Question: The main characters in which TV programme had the surnames Geller, Green, Bing, Buffay, Tribbiani and Geller?

List of errors and inconsistencies in Friends

list of errors and inconsistencies in friends

The Pilot (Friends)

some concern that the character roles were undeveloped. Before a date with Paul the "wine guy", Monica Geller is teased by her friends, Phoebe Buffay, Chandler Bing and Joey Tribbiani, at The Central Perk coffee shop. Ross Geller, Monica's older brother, arrives at the coffee shop, upset after discovering his ex-wife, a recently out lesbian, has moved out of his apartment to begin a new relationship with her partner. A young woman suddenly arrives wearing a wet wedding dress, whom Monica recognizes as her high school best friend, Rachel Green. Monica introduces her to the others as Rachel reveals she

Phoebe Buffay

Phoebe Buffay Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan is a fictional character, portrayed by Lisa Kudrow, one of the six main characters from the American sitcom "Friends", created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman. She appeared in each of the show's 236 episodes, from its premiere on September 24, 1994 to its finale on May 6, 2004. She is a masseuse and musician, notable for her offbeat and sometimes ditzy behavior. She was Monica Geller's roommate before Rachel Green. Phoebe is best friends with Monica and Rachel, along with their neighbors, Chandler Bing and Joey Tribbiani, and also Monica's brother Ross Geller. She plays

Joey Tribbiani

Joey Tribbiani Joseph Francis "Joey" Tribbiani, Jr. is a fictional character from the NBC sitcom "Friends" and its spin-off "Joey", and is portrayed by Matt LeBlanc. He is an Italian-American struggling actor who lives in New York City with his roommate and best friend, Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry), and hangs out in a tight-knit group of his best friends: Chandler, Ross Geller (David Schwimmer), Monica Geller (Courteney Cox), Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston) and Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow). He lived with a few other roommates when Chandler moved out to move in with Monica. Joey was presumably born in 1967 or

The Red Green Show

female characters as well, including network executive Kelly Cook (Sugar Lyn Beard) and Anne-Marie Humphrey (Jennifer Irwin), Dalton's wife. In addition to the already long list of characters, there are several characters who are frequently referred to, but are never seen. The most frequently mentioned are Red's friends Junior Singleton, Buster Hadfield, Moose Thompson, Stinky Peterson, and Old Man Sedgwick. The in-show descriptions of these characters are often far-fetched and outlandish, as are their actual names: Acorn Media has released portions of "The Red Green Show" on DVD in Region 1 in various incarnations. In 2002–2003, they released six compilation

Only Fools and Horses

and "The Frog's Legacy"), and are important in the story of "The Green Green Grass". A grown-up Damien (Douglas Hodge) appeared in "Heroes and Villains". Rodney and Mickey's friends, the smooth-talking Jevon (Steven Woodcock) and then, briefly, Chris (Tony Marshall), a ladies' hairdresser, featured sporadically during the sixth and seventh series and the intervening Christmas specials. The two-part 1991 Christmas special, "Miami Twice", saw Richard Branson and Barry Gibb make cameo appearances. Mike Read appeared as himself, hosting an episode of "Top Of The Pops", in "It's Only Rock and Roll" and Jonathan Ross appeared as himself in "If They

List of Friends and Joey characters

List of Friends and Joey characters

Various characters appeared in the sitcom "Friends" and its spin-off series "Joey", which respectively aired for ten seasons and two seasons on NBC from 1994 to 2006. "Friends" featured six main cast members: Rachel Green-Geller (Jennifer Aniston), Monica Geller-Bing (Courteney Cox), Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan (Lisa Kudrow), Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc), Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry), and Ross Geller (David Schwimmer), while "Joey" featured LeBlanc in the title role reprising his role as Tribbiani alongside Gina Tribbiani (Drea de Matteo), Alex Garrett (Andrea Anders), Michael Tribbiani (Paulo Costanzo), Bobbie Morganstern (Jennifer Coolidge), Zach Miller (Miguel A. Núñez Jr.), and Howard (Ben Falcone).

Many well-known actors guest-starred on both series throughout their combined twelve-year run.

Ross Geller

Ross Geller

Ross Geller, portrayed by David Schwimmer, is one of the six main characters of the NBC sitcom "Friends". Ross is considered by many to be the most intelligent member of the group and is noted for his goofy but lovable demeanor. His relationship with Rachel Green was included in "TV Guide"s list of the best TV couples of all time, as well as "Entertainment Weekly"s "30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples". Kevin Bright, who was one of the executive producers of the show, had worked with Schwimmer before, so the writers were already developing Ross's character in Schwimmer's voice. Hence, Schwimmer was the first person to be cast on the show.

The Pilot (Friends)

The Pilot (Friends)

"The Pilot", also known as "The One Where Monica Gets a Roommate", "The First One" and "The One Where It All Began", is the pilot episode and series premiere of the American television sitcom "Friends". The episode premiered on NBC on September 22, 1994. It was written by the show's creators, David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and directed by James Burrows. The pilot introduces six twenty-something friends who live and work in New York City: Monica Geller: a single sous chef in her mid 20s who is illegally subletting her grandmother's apartment; Ross Geller, Monica's older brother, a paleontologist whose marriage recently ended because his wife, Carol, is a lesbian; Rachel Green, Monica's spoiled, self-centered, high-school best friend who has just left her fiancé at the altar and is financially cut off by her father; Chandler Bing, Ross' college roommate and best friend who lives across the hall from Monica; Joey Tribbiani, a struggling Italian-American actor and Chandler's roommate; and Phoebe Buffay, a laid-back, hippie-ish masseuse, singer and guitar player.

Crane and Kauffman pitched their original idea to network NBC in 1993. NBC liked it and commissioned a complete script, which was submitted in 1994. Before the script was finished, casting for the six main roles began; 75 actors were seen for each part. The "Friends" pilot episode was taped on May 4, at Warner Bros.' studios in Burbank, California. After making final edits to the episode, executive producer Kevin Bright submitted it on May 11, two days before NBC was due to announce the schedule. Satisfied with the completed pilot, NBC ordered 12 more episodes for the first season. The episode was watched by approximately 22 million viewers, making it the fifteenth-most-watched television show of the week. Critics compared the show unfavorably to "Seinfeld" and "Ellen", noting the similarities all three series had in depicting friends conversing about their lives. The cast, particularly Schwimmer, were complimented, though there was some concern that the character roles were undeveloped and that the plot for the pilot would not go over well with audiences.

Rachel Green

Rachel Green

Rachel Karen Green is a fictional character, one of the six main characters who appeared in the American sitcom "Friends". Portrayed by Jennifer Aniston, the character was created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and appeared in all of the show's 236 episodes during its decade-long run, from its premiere on September 22, 1994, to its finale on May 6, 2004. Introduced in the show's pilot as a naïve runaway bride who reunites with her childhood best friend Monica Geller and relocates to New York City, Rachel gradually evolves from a spoiled, inexperienced "daddy's girl" into a successful businesswoman. During the show's second season, the character becomes romantically involved with Monica's brother, Ross, with whom she maintains a complicated on-off relationship throughout the series. Together, Ross and Rachel have a daughter, Emma.

The role of Rachel was originally offered to Téa Leoni, the producer's first choice, and Courteney Cox, both of whom declined, Leoni in favor of starring in the sitcom "The Naked Truth", and Cox in favor of playing Rachel's best friend Monica in "Friends". A virtually unknown actress at the time, who had previously starred in five short-lived sitcoms, Aniston auditioned for the role of Rachel after turning down an offer as a cast member on the sketch comedy show "Saturday Night Live". After acquiring the role and before "Friends" aired, Aniston was temporarily at risk of being recast because she had also been involved with another sitcom, "Muddling Through", at the time, which was ultimately cancelled and allowed Aniston to remain on "Friends".

Critical reception towards Rachel has remained consistently positive throughout "Friends" decade-long run, with "The A.V. Club "attributing much of the show's early success to the character. However, some of her storylines have been criticized, specifically her romantic relationship with her friend Joey Tribbiani during season 10. Rachel's popularity established her as the show's breakout character, who has since been named one of the greatest television characters of all time, while the character's second season haircut spawned an international phenomenon of its own. Named the "Rachel" after her, the character's shag continues to be imitated by millions of women around the world and remains one of the most popular hairstyles in history, in spite of Aniston personally disliking it. Rachel is also regarded as a style icon due to her influence on womenswear during the 1990s. Meanwhile, the character's relationship with Ross is often cited among television's most beloved.

