for the concertos is not the countryside around Mantua, as initially supposed, where Vivaldi was living at the time, since according to Karl Heller they could have been written as early as 1716–1717, while Vivaldi was engaged with the court of Mantua only in 1718.

They were a revolution in musical conception: in them Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing birds (of different species, each specifically characterized), a shepherd and his barking dog, buzzing flies, storms, drunken dancers, hunting parties from both the hunters' and the prey's point of view, frozen landscapes, and warm winter fires.

Unusually for the period, Vivaldi published the concerti with (possibly written by the composer himself) that elucidated what it was in the spirit of each season that his music was intended to evoke. The concerti therefore stand as one of the earliest and most detailed examples of what would come to be called program music—in other words, music with a narrative element. Vivaldi took great pains to relate his music to the texts of the poems, translating the poetic lines themselves directly into the music on the page. For example, in the middle section of "Spring", when the goatherd sleeps, his barking dog can be heard in the viola section. The music is elsewhere similarly evocative of other natural sounds. Vivaldi divided each concerto into three movements (fast–slow–fast), and, likewise, each linked sonnet into three sections.

List of Italian composers

List of Italian composers

This is an alphabetical list of composers from Italy, whose is established by in other Wikipedia articles. For guidance on how an individual name should be sorted, please refer to the person's linked article (including title, text, references, and any DefaultSort templates visible when editing) and to the English Wikipedia guidelines at .

The portraits at right are ten of the most-prominent Italian composers, according to a published review.

Arcangelo Corelli

Arcangelo Corelli

Arcangelo Corelli (, , , ; 17 February 1653 – 8 January 1713)

He was trained in Bologna and Rome, and in this city he developed most of his career, due also to the protection of great patrons. Even if his entire production is limited to just six collections of published works — five of which are composed of Trio Sonatas or solo and one by Concerti grossi — he achieved great fame and success throughout Europe, also crystallizing models of wide influence.

His writing was admired for its balance, refinement, sumptuous and original harmonies, for the richness of the textures, for the majestic effect of the theatricality and for its clear, expressive and melodious polyphony, a perfect quality of classical ideals, although belonging to the baroque epoch and often employing resources typical of this school, such as the exploration of dynamic and expressive contrasts, but always tempered by a great sense of moderation. He was the first to fully apply, with an expressive and structuring purpose, the new tonal system, consolidated after at least two hundred years of experimentation. As a virtuoso violinist he was considered one of the greatest of his generation and contributed, thanks to the development of modern playing techniques and to his many disciples scattered throughout Europe, to place the violin among the most prestigious solo instruments and was also a significant figure in the evolution of the traditional orchestra.

A dominant figure in Roman musical life and internationally highly regarded, he was desired by many courts and was included in the most prestigious artistic and intellectual society of his time, the Pontifical Academy of Arcadia. He was known in his time as "the new Orpheus", "the prince of musicians" and other similar adjectives, great folklore was generated around his figure and his fame did not diminish after his death. Even today his work is the subject of a voluminous critical bibliography and his sonatas are still widely used in musical academies as didactic material as well as pieces capable of affirming themselves in today's concert repertoire. His position in the history of Western music is considered crucial, being recognized as one of the greatest masters at the turn of the XVII and XVIII century, as well as one of the earliest and greatest classicists.

Baroque music

Baroque music

Baroque music ( or ) refers to the period or dominant style of Western classical music composed from about 1600 to 1750. The Baroque style followed the Renaissance period, and was followed in turn by the Classical period after a short transition, the galant style. The Baroque period is divided into three major phases: early, middle, and late. Overlapping in time, they are conventionally dated from 1580 to 1650, from 1630 to 1700, and from 1680 to 1750. Baroque music forms a major portion of the "classical music" canon, and is now widely studied, performed, and listened to. The term "baroque" comes from the Portuguese word "barroco", meaning "misshapen pearl". The works of George Frideric Handel and Johann Sebastian Bach are considered the pinnacle of the Baroque period. Other key composers of the Baroque era include Claudio Monteverdi, Domenico Scarlatti, Alessandro Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi, Henry Purcell, Georg Philipp Telemann, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Arcangelo Corelli, François Couperin, Heinrich Schütz, Dieterich Buxtehude, and others.

The Baroque saw the creation of common-practice tonality, an approach to writing music in which a song or piece is written in a particular key; this type of harmony has continued to be used extensively in Western classical and popular music. During the Baroque era, professional musicians were expected to be accomplished improvisers of both solo melodic lines and accompaniment parts. Baroque concerts were typically accompanied by a basso continuo group (comprising chord-playing instrumentalists such as harpsichordists and lute players improvising chords from a figured bass part) while a group of bass instruments—viol, cello, double bass—played the bassline. A characteristic Baroque form was the dance suite. While the pieces in a dance suite were inspired by actual dance music, dance suites were designed purely for listening, not for accompanying dancers.

