Question: In what year was the Magna Carta signed

one thousand two hundred and fifteen
one thousand, two hundred and fifteen
1215

Magna Carta

demands for reform, the 'Articles of the Barons'. Stephen Langton's pragmatic efforts at mediation over the next ten days turned these incomplete demands into a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; a few years later, this agreement was renamed Magna Carta, meaning "Great Charter". By 15 June, general agreement had been made on a text, and on 19 June, the rebels renewed their oaths of loyalty to John and copies of the charter were formally issued. Although, as the historian David Carpenter has noted, the charter "wasted no time on political theory", it went beyond simply addressing individual baronial complaints,

Magna Carta

the jurist Sir William Blackstone in 1759. At least thirteen original copies of the charter of 1215 were issued by the royal chancery during that year, seven in the first tranche distributed on 24 June and another six later; they were sent to county sheriffs and bishops, who were probably charged for the privilege. Slight variations exist between the surviving copies, and there was probably no single "master copy". Of these documents, only four survive, all held in England: two now at the British Library, one at Lincoln Cathedral, and one at Salisbury Cathedral. Each of these versions is slightly

Magna Carta

previous century, parliaments often exacted confirmation of it from the monarch. The Charter was confirmed in 1423 by King Henry VI. By the mid-15th century, Magna Carta ceased to occupy a central role in English political life, as monarchs reasserted authority and powers which had been challenged in the 100 years after Edward I's reign. The Great Charter remained a text for lawyers, particularly as a protector of property rights, and became more widely read than ever as printed versions circulated and levels of literacy increased. During the 16th century, the interpretation of Magna Carta and the First Barons' War

Magna Carta

long unbroken text. The four original 1215 charters were displayed together at the British Library for one day, 3 February 2015, to mark the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta. Magna Carta originated as an unsuccessful attempt to achieve peace between royalist and rebel factions in 1215, as part of the events leading to the outbreak of the First Barons' War. England was ruled by King John, the third of the Angevin kings. Although the kingdom had a robust administrative system, the nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John and his predecessors had ruled using the

1215: The Year of Magna Carta

read and sign the Magna Carta properly. However, there are some negative reviews. An anonymous reviewer from Brown University states, “I learned more from reading the Magna Carta reproduced at the back of this book than I did from the book itself. There's a lesson there, somewhere, about the value of source documents.” He continued to state that 1215 was merely a book on life in Medieval England, and gave hardly any information about the Magna Carta itself. Other critics have similar opinions of the book. Critic Robert Heydt states that the book is deceiving (deceptive) in its title and

Magna Carta

John, King of England

1215: The Year of Magna Carta

1215: The Year of Magna Carta

1215: The Year of Magna Carta is a historical documentation of life in Medieval England written by author and journalist Danny Danziger and emeritus professor of history at the London School of Economics John Gillingham. It was originally published in 2003 by Hodder & Stoughton, a division of Hodder Headline. In 2004, it was published in the United States by Touchstone. This book is a sequel to Danziger's previous work, "The Year 1000", which he co-authored with author Robert Lacey.

The Magna Carta School

The Magna Carta School

The Magna Carta School is an 11–16 academy school in Staines, England, which has been awarded specialisms in Technology and ICT. It is named after Magna Carta due to its proximity to Runnymede, where the document was signed. The school contains over 1200 pupils including over 60 prefects.

At an OfSTED inspection in 2017 the school received an Inspection Grade of 2 (Good).

Ankerwycke Yew

Ankerwycke Yew

The Ankerwycke Yew is an ancient yew tree close to the ruins of St Mary's Priory, the site of a Benedictine nunnery built in the 12th century, near Wraysbury in Berkshire, England. It is a male tree with a girth of at 0.3 metres. The tree is at least 1,400 years old, and could be as old as 2,500 years.

On the opposite bank of the River Thames are the meadows of Runnymede and this tree is said to have been witness to the signing of "Magna Carta". The tree is also said to be the location where Henry VIII courted Anne Boleyn in the 1530s.<ref name="NT" />

There is some justification for the theory that the Ankerwycke Yew could be "the last surviving witness to the sealing of the "Magna Carta" 800 years ago". "In the 13th century, the landscape would have been different as the area was probably rather marshy as it was within the flood plain of the Thames. The Ankerwycke Yew is on a slightly raised area of land (therefore dry) and with the proximity of the Priory perhaps both lend some credibility to this claim."

The Ankerwycke Yew is situated on lands managed by the National Trust. In 2002 it was designated one of fifty Great British Trees by The Tree Council.

1215: The Year of Magna Carta

Magna Carta. Some of the myths include: The Magna Carta having no meaning after Prince Louis was crowned king and that it would not be an influential document for the rest of the world. "1215: The Year of Magna Carta" has received positive reviews from several critics and historians. It has been noted as a historical document that has “bestseller written all over it.” The one aspect every critic seems to enjoy is how the book tells of every fine detail that occurred during the Medieval era. Journalist Christina Hardyment was surprised to learn that King John used glasses to

Magna Carta

Carta in any way that would reduce his independence as King. England descended into civil war in the 1640s, resulting in Charles I's execution in 1649. Under the republic that followed, some questioned whether Magna Carta, an agreement with a monarch, was still relevant. An anti-Cromwellian pamphlet published in 1660, "The English devil", said that the nation had been "compelled to submit to this Tyrant Nol or be cut off by him; nothing but a word and a blow, his Will was his Law; tell him of Magna Carta, he would lay his hand on his sword and cry Magna

Royal Navy

Normandy from the French was at a breaking-point, the Northern Barons of England began to rise in revolt. Forced by the insurrection, John signed the Magna Carta on 15 June 1215, in hopes of satisfying the Barons to buy time for Pope Innocent III to excommunicate the rebellious barons and condemn the Magna Carta. From this, the Barons revolted, commencing the First Barons' War with the capture of Rochester Castle. Grasping, however, that they (the barons) were outmatched by royalists and King John, the Barons decided to turn to France for assistance. Realizing the Barons intentions, John attempted to assemble

Magna Carta

Crypt in Washington, D.C. The 800th anniversary of the original charter occurred on 15 June 2015, and organisations and institutions planned celebratory events. The British Library brought together the four existing copies of the 1215 manuscript in February 2015 for a special exhibition. British artist Cornelia Parker was commissioned to create a new artwork, "Magna Carta (An Embroidery)", which was shown at the British Library between May and July 2015. The artwork is a copy of the Wikipedia article about the Magna Carta (as it appeared on the document's 799th anniversary, 15 June 2014), hand-embroidered by over 200 people. On

Magna Carta

the subsequent charters in public and private ownership, including copies of the 1297 charter in both the United States and Australia. The original charters were written on parchment sheets using quill pens, in heavily abbreviated medieval Latin, which was the convention for legal documents at that time. Each was sealed with the royal great seal (made of beeswax and resin sealing wax): very few of the seals have survived. Although scholars refer to the 63 numbered "clauses" of Magna Carta, this is a modern system of numbering, introduced by Sir William Blackstone in 1759; the original charter formed a single,

Magna Carta

edition of the text along with other "ancient statutes" in 1531 and 1540. In 1534, George Ferrers published the first unabridged English-language edition of Magna Carta, dividing the Charter into 37 numbered clauses. At the end of the 16th century, there was an upsurge in antiquarian interest in England. This work concluded that there was a set of ancient English customs and laws, temporarily overthrown by the Norman invasion of 1066, which had then been recovered in 1215 and recorded in Magna Carta, which in turn gave authority to important 16th century legal principles. Modern historians note that although this

Magna Carta

61 of Magna Carta contained a commitment from John that he would "seek to obtain nothing from anyone, in our own person or through someone else, whereby any of these grants or liberties may be revoked or diminished". Despite this, the King appealed to Pope Innocent for help in July, arguing that the charter compromised the Pope's rights as John's feudal lord. As part of the June peace deal, the barons were supposed to surrender London by 15 August, but this they refused to do. Meanwhile, instructions from the Pope arrived in August, written before the peace accord, with the

Bill of Rights 1689

in all Commonwealth realms. Following the Perth Agreement in 2011, legislation amending both of them came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015. During the 17th century, there was renewed interest in Magna Carta. The Parliament of England passed the Petition of Right in 1628 which established certain liberties for subjects. The English Civil War (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament, during which the idea of a political party took form with groups debating rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647. Subsequently, the Protectorate (1653–1659) and the English

Magna Carta

"magna carta libertatum", "the great charter of liberties", was used by the scribes to refer to the larger document, which in time became known simply as Magna Carta. Magna Carta became increasingly embedded into English political life during Henry III's minority. As the King grew older, his government slowly began to recover from the civil war, regaining control of the counties and beginning to raise revenue once again, taking care not to overstep the terms of the charters. Henry remained a minor and his government's legal ability to make permanently binding decisions on his behalf was limited. In 1223, the

Magna Carta

arrangement, promising the freedoms and liberties of the church. The importance of this clause may also reflect the role of Archbishop Langton in the negotiations: Langton had taken a strong line on this issue during his career. Only three clauses of Magna Carta still remain on statute in England and Wales. These clauses concern 1) the freedom of the English Church, 2) the "ancient liberties" of the City of London (clause 13 in the 1215 charter, clause 9 in the 1297 statute), and 3) a right to due legal process (clauses 39 and 40 in the 1215 charter, clause 29

Magna Carta

tax. It is this version which remains in statute today, although with most articles now repealed. The "Confirmatio Cartarum" (Confirmation of Charters) was issued in Norman French by Edward I in 1297. Edward, needing money, had taxed the nobility, and they had armed themselves against him, forcing Edward to issue his confirmation of Magna Carta and the Forest Charter to avoid civil war. The nobles had sought to add another document, the "De Tallagio", to Magna Carta. Edward I's government was not prepared to concede this, they agreed to the issuing of the "Confirmatio", confirming the previous charters and confirming