Rachel is considered to be Aniston's breakout role, credited with making her the show's most famous cast member and for spawning her successful film career. Praised for her performance as Rachel, Aniston won both an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Television Series – Comedy Or Musical.

Phoebe Buffay

Phoebe Buffay

Phoebe Buffay is one of the six main characters from the American sitcom, "Friends". She is created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman and portrayed by actress Lisa Kudrow.

In the series' universe, Phoebe was born on February 16 and is the daughter of Frank and Lily Buffay. Her biological mother's name was Phoebe Abbott, whom she was named after. Phoebe has a twin sister, Ursula, a waitress who is also portrayed by Kudrow. Phoebe can speak several languages, including French and Italian. She appeared in all of the show's 236 episodes during its decade-long run, from its premiere on September 22, 1994, to its finale on May 6, 2004. She is a masseuse and musician, notable for her offbeat and extremely ditzy behavior. She was Monica Geller's roommate before Rachel Green, which is how she was introduced to the group. Phoebe is best friends with Monica and Rachel, along with their neighbors, Chandler Bing and Joey Tribbiani, and also Monica's brother Ross Geller. She plays acoustic guitar and sings simple, awkward songs at Central Perk, occasionally busking also. During the show's ninth season, Phoebe is set up on a blind date with Mike Hannigan (played by actor Paul Rudd) and they eventually marry in the last season.

Critical reception towards Phoebe has remained consistently positive throughout Friends' decade-long run. Kudrow received critical acclaim for playing her character, including a Primetime Emmy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Satellite Award, and an American Comedy Award, as well as a Golden Globe Award nomination. Phoebe has since been named one of the greatest television characters of all time.

Phoebe is considered to be Kudrow's breakout role, credited with making her the show's second most famous cast member, after Jennifer Aniston, and for spawning her successful film career.

Monica Geller

Monica Geller Monica E. Geller is a fictional character, one of the six main characters who appears on the American sitcom "Friends" (1994–2004). Created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and portrayed by actress Courteney Cox, Monica appears in each of the show's 236 episodes, from its premiere on September 24, 1994, to its finale on May 6, 2004. A chef known for her cleanliness, competitiveness and obsessive-compulsive nature, Monica is the younger sister of Ross Geller and best friend of Rachel Green, the latter of whom she invites to live with her after Rachel forsakes her own wedding. The

Uri Geller

'Kit' Green, Paul H. Smith, Harold Puthoff and Russell Targ. The documentary claimed Geller became a "psychic spy" for the CIA, was recruited by Mossad, and worked as an "official secret agent" in Mexico, being a frequent guest of President José López Portillo. In the film, Geller claims to have erased floppy discs carried by KGB agents by repeatedly chanting the word "erase". Geller has lived in Jaffa in Israel since 2015. He previously lived in the village of Sonning-on-Thames, Berkshire, in the United Kingdom. He is trilingual, speaking fluent Hebrew, Hungarian and English. In an appearance on Esther Rantzen's

That Was Then, This Is Now (radio series)

and fireworks display which ended the first series, but this has never been confirmed. Brian O'Green (Robins) was an "inter-nerd" Richard knew from the local pub quiz team. His obsessions included Star Trek, the Nazis and conspiracy theories and unlike Mr. Morgan, he featured as a semi-regular character throughout all three series. The name Brian O'Green was also used as a character name in Lionel Nimrod's Inexplicable World. Brian O'Green's semi regular feature in which he reveals his own conspiracy theories to a cynical Herring; all of which are completely nonsensical. During the series, a complex love triange formed between

Pamela Green

Pamela Green Phyllis Pamela Green (28 March 1929 – 7 May 2010) was an English glamour model and actress, best known at the end of the 1950s and early 1960s. She modeled for Zoltán Glass and his brother Stephen Glass, Horace Roye, Jean Straker, Bill Brandt, Joan Craven, Bertram Park, George Pickow, and John Everard. Born in Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England on 28 March 1929, Green attended Saint Martin's School of Art; she started figure modelling to pay for her art school studies and moved on to photographic modelling because it paid more. She also worked as a dancer

Hughie Green

Wilson on a cruise liner in the mid-1930s when both were still teenagers. They married in 1942 and settled in Montreal, before moving to London in 1947. The couple had two children, son Christopher Green and daughter Linda Plentl (née Green). The family lived in a fifth-floor flat in Baker Street, London, although with Green's numerous affairs and self-obsession, including taking luxury holidays and spending Christmas often on his own, his children defined it as "highly dysfunctional." Hughie Green Hugh Hughes Green (2 February 1920 – 3 May 1997) was an English television presenter. Green was born in Marylebone, London,

Ross Geller

Ross Geller Ross Eustace Geller, Ph.D., is a fictional character from the NBC sitcom "Friends", portrayed by David Schwimmer. Ross is considered by many to be the most intelligent member of the group and is noted for his goofy but lovable demeanor. His relationship with Rachel Green was included in "TV Guide"s list of the best TV couples of all time, as well as "Entertainment Weekly"s "30 Best 'Will They/Won't They?' TV Couples". Kevin Bright, one of the executive producers of the show, had worked with Schwimmer before, so the writers were already developing Ross’s character in Schwimmer’s voice. And

Teddy Green

to acting in television, with roles in "The Professionals", "The Bretts", and "Holby City".He also appeared on BBC TV 's long running variety show The Good Old Days. Teddy Green Teddy Green is an English actor, choreographer, and dancer probably best known for playing supporting roles in two Cliff Richard films, "The Young Ones" and "Summer Holiday". His film roles include Chris in The Young Ones with Cliff Richard (1961), Steve in Summer Holiday, again with Cliff Richard (1963), and Muleteer in "Man Of La Mancha" (1972). He also became a choreographer and performed in the West End stage musical

Pinwheel (TV series)

slowing down and enjoying life, telling people that "half the fun is getting there." Ebenezer T. Squint was a grumpy, green-skinned boarder who lived in a dusty basement storage room where he conspired to be featured in Smitty's newspaper. He pretended to be grouchy and antisocial but secretly enjoyed being included in the house activities. Luigi O'Brien was a produce vendor who ran a small vegetable stall in the backyard of the boarding house. All of his produce also talked, sang, and had individual personalities, but were only known by their respective fruit and vegetable names (Pear, Tomato, etc.). Molly

Joey Tribbiani

bounces back by snagging a leading role in the big-budget action picture "Captured". The series' penultimate episode sees Joey in a committed relationship with Alex Garrett (Andrea Anders), his next-door neighbor. Joey Tribbiani Joseph Francis "Joey" Tribbiani, Jr. is a fictional character from the NBC sitcom "Friends" and its spin-off "Joey", and is portrayed by Matt LeBlanc. He is an Italian-American struggling actor who lives in New York City with his roommate and best friend, Chandler Bing (Matthew Perry), and hangs out in a tight-knit group of his best friends: Chandler, Ross Geller (David Schwimmer), Monica Geller (Courteney Cox), Rachel

Del Boy

after the events of "Sleepless in Peckham" and "Beckham in Peckham". In marketing for the book, John Challis and Sue Holderness reprised their roles as Boycie and Marlene. It is mentioned in the book that during the events of "The Green Green Grass", Del thought Boycie to be dead. Del Boy Derek Edward Trotter, more commonly known as Del Boy (born 10 December 1945), is the fictional lead character in the popular BBC sitcom "Only Fools and Horses" and one of the main characters of its prequel, "Rock & Chips". He was played by David Jason in the original series

Anthony Green (actor)

and DCI Belmarsh in "Beech is Back", a special series of "The Bill". Television guest leads include "If...The Oil Runs Out", "Where the Heart Is" (Series I and VII), "Big Bad World", "Wycliffe", and "Wing and a Prayer". In "Bonekickers" he portrayed a fictional Roman character Marcus Quintanus opposite Shauna Macdonald's non-fictional Boudica. Both actors played their parts in Latin. He recently enrolled on Simon Zutshi's Mastermind 22 to pursue his passion for property. Anthony Green (actor) Anthony Green (born 4 April 1970) is an English actor best known for playing Station Officer Mick Callaghan in the series finale of