During the period composers experimented with finding a fuller sound for each instrumental part (thus creating the orchestra), made changes in musical notation (the development of figured bass as a quick way to notate the chord progression of a song or piece), and developed new instrumental playing techniques. Baroque music expanded the size, range, and complexity of instrumental performance, and also established the mixed vocal/instrumental forms of opera, cantata and oratorio and the instrumental forms of the solo concerto and sonata as musical genres. Dense, complex polyphonic music, in which multiple independent melody lines were performed simultaneously (a popular example of this is the fugue), was an important part of many Baroque choral and instrumental works. Overall, Baroque music was a tool for expression and communication.

Antonio Vivaldi

was so popular that it performed two years later, re-edited and retitled "Artabano re dei Parti" (RV 701, now lost). It was also performed in Prague in 1732. In the years that followed, Vivaldi wrote several operas that were performed all over Italy. His progressive operatic style caused him some trouble with more conservative musicians such as Benedetto Marcello, a magistrate and amateur musician who wrote a pamphlet denouncing Vivaldi and his operas. The pamphlet, "Il teatro alla moda", attacks the composer even as it does not mention him directly. The cover drawing shows a boat (the Sant'Angelo), on the

Antonio Vivaldi

the founders of the "Sovvegno dei musicisti di Santa Cecilia", an association of musicians. The president of the "Sovvegno" was Giovanni Legrenzi, an early Baroque composer and the "maestro di cappella" at St Mark's Basilica. It is possible that Legrenzi gave the young Antonio his first lessons in composition. The Luxembourg scholar Walter Kolneder has discerned the influence of Legrenzi's style in Vivaldi's early liturgical work "Laetatus sum" (RV Anh 31), written in 1691 at the age of thirteen. Vivaldi's father may have been a composer himself: in 1689, an opera titled "La Fedeltà sfortunata" was composed by a Giovanni

Marc Pincherle

Marc Pincherle Marc Pincherle was born in Constantine on June 13, 1888 and died in Paris on June 20, 1974. A French musicologist, music critic and violinist, he was the pupil of Louis Laloy, André Pirro and Romain Rolland, among others. From 1913 on, when the life and works of Antonio Vivaldi became the subject of his doctoral thesis, he was instrumental in the rediscovery of a number of baroque composers. His biography of Vivaldi, published after World War II, was the basis for all further research regarding the composer and is still considered an influential and significant work to

Antonio Vivaldi

pope Benedict XIII invited Vivaldi to play for him. In 1725, Vivaldi returned to Venice, where he produced four operas in the same year. During this period Vivaldi wrote the "Four Seasons", four violin concertos that give musical expression to the seasons of the year. Though three of the concerti are wholly original, the first, "Spring", borrows motifs from a Sinfonia in the first act of Vivaldi's contemporaneous opera "Il Giustino". The inspiration for the concertos was probably the countryside around Mantua. They were a revolution in musical conception: in them Vivaldi represented flowing creeks, singing birds (of different species,

Antonio Vivaldi

issued a CD entitled "Vivaldi's Ring of Mystery". It is an original story about an orphan girl in the early 1700s who goes in search of her roots. A central clue to the mystery is a missing Stradivarius violin that the Duke of Cremona has brought to Vivaldi's school of the "Pietà" in the hopes of finding his long-lost grandchild. Vivaldi's music is featured throughout the story. Antonio Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (; 4 March 1678 – 28 July 1741) was an Italian Baroque musical composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher, and priest. Born in Venice, the capital of the Venetian Republic,

Antonio Vivaldi

to give shelter and education to children who were abandoned or orphaned, or whose families could not support them. They were financed by funds provided by the Republic. The boys learned a trade and had to leave when they reached the age of fifteen. The girls received a musical education, and the most talented among them stayed and became members of the Ospedale's renowned orchestra and choir. Shortly after Vivaldi's appointment, the orphans began to gain appreciation and esteem abroad, too. Vivaldi wrote concertos, cantatas and sacred vocal music for them. These sacred works, which number over 60, are varied:

Antonio Vivaldi

as a sideline: his first opera, "Ottone in villa" (RV 729) was performed not in Venice, but at the Garzerie Theater in Vicenza in 1713. The following year, Vivaldi became the impresario of the Teatro San Angelo in Venice, where his opera "Orlando finto pazzo" (RV 727) was performed. The work was not to the public's taste, and it closed after a couple of weeks, being replaced with a repeat of a different work already given the previous year. In 1715, he presented "Nerone fatto Cesare" (RV 724, now lost), with music by seven different composers, of which he was

Antonio Vivaldi

of the forced essentiality of the music, the work is considered to be one of his early masterpieces. Despite his frequent travels from 1718, the Ospedale paid him 2 sequins to write two concerti a month for the orchestra and to rehearse with them at least five times when in Venice. The orphanage's records show that he was paid for 140 concerti between 1723 and 1733. In early 18th-century Venice, opera was the most popular musical entertainment. It proved most profitable for Vivaldi. There were several theaters competing for the public's attention. Vivaldi started his career as an opera composer