Magna Carta

assassinate John in 1212. John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms, and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring. Both sides appealed to Pope Innocent III for assistance in the dispute. During the negotiations, the rebellious barons produced an initial document, which historians have termed "the Unknown Charter of Liberties", which drew on Henry I's Charter of Liberties for much of its language; seven articles from that document later appeared in the "Articles of the Barons" and the subsequent charter. It was John's hope that the Pope would

Magna Carta

as one of the Imperial Acts in force there. Clause 29 of the document remains in force as part of New Zealand law. The document also continues to be honoured in the United States as an antecedent of the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights. In 1976, the UK lent one of four surviving originals of the 1215 Magna Carta to the United States for their bicentennial celebrations and also donated an ornate display case for it. The original was returned after one year, but a replica and the case are still on display in the United States Capitol

Alan of Galloway

his opponents, and so confirmed the charter of liberties known as "Magna Carta", a concession that led most of the rebel barons to renew their pledges of homage to him. Alan's involvement in the negotiations is evidenced by the fact that he was in the king's presence in Windsor on 3 June, when he is recorded to have exchanged gifts with the king. Furthermore, Alan's name is one of twenty-seven advisors recorded in the preamble of the charter, revealing that he was one of the magnates who counselled the king regarding the document. Clear evidence of Alan's influence on the

Magna Carta

charters, and many of them still survive. The documents were written in heavily abbreviated medieval Latin in clear handwriting, using quill pens on sheets of parchment made from sheep skin, approximately across. They were sealed with the royal great seal by an official called the spigurnel, equipped with a special seal press, using beeswax and resin. There were no signatures on the charter of 1215, and the barons present did not attach their own seals to it. The charters were not numbered or divided into paragraphs or separate clauses at the time; the numbering system used today was introduced by


Question: How many hearts does an earthworm have

Earthworm Heart

Earthworm Heart Earthworm Heart is the second full-length album recorded by Cape Breton indie rock band Tom Fun Orchestra It was recorded over a period of a few years at Soundpark Studios in Sydney, Nova Scotia. It was produced by Jamie Foulds and the band, engineered by Foulds and Bert Lionais, and mixed and mastered by Foulds. 1.Merry Christmas Jim - 5:08
 2.Rowing Away - 3:31
 3.I Am Bleeding Hallelujah - 3:58
 4.Dear Eleanor - 2:59
 5.Lungs - 3:43
 6.Concussional - 0:53
 7.Anchors Aweigh - 4:27
 8.Earthworm Heart - 2:36
 9.Animal Mask - 4:17
 10.Winter Spring - 2:04
 11.Boxcar Lullaby

Allolobophora chlorotica

earthworm, adults measuring approximately 50 mm in length. This species is unique in that it has three pairs of sucker-like discs on alternate segments on the underside of its clitellum. "Allolobophora chlorotica" is now thought comprise more than one species. Genetic research carried out by Cardiff University suggests the figure could be as high as four. Certain research lead by Central Lancashire University has shown that the pink and green morphs are very likely to be separate species. These different color morphs are thought to have different habitat niches, green morphs needing very wet conditions while the pink morph favors

Earthworm

of setae on each segment or more than eight sometimes forming a complete circle of setae per segment. Special ventral setae are used to anchor mating earthworms by their penetration into the bodies of their mates. Generally, within a species, the number of segments found is consistent across specimens, and individuals are born with the number of segments they will have throughout their lives. The first body segment (segment number 1) features both the earthworm's mouth, overhanging the mouth, a fleshy lobe called the prostomium , which seals the entrance when the worm is at rest, but is also used

Earthworm

in the blood plasma and carbon dioxide is released. Water, as well as salts, can also be moved through the skin by active transport. At birth, earthworms emerge small, but fully formed, only lack their sex structures, which develop in about 60 to 90 days. They attain full size in about one year. Scientists predict that the average lifespan under field conditions is four to eight years, while most garden varieties live only one to two years. Several common earthworm species are mostly parthenogenetic, meaning that growth and development of embryos happens without fertilization. Among lumbricid earthworms, parthenogenesis arose from

Earthworm

clitellum, the location and disposition of the sex features (pores, prostatic glands, etc.), number of gizzards, and body shape. Currently, over 6,000 species of terrestrial earthworms are named, as provided in a species name database, but the number of synonyms is unknown. The families, with their known distributions or origins: From a total of around 7,000 species, only about 150 species are widely distributed around the world. These are the peregrine or cosmopolitan earthworms. Earthworms are classified into three main ecophysiological categories: (1) leaf litter- or compost-dwelling worms that are nonburrowing, live at soil-litter interface and eat decomposing organic matter

Earthworm

Earthworm

An earthworm is a terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the phylum Annelida. They exhibit a tube-within-a-tube body plan; they are externally segmented with corresponding internal segmentation; and they usually have setae on all segments. They occur worldwide where soil, water, and temperature allow.

Earthworms are commonly found in soil, eating a wide variety of organic matter. This organic matter includes plant matter, living protozoa, rotifers, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. An earthworm's digestive system runs the length of its body.

An earthworm respires (breathes) through its skin. It has a double transport system made of coelomic fluid that moves within the fluid-filled coelom and a simple, closed circulatory system.

It has a central and peripheral nervous system. Its central nervous system consists of two ganglia above the mouth, one on either side, connected to a nerve running along its length to motor neurons and sensory cells in each segment. Large numbers of chemoreceptors concentrate near its mouth.

Circumferential and longitudinal muscles edging each segment let the worm move. Similar sets of muscles line the gut, and their actions move digesting food toward the worm's anus.

Earthworms are hermaphrodites: each carries male and female reproductive organs. When mating, two individual earthworms will exchange sperm and fertilize each other's eggs. Each individual has both male and female genital pores. As invertebrates, they lack a true skeleton, but they maintain their structure with fluid-filled coelom chambers that function as a hydrostatic skeleton.

"Earthworm" is the common name for the largest members of Oligochaeta (which is a class or subclass depending on the author). In classical systems, they were in the order Opisthopora since the male pores opened posterior to the female pores, although the internal male segments are anterior to the female. Theoretical cladistic studies have placed them in the suborder Lumbricina of the order Haplotaxida, but this may soon change. Folk names for the earthworm include "dew-worm", "rainworm", "nightcrawler", and "angleworm" (from its use as fishing bait).

Larger terrestrial earthworms are also called megadriles (translates to "big worms") as opposed to the microdriles ("small worms") in the semiaquatic families Tubificidae, Lumbricidae, and Enchytraeidae. The megadriles are characterized by a distinct clitellum (more extensive than that of microdriles) and a vascular system with true capillaries.

Annelid

Polychaete

Polychaete

Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic<ref name="Struck2011" /> class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin. More than 10,000 species are described in this class. Common representatives include the lugworm ("Arenicola marina") and the sandworm or clam worm "Alitta".

Polychaetes as a class are robust and widespread, with species that live in the coldest ocean temperatures of the abyssal plain, to forms which tolerate the extremely high temperatures near hydrothermal vents. Polychaetes occur throughout the Earth's oceans at all depths, from forms that live as plankton near the surface, to a 2- to 3-cm specimen (still unclassified) observed by the robot ocean probe "Nereus" at the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the deepest known spot in the Earth's oceans. Only 168 species (less than 2% of all polychaetes) are known from fresh waters.

Oligochaeta

Oligochaeta

Oligochaeta () is a subclass of animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms. Specifically, oligochaetes comprise the terrestrial megadrile earthworms (some of which are semiaquatic or fully aquatic), and freshwater or semiterrestrial microdrile forms, including the tubificids, pot worms and ice worms (Enchytraeidae), blackworms (Lumbriculidae) and several interstitial marine worms.

With around 10,000 known species, the Oligochaeta make up about half of the phylum Annelida. These worms usually have few setae (chaetae) or "bristles" on their outer body surfaces, and lack parapodia, unlike polychaeta.

Vermicompost

Vermicompost

Vermicompost (vermi-compost) is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. This process is called vermicomposting, while the rearing of worms for this purpose is called vermiculture.

Vermicast (also called worm castings, worm humus, worm manure, or worm faeces) is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms. These excreta have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than the organic materials before vermicomposting.

Vermicompost contains water-soluble nutrients and is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. It is used in gardening and sustainable, organic farming.

Vermicomposting can also be applied for treatment of sewage. A variation of the process is vermifiltration (or vermidigestion) which is used to remove organic matter, pathogens, and oxygen demand from wastewater or directly from blackwater of flush toilets.

Earthworm

sexual relatives many times. Parthenogenesis in some "Aporrectodea trapezoides" lineages arose 6.4 to 1.1 million years ago from sexual ancestors. Mating occurs on the surface, most often at night. Earthworms are hermaphrodites; that is, they have both male and female sexual organs. The sexual organs are located in segments 9 to 15. Earthworms have one or two pairs of testes contained within sacs. The two or four pairs of seminal vesicles produce, store and release the sperm via the male pores. Ovaries and oviducts in segment 13 release eggs via female pores on segment 14, while sperm is expelled from

Giant Gippsland earthworm

a Giant Worm Museum at Bass. Giant Gippsland earthworm The giant Gippsland earthworm, "Megascolides australis", is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species. It is also commonly known as "karmai", taken from the Bunwurrung language. These giant earthworms average long and in diameter and can reach in length; however, their body is able to expand and contract making them appear much larger. On average they weigh about . They have a dark purple head and a blue-grey body, and about 300 to 400 body segments. They live in the subsoil of blue, grey or red clay soils along stream banks

Earthworm Heart

AJ Fraser, Andrew Grieg, Andrew Lionais, Ashley MacIntyre,
 Corey MacMullin, Dinao MacCormick, Harry Doyle, James Walsh
 Jenni Welsh, John Gill, Katie Boutllier, Katie LeBlanc, Maria Nemis,
 Mike LeLievre, Redmond MacDougall, Stephen MacDougall,
 Steven Fifield, Thomas Allen, Tori MacKinnon Jamie Foulds - Producer, Engineering, Mixing, Mastering
 Albert Lionais - Engineering
 Tom Fun Orchestra - Producer Earthworm Heart Earthworm Heart is the second full-length album recorded by Cape Breton indie rock band Tom Fun Orchestra It was recorded over a period of a few years at Soundpark Studios in Sydney, Nova Scotia. It was produced by Jamie Foulds and the