Modern Family

of her father's previous business, Pritchett's Closets and Blinds. She is married to Phil Dunphy, a realtor and a self-professed "cool dad". They have three children: Haley Dunphy, a stereotypical ditzy teenage girl; Alex Dunphy, a nerdy, smart middle child; and Luke Dunphy, the off-beat only son. Jay's lawyer son Mitchell and his husband Cameron Tucker have one adopted daughter, Lily Tucker-Pritchett. As the name suggests, this family represents a modern-day family, and episodes are comically based on situations which many families encounter in real life. The characters in green have regular roles on the show. Dotted lines indicate a

Paul Green (footballer, born 1983)

a late replacement for the injured Keith Fahey in the UEFA Euro 2012 squad. On 14 June 2012, he appeared as a substitute in the 4–0 defeat by Spain at UEFA Euro 2012. In March 2013, Republic of Ireland manager Giovanni Trapattoni compared Green to ex-AC Milan midfielder Gennaro Gattuso before a match against Sweden. After the Republic of Ireland ground out a crucial 0–0 draw away to Sweden, Trapattoni proclaimed Green 'is under-estimated by the media' after playing in a defensive midfield position. Doncaster Rovers Green and his wife, Claire, have a daughter, Ruby, who was born on 20

Chandler Bing

Chandler works as an IT procurements manager with the specialization "Statistical analysis and data reconfiguration," but loathes it. In Season 9, he quits his job and Monica helps him start a new career in advertising. Chandler is Ross Geller's roommate in college. Chandler met his friend Rachel Green while celebrating Thanksgiving with the Geller family during his first year at college. On a tip from Monica, Chandler later moved to Apartment #4 in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, across the hall from Monica and her roommate Phoebe Buffay. Actor Joey Tribbiani moves in with Chandler, who becomes his best friend. Ross and

Christopher Green (writer-performer)

Whitelaw, Ursula Martinez, Marisa Carnesky, Francesca Baglione and Simon Vincenzi, and with a score by Ian Hill, which was performed at the Barbican Pit. Christopher Green (writer-performer) Christopher Green (born c. 1968 in Matlock, Derbyshire) is an English writer and performer whose work covers comedy, cabaret, theatre and live art. Green was born in Sheffield and grew up in Darley Dale and lives and works in London, England. His characters include country music singer Tina C and pensioner rapper Ida Barr. Green got into comedy via television production and acting, after graduating from Goldsmiths College (University of London), with a


Question: On what day of the month did the Roman ‘Ides’ of March fall?

Ides of March

Ides of March The Ides of March (; , Late Latin: ) is a day on the Roman calendar that corresponds to 15 March. It was marked by several religious observances and was notable for the Romans as a deadline for settling debts. In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history. The Romans did not number days of a month from the first to the last day. Instead, they counted back from three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th

Ides of March

or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st of the following month). The Ides occurred near the midpoint, on the 13th for most months, but on the 15th for March, May, July, and October. The Ides were supposed to be determined by the full moon, reflecting the lunar origin of the Roman calendar. On the earliest calendar, the Ides of March would have been the first full moon of the new year. The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter, the Romans' supreme deity. The Flamen Dialis, Jupiter's high

Martius (month)

of observances from March 22 through March 27 or 28. Isis had official festivals on March 7 and 20. The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of March was the 7th, and the Ides of March was the 15th. Thus the last day of March was the "pridie Kalendas Aprilis," "day

Ides of March

after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia, Octavian executed 300 senators and knights who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony. The executions were one of a series of actions taken by Octavian to avenge Caesar's death. Suetonius and the historian Cassius Dio characterised the slaughter as a religious sacrifice, noting that it occurred on the Ides of March at the new altar to the deified Julius. Ides of March The Ides of March (; , Late Latin: ) is a day on the Roman calendar that corresponds to 15 March. It was

Mamuralia

reflecting the lunar origin of the Roman calendar. On the earliest calendar, the Ides of March would have been the first full moon of the new year. H.S. Versnel has argued that adjustments made to the calendar over time caused the Mamuralia to be moved from an original place as the last day of the year (the day before the Kalends of March) to the day before the Ides, causing the Equirria on February 27 to be repeated on March 14. Mamurius in this view was associated with "Februarius", the month of purifications and care of the dead that originally

Ides of March

Ides of March

The Ides of March (; , Late Latin: ) is the 74th day in the Roman calendar, corresponding to 15 March. It was marked by several religious observances and was notable in Rome as a deadline for settling debts. In 44 BC, it became notorious as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar, which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history.

Ides

Roman calendar

Roman calendar

The Roman calendar was the calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic. The term sometimes includes any system dated by inclusive counting in the Roman manner towards the kalends, nones, and ides of the month. The term often includes the Julian calendar established by the reforms of the dictator Julius Caesar and emperor Augustus in the late 1stcenturyBC.

The original calendar consisted of ten months beginning in spring with March; winter was left as an unassigned span of days. These months each had 30 or 31 days, and ran for 38 nundinal cycles, each forming an eight-day week (nine days counted inclusively, hence the name) ended by religious rituals and a public market. The winter period was later divided into two months, January and February. The legendary early kings Romulus and Numa Pompilius were traditionally credited with establishing this early fixed calendar, which bears traces of its origin as an observational lunar one. In particular, the kalends, nones, and ides seem to have derived from the first sighting of the crescent moon, the first-quarter moon, and the full moon respectively. The system ran well short of the solar year, and it needed constant intercalation to keep religious festivals and other activities in their proper seasons. This is a typical element of lunisolar calendars. For superstitious reasons, such intercalation occurred within the month of February even after it was no longer considered the last month.

After the establishment of the Republic, years began to be dated by consulships and control over intercalation was granted to the pontifices, who eventually abused their power by lengthening years controlled by their political allies and shortening the years in their rivals' terms of office. Having won his war with Pompey, Caesar used his position as Rome's chief pontiff to enact a calendar reform in 46BC, coincidentally making the year of his third consulship last for 446days. In order to avoid interfering with Rome's religious ceremonies, the reform added all its days towards the ends of months and did not adjust any nones or ides, even in months which came to have 31days. The Julian calendar was supposed to have a single leap day on 24 February (a doubled or ) every fourth year, but following Caesar's assassination the priests figured this using inclusive counting and mistakenly added this bissextile () day every three years. In order to bring the calendar back to its proper place, Augustus was obliged to suspend intercalation for one or two decades. The revised calendar remained slightly longer than the solar year; by the 16th century the date of Easter had shifted so far away from the vernal equinox that Pope Gregory XIII ordered the calendar's adjustment, resulting in the Gregorian calendar.

Assassination of Julius Caesar

Assassination of Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator, was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times. They claimed to be acting over fears that Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the Roman Republic. At least 60 senators were party to the conspiracy, led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Despite the death of Caesar, the conspirators were unable to restore the institutions of the Republic. The ramifications of the assassination led to the Liberators' civil war and ultimately to the Principate period of the Roman Empire.

Julian calendar

Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandria.

The calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years until 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a minor modification to reduce the average length of the year from 365.25 days to 365.2425 days and thus corrected the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year. Worldwide adoption of this revised calendar, which became known as the Gregorian calendar, took place over the subsequent centuries, first in Catholic countries and subsequently in Protestant countries of the Western Christian world.

The Julian calendar is still used in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Berbers.

The Julian calendar has two types of years: a normal year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. They follow a simple cycle of three normal years and one leap year, giving an average year that is 365.25 days long. That is more than the actual solar year value of 365.24219 days (the current value, which varies), which means the Julian calendar gains a day every 128 years. For any given event during the years from 1901 to 2099 inclusive, its date according to the Julian calendar is 13 days behind its corresponding Gregorian date.