Alfredo Casella

efforts of Casella, who in 1939 organised the now historic "Vivaldi Week", in which the poet Ezra Pound was also involved. Since then Vivaldi's compositions have enjoyed almost universal success and the advent of historically informed performance has only strengthened his position. In 1947 the Venetian businessman Antonio Fanna founded the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, with the composer Malipiero as its artistic director, with the purpose of promoting Vivaldi's music and putting out new editions of his works. Casella's work on behalf of his Italian Baroque musical ancestors put him at the centre of the early 20th Century Neoclassical revival

Antonio Vivaldi

the work of Italian groups driving the mid-20th century revival of Vivaldi, such as Gli Accademici di Milano under Piero Santi. For example, the Bassoon Concerto in B major, "La Notte" RV 501, became CE 12, F. VIII,1 Despite the awkwardness of having to overlay Fanna numbers onto the Complete Edition number for meaningful grouping of Vivaldi's oeuvre, these numbers displaced the older Pincherle numbers as the (re-)discovery of more manuscripts had rendered older catalogs obsolete. This cataloging work was led by the Istituto Italiano Antonio Vivaldi, where Gian Francesco Malipiero was both the director and the editor of the

Antonio Vivaldi

than he spoke to his ministers in over two years. He gave Vivaldi the title of knight, a gold medal and an invitation to Vienna. Vivaldi gave Charles a manuscript copy of "La cetra", a set of concerti almost completely different from the set of the same title published as Opus 9. The printing was probably delayed, forcing Vivaldi to gather an improvised collection for the emperor. Accompanied by his father, Vivaldi traveled to Vienna and Prague in 1730, where his opera "Farnace" (RV 711) was presented; it garnered six revivals. Some of his later operas were created in collaboration

Music of Venice

Francesco Cavalli. Many of Antonio Vivaldi's manuscripts are preserved by the Giorgio Cini foundation in the premises of the Antonio Vivaldi Foundation on the tiny island of San Giorgio. The island is home to a number of other musical foundations and is an important site for classical concerts during the year. One of the most important organizations for music research and preservation is the Ugo and Olga Levi Foundation. The foundation sponsors the Fenice Archives, and its historical documents facilitated the recent restoration of La Fenice opera house. The city also hosts an annual series of lectures and concerts dedicated

Federico Maria Sardelli

Vivaldi, at the Fondazione Giorgio Cini in Venice, for which he has published several essays and monographs, among them "Vivaldi's Music for Flute and Recorder", Ashgate Publishing, 2007, in the translation of Michael Talbot. In July 2007 Peter Ryom appointed him as his heir to continue his monumental work of cataloging the music of Antonio Vivaldi, and since then Federico Maria is responsible for the Ryom-Verzeichnis (RV). In December 2014 he and Francisco Javier Lupiáñez Ruiz independently identified the earliest known work of Vivaldi, which he has catalogued as RV 820. In 2015 he published his first novel "L'affare Vivaldi",

Antonio Vivaldi

and would have referred to the color of his hair, a family trait.) Not long after his ordination, in 1704, he was given a dispensation from celebrating Mass because of his ill health. Vivaldi said Mass as a priest only a few times, and appeared to have withdrawn from liturgical duties, though he formally remained a member of the priesthood. In September 1703, Vivaldi became "maestro di violino" (master of violin) at an orphanage called the Pio Ospedale della Pietà (Devout Hospital of Mercy) in Venice. While Vivaldi is most famous as a composer, he was regarded as an exceptional

Antonio Vivaldi

to keep a teacher. The vote on Vivaldi was seldom unanimous, and went 7 to 6 against him in 1709. After a year as a freelance musician, he was recalled by the Ospedale with a unanimous vote in 1711; clearly during his year's absence the board had realized the importance of his role. He became responsible for all of the musical activity of the institution when he was promoted to "maestro de' concerti" (music director) in 1716. In 1705, the first collection ("Connor Cassara") of his works was published by Giuseppe Sala: his Opus 1 is a collection of 12


Question: Give a year in the life of English furniture designer Thomas Chippendale.

Thomas Chippendale

Thomas Chippendale Thomas Chippendale (1718 – 1779) was born in Otley in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England in June 1718. He became a cabinet-maker in London, designing furniture in the mid-Georgian, English Rococo, and Neoclassical styles. In 1754 he published a book of his designs, titled "The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director", upon which success he became renowned. The designs are regarded as reflecting the current British fashion for furniture of that period and are today reproduced globally. He was buried 16 November 1779, according to the records of St Martin-in-the-Fields, in the cemetery since built upon by the

Thomas Chippendale, the younger

of Arts between 1784 and 1801. Thomas Chippendale, the younger Thomas Chippendale, the younger (1749–1822) was an English artist, furniture maker and designer, and the eldest of Thomas Chippendale's eleven children. He was devoted to his father and worked with Chippendale Senior until the later died in 1779. Thereafter he took over his father's business until Thomas Chippendale Jnr was obliged to close the doors on the family business. The Company, listed in Sheraton's "The Cabinet Directory" of 1803, went bankrupt in 1804 but was later re-established. Thomas Chippendale was also a member of the Society of Arts and exhibited