Giant Gippsland earthworm

Giant Gippsland earthworm The giant Gippsland earthworm, "Megascolides australis", is one of Australia's 1,000 native earthworm species. It is also commonly known as "karmai", taken from the Bunwurrung language. These giant earthworms average long and in diameter and can reach in length; however, their body is able to expand and contract making them appear much larger. On average they weigh about . They have a dark purple head and a blue-grey body, and about 300 to 400 body segments. They live in the subsoil of blue, grey or red clay soils along stream banks and some south- or west-facing hills

Nanophyetus salmincola

0.055 mm. There are normally 5 to 16 eggs in the uterus, and their heaviness allows them to sink rapidly in water. "N. salmincola" is a digenic trematode, which means that it is an unsegmented worm that is flattened dorsoventrally. Adult worms alternate shape from “a sphere to a long blunt rod.” The worms are 0.8 to 1.1mm long and 0.3 to 0.5 mm wide and are hermaphroditic, having both male and female reproductive organs in the same organism. The two large oval testes are 0.2 to 0.3 mm long and the round ovary is 0.07 to 0.11 mm in

Earthworm

Station has produced figures suggesting that even poor soil may support 250,000/acre (62/m), whilst rich fertile farmland may have up to 1,750,000/acre (432/m), meaning that the weight of earthworms beneath a farmer's soil could be greater than that of the livestock upon its surface. The ability to break down organic materials and excrete concentrated nutrients makes the earthworm a functional contributor in restoration projects. In response to ecosystem disturbances, some opencast mining sites have utilized earthworms to prepare soil for the return of native flora. Sites using this method have observed advances in the return of ecosystem services that previously

Ascaris lumbricoides

where it grows and molts. In three weeks, the larva passes from the respiratory system to be coughed up, swallowed, and thus returned to the small intestine, where it matures to an adult male or female worm. Fertilization can now occur and the female produces as many as 200,000 eggs per day for 12–18 months. These fertilized eggs become infectious after two weeks in soil; they can persist in soil for 10 years or more. The eggs have a lipid layer which makes them resistant to the effects of acids and alkalis, as well as other chemicals. This resilience helps

Dirofilaria immitis

of only heartworm prevention every dog contracted heartworms. In the group on only Vectra 3-D, two of eight dogs contracted heartworms and had an average of 1.5 adult worms each. In the group on a heartworm prevention and the Vectra 3-D, one dog was infected with the infective L3 stage and it did not mature into an adult due to the heartworm prevention. using a repellant and a prevention is over 99% effective. Ivermectin, even with lapses up to four months between doses, still provides 95% protection from adult worms. This period is called the reach-back effect. Annual heartworm testing

Earthworms as invasive species

predicted to exceed 2,000. Approximately 182 earthworm "taxa" in twelve families are reported from the United States and Canada, of which sixty (about 33%) are introduced. Only two "genera" of lumbricid earthworms are indigenous to North America while introduced "gener"a have spread to areas without any native species, especially in the north where forest ecosystems rely on a large amount of undecayed leaf matter. When worms decompose that leaf layer, the ecology may shift making the habitat unsurvivable for certain species of trees, ferns and herbs. Larger earthworms such as the nightcrawler "Lumbricus terrestris" and the Alabama jumper, "Amynthas agrestis",

Svend O. Heiberg

University. His enthusiasm for soil science carried over from the classroom to the radio airwaves. His broadcast on earthworms made an impression: In a radio address delivered over WGY "Farm Forum", Prof. Svend O. Heiberg... said: 'If your soil is suitable for earthworms . . . there may be more than two and one-half million per acre, weighing about 1400 pounds. That means that you may have more pounds of earthworms in your employment than all your domestic animals put together.' In 1959, Heiberg was appointed to the position of Associate Dean for Graduate Studies. He "is credited with the

Earthworm

Earthworm An earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter. An earthworm's digestive system runs through the length of its body. It conducts respiration through its skin. It has a double transport system composed of coelomic fluid that moves within the fluid-filled coelom and a simple, closed blood circulatory system. It has a central and a peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of two ganglia above the mouth, one on either side, connected to a nerve cord running back along its

Earthworm

segment 15. One or more pairs of spermathecae are present in segments 9 and 10 (depending on the species) which are internal sacs that receive and store sperm from the other worm during copulation. As a result, segment 15 of one worm exudes sperm into segments 9 and 10 with its storage vesicles of its mate. Some species use external spermatophores for sperm transfer. In "Hormogaster samnitica" and "Hormogaster elisae" transcriptome DNA libraries were sequenced and two sex pheromones, Attractin and Temptin, were detected in all tissue samples of both species. Sex pheromones are probably important in earthworms because they

Earthworm

earthworm activities to soil fertility for agriculture can be summarized as: Earthworms accelerate nutrient cycling in the soil-plant system through fragmentation & mixing of plant debris – physical grinding & chemical digestion. The earthworm's existence cannot be taken for granted. Dr. W. E. Shewell-Cooper observed "tremendous numerical differences between adjacent gardens", and worm populations are affected by a host of environmental factors, many of which can be influenced by good management practices on the part of the gardener or farmer. Darwin estimated that arable land contains up to 53,000 worms per acre (13/m), but more recent research from Rothamsted Experimental

Trichuriasis

a rate of 3,000 to 20,000 eggs per day, linking the life cycle to the start. Adult worms are usually long, with females being larger than males as is typical of nematodes. The thin, clear majority of the body (the anterior, whip-like end) is the esophagus, and it is the end that the worm threads into the mucosa of the colon. The widened, pinkish gray region of the body is the posterior, and it is the end that contains the parasite's intestines and reproductive organs. "T. trichiura" eggs are prolate spheroids, the shape of the balls used in Rugby and

Earthworm

of the most important environmental factors is pH, but earthworms vary in their preferences. Most favor neutral to slightly acidic soils. "Lumbricus terrestris" is still present in a pH of 5.4 and "Dendrobaena octaedra" at a pH of 4.3 and some Megascolecidae are present in extremely acidic humic soils. Soil pH may also influence the numbers of worms that go into diapause. The more acidic the soil, the sooner worms go into diapause and the longer they remain in diapause at a pH of 6.4. Earthworms form the base of many food chains. They are preyed upon by many species


Question: In which 70’s sitcom did we hear about the Tooting Popular Front

Wolfie Smith
citizen smith
wolfie smith
tooting popular front
Tooting Popular Front
Citizen Smith

"We'll go on a trip to Gravel Hall" Audience (in unison): "Can we come too?" CMD: "Yes, it's about time you all came to!" A: "Lance Lieutenant Tooting reporting for duty sir." FX: Beep beep B: "What was that?" A: "Me sir, Tooting." B: "Well, don't let it happen again!" The Next Programme Follows Almost Immediately The Next Programme Follows Almost Immediately (TNPFAI) was a cult BBC comedy of the 1970s, now almost completely forgotten. The programme starred Bill Wallis, David Jason, Denise Coffey, David Gooderson and Jonathan Cecil. The basic story revolved around a comedy factory, Allied British Comedy

1970s in television

during 1972–75. The rantings of Alf Garnett on race, class, religion, education and anything else at all definitely touched a nerve. Although the show was in fact poking fun at right-wing bigotry, not everyone got the joke. Some — including, notably, Mary Whitehouse — complained about the language (although the level of profanity was quite light) and resented the racial epithets like "wog" and "coon" and the attitudes underlying them. Others, completely missing the point of the show, actually adopted Alf as their hero, thinking he was uttering truths that others didn't dare to — apparently oblivious to the fact

Citizen Smith

was written. Main Wilson loved the script, and saw the potential for a series; it was put into production almost immediately as a pilot for "Comedy Special"—a showcase for new talent, which had succeeded "Comedy Playhouse"—under the title "Citizen Smith". The pilot was a success, and four series and a Christmas special were produced between 1977 and 1980. It has been claimed that the "Tooting Popular Front"—fictionally based near to writer John Sullivan's childhood home of Balham—was partly inspired by a real-life fellow-South London far-left group, the Brixton-based Workers' Institute of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thought, activities of which were reported in

Johnny Speight

Death Us Do Part" featuring Warren Mitchell as Alf Garnett, a reactionary Conservative-voting working class man with a chip on his shoulder and an angry word on everything. Garnett became one of the most memorable characters in British TV history. The 1971 US sitcom "All in the Family" was based on this series. Speight's later series "Curry and Chips" (1969), was a more controversial sitcom from LWT for the ITV channel, soon cancelled on the instructions of the Independent Broadcasting Authority. His next comedy was "For Richer...For Poorer" (1975), a one-off pilot which featured Harry H. Corbett as a left-wing

Two in Clover

love of his Friesian cow "Fanny". Both series of Two in Clover have been released on DVD by Network in 2004. Two in Clover Two in Clover is a British sitcom that ran for two series from 1969 to 1970. It starred Sid James and Victor Spinetti and was written by Vince Powell and Harry Driver, and produced and directed by Alan Tarrant. The first series was made in black and white and the second series was made in colour. It was made by Thames Television for the ITV network. Two city clerks, Sid Turner (James) and Vic Evans (Spinetti),

Citizen Smith

Citizen Smith

Citizen Smith is a British television sitcom written by John Sullivan, first broadcast from 1977 to 1980.

It starred Robert Lindsay as Walter Henry "Wolfie" Smith, a young Marxist "urban guerrilla" in Tooting, south London, who is attempting to emulate his hero Che Guevara. Wolfie is a reference to the Irish revolutionary Wolfe Tone, who used the pseudonym "Citizen Smith" in order to evade capture by the British. Wolfie is the self-proclaimed leader of the revolutionary Tooting Popular Front (the TPF, merely a small bunch of his friends), the goals of which are "Power to the People" and "Freedom for Tooting". In reality, he is an unemployed slacker and petty criminal whose plans fail through his own laziness, cowardice and incompetence.