Julian calendar

Nones and Ides of the month. However, since Roman dates after the Ides of the month counted down toward the start of the next month, the extra days had the effect of raising the initial value of the count of the day following the Ides in the lengthened months. Thus, in January, Sextilis and December the 14th day of the month became a.d. XIX Kal. instead of a.d. XVII Kal., while in April, June, September and November it became a.d. XVIII Kal. Romans of the time born after the Ides of a month responded differently to the effect of this

Februarius

length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of February was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of February was the "pridie Kalendas Martias," "day before the Kalends of March". Roman counting was inclusive; February 9 was "ante diem V Idūs Februarias," "the 5th day before the Ides (13th) of February," usually abbreviated "a.d. V Id. Feb." (or with the "a.d." omitted altogether); February 23 was "VI Kal. Mart.", "the 6th day before the Kalends of March." February had one and possibly two moveable feasts

February 29

"the "n"th day before the Kalends of March"). The Nones (5th) and Ides of Intercalaris occupied their normal positions. The third-century writer Censorinus says: The set leap day was introduced in Rome as a part of the Julian reform in the 1st century BC. As before, the intercalation was made after February 23. The day following the Terminalia (February 23) was doubled, forming the ""bis sextum""—literally 'twice sixth', since February 24 was 'the sixth day before the Kalends of March' using Roman inclusive counting (March 1 was the Kalends of March and was also the first day of the calendar

Martius (month)

before the Kalends of April". Roman counting was inclusive; March 9 was "ante diem VII Idūs Martias", "the 7th day before the Ides of March," usually abbreviated "a.d. VII Id. Mart." (or with the "a.d." omitted altogether); March 23 was "X Kal. Apr.", "the 10th day before the Kalends of April." On the calendar of the Roman Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In March, these were: By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result

Ides of March

("The Tree enters") commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree. A college of priests, the "dendrophoroi" ("tree bearers") annually cut down a tree, hung from it an image of Attis, and carried it to the temple of the Magna Mater with lamentations. The day was formalized as part of the official Roman calendar under Claudius (d. 54 AD). A three-day period of mourning followed, culminating with celebrating the rebirth of Attis on 25 March, the date of the vernal equinox on the Julian calendar. In modern times, the Ides of March is best known as the date on

November (Roman month)

favored the cult of Isis. The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first day through the last. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of November was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of November was the "pridie Kalendas Decembrīs," "day before the Kalends of December". Roman counting was inclusive; November 9 was "ante diem V Idūs Novembrīs", "the 5th day before the Ides of November,"

Manuscript

the Roman system, each month had three fixed points known as Kalends (Kal), the Nons and the Ides. The Nones fell on the fifth of the month in January, February, April, June, August, September, November and December, but on the seventh of the month in March, May, July and October. The Ides fell on the thirteenth in those months in which the Nones fell on the fifth, and the fifteenth in the other four months. All other days were dated by the number of days by which they preceded one of those fixed points. Merovingian script, or "Luxeuil minuscule", is

Ludi Triumphales

13, the Ides, a religiously fraught day that Constantine presumably wished to avoid. The Ides of September occurred in the middle of the Roman Games, when a major banquet for Jupiter had been held since Rome's archaic period. In the earliest period of Roman history, a nail-driving ritual in the Temple of Jupiter marked the passing of the political year, with the consuls at that time taking office on the Ides. The Byzantine antiquarian Johannes Lydus noted that this was one of three Roman new years: the priestly year began in January, the national in March, and the political cycle

Ides of March

priest, led the "Ides sheep" ("ovis Idulis") in procession along the Via Sacra to the "arx", where it was sacrificed. In addition to the monthly sacrifice, the Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna, a goddess of the year (Latin "annus") whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year. The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics, drinking, and revelry. One source from late antiquity also places the Mamuralia on the Ides of March. This observance, which has aspects of scapegoat or ancient Greek "pharmakos" ritual, involved beating an

Equirria

close the military campaigning season. In the earliest form of the calendar, the year began with March, and thus the February 27 Equirria originally preceded New Year's Day, and was the last festival for Mars of the year. The March 14 Equirria occurs the day before the Ides, when the Roman people celebrated the feast of Anna Perenna, whose name expresses her role as a goddess of the year (Latin "annus"; cf. English "perennial"). The March 14 Equirria and the Regifugium ("King's Flight") are the only such festivals to fall on an even-numbered date. Despite scholarly efforts, no explanation for

Ides of March

old man dressed in animal skins and perhaps driving him from the city. The ritual may have been a new year festival representing the expulsion of the old year. In the later Imperial period, the Ides began a "holy week" of festivals celebrating Cybele and Attis, being the day "Canna intrat" ("The Reed enters"), when Attis was born and found among the reeds of a Phrygian river. He was discovered by shepherds or the goddess Cybele, who was also known as the "Magna Mater" ("Great Mother") (narratives differ). A week later, on 22 March, the solemn commemoration of "Arbor intrat"

Roman calendar

may honor Maia and Juno or derive from archaic terms for "senior" and "junior". A few emperors attempted to add themselves to the calendar after Augustus, but without enduring success. In classical Latin, the days of each month were usually reckoned as: Dates after the ides count forward to the kalends of the next month and are expressed as such. For example, March 19 was expressed as "the 14th day before the April Kalends" ('), without a mention of March itself. The day after a kalends, nones, or ides was also often expressed as the "day after" (') owing to

Crisis of the Roman Republic

novel, "The Ides of March", focuses on the period c. 69 BC to 44 BC as the Crisis. Pollio and Ronald Syme date the Crisis only from the time of Julius Caesar in 60 BC. Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon river, the northern boundary of Roman Italy, with his army in 49 BC, a flagrant violation of Roman law, has become the clichéd point of no return for the Republic, as noted in many books, including Tom Holland's "". The end of the Crisis can likewise either be dated from the assassination of Julius Caesar on 15 March 44 BC,

September (Roman month)

to the period August 19 to September 17. The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first day through the last. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of September was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. The last day of September was the "pridie Kalendas Octobrīs," "day before the Kalends of October". Roman counting was inclusive; September 9 was "ante diem V Idūs Septembrīs", "the

March

of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania). Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. In Finnish, the month


Question: How many vertices (ie corners) are there on an octahedron?

Octahedron

has 6 vertices and 12 edges, the minimum for an octahedron; irregular octahedra may have as many as 12 vertices and 18 edges. There are 257 topologically distinct "convex" octahedra, excluding mirror images. More specifically there are 2, 11, 42, 74, 76, 38, 14 for octahedra with 6 to 12 vertices respectively. (Two polyhedra are "topologically distinct" if they have intrinsically different arrangements of faces and vertices, such that it is impossible to distort one into the other simply by changing the lengths of edges or the angles between edges or faces.) Some better known irregular octahedra include the following:

Truncated octahedron

= √ 2 centered at the origin. The vertices are thus also the corners of 12 rectangles whose long edges are parallel to the coordinate axes. The edge vectors have Cartesian coordinates and permutations of these. The face normals (normalized cross products of edges that share a common vertex) of the 6 square faces are , and . The face normals of the 8 hexagonal faces are . The dot product between pairs of two face normals is the cosine of the dihedral angle between adjacent faces, either − or −. The dihedral angle is approximately 1.910633 radians (109.471° )

Bricard octahedron

plane containing all six points. (For instance, the six points of a regular octahedron can be paired up in this way by an axial symmetry around a line through two opposite edge midpoints, although the Bricard octahedron resulting from this pairing would not be regular.) The octahedra have 12 edges, each of which connects two points that do not belong to the same symmetric pair as each other. These edges form the octahedral graph . Each of the eight triangular faces of these octahedra connects three points, one from each symmetric pair, in all of the eight possible ways of

Octahedron

tetrahedron. These symmetries can be emphasized by different colorings of the faces. It has eleven arrangements of nets. The octahedron is the dual polyhedron to the cube. The uniform tetrahemihexahedron is a tetrahedral symmetry faceting of the regular octahedron, sharing edge and vertex arrangement. It has four of the triangular faces, and 3 central squares. The following polyhedra are combinatorially equivalent to the regular polyhedron. They all have six vertices, eight triangular faces, and twelve edges that correspond one-for-one with the features of a regular octahedron. More generally, an octahedron can be any polyhedron with eight faces. The regular octahedron

Octahedron

Octahedron In geometry, an octahedron (plural: octahedra) is a polyhedron with eight faces, twelve edges, and six vertices. The term is most commonly used to refer to the regular octahedron, a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each vertex. A regular octahedron is the dual polyhedron of a cube. It is a rectified tetrahedron. It is a square bipyramid in any of three orthogonal orientations. It is also a triangular antiprism in any of four orientations. An octahedron is the three-dimensional case of the more general concept of a cross polytope. A regular octahedron

Octahedron

Octahedron

In geometry, an octahedron (plural: octahedra, octahedrons) is a polyhedron with eight faces. The term is most commonly used to refer to the regular octahedron, a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each vertex.

A regular octahedron is the dual polyhedron of a cube. It is a rectified tetrahedron. It is a square bipyramid in any of three orthogonal orientations. It is also a triangular antiprism in any of four orientations.

An octahedron is the three-dimensional case of the more general concept of a cross polytope.

A regular octahedron is a 3-ball in the Manhattan () metric.