Thomas Chippendale, the younger

Thomas Chippendale, the younger Thomas Chippendale, the younger (1749–1822) was an English artist, furniture maker and designer, and the eldest of Thomas Chippendale's eleven children. He was devoted to his father and worked with Chippendale Senior until the later died in 1779. Thereafter he took over his father's business until Thomas Chippendale Jnr was obliged to close the doors on the family business. The Company, listed in Sheraton's "The Cabinet Directory" of 1803, went bankrupt in 1804 but was later re-established. Thomas Chippendale was also a member of the Society of Arts and exhibited his paintings at the Royal Academy

Thomas Chippendale

styles, "the rather slick delicacy of Adam's final phase", as Christopher Gilbert assessed it. A bankruptcy and sale of remaining stock in the St. Martin's Lane premises in 1804 did not conclude the firm's latest phase, as the younger Chippendale supplied furniture to Sir Richard Colt Hoare at Stourhead until 1820 (Edwards and Jourdain 1955: 88). Thomas Chippendale Thomas Chippendale (1718 – 1779) was born in Otley in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England in June 1718. He became a cabinet-maker in London, designing furniture in the mid-Georgian, English Rococo, and Neoclassical styles. In 1754 he published a book of

Thomas Chippendale

the peak of its success the firm could act like a modern interior designer working with other specialists and undertake the supply of fully decorated and furnished rooms or whole houses, once the principal construction was done. Chippendale often took on large-scale commissions from aristocratic clients. Twenty-six of these commissions have been identified. Here furniture by Chippendale can still be seen. The locations include: Chippendale collaborated in furnishing interiors designed by Robert Adam and at Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire, and Melbourne House, London, for Lord Melbourne, with Sir William Chambers (c. 1772–75). Chippendale's "Director" was used by many other cabinet makers.

Thomas Chippendale

Thomas Chippendale

Thomas Chippendale (1718–1779) was a cabinet-maker in London, designing furniture in the mid-Georgian, English Rococo, and Neoclassical styles. In 1754 he published a book of his designs in a trade catalogue titled "The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director"—the most important collection of furniture designs published in England to that point which created a mass market for furniture—upon which success he became renowned. According to the Victoria and Albert Museum, "so influential were his designs, in Britain and throughout Europe and America, that 'Chippendale' became a shorthand description for any furniture similar to his "Director" designs".

The designs are regarded as representing the current British fashion for furniture of that period and are now reproduced globally. He was buried 16 November 1779, according to the records of St Martin-in-the-Fields, in the cemetery since built upon by the National Gallery. Chippendale furniture is much valued; a padouk cabinet that was offered for auction during 2008 sold for £2,729,250.

Thomas Sheraton

Thomas Sheraton

Thomas Sheraton (1751 – 22 October 1806) was a furniture designer, one of the "big three" English furniture makers of the 18th century, along with Thomas Chippendale and George Hepplewhite. Sheraton gave his name to a style of furniture characterized by a feminine refinement of late Georgian styles<ref name=":0" /> and became the most powerful source of inspiration behind the furniture of the late 18th century.

George Hepplewhite

George Hepplewhite

George Hepplewhite (1727? – 21 June 1786) was a cabinetmaker. He is regarded as having been one of the "big three" English furniture makers of the 18th century, along with Thomas Sheraton and Thomas Chippendale. There are no pieces of furniture made by Hepplewhite or his firm known to exist but he gave his name to a distinctive style of light, elegant furniture that was fashionable between about 1775 and 1800 and reproductions of his designs continued through the following centuries. One characteristic that is seen in many of his designs is a shield-shaped chair back, where an expansive shield appeared in place of a narrower splat design.

Rococo

Rococo

Rococo (, ), less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, and "trompe-l'œil" frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion and drama. It is often described as the final expression of the Baroque movement.

The Rococo style began in France in the 1730s as a reaction against the more formal and geometric Louis XIV style. It was known as the "style Rocaille", or "Rocaille style". It soon spread to other parts of Europe, particularly northern Italy, Austria, southern Germany, Central Europe and Russia. It also came to influence the other arts, particularly sculpture, furniture, silverware, glassware, painting, music, and theatre. Although originally a secular style primarily used for interiors of private residences, the Rococo had a spiritual aspect to it which led to its widespread use in church interiors, particularly in Central Europe, Portugal, and South America.

Robert Adam

Robert Adam

Robert Adam (3 July 17283 March 1792) was a British neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after William's death.

In 1754, he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi. On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James. Here he developed the "Adam Style", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the King's Works from 1761 to 1769.

Robert Adam was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America. Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses. Much of his work consisted of remodelling existing houses, as well as contributions to Edinburgh's townscape and designing romantic pseudo-mediaeval country houses in Scotland.

He served as the member of Parliament for Kinross-shire from 1768 to 1774.