Wolfie dresses in a stereotypical fashion for rebellious students of the period: logoed T-shirt, denim jeans and Afghan coat. He supports Fulham F. C. and occasionally wears a Fulham scarf. He rides a scooter and spends most of the time at his girlfriend's house, which means he constantly clashes with her parents.

Tooting

Tooting

Tooting is a district in South London, forming part of the London Borough of Wandsworth and partly in the London Borough of Merton. It is located south south-west of Charing Cross.

Robert Lindsay (actor)

Robert Lindsay (actor)

Robert Lindsay Stevenson (born 13 December 1949) is an English actor. He is the recipient of numerous accolades, including a British Academy Television Award, a Tony Award and two Laurence Olivier Awards.

His first major role on TV was playing Wolfie Smith in "Citizen Smith". He appeared in sitcoms, most notably as Ben Harper in "My Family", playing the role for over a decade, and narrated TV adaptations of the children's television series "Brambly Hedge". His film appearances include "Fierce Creatures" and "Wimbledon". He has appeared with the Royal Shakespeare Company and in musical theatre.

Urban guerrilla warfare

Urban guerrilla warfare

An urban guerrilla is someone who fights a government using unconventional warfare or domestic terrorism in an urban environment.

Are You Being Served?

Are You Being Served?

Are You Being Served? is a British sitcom created and written by executive producer David Croft (Croft also directed some episodes) and Jeremy Lloyd, with contributions from Michael Knowles and John Chapman, for the BBC. Set in London, the show follows the misadventures and mishaps of the staff of the retail ladies' and gentlemen's clothing departments in the flagship department store of a fictional chain called Grace Brothers.

The series was broadcast on the BBC for ten series, totalling 69 episodes between 8 September 1972 and 1 April 1985 – and included five Christmas specials. There was also a 1977 film, a spin-off series "Grace & Favour" with the same main cast in 1991–1992, and a one-off episode with a new cast in 2016. Since its original release, all 69 episodes, the pilot, the Christmas specials, the sequel and the film have been released on DVD.

"Are You Being Served?" was a success in the UK audience ratings. The series was screened in Canada, New Zealand, Australia and the Republic of Ireland, and was aired in the Netherlands and Belgium with Dutch subtitles. The show was also broadcast in Israel and in the United States, where it gained a loyal following when PBS television stations began airing reruns of it in the mid-1980s, along with other British sitcoms. In 2004, it was ranked 20th in a television countdown of "Britain's Best Sitcom". It is regularly rebroadcast in the English-speaking world.

British sitcom

(1956–1960, 1971–1972), with Jimmy Edwards, or those featuring Hancock, had been built. A gentle mockery of Britain's 'finest hour' occurred with the home guard comedy "Dad's Army" (1968–1977) and the church with "All Gas and Gaiters" (1966–1971). Women generally had very secondary roles at this time, though various series with Wendy Craig in the leading role and those developed by scriptwriter Carla Lane, the first successful female writer in the form, were challenges to this situation. Lane's career initially began in collaboration with other writers on "The Liver Birds" (1969–1979, 1996). The 1970s is often regarded as the golden era

British comedy

in the 1970s, including "Rising Damp", "On the Buses", "George and Mildred", "Man About The House" and the now unfashionable "Love Thy Neighbour". Other BBC series are "Early Doors" with James McAvoy and "Grandma's House" with Simon Amstell. Commercial station Channel 4 has been more successful than ITV with situation comedies in recent years. Some of the better-known examples are "Chelmsford 123", "Chance in a Million", "Drop the Dead Donkey", "Spaced", "Father Ted" (which was set in Ireland instead of Great Britain), "Black Books", "Teachers", "Peep Show", "Green Wing", "The Inbetweeners", "The IT Crowd", "Shameless" and "Da Ali G Show".

Citizen Smith

BBC on 22 December 1978, one episode ("Spanish Fly") had to be rescheduled as a special in August 1979. "The Glorious Day", which Wolfie had always been plotting, comes at the end of the third series, in an episode of the same name, in which the Tooting Popular Front 'liberate' a Scorpion tank and use it to invade the Houses of Parliament, only to find the place empty, owing to a parliamentary recess. During the TPF's 'annual manoeuvres' on Salisbury Plain, Wolfie, Ken, Tucker and Speed decide to camp down after an evening of heavy drinking; unbeknownst to them, they

1970s in television

that he never got the best of any argument and was regularly shown up to be stupid and ill-informed. The series regularly provoked controversy in the media, and for millions it became a common gossiping point at work or in the pub. Many popular British situation comedies (sitcoms) were gentle, innocent, unchallenging portrayals of middle-class life, avoiding or only hinting at controversial issues; typical examples were "Happy Ever After" (later succeeded by "Terry and June"), "Sykes" and "The Good Life". Set in a hotel in Torquay, "Fawlty Towers" was a massive success for the BBC, despite only twelve episodes being

British sitcom

the Buses" is a "cheerfully vulgar comedy" in which "leering and innuendo dominate." Some of the network's other ratings successes from this era are now 'politically incorrect' too. Series such as "Love Thy Neighbour" (1972–76) and "Mind Your Language" (1977–79, 1986), which attempted to find humour in racial or ethnic conflict and misunderstandings, were increasingly criticised over time. Increasing relaxation in regard to the discussion of sex meant farce became a familiar form in the 1970s used in series like "Up Pompeii!" (1969–70, 1975, 1991), and "Are You Being Served?" (1972, 1973–85). In the 1980s the emerging alternative comedians began

The Front Line (UK TV series)

and the opening credits of the show featured the band performing the song. The Front Line (UK TV series) The Front Line was a 1984/1985 BBC sitcom about two half-brothers of West Indian descent who shared a house, one brother a policeman and one a dreadlocked Rastafarian. The series starred Paul Barber as the elder, policeman brother Malcolm, and Alan Igbon as the younger brother Sheldon. It was written by Alex Shearer, filmed in Bristol and Cardiff, and transmitted between 6 December 1984 and 17 January 1985. A pilot for the series, "On The Frontline", was broadcast in the 1970s.

Freddie and the Dreamers

Kenneth Connor and Victor Maddern and "Every Day's A Holiday" (US title "Seaside Swingers") with Mike Sarne, Ron Moody and John Leyton. Between 1970 and 1973 Garrity and Birrell appeared in the UK ITV children's show "Little Big Time", a zany music/talent/adventure show with audience participation. The group made a guest appearance in the BBC sitcom "Dear John". As the group's popularity declined in the UK, Freddie and the Dreamers enjoyed a brief spell of fame in the US, riding the wave of the British Invasion when the American teen public was hungry for any British pop music. Unlike many

Number 96 (TV series)

several boyfriends over the course of the series; his most enduring relationship was with film buff Dudley Butterfield (Chard Hayward). As the series progressed it increasingly focused on comedic characters such as brassy winebar proprietor Norma Whittaker (Sheila Kennelly), and her inventor husband Les (Gordon McDougall), no-nonsense Flo Patterson (Bunney Brooke), and the bookish bumbling Arnold Feather (Jeff Kevin), who proved irresistible to the ladies. Reg and Edie MacDonald (Mike Dorsey and Wendy Blacklock) and their bubbly daughter, Marilyn (Frances Hargreaves), arrived at the start of 1974 as three more comedic characters. One memorable cliffhanger was the explosion in the

1970s in television

1970s the high concept sitcoms like "I Dream of Jeannie" and "Bewitched" began to lose American interest with "I Dream of Jeannie" ending its run in 1970 and "Bewitched" ending in 1972. In 1971; CBS, tired of being ridiculed as the "Hillbilly Network" because the majority of its hit shows were rural-oriented, cancelled "The Beverly Hillbillies", "Hee Haw", "Green Acres" and "Mayberry RFD" plus every show "that had a tree in it" as described by actor Pat Buttram. In its place, shows that appealed to a younger, more urban demographic became commonplace. It was transformed by what became termed as

Chesney and Wolfe

Spain with his sister played by Pat Coombs. It lasted for two series. The ITV sitcom "Romany Jones" ran from 1973 to 1975, with an initial pilot in 1972, was set on a caravan site. Originally it starred "Dad's Army" actor James Beck (who died in 1973, after recording the second series) with Jo Rowbottom and Jonathan Cecil also appearing. It lasted four series, being the most successful in the ratings of their series after "On the Buses". It led to a sequel, featuring the characters played by Arthur Mullard and Queenie Watts moving into a council house, entitled "Yus,

The Liver Birds

Sykes and Sheila Hancock, and on "The Likely Lads". Carla Lane wrote most of the episodes, Taylor co-writing only the first two series. The pilot was shown on 14th April 1969 as an episode of "Comedy Playhouse", the BBC's breeding ground for sitcoms at the time. The series charted the ups and downs of two "dolly birds" sharing a flat on Liverpool's Huskisson Street, concentrating on the two young single women's dealings with boyfriends, work, parents and each other. Dressed in the best 1970s fashions, they looked for romance in a loose female equivalent of "The Likely Lads". The pilot

1970s

did not reach the heights of its popularity until the 1980s. Notable dramas included "Play for Today" and "Pennies from Heaven". In police dramas, there was a move towards increasing realism; popular shows included "Dixon of Dock Green", "Z-Cars", "Softly, Softly", and "The Sweeney". The science fiction show "Doctor Who" reached its peak. 1970s UK television featured a mix of traditional and more modern comedy. "Morecambe and Wise", "The Benny Hill Show", "Are You Being Served?" and "Dad's Army" had their origins in the variety show and radio comedy of the first half of the century. Many popular British situation