List of uniform polyhedra

List of uniform polyhedra

In geometry, a uniform polyhedron is a polyhedron which has regular polygons as faces and is vertex-transitive (transitive on its vertices, isogonal, i.e. there is an isometry mapping any vertex onto any other). It follows that all vertices are congruent, and the polyhedron has a high degree of reflectional and rotational symmetry.

Uniform polyhedra can be divided between convex forms with convex regular polygon faces and star forms. Star forms have either regular star polygon faces or vertex figures or both.

This list includes these:

It was proven in that there are only 75 uniform polyhedra other than the infinite families of prisms and antiprisms. John Skilling discovered an overlooked degenerate example, by relaxing the condition that only two faces may meet at an edge. This is a degenerate uniform polyhedron rather than a uniform polyhedron, because some pairs of edges coincide.

Not included are:

Platonic solid

Platonic solid

In geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex, regular polyhedron in three-dimensional Euclidean space. Being a regular polyhedron means that the faces are congruent (identical in shape and size) regular polygons (all angles congruent and all edges congruent), and the same number of faces meet at each vertex. There are only five such polyhedra:

Geometers have studied the Platonic solids for thousands of years. They are named for the ancient Greek philosopher Plato who hypothesized in one of his dialogues, the "Timaeus", that the classical elements were made of these regular solids.

Dodecahedron

Dodecahedron

In geometry, a dodecahedron (Greek , from "dōdeka" "twelve" + "hédra" "base", "seat" or "face") or duodecahedron is any polyhedron with twelve flat faces. The most familiar dodecahedron is the regular dodecahedron with regular pentagons as faces, which is a Platonic solid. There are also three regular star dodecahedra, which are constructed as stellations of the convex form. All of these have icosahedral symmetry, order 120.

Some dodecahedra have the same combinatorial structure as the regular dodecahedron (in terms of the graph formed by its vertices and edges), but their pentagonal faces are not regular:
The pyritohedron, a common crystal form in pyrite, has pyritohedral symmetry, while the tetartoid has tetrahedral symmetry.

The rhombic dodecahedron can be seen as a limiting case of the pyritohedron, and it has octahedral symmetry. The elongated dodecahedron and trapezo-rhombic dodecahedron variations, along with the rhombic dodecahedra, are space-filling. There are numerous other dodecahedra.

While the regular dodecahedron shares many features with other Platonic solids, one unique property of it is that one can start at a corner of the surface and draw an infinite number of straight lines across the figure that return to the original point without crossing over any other corner.

Cuboctahedron

Cuboctahedron

A cuboctahedron is a polyhedron with 8 triangular faces and 6 square faces. A cuboctahedron has 12 identical vertices, with 2 triangles and 2 squares meeting at each, and 24 identical edges, each separating a triangle from a square. As such, it is a quasiregular polyhedron, i.e. an Archimedean solid that is not only vertex-transitive but also edge-transitive. It is radially equilateral.

Its dual polyhedron is the rhombic dodecahedron.

The cuboctahedron was probably known to Plato: Heron's "Definitiones" quotes Archimedes as saying that Plato knew of a solid made of 8 triangles and 6 squares.

Elongated octahedron

4 triamonds . This construction has been called a triamond stretched octahedron. Another interpretation can represent this solid as a hexahedron, by considering pairs of trapezoids as a folded regular hexagon. It will have 6 faces (4 triangles, and 2 hexagons), 12 edges, and 8 vertices. It could also be seen as a "folded tetrahedron" also seeing pairs of end triangles as a folded rhombus. It would have 8 vertices, 10 edges, and 4 faces. The Cartesian coordinates of the 8 vertices of an "elongated octahedron", elongated in the x-axis, with edge length 2 are: The 2 extra vertices of

Octahedron

octahedron's edges such that each face is bounded by a cycle, then similarly partitioning each edge into the golden mean along the direction of its vector. There are five octahedra that define any given icosahedron in this fashion, and together they define a "regular compound". Octahedra and tetrahedra can be alternated to form a vertex, edge, and face-uniform tessellation of space, called the octet truss by Buckminster Fuller. This is the only such tiling save the regular tessellation of cubes, and is one of the 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Another is a tessellation of octahedra and cuboctahedra. The octahedron is

Truncated octahedron

truncated octahedron, one of the Archimedean solids. It has 24 vertices and 36 edges, and is a cubic Archimedean graph. It has book thickness 3 and queue number 2. As a Hamiltonian cubic graph, it can be represented by LCF notation in multiple ways: [3, −7, 7, −3], [5, −11, 11, 7, 5, −5, −7, −11, 11, −5, −7, 7], and [−11, 5, −3, −7, −9, 3, −5, 5, −3, 9, 7, 3, −5, 11, −3, 7, 5, −7, −9, 9, 7, −5, −7, 3]. Truncated octahedron In geometry, the truncated octahedron is an Archimedean solid. It has 14 faces

Octagon

of 24 faces in a Petrie polygon projection plane of the tesseract. The list defines the number of solutions as 8, by the 8 orientations of this one dissection. These squares and rhombs are used in the Ammann–Beenker tilings. A skew octagon is a skew polygon with 8 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an octagon is not generally defined. A "skew zig-zag octagon" has vertices alternating between two parallel planes. A regular skew octagon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew octagon and can

Truncated octahedron

Truncated octahedron In geometry, the truncated octahedron is an Archimedean solid. It has 14 faces (8 regular hexagonal and 6 square), 36 edges, and 24 vertices. Since each of its faces has point symmetry the truncated octahedron is a zonohedron. It is also the Goldberg polyhedron G(1,1), containing square and hexagonal faces. Like the cube, it can tessellate (or "pack") 3-dimensional space, as a permutohedron. Its dual polyhedron is the tetrakis hexahedron. If the original truncated octahedron has unit edge length, its dual tetrakis cube has edge lengths and . A truncated octahedron is constructed from a regular octahedron with

Elongated octahedron

Elongated octahedron In geometry, an elongated octahedron is a polyhedron with 8 faces (4 triangular, 4 isosceles trapezoidal), 14 edges, and 8 vertices. A relatd construction is a hexadecahedron, 16 triangular faces, 24 edges, and 10 vertices. Starting with the regular octahedron, it is elongated along one axes, adding 8 new triangles. It has 2 sets of 3 coplanar equilateral triangles (each forming a half-hexagon), and thus is not a Johnson solid. If the sets of coplanar triangles are considered a single isosceles trapezoidal face (a triamond), it has 8 vertices, 14 edges, and 8 faces - 4 triangles and

Octahedron

is a 3-ball in the Manhattan () metric. If the edge length of a regular octahedron is "a", the radius of a circumscribed sphere (one that touches the octahedron at all vertices) is and the radius of an inscribed sphere (tangent to each of the octahedron's faces) is while the midradius, which touches the middle of each edge, is The "octahedron" has four special orthogonal projections, centered, on an edge, vertex, face, and normal to a face. The second and third correspond to the B and A Coxeter planes. The octahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and

Schönhardt polyhedron

octahedron. However, unlike the regular octahedron, three of its edges have concave dihedral angles, and these three edges form a perfect matching of the graph of the octahedron; this fact is sufficient to show that it cannot be triangulated. The six vertices of the Schönhardt polyhedron can be used to form fifteen unordered pairs of vertices. Twelve of these fifteen pairs form edges of the polyhedron: there are six edges in the two equilateral triangle faces, and six edges connecting the two triangles. The remaining three edges form diagonals of the polyhedron, but lie entirely outside the polyhedron. It is

Truncated octahedron

at edges shared by two hexagons or 2.186276 radians (125.263° ) at edges shared by a hexagon and a square. The truncated octahedron can be dissected into a central octahedron, surrounded by 8 triangular cupola on each face, and 6 square pyramids above the vertices. Removing the central octahedron and 2 or 4 triangular cupola creates two Stewart toroids, with dihedral and tetrahedral symmetry: The truncated octahedron can also be represented by even more symmetric coordinates in four dimensions: all permutations of (1, 2, 3, 4) form the vertices of a truncated octahedron in the three-dimensional subspace . Therefore, the

Cube

faces and eight triangular ones. In particular we can get regular octagons (truncated cube). The rhombicuboctahedron is obtained by cutting off both corners and edges to the correct amount. A cube can be inscribed in a dodecahedron so that each vertex of the cube is a vertex of the dodecahedron and each edge is a diagonal of one of the dodecahedron's faces; taking all such cubes gives rise to the regular compound of five cubes. If two opposite corners of a cube are truncated at the depth of the three vertices directly connected to them, an irregular octahedron is obtained.