Thomas Chippendale

National Gallery. Chippendale furniture is highly valued; a padouk cabinet that came up for auction in 2008 sold for £2,729,250. Chippendale was born the only child of John Chippendale (1690–1768), joiner, and his first wife Mary (née Drake) (1693–1729). He received an elementary education at Prince Henry's Grammar School. The Chippendale family had long been in the wood working trades and so he probably received his basic training from his father, though it is believed that he was also trained by Richard Wood in York, before he moved to London. Wood later ordered eight copies of the "Director". On 19

Thomas Chippendale

Consequently, recognisably "Chippendale" furniture was produced in Dublin, Philadelphia, Lisbon, Copenhagen and Hamburg. Catherine the Great and Louis XVI both possessed copies of the "Director" in its French edition. The Director shows four main styles: English with deep carving, elaborate French rococo in the style of Louis XV furniture, Chinese style with latticework and lacquer, and Gothic with pointed arches, quatrefoils and fret-worked legs. His favourite wood was mahogany; in seat furniture he always used solid wood rather than veneers. The workshop was continued by his son, Thomas Chippendale, the younger (1749–1822), who worked in the later Neoclassical and Regency

Chippendale Society

access to other Chippendale collections, at Harewood House and Dumfries House. Chippendale furniture is highly valued; a padouk cabinet that was auctioned by Christies in 2008 sold for £2,729,250 (USD 5,324,763). In January 2013 the BBC produced a series entitled ""Carved With Love; The Genius of British Woodwork"", the second episode of which featured Chippendale's life, work and influence. Chippendale Society The Chippendale Society is a registered charity in Britain, that works to preserve and promote the heritage of Thomas Chippendale, one of Britain's most notable furniture makers. The society was founded in 1965 in Otley in Yorkshire, England, Chippendale's

Thomas Chippendale

first cabinet-maker to publish a book of his designs, titled "The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director". Three editions were published, the first in 1754, followed by a virtual reprint in 1755, and finally a revised and enlarged edition in 1762, by which time Chippendale's illustrated designs began to show signs of Neoclassicism. Chippendale had considerable competition during his active years, most notably Ince and Mayhew. Chippendale was much more than just a cabinet maker, he was an interior designer who advised on other aspects of decor such as soft furnishings and even the colour a room should be painted. At

Chippendale Society

Chippendale Society The Chippendale Society is a registered charity in Britain, that works to preserve and promote the heritage of Thomas Chippendale, one of Britain's most notable furniture makers. The society was founded in 1965 in Otley in Yorkshire, England, Chippendale's home town. Its mission is to advance public education in the matter of British craftsmanship, specifically Georgian, and particularly that of Thomas Chippendale whose designs and methods are still employed today. The society, governed by a board of twelve trustees, owns a collection of Chippendale furniture and memorabilia, which is kept at Temple Newsam House in Leeds, and has

George Hepplewhite

Thomas Sheraton

Thomas Sheraton Thomas Sheraton (1751 – 22 October 1806) was a furniture designer, one of the "big three" English furniture makers of the 18th century, along with Thomas Chippendale and George Hepplewhite. Sheraton gave his name to a style of furniture characterized by a feminine refinement of late Georgian styles and became the most powerful source of inspiration behind the furniture of the late 18th century. Sheraton was born in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England. He was apprenticed to a local cabinet maker and continued working as a journeyman cabinet maker until he moved to London in 1790, aged 39. There

Percy Macquoid

Percy Macquoid Percy Thomas MacQuoid (January 1852 – 20 March 1925) was a British theatrical designer and a collector and connoisseur of English furniture, and the author of articles, largely for "Country Life", and of four books on the history of English furniture, the first major survey of the subject, which have been reprinted and are still of use today: "The Age of Oak", "The Age of Walnut", "The Age of Mahogany" and "The Age of Satinwood", ending his surveys about the year 1800. These terms, particularly the first three, have become the standard terms for referring to these different

Jonathan Gostelowe

Jonathan Gostelowe Jonathan Gostelowe (1744 or 1745, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - 1795, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an 18th-century American cabinetmaker, best remembered for his Philadelphia Chippendale-style furniture. He was the eldest of the four children of George Gostelow (1701-1758), a Swedish-American farmer, and his English-born wife Lydia, who lived in the Passyunk section of what is now South Philadelphia. There is no documentation of where the son learned his trade, although, based on stylistic similarities, it is conjectured that he apprenticed under cabinetmaker George Claypoole, Sr. For much of his career, Gostelowe operated a shop on Church Alley between Second and Third

George Hepplewhite

designs and variants of them through the 19th and 20th centuries. George Hepplewhite George Hepplewhite (1727? – 21 June 1786) was a cabinetmaker. He is regarded as having been one of the "big three" English furniture makers of the 18th century, along with Thomas Sheraton and Thomas Chippendale. There are no pieces of furniture made by Hepplewhite or his firm known to exist but he gave his name to a distinctive style of light, elegant furniture that was fashionable between about 1775 and 1800 and reproductions of his designs continued through the following centuries. One characteristic that is seen in

Rosamind Julius

met two award-winning British designers in America in 1949. Historically the business had created reproduction antiques and during the war it had repaired antique furniture for the Victoria and Albert Museum as it could not compete even after the war with the government's Utility furniture scheme. The business was temporarily saved at the end of the war by exporting Chippendale style furniture to America. The two designers, Robin Day and Clive Latimer, had won prizes for furniture design from the New York Museum of Modern Art. With Rosamind Julus and her husband as the entrepreneurs, the company changed direction and