Tooting

& I" (1962–67) was set in the fictional Lobelia Avenue in Tooting. The BBC comedy series "Citizen Smith" (1977–80) was set in Tooting and popularised the cry "Freedom for Tooting!". The lead character in the series, Wolfie Smith (Robert Lindsay), was the founder of a fictional revolutionary socialist political organisation, the Tooting Popular Front. The Kitchens of Distinction (who formed in the area) recorded "On Tooting Broadway Station" on their album "The Death of Cool" (1992). In 2005, a 28 km diameter crater on Mars was named after Tooting. A geologic map of Tooting Crater is under preparation, and will

Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In

people who only stayed on for that season: Teresa Graves, Jeremy Lloyd, Pamela Rodgers, and Byron Gilliam. Lily Tomlin joined in the middle of the season. Jo Anne Worley, Goldie Hawn, and Judy Carne left after the season. The 1970–71 season brought new additions to the cast include tall, lanky, sad-eyed Dennis Allen, who alternately played quietly zany characters and straight man for anybody's jokes; comic actress Ann Elder, who also contributed to scripts, tap dancer Barbara Sharma, and Johnny Brown. Arte Johnson, who created many memorable characters, insisted on star billing, apart from the rest of the cast. The

The Comedians (1971 TV series)

Legion. It was remarkably popular during the earlier series. An LP recording of the show reached the best-seller charts, several sell-out national tours followed, including a season at the London Palladium, and the programme won the Critics' circle Award. The comedy frequently took the form of anecdotes or jokes and often involved racist or sexist stereotypes. Like other British comedy successes of the day, notably, "Love Thy Neighbour", this kind of entertainment was acceptable on British television during this period but would not be so today. Viewing the series in retrospect it stands as a major social document of the


Question: What is classed as the Blue Riband of the Henley Regatta

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Blue Riband

broken by another Incat vessel, "Catalonia" and again the following month by "Cat-Link V". The Ocean Rowing Society inspired by The Blue Riband concept created Blue Riband Trophy of Ocean Rowing awarded to the fastest crew to cross the Atlantic Ocean in an unsupported row boat. Presently it is the most sought after trophy of Ocean Rowing. With the end of the express liners era the Blue Riband has become an item of largely historical interest, with some authors regarding the "United States" as the last holder of the accolade; meanwhile the goal of the fastest Atlantic crossings remains a

Blue Riband

the rules for the Hales Trophy were different from the traditional rules for the Blue Riband (for example, the Hales Trophy was originally only awarded for westbound records) and changed several times thereafter. It was awarded to just three Blue Riband holders during the express liner era. The trophy continues to be awarded, though many people believe the "United States" remains as the holder of the Blue Riband because no subsequent record breaker was in Atlantic passenger service. The Ocean Rowing Society inspired by The Blue Riband concept created Blue Riband Trophy of Ocean Rowing awarded to the fastest crew

Blue Riband

Blue Riband The Blue Riband () is an unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest speed. The term was borrowed from horse racing and was not widely used until after 1910. Traditionally, the record is based on average speed rather than passage time because ships follow different routes. Also, eastbound and westbound speed records are reckoned separately, as the more difficult westbound record voyage, against the Gulf Stream and the prevailing weather systems, typically results in lower average speeds. Of the 35 Atlantic liners to hold the Blue Riband,

Blue Boat

Blue Boat wear a similar blazer in the light blue Cambridge colours. Lightweight crews wear Half-Blue colours, while the various reserve boats (listed below) wear more outlandish stylings. Blue Boat The Blue Boat is the highest level boat representing the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge in the universities' annual rowing clashes on the River Thames: The Boat Race and Women's Boat Race. As of 2016, the women's first VIII (also referred to as a Blue Boat) clash also takes places on the River Thames, along with their male counterparts. Lightweight crews of both genders race annually at

Henley Boat Races

side over a 2000 m course on the River Thames at Henley-on-Thames, racing downstream — the opposite direction to the Henley Royal Regatta course — and finishing halfway down Temple Island. The collegiate races take place over a shorter 1750 m course. The races typically include: An Alumnae race has typically also been held in recent years. The lightweight races constitute the varsity race. The first crew receive university half-blues, and is therefore more commonly known as the Lightweight Blue Boat. The reserve crew receive university colours. The intercollegiate races are between the fastest crews from the Oxford Torpids and

Henley Royal Regatta

Henley Royal Regatta

Henley Royal Regatta (or Henley Regatta, its original name pre-dating Royal patronage) is a rowing event held annually on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames, England. It was established on 26 March 1839. It differs from the three other regattas rowed over approximately the same course, Henley Women's Regatta, Henley Masters Regatta, and Henley Town and Visitors' Regatta, each of which is an entirely separate event.

The regatta lasts for six days (Tuesday to Sunday) ending on the first weekend in July. Races are head-to-head knock out competitions, raced over a course of . The regatta regularly attracts international crews to race. The most prestigious event at the regatta is the Grand Challenge Cup for Men's Eights, which has been awarded since the regatta was first staged.

As the regatta pre-dates any national or international rowing organisation, it has its own rules and organisation, although it is recognised by both British Rowing (the governing body of rowing in England and Wales) and FISA (the International Federation of Rowing Associations). The regatta is organised by a self-perpetuating body of Stewards, who are largely former rowers themselves.

The regatta is regarded as part of the English social season. As with other events in the season, certain enclosures at the regatta have strict dress codes.

Oxford Brookes University Boat Club

Oxford Brookes University Boat Club

Oxford Brookes University Boat Club (known as Brookes especially verbally and as OBUBC in formal print) is the rowing club of Oxford Brookes University, England. Its large base is on the longest reach of the non-tidal parts of the Thames, at Wallingford, in Oxfordshire – about of easily rowable, little-congested river. The club has been very successful at pre-training and co-training many Olympic competitors including those for Great Britain who won 6 golds at Olympics spread across three consecutive games, starting with the games of 2000.

From 1995 into 2007, inclusive, Brookes won its record 13 consecutive British Universities Sport Association (annual BUSA games) men's eight wins.

Glossary of rowing terms

Glossary of rowing terms

In competitive rowing, the following specialized terms are important in the corresponding aspects of the sport:

Eton College

Eton College

Eton College () is a public school in Eton, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1440 by Henry VI under the name "Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore", intended as a sister institution to King's College, Cambridge, making it the 18th-oldest Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference (HMC) school. Eton is particularly well-known for its history, wealth, and notable alumni, called .

Eton is one of only three public schools, along with Harrow (1572) and Radley (1847), to have retained the boys-only, boarding-only tradition, which means that its boys live at the school seven days a week. The remainder (such as Rugby in 1976, Charterhouse in 1971, Westminster in 1973, and Shrewsbury in 2015) have since become co-educational or, in the case of Winchester, as of 2021 are undergoing the transition to that status. Eton has educated prime ministers, world leaders, Nobel laureates, Academy Award and BAFTA award-winning actors, and generations of the aristocracy, having been referred to as "the nurse of England's statesmen".

The school is the largest boarding school in England ahead of Millfield and Oundle. Eton charges up to £46,296 per year (£15,432 per term, with three terms per academic year, for 2022/23). Eton was noted as being the sixth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK in 2013–14; however, the school admits some boys with modest parental income: in 2011 it was reported that around 250 boys received "significant" financial help from the school, with the figure rising to 263 pupils in 2014, receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, whilst a further 63 received their education free of charge. Eton has also announced plans to increase the figure to around 320 pupils, with 70 educated free of charge, with the intention that the number of pupils receiving financial assistance from the school continues to increase.<ref name=Telegraph1 />

Jacksonville University

Jacksonville University

Jacksonville University (JU) is a private university in Jacksonville, Florida. Located in the city's Arlington district, the school was founded in 1934 as a two-year college and was known as Jacksonville Junior College until September 5, 1956, when it shifted focus to building four-year university degree programs and later graduated its first four-year degree candidates as Jacksonville University in June 1959. It is a member of the Independent Colleges and Universities of Florida and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). JU's student body currently represents more than 40 U.S. states and approximately 45 countries around the world. As a Division I institution, it fields 18 varsity athletics teams, known as the JU Dolphins, as well as intramural sports and clubs. Among the top majors declared by JU students are aviation management, biology, nursing, business, and marine science.

Blue Boat

Blue Boat The Blue Boat is the highest level boat representing the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge in the universities' annual rowing clashes on the River Thames: The Boat Race and Women's Boat Race. As of 2016, the women's first VIII (also referred to as a Blue Boat) clash also takes places on the River Thames, along with their male counterparts. Lightweight crews of both genders race annually at the Henley Boat Races. "Blue" refers to the oarsmen and women in these first boats each earning their University Sporting Blue, an honour bestowed on sportsmen and women

Henley Royal Regatta

550 yards (2,112 m). The regatta regularly attracts international crews to race. The most prestigious event at the regatta is the Grand Challenge Cup for Men's Eights, which has been awarded since the regatta was first staged. As the regatta pre-dates any national or international rowing organisation, it has its own rules and organisation, although it is recognised by both British Rowing (the governing body of rowing in England and Wales) and FISA (the International Federation of Rowing Associations). The regatta is organised by a self-electing body of Stewards, who are largely former rowers themselves. Pierre de Coubertin modelled elements

Head of the River (New South Wales)

at Concord to Cabarita. From 1936 until 1996 it was raced on the Nepean River and finishing near the Nepean Bridge. Since 1996 it's been held on the Sydney Olympic course at Penrith. From 1893 until 1909 the blue-riband race was contested by four-oared boats, and since then by eight-oared boats with coxed fours contesting the minor events. By the 1930s when the eight Sydney GPS schools were competing the event on the Parramatta River, two heats of four lanes were raced and then a final was contested by the top four. Since 1996 the 1st and 2nd VIIIs race

Women's Boat Race

lightweight race started at Henley-on-Thames and the women's Boat race was relocated there in 1977 creating the Henley Boat Races. At Henley the race took place over a distance of 2,000 metres. The First VIII receive university blues, and is therefore more commonly known as the Blue Boat, with Cambridge in light blue and Oxford dark blue. While the crew is all female, the cox can be male or female. The Second VIII receives university colours. The 2011 race was the first to be sponsored by Newton Investment Management, a subsidiary of BNY Mellon. Previously the crews had no sponsorship