Octacube (sculpture)

the Platonic solids are the regular polytopes. These shapes were first described in the mid-19th century by a Swiss mathematician, Ludwig Schläfli. In four dimensions, there are six of them: the pentachoron (5-cell), tesseract (8-cell), hexadecachoron (16-cell), octacube (24-cell), hecatonicosachoron (120-cell), and the hexacosichoron (600-cell). The 24-cell consists of 24 octahedrons, joined in 4-dimensional space. The 24-cell's vertex figure (the 3-D shape formed when a 4-D corner is cut off) is a cube. Despite its suggestive name, the octacube is not the 4-D analog of either the octahedron or the cube. In fact, it is the only one of the

Hemi-octahedron

diagram: It has an unexpected property that there are two distinct edges between every pair of vertices – any two vertices define a digon. Hemi-octahedron A hemi-octahedron is an abstract regular polyhedron, containing half the faces of a regular octahedron. It has 4 triangular faces, 6 edges, and 3 vertices. Its dual polyhedron is the hemicube. It can be realized as a projective polyhedron (a tessellation of the real projective plane by 4 triangles), which can be visualized by constructing the projective plane as a hemisphere where opposite points along the boundary are connected and dividing the hemisphere into four

Hemi-octahedron

Hemi-octahedron A hemi-octahedron is an abstract regular polyhedron, containing half the faces of a regular octahedron. It has 4 triangular faces, 6 edges, and 3 vertices. Its dual polyhedron is the hemicube. It can be realized as a projective polyhedron (a tessellation of the real projective plane by 4 triangles), which can be visualized by constructing the projective plane as a hemisphere where opposite points along the boundary are connected and dividing the hemisphere into four equal parts. It can be seen as a square pyramid without its base. It can be represented symmetrically as a hexagonal or square Schlegel

Cantellated tesseract

vertex would split into 12 rather than three new vertices. However, since some of the shrunken faces continues to be shared, certain pairs of these 12 potential vertices are identical to each other, and therefore only 6 new vertices are created from each original vertex (hence the cantellated tesseract's 96 vertices compared to the tesseract's 16). These six new vertices form the vertices of an octahedron—16 octahedra, since the tesseract had 16 vertices. The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a cantellated tesseract with edge length 2 is given by all permutations of: The 8 small rhombicuboctahedral cells are joined

Octahedron

its vertices have the same size. The other three polyhedra with this property are the pentagonal dipyramid, the snub disphenoid, and an irregular polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 triangular faces. There are 3 uniform colorings of the octahedron, named by the triangular face colors going around each vertex: 1212, 1112, 1111. The octahedron's symmetry group is O, of order 48, the three dimensional hyperoctahedral group. This group's subgroups include D (order 12), the symmetry group of a triangular antiprism; D (order 16), the symmetry group of a square bipyramid; and T (order 24), the symmetry group of a rectified


Question: What is the capital city of Saudi Arabia?

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Riyadh

Riyadh Riyadh (; , ) is the capital and most populous city of Saudi Arabia, approximately 790 km (491 mi) North-east of Mecca. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the centre of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau and home to more than six million people. The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, managed by the Municipality of Riyadh headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Development Authority of Riyadh which is chaired by the governor of the Province, Faisal bin

Riyadh

Bandar Al Saud. The current mayor is Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Sultan. Riyadh has been designated a global city. During the Pre-Islamic era the city at the site of modern Riyadh was called "Hajr" (), and was reportedly founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa. Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al-Yamamah, whose governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites, who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al-Kharj. The city

Riyadh

Arabic newspapers; "Asharq Al-Awsat" (which is owned by the city governor), "Al-Riyadh", Al-Jazeera and "Al-Watan", two English language newspapers; "Saudi Gazette" and "Arab News", and one Malayalam language newspaper, "Gulf Madhyamam". Bibliography Riyadh Riyadh (; , ) is the capital and most populous city of Saudi Arabia, approximately 790 km (491 mi) North-east of Mecca. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the centre of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau and home to more than six million people. The city is divided into

Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

Company (SAPTCO). Bus services also connect Dammam and other cities in Saudi Arabia, and across the Middle East. The Eastern Province is one of the 13 regions of Saudi Arabia (; "manatiq idāriyya", sing. منطقة إدارية; "mintaqah idariyya"). The region is further subdivided into 11 governorates (; "muhafazat", sing. محافظة; "muhafazah"). The governorates are further sudivided into sub-governorates (; "marakiz", sing. مركز; "markaz"). The Eastern Province's capital city of Dammam has special status. Like the other 12 regional capitals, Dammam is not included within any governorate but is instead governed by a "municipality" (; "amanah") headed by a mayor (;

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia (, ; '), officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA; ', ), is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is the largest sovereign state in the Middle East, geographically the fifth-largest in Asia, second-largest in the Arab world after Algeria and 12th-largest in the world. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south. It is

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

Sanaa

Sanaa

Sanaa (, ' , ; Old South Arabian: 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 "Ṣnʿw"), also spelled Sana'a or Sana, is the capital and largest city in Yemen and the centre of Sanaa Governorate. The city is not part of the Governorate, but forms the separate administrative district of "ʾAmānat al-ʿĀṣima" (). Under the Yemeni constitution, Sanaa is the capital of the country, although the seat of the Yemeni government moved to Aden, the former capital of South Yemen in the aftermath of the Houthi occupation. Aden was declared as the temporary capital by President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi in March 2015.

At an elevation of , Sanaa is one of the highest capital cities in the world and is next to the Sarawat Mountains of Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb and Jabal Tiyal, considered to be the highest mountains in the country and amongst the highest in the region. Sanaa has a population of approximately 3,937,500 (2012), making it Yemen's largest city. As of 2020, the greater Sanaa urban area makes up about 10% of Yemen's total population.

The Old City of Sanaa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has a distinctive architectural character, most notably expressed in its multi-storey buildings decorated with geometric patterns. In the conflict that raged in 2015, bombs hit UNESCO sites in the old city. The Al Saleh Mosque, the largest in Sanaa, is located in the Old City.

Sanaa faces a severe water crisis, with water being drawn from its aquifer three times faster than it is replenished. The city is predicted to run completely out of water by around 2030, making it the first national capital in the world to do so. Access to drinking water is very limited in Sanaa, and there are problems with water quality.

List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia

The following is a list of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia.

Jeddah

Jeddah

Jeddah ( ), also spelled Jedda, Jiddah or Jidda ( ; , ), is a city in the Hejaz region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the country's commercial center. It is not known when Jeddah was founded, but Jeddah's prominence grew in 647 when the Caliph Uthman made it a travel hub serving Muslim travelers going for Islamic pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. Since those times, Jeddah has served as the gateway for millions of pilgrims who have arrived in Saudi Arabia, traditionally by sea and recently by air. With a population of about 4,697,000 people as of 2021, Jeddah is the largest city in Makkah Province, the largest city in Hejaz, the second-largest city in the Saudi Arabia (after the capital Riyadh), and the ninth-largest in the Middle East. It also serves as the administrative centre of the OIC. Jeddah Islamic Port, on the Red Sea, is the thirty-sixth largest seaport in the world and the second-largest and second-busiest seaport in the Middle East (after Dubai's Port of Jebel Ali).

Jeddah is the principal gateway to Mecca, the holiest city in Islam, to the east, while Medina, the second-holiest city, is to the north. Economically, Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and engineering leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East. Jeddah was ranked fourth in the Africa, Middle East, and 'stan countries region in the Innovation Cities Index in 2009.

Jeddah is one of the Saudi Arabia's primary resort cities and was named a Beta world city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC). Given the city's close proximity to the Red Sea, fishing and seafood dominate the food culture unlike other parts of the country. In Arabic, the city's motto is "Jeddah Ghair", which translates to "Jeddah is different". The motto has been widely used among both locals as well as foreign visitors. The city is widely perceived as the most liberal city in Saudi Arabia and is a popular tourist destination in the region.