Hille (furniture)

two award-winning British designers in America in 1949. Historically the business had created reproduction antiques and during the war it had repaired antique furniture for the Victoria and Albert Museum. It could not compete in the new furniture market even after the war with the government's Utility furniture scheme. The business was temporarily saved at the end of the war by exporting Chippendale style furniture to America. The two designers, Robin Day and Clive Latimer, had won prizes for furniture design from the New York Museum of Modern Art. Together the company changed direction and the new furniture was designed

Rococo

became popular for furniture, along with walnut wood. The Rococo began to make an appearance in England between 1740 and 1750. The furniture of Thomas Chippendale was the closest to the Rococo style, In 1754 he published "Gentleman's and Cabinet-makers' directory", a catalog of designs for rococo, "chinoiserie" and even Gothic furniture, which achieved wide popularity, going through three editions. Unlike French designers, Chippendale did not employ marquetry or inlays in his furniture. The predominant designer of inlaid furniture were Vile and Cob, the cabinet-makers for King George III. Another important figure in British furniture was Thomas Johnson, who in

Thomas Johnson (designer)

Thomas Johnson (designer) Thomas Johnson (1714–1778) was an English wood carver and furniture maker. He worked in London and is particularly known for bold or extreme use and mixture of rococo, Chinese, and rustic motifs. He was said to be one of the most successful exponents of the rococo style, giving it a vitality not seen in the work of other designers. Among other works, he adapted scenes from Francis Barlow's illustrations of Aesop's Fables. In the 1750s he published several books of designs which were widely used for things like ceiling moulding. These books include "Twelve Girandoles" in 1755,

Charles Heathcote Tatham

later offered him £60 a year for two years to enable him to pursue his studies at Rome. He was introduced to Holland through his relative John Linnell who was in charge of one of London's leading cabinet-maker and upholsterer's firms and a rival to Thomas Chippendale. At Holland's office Tatham designed and drew at large all the ornamental decorations for Drury Lane Theatre. The whole proscenium was marked off from his drawings by Charles Catton the younger, who painted the designs in fresco. The executed design for the boxes in the theatre were by Linnell and they survive at


Question: How many basic positions are there in classical ballet?

Positions of the feet in ballet

Positions of the feet in ballet The positions of the feet in ballet is a fundamental part of classical ballet technique that defines standard placements of feet on the floor. There are five basic positions in modern-day classical ballet, known as the first through fifth positions. In 1725, dancing master Pierre Rameau credited the codification of these five positions to choreographer Pierre Beauchamp. Two additional positions, known as the sixth and seventh positions, were codified by Serge Lifar in the 1930s while serving as Ballet Master at the Paris Opéra Ballet, though their use is limited to Lifar's choreographies. The

Glossary of ballet

may be combined to give other positions. Different schools, such as Vaganova, French, and Cecchetti, Russian often use different names for similar arm positions. The Russian school names three arm positions while the other schools name five. Additionally: There are eight to eleven positions of the body in ballet, eight in Cecchetti and RAD and ten or eleven in the Russian and French schools. The general positions are croisé, à la quatrième, effacé, à la seconde, écarté, and épaulé. Cecchetti and RAD's eight include "croisé devant, à la quatrième devant, effacé (devant), à la seconde, croisé derrière, écarté, épaulé," and

Positions of the feet in ballet

sixth and seventh positions were not Lifar's inventions, but revivals of positions that already existed in the eighteenth century, when there were ten positions of the feet in classical ballet. The first basic position requires the feet to be flat on the floor and turned out (pointing in opposite directions as a result of rotating the legs at the hips). Heels together, and toes going outwards. The feet point in opposite directions, with heels spaced approximately twelve inches apart. One foot is placed in front of the other so that the heel of the front foot is near the arch.

Positions of the feet in ballet

feet, as in "pas couru sur les pointes en avant" or "en arrière". Similar to fourth position, but performed "en pointe" with heels in center with each other. There are two seventh positions, determined by whether the left or right foot is placed in front. Positions of the feet in ballet The positions of the feet in ballet is a fundamental part of classical ballet technique that defines standard placements of feet on the floor. There are five basic positions in modern-day classical ballet, known as the first through fifth positions. In 1725, dancing master Pierre Rameau credited the codification

Dance positions

position" through to "fifth position." Following are the descriptions to all five major ballet positions: Dance positions Dance position is a position of a dancer or a mutual position of a dance couple assumed during a dance. Describing and mastering proper dance positions is an important part of dance technique. These dance positions of a single dancer may be further detailed into body, head, arm, hand, leg, and foot positions; also, these positions in a dance couple can additionally take into account connection, relative orientation of partners, and directions of movement (or of movement intention). In ballet, the term "pose"

Positions of the feet in ballet

Positions of the feet in ballet

The positions of the feet in ballet is a fundamental part of classical ballet technique that defines standard placements of feet on the floor. There are five basic positions in modern-day classical ballet, known as the first through fifth positions. In 1725, dancing master Pierre Rameau credited the codification of these five positions to choreographer Pierre Beauchamp. Two additional positions, known as the sixth and seventh positions, were codified by Serge Lifar in the 1930s while serving as Ballet Master at the Paris Opéra Ballet, though their use is limited to Lifar's choreographies.<ref name="Ries">
</ref> The sixth and seventh positions were not Lifar's inventions, but revivals of positions that already existed in the eighteenth century, when there were ten positions of the feet in classical ballet.<ref name="Paolacci">
</ref>

Ballet

Ballet

Ballet () is a type of performance dance that originated during the Italian Renaissance in the fifteenth century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread and highly technical form of dance with its own vocabulary. Ballet has been influential globally and has defined the foundational techniques which are used in many other dance genres and cultures. Various schools around the world have incorporated their own cultures. As a result, ballet has evolved in distinct ways.