Blue Riband

writers have included the "Scotia" claim. Gibbs also includes the claimed Blue Riband voyage at of the National Line's "America" of 1884 that was not confirmed by later researchers. Blue Riband The Blue Riband () is an unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest speed. The term was borrowed from horse racing and was not widely used until after 1910. Traditionally, the record is based on average speed rather than passage time because ships follow different routes. Also, eastbound and westbound speed records are reckoned separately, as the more

Brasenose College Boat Club

victories in most events at the Henley Royal Regatta. The club's colours are black and gold, with black blades. The 1st VIII, however, may wear the distinctive "Childe of Hale" colours — red, purple and gold — which are traditional in Brasenose rowing. Brasenose has a long history on the water. The first amateur race between organised clubs which prepared and trained for the event occurred in Oxford in 1815. In this year, crews from Brasenose College and Jesus College raced for the Head of the River, from Iffley Lock to Mr King’s Barge, which was moored near the current

Henley Royal Regatta

is a strong south-westerly wind it is better to be on the Bucks station because it is more sheltered from the wind. The course is now piled and boomed along its entire length, except for crossing points. The booms can present a hazard for the inexperienced coxswain or steersman. When the start and finish positions of the Old Course had become established, the distance between them was found to be 1 mile 570 yds (2131 metres). However, boats were aligned by their sterns at the start and judged by their bows at the finish. This meant that the course was

Hales Trophy

of the Hales Trophy Trustees are now lodged with Lloyds Register in London. Anyone wishing to access the formal records should contact Lloyds Register regarding obtaining permission to inspect the Hales Trophy Trust records. Hales Trophy The Hales Trophy (officially the North Atlantic Blue Riband Challenge Trophy) is an award for the fastest Atlantic crossing by a commercial vessel. It was created in 1935 by Harold K. Hales a British politician and owner of Hales Brothers shipping company, donated the trophy. to be a permanent, tangible expression of the Blue Riband, the unofficial accolade then given for this feat. Hales

Oxford University Lightweight Rowing Club

the squad is reduced to two trial eights which compete in a Trial Eights race at Henley-on-Thames over the course used for the race against Cambridge. From this squad the club selects a first crew, known as the Lightweight Blue Boat, and a reserve crew, known as Nephthys. The Blue Boat goes on to race Cambridge. From 2000 until 2006 Nephthys also raced against a lightweight reserve crew from Cambridge, Granta. Since 2007, however, Cambridge has declined to field a Granta crew, and Nephthys has raced in the Tideway Head and other external races. The squad also participates in BUCS

Hales Trophy

traditional rules for the Blue Riband (for example, the Hales Trophy was originally only awarded for westbound records) and changed several times thereafter. It was awarded to just three Blue Riband holders during the express liner era; to the Italian liner "Rex" in 1935, the French "Normandie" in 1936, and the American "United States" in 1952. Cunard's "Queen Mary", Blue Riband holder in 1936 and again from 1938 until 1952, did not receive the award. Following the retirement of "United States" in 1969 the award languished, until revived in 1990 for the Incat passenger/car ferry "Hoverspeed Great Britain" when she

Hales Trophy

Hales Trophy The Hales Trophy (officially the North Atlantic Blue Riband Challenge Trophy) is an award for the fastest Atlantic crossing by a commercial vessel. It was created in 1935 by Harold K. Hales a British politician and owner of Hales Brothers shipping company, donated the trophy. to be a permanent, tangible expression of the Blue Riband, the unofficial accolade then given for this feat. Hales also wished to formalize the rules regarding the contest, which up to then had no official form, though they were, by tradition, widely recognized. The rules for the Hales Trophy were different from the

St John's College Boat Club (Oxford)

blue cross set against a white background. The symbol of the lamb and flag is that of St John the Baptist, after whom the College was named. St John's College Boat Club (Oxford) St John's College Boat Club, Oxford (SJCBC) is a rowing club part of the University of Oxford, England, located on the River Thames at Oxford. The club was founded in 1863. The St John's College Boat Club colours are a white shield with blue cross upon a navy blue background. The Men's 1st boats race in all-white uniform with blue trim and the 2nd crews compete in

Blue Riband

physical and technological challenge and at least three awards for the feat remain in play. The following is the latest consensus list of the research to date. Because there was no sanctioning body for the Blue Riband, researchers are limited to surviving shipping company archives and press reports to develop the list of Blue Riband winners. These lists are retrospective, and limited to steamships only. Therefore, most lists feature "Sirius", in her race with "Great Western" in 1838, as the first record-holder, although her crossing was not as fast as some sail packet ships of the period. Early writers including

Blue (university sport)

first Boat Race in 1829, the Oxford crew was dominated by students of Christ Church, whose college colours were dark blue. They wore white shirts with dark blue stripes, while Cambridge wore white with a pink or scarlet sash. At the second race, in 1836, a light blue ribbon was attached to the front of the Cambridge boat, probably as it was the colour of Eton. These colours — light blue for Cambridge, and dark blue for Oxford — became the official colours of the two boat clubs, and through the rivalry of the Boat Race, the colours became inextricably

Blue Riband Trial Stakes

Blue Riband Trial Stakes The Blue Riband Trial Stakes, sponsored by Investec, is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old horses. It is run over a distance of 1 mile, 2 furlongs and 17 yards at Epsom in April. Established in 1937, the Blue Riband Trial Stakes replaced a previous event called the Nonsuch Plate. It was originally contested over 1 mile and 110 yards. The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and the Blue Riband Trial Stakes was given Group 3 status. It was relegated to Listed level in 1986, and it


Question: How many Bond themes did Shirley Bassey sing

Nancy Sinatra

of the CD reissue of her 1966 album, "Nancy In London", Sinatra states that she was "scared to death" of recording the song, and asked the songwriters: "Are you sure you don't want Shirley Bassey?" There are two versions of the Bond theme. The first is the lushly orchestrated track featured during the opening and closing credits of the film. The second—and more guitar-heavy—version appeared on the double A-sided single with "Jackson", though the Bond theme stalled at No.44 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100. "Jackson"/"You Only Live Twice" was more successful in the U.K., reaching No.11 on the singles

James Bond music

by John Barry, and this time the theme song had lyrics written by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. The soundtrack reached 1 on the "Billboard" 200 and spent 70 weeks on the charts. It also peaked at 14 on the UK Albums Chart, and received the Bond series first Grammy Award nomination, Best Original Score from a Motion Picture or Television Show. Welsh singer Shirley Bassey has performed the most Bond themes – she recorded the themes to "Goldfinger", "Diamonds Are Forever", and "Moonraker". Bassey also recorded her own versions of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" for "Thunderball" and it

Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)

with the album stereo issues (on the film soundtrack, "Golden Hits Of Shirley Bassey" and subsequent releases) using an alternate mix in which the instrumental take is the same, but Bassey's vocal is different; a shade less intense and with a shorter final note. Newley's version was later released in 1992 to mark the 30th Anniversary of James Bond on film, in a compilation collector's edition: "The Best of Bond...James Bond". Bassey's title theme was almost taken out of the film because producer Harry Saltzman hated it, saying, ""That's the worst *** song I've ever heard in my *** life"."

The Bond Collection

The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for having been released without the artist's consent, and subsequently withdrawn from sales by court order. In early 1987 Bassey announced that she was planning to record an album of James Bond themes. The album was due for release 1987 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of "Dr. No". She promoted it on the television show "Live At The Palladium" on May 3, 1987, where she lip-synched "A View to a Kill" and also performed a James Bond medley. Bassey decided not

Shirley Bassey

the title song for the James Bond spoof "The Liquidator", and had a Top 20 live album, recorded during a sold-out run at the Pigalle in London. Bassey recorded a song for the next Bond film, "Thunderball" (1965). "Mr Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" was not used in the movie, although the film's score follows its melodic theme. Written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, after Bassey's version it was re-recorded by Dionne Warwick, and then rejected in favour of a new song, "Thunderball," hastily written by Barry and given to Tom Jones (who, like Bassey, is Welsh) after the film's

James Bond music

James Bond music

The James Bond film series from Eon Productions has featured numerous musical compositions since its inception 1962, many of which are now considered classic pieces of British film music. The best known of these pieces is the "James Bond Theme" by Monty Norman. Other instrumentals, such as "On Her Majesty's Secret Service", and various songs performed by several notable British or American artists such as Shirley Bassey's "Goldfinger", Nancy Sinatra's "You Only Live Twice", Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better", Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only", Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill", Tina Turner's "Goldeneye" also become identified with the series; Madonna's "Die Another Day" became a dance hit around the world, while "A View to a Kill" becomes the first and only James Bond song to have reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Three Bond songs have won the Academy Award for Best Original Song: "Skyfall" by Adele, "Writing's on the Wall" by Sam Smith and "No Time to Die" by Billie Eilish, with "Writing's on the Wall" also became the first Bond theme to reach number one on the UK Singles Chart.

Shirley Bassey

Shirley Bassey

Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey (; born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer. Best known for her career longevity, powerful voice and recording the theme songs to three James Bond films, Bassey is widely regarded as one of the most popular vocalists in Britain.

Born in Cardiff, Bassey began performing as a teenager in 1953. In 1959, she became the first Welsh person to gain a number-one single on the UK Singles Chart. In the following decades, Bassey amassed 27 Top 40 hits in the UK, including two number-ones. In 2020, Bassey became the first female artist to chart an album in the Top 40 of the UK Albums Chart in seven consecutive decades with her album "I Owe It All To You".

Bassey has also had numerous BBC television specials, and she hosted her own variety series, "Shirley Bassey". In 2011, BBC aired the television film "Shirley", based on Bassey's life and career. Since making her first appearance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1971, she has performed at the venue 45 times.