Planned community

King Abdullah Economic City, a future planned city along the Red Sea located in Saudi Arabia. In 1975, Jubail Industrial City, also known as Jubail, was designated as a new industrial city by the Saudi government. It provides 50% of the country's drinking water through desalination of the water from the Persian Gulf. The city of Kyoto was developed as a planned city in 794 as a new imperial capital (then called Heian-kyō), built on a grid layout modeled after the Tang dynasty capital of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), and remained the capital for over a millennium. The grid layout

Dammam

Dammam Dammam ( "") is the capital of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The judicial and administrative bodies of the province, plus several government departments, are located in the city. Dammam is the largest city in the Eastern Province, and the sixth largest in Saudi Arabia, after Riyadh, Jeddah, Mecca, Medina and Taif. Like the other 12 regional capitals of Saudi Arabia, Dammam is not included within any governorate; instead, it is governed as a "municipality" (; "amanah") headed by a mayor (; "amin"). Dammam is a major administrative center for the Saudi oil industry. Together with the nearby

Jeddah

Saud added the title King of Hejaz to his position of Sultan of Nejd. Today, Jeddah has lost its historical role in peninsular politics after Jeddah fell within the new province of Makkah, whose provincial capital is the city of Mecca. From 1928 to 1932, the new Khuzam Palace was built as the new residence of King Abdul Aziz in Jeddah. The palace lies south of the old walled city and was constructed under the supervision of the engineer Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden. After 1963, the palace was used as a royal guest house; since 1995, it has housed

Riyadh

the world, the Princess Nora bint Abdul Rahman University. Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the Saudi Real Estate Companion, most large companies in the country establish either sole headquarters or a large office in the city. For this reason, there has been a significant growth in high rise developments in all areas of the city. Most notable among these is King Abdullah Financial District which is fast becoming the key business hub in the city. According to the Global Financial Centres Index, Riyadh ranked at 77 in

Summer capital

between the Georgian, separatist Abkhazian, and separatist South Ossetian governing authorities. The Saudi royal family relocates to the mountainous city of Taif, near Mecca, which is far cooler in the summer months than the official capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh. But nowadays, it relocates mostly in Jeddah. The location of San Sebastián in the cooler, northern part of Spain close to the French border ideally placed it as a summer capital alternative to Madrid. Summer capital A summer capital is a city used as an administrative capital during extended periods of particularly hot summer weather. The term is mostly of

Qaryat al-Faw

Qaryat al-Faw Qaryat Al Faw () was the capital of the first Kindah kingdom. It is located about 100 km south of Wadi ad-Dawasir, and about 700 km southwest of Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. The Al Faw archeological site reveals various features such as residential houses, markets, roads, cemeteries, temples, and water wells. Researchers know little about the city. According to archaeological excavations, the city dates to the fourth century BC. The city was originally known per the corpus of inscriptions in the site as Qaryat Dhu Kahl. Kahl was the main deity worshiped by the Arab

City of Arabia

City of Arabia City of Arabia is a US$20 billion retail, residential, commercial and entertainment destination lying at the gateway to Dubailand, United Arab Emirates. Some parts of this project are being built. Its four key elements are Mall of Arabia, one of the world’s largest malls; IMG Worlds of Adventure; Wadi Walk, a water front community with stylish apartments, outdoor cafes and attractive retail outlets; and Elite Towers, a group of 34 impressive commercial and residential buildings. Another planned development as of 2005 was Restless Planet, a theme park with attractions portraying the environment and creatures of the Mesozoic

Dammam

are still practiced. Cricket is popular among South Asian expatriates living in the city. The Shatea Mall in Dammam houses an indoor ice skating rink. Dammam Dammam ( "") is the capital of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The judicial and administrative bodies of the province, plus several government departments, are located in the city. Dammam is the largest city in the Eastern Province, and the sixth largest in Saudi Arabia, after Riyadh, Jeddah, Mecca, Medina and Taif. Like the other 12 regional capitals of Saudi Arabia, Dammam is not included within any governorate; instead, it is governed as

King of Saudi Arabia

King of Saudi Arabia The King of Saudi Arabia is Saudi Arabia's absolute monarch who serves as head of state and head of government. He is the head of the Saudi royal family, the House of Saud. The King is called the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (), a title that signifies Saudi Arabia's jurisdiction over the mosques of Masjid al Haram in Mecca and Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, replacing His Majesty in 1986. King Abdulaziz (known in the West as Ibn Saud) began conquering today's Saudi Arabia in 1902, by restoring his family as emirs of Riyadh. He

Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia

recently established the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities, which is responsible for the preservation of these cities. Qaryat al-Fāw, () also appears in the southern text as Qaryat Dhu Kahl, Qaryat al-Hamraa and Dhat al-Jnan. The name derives from its geographical location at a pass through the Ṭuwayq Mountains where it intersects with Wādī al-Dawāsir, overlooking the northwestern edge of the Empty Quarter desert. It is located about 700 km southwest of Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. Qaryat al-Fāw is considered one of the most important ancient Pre-Islamic cities in Saudi Arabia, and it was the capital

Prince Abdulaziz Bin Mousaed Economic City

city in it to be named after Ha’il’s first Saudi prince, the late Prince Abdulaziz bin Mousaed. The city’s purpose is to develop and refurbish the status of Ha’il as a major economic center and entertainment hub. The project also aims at providing around 30,000 new job opportunities for the Saudi young youth. Situated in Ha’il in the northern part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between Aljouf, Tabok, Madina and Al Qassim regions, the SAR30bn Prince Abdulaziz bin Mousaed economic city was originally planned to span 156 million square meters. In 2014, however, the Saudi Arabian Economic Cities Authority

Mecca

is the capital of the Makkah Region, which includes neighboring Jeddah. The provincial governor was prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud from 2000 until his death in 2007. On 16 May 2007, prince Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud was appointed as the new governor. The early history of Mecca is still largely disputed, as there are no unambiguous references to it in ancient literature prior to the rise of Islam. The Roman Empire took control of part of the Hejaz in 106 CE, ruling cities such as Hegra (now known as Mada'in Saleh), located to the north of Mecca.

Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

"amin"). The Al-Ahsa Governorate, which includes the traditional oasis of Al-Hasa and the Rub' al Khali desert, is the largest governorate in Saudi Arabia in terms of area. Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia The Eastern Province ( "") is the largest province of Saudi Arabia by area. The province's capital is the city of Dammam, which hosts the majority of the region's population and its seat of government. The Eastern Province is the third most populous province in Saudi Arabia, after Makkah and Riyadh. Dammam is the province's most populous city, and the sixth most populous city in the country. The

Makkah Region

event of Ghadir Khumm. Governors of the Makkah Region since the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia are as follows: The region is divided into 17 governorates (with 2010 Census populations): Makkah Region The Makkah Region or Mecca Region ( "") is the most populous region ("minṭaqah") in Saudi Arabia. It is located in western Saudi Arabia, and has an extended coastline. It has an area of 153,128 km², and a population of 6,915,006 (2010 census). Its capital is Mecca (also transliterated as Makkah), the holiest city in Islam, and its largest city is Jeddah, which is also Saudi

Mecca

Abdullah Economic City, Rabigh, Jeddah and King Abdulaziz International Airport. This rail line is planned to provide a safe and comfortable transport in electric trains in-turn reducing the travel time to less than two hours between Mecca and Medina . It will be built by a business consortium from Spain. Some of the intercity highways which connects the city of Mecca are: Mecca Mecca (; "" () is a city in the Hejazi region of the Arabian Peninsula, and the plain of Tihamah in Saudi Arabia, and is also the capital and administrative headquarters of the Makkah Region. The city


Question: Which animal has the varieties Arctic, Bat-Eared and Fennec?