A ballet as a unified work comprises the choreography and music for a ballet production. Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained ballet dancers. Traditional classical ballets are usually performed with classical music accompaniment and use elaborate costumes and staging, whereas modern ballets are often performed in simple costumes and without elaborate sets or scenery.

Classical ballet

Classical ballet

Classical ballet is any of the traditional, formal styles of ballet that exclusively employ classical ballet technique. It is known for its aesthetics and rigorous technique (such as pointe work, turnout of the legs, and high extensions), its flowing, precise movements, and its ethereal qualities.

There are stylistic variations related to an area or origin, which are denoted by classifications such as Russian ballet, French ballet, British ballet and Italian ballet. For example, Russian ballet features high extensions and dynamic turns, whereas Italian ballet tends to be more grounded, with a focus on fast, intricate footwork. Many of the stylistic variations are associated with specific training methods that have been named after their originators. Despite these variations, the performance and vocabulary of classical ballet are largely consistent throughout the world.

Dance positions

Dance positions

Dance position is a position of a dancer or a mutual position of a dance couple assumed during a dance. Describing and mastering proper dance positions is an important part of dance technique.

These dance positions of a single dancer may be further detailed into body, head, arm, hand, leg, and foot positions; also, these positions in a dance couple can additionally take into account connection, the relative orientation of partners, and directions of movement (or of movement intention).

In ballet, the term "pose" is used to describe stationary dance positions; the most important are referred to as "first position" through to "fifth position." The following includes descriptions of all major ballet positions.

Glossary of ballet

Glossary of ballet

Because ballet became formalized in France, a significant part of ballet terminology is in the French language.

Positions of the arms in ballet

Positions of the arms in ballet There are two basic positions of the arms in ballet. In one, the dancer keeps the fingers of both arms fully touching to form an oval shape, either almost touching the hips, or at navel level, or raised above the dancer's head. In the other, the arms are extended to the sides with the elbows slightly bent. These positions may be combined to give other positions. Names differ according to the school/method followed, such as Vaganova, French, Royal Academy of Dance (RAD), Cecchetti, etc. of the arms; the corresponding "allongés" positions are obtained by

Positions of the arms in ballet

stretching the elbows and rotating the palms of the hands downwards. "Vaganova" or Russian school: Combinations of the basic arm positions are called: These are used mainly in the centre. "French school" and "Royal Academy of Dance": "Cecchetti method": Positions of the arms in ballet There are two basic positions of the arms in ballet. In one, the dancer keeps the fingers of both arms fully touching to form an oval shape, either almost touching the hips, or at navel level, or raised above the dancer's head. In the other, the arms are extended to the sides with the elbows

Classical ballet

made to fit the dancers' feet perfectly. Students typically learn ballet terminology and the pronunciation, meaning, and precise body form and movement associated with each term. Emphasis is placed on developing flexibility and strengthening the legs, feet, and body core (the "center", or abdominals) as a strong core is essential for turns and many other ballet movements. Dancers also learn to use their "spot" which teaches them to focus on something while turning so as not to become dizzy and lose their balance. After learning basic ballet technique and developing sufficient strength and flexibility, female dancers begin to learn pointe

Classical ballet

he loved to show off the shiny buckles on his shoes when he performed his own dances. There are five fundamental positions of the feet in ballet, all performed with turnout and named numerically as "first" through "fifth" positions. When performing jumps and leaps, classical ballet dancers strive to exhibit "ballon", the appearance of briefly floating in the air. "Pointe technique" is the part of ballet technique that concerns "pointe work", in which a ballet dancer supports all body weight on the tips of fully extended feet on specially designed and handcrafted "pointe shoes". In professional companies, the shoes are

Glossary of ballet

number of times the legs cross in and out in the air: a regular changement is two (one out, one in), entrechat quatre is two outs, two ins; six is three and three; huit is four and four. Odd-numbered entrechats refer to the previous number, but done landing on one foot with the other in cou-de-pied: for example, an "entrechat cinq" (five) is the same as an entrechat-quatre, but done landing on one leg. An autonomous scene of ballets de cour, divertissement, comédie-ballet, opéra-ballet, even tragédie lyrique, which brings together several dancers in and out of the scenario. (; 'shouldered.')