Bassey received the first award for Best British Female Solo Artist at the 1st Brit Awards in 1977. She was appointed a Dame in 1999 for services to the performing arts. In 2003, she was ranked among the "100 Great Black Britons". Her song "Goldfinger" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2008. She has influenced many other singers, including Aretha Franklin.

Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)

Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)

"Goldfinger" is the title song from the 1964 James Bond film "Goldfinger". Composed by John Barry and with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, the song was performed by Shirley Bassey for the film's opening and closing title sequences, as well as the soundtrack album release. The single release of the song gave Bassey her only "Billboard" Hot 100 top forty hit, peaking in the Top 10 at No. 8 and No. 2 for four weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart, and in the United Kingdom the single reached No. 21.

The song finished at No. 53 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. In 2008, the single was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Shirley Bassey Sings the Movies

Shirley Bassey Sings the Movies

Sings the Movies is a studio album from Shirley Bassey released in 1995.

In 1995 Shirley Bassey signed a deal with the PolyGram TV label, she recorded and released two albums with the label. The first was a themed album of movie songs. The songs were personally selected by Bassey for the album, and are a diverse range of ballads and pop classics, some were originally composed for original soundtracks, but several were classic songs that appeared in successful movies. One re-recording was made of the classic James Bond theme "Goldfinger", this is the fourth studio recording of the song by Shirley Bassey. No singles were issued from this album.
Several TV performances were made by Bassey to promote this album and British television broadcast a successful commercial campaign. The album sold well across Europe and entered the UK Albums Chart, for a run of nine weeks, on November 11, 1995, peaked at No. 24, and earned a gold disc.

The Bond Collection

The Bond Collection

The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for having been released without the artist's consent and subsequently withdrawn from sales by court order.

Shirley Bassey

her recordings from this period have been released on CD by EMI and BGO Records. Returning to the James Bond franchise, she recorded the theme song for "Diamonds Are Forever" (1971). Bassey was the subject of "This Is Your Life" on two occasions, in November 1972 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at Heathrow Airport, and in January 1993, when Michael Aspel surprised her at the curtain call of a sell-out concert at the Royal Albert Hall. Bassey appeared on the "Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show", broadcast on Christmas Day in 1971. Bassey starred in the six-episode "The Shirley

Goldfinger (film)

Venice and through the following end titles.] Shirley Bassey established the opening title tradition giving her distinguished style to "Goldfinger", and would sing the theme songs for two future Bond films, "Diamonds are Forever" and "Moonraker". The song "Goldfinger" was composed by John Barry, with lyrics by Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse. These lyrics were described in one contemporary newspaper as "puerile", but what remained undisturbed was the Shirley Bassey interpretation world impact. Like the score, the arrangement makes heavy use of brass, meeting well Miss Bassey's signature belting, and incorporates the Bond theme from "Dr. No". Newley recorded the

Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)

Saltzman would also dislike Bassey's subsequent Bond theme, that for "Diamonds Are Forever". However, there was not enough time for a replacement song to be written and recorded. The release on vinyl of Bassey's (mono) version, UA 790, sold more than a million copies in the United States (Guinness Book of Records), and it also reached No. 1 in Japan, No. 4 in Australia, and the Top 10 of many European countries including Austria (No. 7), Belgium (No. 9 on the Dutch charts), Germany (No. 8), Italy (No. 3), the Netherlands (No. 5), and Norway (No. 7). A No. 24

Shirley Bassey

Shirley Bassey Dame Shirley Veronica Bassey, (; born 8 January 1937) is a Welsh singer whose career began in the mid-1950s, best known both for her powerful voice and for recording the theme songs to the James Bond films "Goldfinger" (1964), "Diamonds Are Forever" (1971), and "Moonraker" (1979). In January 1959, Bassey became the first Welsh person to gain a No. 1 single. In 2000, Bassey was made a Dame for services to the performing arts. In 1977 she received the Brit Award for Best British Female Solo Artist in the previous 25 years. Bassey has been called "one of

The Bond Collection

There were no singles issued from this album. A new album "Bassey Sings Bond" (not to be confused with TRING Records1994 edition) with new recordings of Bond songs was recorded for EMI and was to be released at the end of 2002. Again this project ran into problems shortly after recording and it has not been released. The vocal performance of "You Only Live Twice" recorded for this album was remixed in 2007 for the album "Get the Party Started". The Bond Collection The Bond Collection, a.k.a. Bassey Sings Bond, is a 1987 studio album by Shirley Bassey, notable for

Goldfinger (Shirley Bassey song)

The Best of Bond...James Bond

release on the album. Newley's version was first released with the 30th Anniversary Collection. The second rare addition is Shirley Bassey's version of "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" for "Thunderball". Bassey had originally recorded the vocals for the track which initially was to be used as the main title theme; however, the song was replaced by Tom Jones' "Thunderball" after a decision by the producers that the title theme should feature the name of the film. Dionne Warwick was subsequently chosen to rerecord "Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang", but even her version wasn't released on the "Thunderball" soundtrack till the

Diamonds Are Forever (film)

be performed by Shirley Bassey, after "Goldfinger" in 1964. In an interview for the television programme "James Bond's Greatest Hits", composer John Barry revealed that he told Bassey to imagine she was singing about a penis. Bassey would later return for a third performance for 1979's "Moonraker". The original soundtrack was once again composed by John Barry, his sixth time composing for a Bond film. With Connery back in the lead role, the "James Bond Theme" was played by an electric guitar in the somewhat unusual, blued gun barrel sequence accompanied with prismatic ripples of light, in the pre-credits sequence,

Shirley Bassey

in Europe. Bassey was now recording far less often but an album of her most famous songs, "I Am What I Am" (1984), was recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) conducted by Carl Davis. This was followed by a single and video to support the London Tourist Board, "There's No Place Like London" (1986), which was co-written by Lynsey de Paul and Gerard Kenny. She recorded an album of James Bond themes, "The Bond Collection" in 1987, but was apparently unhappy with the results so she declined to release it. (Five years later it was released anyway, Bassey sued

Shirley Bassey Sings the Movies

Spectre (2015 film)

the demo in the final release. "Writing's on the Wall" was released as a download on 25 September 2015. It received mixed reviews from critics and fans, particularly in comparison to Adele's "Skyfall", leading to Shirley Bassey trending on Twitter on the day it was released. It became the first Bond theme to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart, the second to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the fifth to be nominated. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards. During the December 2014 press

I Capricorn

Surprisingly, the Bond theme song was not featured on this collection however. The album itself, released in February 1972, made No.13 and remained on the UK album chart for 11 weeks. In the US, Bassey undertook a promotional tour during March which took in 12 cities. It reached No.94 on the "Billboard" 200 Track "I've Never Been a Woman Before" was subsequently released as a single, but failed to match the success of the first. The B-side, "The Greatest Performance of My Life" (also taken from this album) became a mainstay of her live concerts for the next few years.

Skyfall (Adele song)

to learning that she had won the award. In preparation for the performance, the singer took advice about breathing technique from Ayda Field, wife of Robbie Williams, to combat stage fright. Earlier in the ceremony, Shirley Bassey had performed another Bond theme, "Goldfinger", from the film of the same name, as part of an unrelated tribute to James Bond in film. Adapted from Discogs. Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Skyfall", XL Recordings. Skyfall (Adele song) "Skyfall" is the theme song of the "James Bond" film of the same name, performed by English singer Adele. It was written by

Shirley Bassey

"I'll Get By" (also 1961), and a cover version of the Ben E. King hit "I (Who Have Nothing)" in 1963. Bassey appeared on the cover of "Ebony" magazine in 1963, and sang at a Washington gala celebrating President Kennedy's second year in office. Bassey enjoyed her only US Top 40 "Billboard" Hot 100 hit in 1965 with the title song of the James Bond film, "Goldfinger". The single, released in the United States during January 1965, peaked at No. 8, while the original soundtrack of "Goldfinger" hit No. 1 in the US that year. Also in 1965, she sang

Goldfinger (soundtrack)

remastered edition to be the best score of the James Bond series, giving it five out of five stars. MacDonald wrote that the score was "big and ballsy, mainly jazz and orchestral fusion, with Shirley Bassey belting out the fantastic title song." He added that the remastered edition's sound quality was "impeccable". The soundtrack was the first James Bond soundtrack to reach No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200. Source: Following the success of her performance on the title track, Shirley Bassey sang the title song for two later Bond films, "Diamonds Are Forever" and "Moonraker". John Barry used the "Goldfinger"


Question: What is the Muslim equivalent of the Red Cross

Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

International Federation of the Red Cross

fundamental principles of international red cross and red crescent movement

international federation of red cross and red crescent

International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent

International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement

international conference of red cross and red crescent

international red cross red crescent movement

Protocol III

and their neutral status. At that time, the chosen symbol was a red cross on a white background. Muslim nations have objected to this symbol due to its resemblance to the Christian cross. As early as 1876, the Ottoman Empire introduced the Red Crescent as an alternative, less Christian emblem. Additional emblems have been proposed, including the red lion and sun of Persia, the double emblem (both the red cross and red crescent together) by the Red Cross Society of Eritrea, and the red shield of David by Magen David Adom of Israel. Over time the adoption of a single,

than the conventional red cross. The Red Cross and Red Crescent movement repeatedly rejected Israel's request over the years, stating that the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems were not meant to represent Christianity and Islam but were colour reversals of the Swiss and the Ottoman flags, and also that if Jews (or another group) were to be given another emblem, there would be no end to the number of religious or other groups claiming an emblem for themselves. They reasoned that a proliferation of red symbols would detract from the original intention of the Red Cross emblem, which was

Belgian Red Cross

and those that are Muslim do not particularly want to be represented with a Christian symbol; hence the crescent. The crescent is an Islamic symbol important to the Muslims, similarly as the cross is to those of the Christian belief. Therefore, the Red Crescent and the Red Cross both provide primarily the same humanitarian services and aid as one another. The Belgian Red Cross was established on February 4, 1864 by Doctor Andrea Wegner. Its headquarters is in Brussels, Belgium. This is an Flemish independent volunteer based organization under the umbrella of The Belgian Red Cross and is a connected

crescent is similarly presented as being derived from a colour-reversal of the flag of the Ottoman Empire. On 8 December 2005, in response to growing pressure to accommodate Magen David Adom (MDA), Israel's national emergency medical, disaster, ambulance and blood bank service, as a full member of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement, a new emblem (officially the Third Protocol Emblem, but more commonly known as the Red Crystal) was adopted by an amendment of the Geneva Conventions known as Protocol III. The Red Lion and Sun Society of Iran was established in 1922 and admitted to the Red

Combat medic

Turkey, the Ottoman Empire declared that it would use a red crescent instead of a red cross as its emblem, although it agreed to respect the red cross used by the other side. Although these symbols were officially sponsored by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the Magen David Adom ("MDA"), Israel's emergency relief service, used the Magen David (a red star of David on a white background). Israeli medics still wear the Magen David. To enable MDA to become a fully recognized and participating member of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Protocol

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers, members and staff worldwide. It was founded to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering. Within it there are three distinct organisations that are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes and governing organisations.

Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent ...

List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the world's largest group of non-governmental organizations working on humanitarian aid, is composed of the following bodies:

Iranian Red Crescent Society

Iranian Red Crescent Society

The Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS), officially the Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran () is a non-governmental humanitarian organization in Iran. Founded as the Red Lion and Sun Society in 1922, and changed its name and emblem in 1980, informing the international community of "Hilal Ahmar" adoption while assuming the right to adopt the former emblem in future.<ref name="Iranica"/>

The society is one of the world's largest national societies within IFRC<ref name="IRRC"/> and is noted for its special expertise in responding to earthquakes.<ref name="BJMES"/>

Since inception, the IRCS has participated in a variety of public activities. Its core activity is to perform relief and rescue operations to help victims and the injured in natural disasters and accidents. It also engages a in wide range of humanitarian services in health and rehabilitation, training and research.<ref name="IRRC"/> The society had a therapeutic approach and was regarded a major healthcare institution with thousands of hospital beds across the country until 1979, when all of its medical facilities were transferred to the Ministry of Health.<ref name="Iranica"/>

IRCS is an example of strong national societies that play an important role domestically and is held in high esteem by the Iranian general public.<ref name="IRRC"/>

Symbols of Islam

Symbols of Islam

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Allah) and that Muhammad is the last messenger of God. It is the world's second-largest religion, with over 1.9 billion followers, and Muslims form 24.4% of the world's population.

Turkish Red Crescent

areas; and the looming threat of epidemics and pandemics. Turkish Red Crescent Turkish Red Crescent (Turkish: "Türk Kızılayı" (official) or "Kızılay" (for short)) is the largest humanitarian organization in Turkey and is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The organization was founded in the Ottoman Empire in 1868, partly in response to the experience of the Crimean War, in which disease overshadowed battle as the main cause of death and suffering among Turkish soldiers. It was the first Red Crescent society of its kind and one of the most important charity organizations in the Muslim world.

Turkish Red Crescent

Turkish Red Crescent Turkish Red Crescent (Turkish: "Türk Kızılayı" (official) or "Kızılay" (for short)) is the largest humanitarian organization in Turkey and is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The organization was founded in the Ottoman Empire in 1868, partly in response to the experience of the Crimean War, in which disease overshadowed battle as the main cause of death and suffering among Turkish soldiers. It was the first Red Crescent society of its kind and one of the most important charity organizations in the Muslim world. The society is a not-for-profit, volunteer-based social service institution

Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

cross would alienate its Muslim soldiers. When asked by the ICRC in 1877, Russia committed to fully respect the sanctity of all persons and facilities bearing the Red Crescent symbol, followed by a similar commitment from the Ottoman government to respect the Red Cross. After this de facto assessment of equal validity to both symbols, the ICRC declared in 1878 that it should be possible in principle to adopt an additional official protection symbol for non-Christian countries. The Red Crescent was formally recognized in 1929 when the Geneva Conventions were amended (Article 19). After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire,

the Red Crescent was first used by its successor nation Turkey, followed by Egypt. From its official recognition to today, the Red Crescent became the organizational emblem of nearly every national society in countries with majority Muslim populations. The national societies of some countries such as Pakistan (1974), Malaysia (1975), or Bangladesh (1989) have officially changed their name and emblem from the Red Cross to the Red Crescent. The Red Crescent is used by 33 of the 190 recognized societies worldwide. The introduction of an additional neutral protection symbol had been under discussion for a number of years, with the

Indonesian Red Cross Society

Indonesian Red Cross Society The Indonesian Red Cross Society () is a humanitarian organization in Indonesia. It is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Indonesia is the one of the very few Muslim-majority countries to use the Red Cross as its symbol. Because Indonesia is neither a strictly faith-based nor secular nation, it has chosen to use the Red Cross as its symbol. In mid-2013, the Indonesian Red Cross Society had 32,568 people in its Volunteer Corps, 19,294 Individual Volunteers and 893,381 Blood Donor Volunteers, for a total of 945,243 persons, which is recorded

1980, consistent with two existing Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols. Although the Red Lion and Sun has now fallen into disuse, Iran has in the past reserved the right to take it up again at any time; the Geneva Conventions continue to recognize it as an official emblem, and that status was confirmed by Protocol III in 2005 even as it added the Red Crystal. For over 50 years, Israel requested the addition of a red Star of David, arguing that since Christian and Muslim emblems were recognized, the corresponding Jewish emblem should be as well. This emblem has

Symbols of Islam

symbol in the ornamentation of Ottoman mosques and minarets. The "Red Crescent" emblem was adopted by volunteers of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) as early as 1877 during the Russo-Turkish War; it was officially adopted in 1929. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, the star and crescent was used in several national flags adopted by its successor states. The star and crescent in the flag of the Kingdom of Libya (1951) was explicitly given an Islamic interpretation by associating it with "the story of Hijra (migration) of our Prophet Mohammed" By the 1950s, this

Palestine Red Crescent Society

no misuse of the emblem by PRCS." Palestine Red Crescent Society The Palestine Red Crescent Society was founded in 1968, by Fathi Arafat, Yasser Arafat's brother. It is a humanitarian organization that is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It provides hospitals, emergency medicine and ambulance services, and primary health care centers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Its headquarters is in Ramallah, near Jerusalem. It is an observer member of the International Falcon Movement - Socialist Education International The PRCS was officially recognized by the ICRC and IFRC in June 2006, in a move

of Israel, has used the Red Shield of David as its organization emblem since its foundation. The Red Shield of David was initially proposed as an addition to the Red Cross, Red Crescent, and Red Lion with Sun in 1931. The proposal was rejected by the ICRC, like the "Mehrab-e-Ahmar" (Red Archway) symbol of the national aid society of Afghanistan four years later, as well as a wide range of other proposals, due to concerns about symbol proliferation. Israel again tried to establish the emblem as a third protection symbol in the context of the Geneva Conventions, but a respective

Lion and Sun

(جمعیت شیر و خورشید سرخ ایران) was admitted to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in 1929. On September 4, 1980, the newly proclaimed Islamic Republic of Iran replaced the Red Lion and Sun with the Red Crescent, consistent with most other Muslim nations. Though the Red Lion and Sun has now fallen into disuse, Iran has in the past reserved the right to take it up again at any time; the Geneva Conventions continue to recognize it as an official emblem, and that status was confirmed by Protocol III in 2005 even as it added the Red

Palestine Red Crescent Society

Palestine Red Crescent Society The Palestine Red Crescent Society was founded in 1968, by Fathi Arafat, Yasser Arafat's brother. It is a humanitarian organization that is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. It provides hospitals, emergency medicine and ambulance services, and primary health care centers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Its headquarters is in Ramallah, near Jerusalem. It is an observer member of the International Falcon Movement - Socialist Education International The PRCS was officially recognized by the ICRC and IFRC in June 2006, in a move that also recognized the Israeli Magen David

Indonesian Red Cross Society

Jenderal Gatot Soebroto Kav. 96, Jakarta 12790. Indonesian Red Cross Society The Indonesian Red Cross Society () is a humanitarian organization in Indonesia. It is a member of International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Indonesia is the one of the very few Muslim-majority countries to use the Red Cross as its symbol. Because Indonesia is neither a strictly faith-based nor secular nation, it has chosen to use the Red Cross as its symbol. In mid-2013, the Indonesian Red Cross Society had 32,568 people in its Volunteer Corps, 19,294 Individual Volunteers and 893,381 Blood Donor Volunteers, for a

the Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS) and the Israeli National Society, Magen David Adom (MDA). On 14 January 2007, the third additional protocol entered into force. From 1924 to 1980, Iran used a Red Lion with Sun symbol for its national society, the Red Lion and Sun Society, based on the flag and emblem of Iran. The Red Lion with Sun was formally recognized as a protection symbol in 1929, together with the Red Crescent. Despite the country's shift to the Red Crescent in 1980, Iran explicitly maintains the right to use the symbol. Magen David Adom, the national society

Red Cross Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina Red Cross Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a branch of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. It was founded in 2000. It has its headquarters in Sarajevo. The society has approximately 500,000 volunteers and 10 employees. The United States alleged that Mohammed Nechle's employment by the Bosnian Red Crescent tied him to terrorism. During his Combatant Status Review Tribunal Nechle was presented with a copy of the unclassified portion of his dossier. It contained four allegations, including: ""Detainee is a former employee of the Red Crescent Society and

attended meetings in Sarajevo for Algerians working for non-government organizations in Bosnia."" The Red Cross Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina provides a multitude of services, including The RCSBiH is further divided into: Red Cross Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina Red Cross Society of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a branch of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. It was founded in 2000. It has its headquarters in Sarajevo. The society has approximately 500,000 volunteers and 10 employees. The United States alleged that Mohammed Nechle's employment by the Bosnian Red Crescent tied him to terrorism. During his Combatant