Serge Lifar

rose" (1931); and "L'Après-midi d'un faune" (1935); "Icare" (1935), with costumes and decor by Picasso; "Istar" (1941); and "Suite en Blanc" (1943), which he qualified as "Neoclassical ballet". As part of his effort to revitalize dance, Lifar thought the basic principles of ballet—specifically the five positions of the feet—denied mobility for the dancer. He codified two additional positions, known as the sixth and seventh positions, with the feet turned in, not out like the first five positions. The sixth and seventh positions were not Lifar's inventions, but revivals of positions that already existed in the eighteenth century, when there were

Dance positions

Dance positions Dance position is a position of a dancer or a mutual position of a dance couple assumed during a dance. Describing and mastering proper dance positions is an important part of dance technique. These dance positions of a single dancer may be further detailed into body, head, arm, hand, leg, and foot positions; also, these positions in a dance couple can additionally take into account connection, relative orientation of partners, and directions of movement (or of movement intention). In ballet, the term "pose" is used to describe stationary dance positions; the most important are referred to as "first

Glossary of ballet

"à la quatrième derrière". The Russian school further divides "effacé" and "épaulé" into "effacé devant, effacé derrière, épaulé devant", and "épaulé derrière", and the Russian arm positions on "croisé derrière" are the converse of Cecchetti/RAD's. In addition, the French school further divides "écarté" into "écarté devant" and "écarté derrière". The standard, basic placements of feet on the floor. Modern-day classical ballet employs five positions, known as the first position, second position, third position, fourth position, and fifth position. Pulling up is critical to the simple act of rising up on balance and involves the use of the entire body. The

Vanemuine

be more suitable to use the term „dance theatre“ rather than „ballet“ in the European classical sense. Neither was the ballet company left untouched by the changes in the society—in the 1940s and 50s ideology strongly influenced the dance language—the classical dance en pointe became the nearly sole possible means of expression in the creation of any dance piece. At the beginning of the 50s the ballet company had 41 members; after that, layoffs reduced the company to 18 members. By 1957 the number had risen to 24 dancers—a number that is clearly insufficient keeping in mind classical ballet compositions.

Challenge square dance

Mainstream, Plus, and Advanced (A1 and A2). There are five Challenge levels: Basic Challenge (C1), Extended Challenge (C2), Extended Challenge (C3A), Challenge 3B (C3B) and Challenge 4 (C4). The first three of these are maintained and organized by Callerlab, while the last two exist on a more ad hoc basis, maintained by a small set of interested callers. As a result of this there are a few different C4 lists, mostly the same, but with various differences. C1 dancers must be familiar with about 250 calls (including those from Mainstream, Plus, and Advanced). By C3, the dancers must be familiar

Classical ballet

Academie Royal de Musique de Dance (today known as Paris Opera), and named Pierre Beauchamp the head dancing-master. While at the Academie Royal, Beauchamp revolutionized ballet technique by inventing the five positions (first, second, third, fourth and fifth) of ballet, which to this day remain the foundation of all formal classical ballet technique. Ballet technique is the foundational principles of body movement and form used in ballet. A distinctive feature of ballet technique is "turnout;" which is the outward rotation of the legs and feet emanating from the hip. This was first introduced into ballet by King Louis XIV because

Classical ballet

used worldwide. For example, the RAD teaching method is used in more than 70 countries. American-style ballet (Balanchine) is not taught by means of a standardized, widespread training system. Similarly, French ballet has no standard training system; each of the major French-style ballet schools, such as the Paris Opera Ballet School, Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse, and Académie de Danse Classique Princesse Grace (Monaco) employs a unique training system. Some classical ballet training systems employ standardized layouts to define reference locations at the corners, and edges of stages, and dance studio rooms. In the latter case, there

Arabesque (ballet position)

there are three main arabesques. Here they are described for a dancer facing point 6: The "Shades scene" from La Bayadère, choregraphed by Marius Petipa, is one of the masterpieces of classical style. It opens with a corps de ballet of 28 female dancers, dressed in white performing a simple arabesque as they make their entrance one by one. Notes Further reading Arabesque (ballet position) Arabesque (; literally, "in Arabic fashion") in dance, particularly ballet, is a body position in which a dancer stands on one leg – the "supporting" leg – with the other leg – the "working" leg

Positions of the feet in ballet

There are two types of fourth position: "open" and "closed". In both cases, one foot is placed approximately twelve inches in front of the other. In open fourth position the heels are aligned, while in closed fourth position the heel of the front foot is aligned with the toe of the back foot. Fifth position should form two parallel lines with your feet. The heel of the front foot should be in contact with the big toe of the other, and the heel of the back foot should be in contact with the last toe of the front foot. Parallel

Ballet

technique and movement. Perhaps the most widely known and performed ballet style is late Romantic ballet (or Ballet blanc). Classical ballet is based on traditional ballet technique and vocabulary. Different styles have emerged in different countries, such as French ballet, Italian ballet, English ballet, and Russian ballet. Several of the classical ballet styles are associated with specific training methods, typically named after their creators (see below). The Royal Academy of Dance method is a ballet technique and training system that was founded by a diverse group of ballet dancers. They merged their respective dance methods (Italian, French, Danish and Russian)