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Fennec fox

Fennec fox The fennec fox or fennec ("Vulpes zerda") is a small nocturnal fox found in the Sahara of North Africa, the Sinai Peninsula, South West Israel (Arava desert) and the Arabian desert. Its most distinctive feature is its unusually large ears, which also serve to dissipate heat. Its name comes from the Berber word ("fanak"), which means "fox", and the species name "zerda" comes from the Greek word "xeros" which means dry, referring to the fox's habitat. The fennec is the smallest species of canid. Its coat, ears, and kidney functions have adapted to high-temperature, low-water, desert environments. Also,

Fennec fox

interactions is limited to information gathered from captive animals. The species is usually assigned to the genus "Vulpes"; however, this is debated due to differences between the fennec fox and other fox species. The fennec's fur is prized by the indigenous peoples of North Africa, and in some parts of the world, the animal is considered an exotic pet. The fennec fox weighs about , with a body length of between ; it is around tall. It is the smallest species of canid in the world. The tail has a black tip and is long, while the ears can be

Fennec fox

its hearing is sensitive enough to hear prey moving underground. It mainly eats insects, small mammals, and birds. The fennec has a life span of up to 14 years in captivity. Its main predators are the African varieties of eagle owl, jackals, and other large mammals. Families of fennecs dig out dens in the sand for habitation and protection, which can be as large as and adjoin the dens of other families. Precise population figures are not known but are estimated from the frequency of sightings; these indicate that the animal is currently not threatened by extinction. Knowledge of social

Fennec fox

between long. The coat is often a cream colour and fluffy, which deflects heat during the day and keeps the fox warm at night. The fennec's characteristic ears are the largest among all foxes relative to body size, and serve to dissipate heat, as they have many blood vessels close to the skin. The ears of a fennec are sensitive enough to hear prey that may be underground; the soles of its feet are protected from the hot desert sand by thick fur. The species was previously classified in the genus "Fennecus", but has since been reclassified to the genus

Canadian Arctic tundra

("Hordeum vulgare"), shepherd's purse ("Capsella bursa-pastoris") and the opium poppy ("Papaver somniferum"). During the brief Arctic summer, migratory birds - ducks, geese, shore birds, jaegers (skua), gulls, terns, songbirds, owls and others nest in the mosaic of habitats provided by the tundra. The snowy owl ("Nyctea scandiaca") and the common raven ("Corvus corax") live in the Arctic tundra year-round. Most recent mammal species have a greatly varied evolutionary history: Notable marine species include the narwhal ("Monodon monoceros"), the Greenland shark ("Somniosus microcephalus"), the walrus ("Odobenus rosmarus") and the ringed seal ("Pusa hispida"). Insect species include the "Bombus polaris" and "Bombus

Fennec fox

Fennec fox

The fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) is a small crepuscular fox native to the deserts of North Africa, ranging from Western Sahara and Morocco to the Sinai Peninsula.<ref name=iucn/> Its most distinctive feature is its unusually large ears, which serve to dissipate heat and listen for underground prey. The fennec is the smallest fox species. Its coat, ears, and kidney functions have adapted to the desert environment with high temperatures and little water. It mainly eats insects, small mammals and birds. The fennec has a life span of up to 14 years in captivity and about 10 years in the wild. Its main predators are the Verreaux's eagle-owl, jackals and other large mammals. Fennec families dig out burrows in the sand for habitation and protection, which can be as large as and adjoin the burrows of other families. Precise population figures are not known but are estimated from the frequency of sightings; these indicate that the fennec is currently not threatened by extinction. Knowledge of social interactions is limited to information gathered from captive animals. The fennec's fur is prized by the indigenous peoples of North Africa, and it is considered an exotic pet in some parts of the world.

Its name comes from the species' Arabic name: "fanak" ().

Canidae

Canidae

Canidae (; from Latin, "canis", "dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant Caninae.<ref name=miklosi2015/> The Caninae are known as canines, and include domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals and other extant and extinct species.

Canids are found on all continents except Antarctica, having arrived independently or accompanied human beings over extended periods of time. Canids vary in size from the gray wolf to the fennec fox. The body forms of canids are similar, typically having long muzzles, upright ears, teeth adapted for cracking bones and slicing flesh, long legs, and bushy tails. They are mostly social animals, living together in family units or small groups and behaving cooperatively. Typically, only the dominant pair in a group breeds, and a litter of young are reared annually in an underground den. Canids communicate by scent signals and vocalizations. One canid, the domestic dog, originated from a symbiotic relationship with Upper Paleolithic humans and today remains one of the most widely kept domestic animals.

Bat-eared fox

Bat-eared fox

The bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis) is a species of fox found on the African savanna. It is the only extant species of the genus "Otocyon"

It is named for its large ears, which have a role in thermoregulation. Although not commonly used, other vernacular names include big-eared fox, black-eared fox, long-eared fox, Delalande's fox, cape fox, and motlosi.<ref name="Clark2005" />

Fox

Fox

Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or "brush").

Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of genus "Vulpes". Approximately another 25 current or extinct species are always or sometimes called foxes; these foxes are either part of the paraphyletic group of the South American foxes, or of the outlying group, which consists of the bat-eared fox, gray fox, and island fox.

Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica. The most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox ("Vulpes vulpes") with about 47 recognized subspecies. The global distribution of foxes, together with their widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, especially in the British Isles, was exported by European settlers to various parts of the New World.

Kit fox

Kit fox

The kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) is a fox species that inhabits arid and semi-arid regions of the southwestern United States and northern and central Mexico. These foxes are the smallest of the four species of "Vulpes" occurring in North America and are among the smallest of the vulpines worldwide. It has also been called a North American counterpart of the fennec fox due to its large ears.<ref name="Sheldon1992"/>

Arctic Cordillera

moss campion, bilberry, and Arctic white heather. The conditions here are far too severe for reptiles and amphibians to survive, and insects are also rare in the region. Muskoxen and barren-ground caribou are the only large herbivores in this environment, while polar bears and the Arctic wolf are the only large carnivores to be found in the region. Smaller herbivores include the Arctic hare and the collared lemming. Arctic foxes and stoats are some of the smaller carnivores found in the region. Marine mammals include narwhals, beluga whales, walrus, and ringed and bearded seals. The furry-legged rock ptarmigan is a

Fennec fox

is prized for its fur by the indigenous people of the Sahara and Sinai. Current statistics on population are not known, but the population is assumed to be adequate based on observations of traders commonly trapping fennec foxes in Northern Africa for exhibition or sale to tourists. In southern Morocco, the fennec fox is commonly seen in sandy areas away from permanent human settlements. The fennec fox's main predators are the various African varieties of eagle owl. Other possible predators include caracals, jackals, striped hyenas, and the Saluki, a greyhound-like domestic dog local to the area. However, fennec foxes are

Fennec fox

rodents, insects, birds, eggs, and rabbits. An individual can jump up to high and forward, which helps it catch prey and escape predators. When hunting, large-eared foxes such as the fennec, or the bat-eared fox, can seem to stare at the ground while they rotate their heads from side to side to pinpoint the location of prey, either underground or hidden above ground. There are reports that fennec foxes climb date palms while foraging for fruit; however, some experts consider these reports unlikely unless low branches are available for support. The species can live without free water, as its kidneys

Fennec fox

"Vulpes" which includes a variety of other types of foxes. Scientists have noted that while there are similarities, there are many differences that set the fennec fox apart from other fox species, including both physical and social traits. This has led to two conflicting classifications: "Vulpes zerda", implying that the fennec fox is a true fox, and "Fennecus zerda", implying that the fennec fox belongs to its own genus. Physically, the fennec lacks the musk glands of other fox species, and has only 32 chromosome pairs, while other fox species have between 35 and 39. The species also displays behaviors

Fennec fox

them more expensive. The species is classified a "small wild/exotic canid" by the United States Department of Agriculture, along with the coyote, dingo, jackal, and Arctic fox, and is considered the only species of fox, other than the Russian domesticated red fox, which can properly be kept as a pet. Although it cannot be considered domesticated, it can be kept in a domestic setting similar to dogs or cats. A breeders' registry has been set up in the United States to avoid any problems associated with inbreeding. The legality of owning a fennec fox varies by jurisdiction, as with many

Arctic

is also a predator, though it prefers to hunt for marine life from the ice. There are also many and marine species endemic to the colder regions. Other terrestrial animals include wolverines, moose, Dall sheep, ermines, and Arctic ground squirrels. Marine mammals include seals, walrus, and several species of cetacean—baleen whales and also narwhals, killer whales, and belugas. An excellent and famous example of a ring species exists and has been described around the Arctic Circle in the form of the "Larus" gulls. The Arctic includes sizable natural resources (oil, gas, minerals, fresh water, fish and if the subarctic is

Fennec fox

days, and the ears lifting soon afterward. The life span of a fennec fox has been recorded as up to 14 years in captivity. The species is found in North Africa and Asia. The range is from Morocco through to Egypt, as far south as northern Niger, and as far east as the Sinai Peninsula, southwestern Israel (Arava Desert) and Kuwait. A fennec fox's typical den is dug in sand, either in open areas or places sheltered by plants with stable sand dunes considered to be their ideal habitat. In compacted soils, dens can be up to 120 square meters,

Xerocole

them from sinking in the sand. The fennec fox has extra fur on the soles of its feet to give it traction and protect it from the hot sand. Most animals in arid environments are slender with long legs, giving them the speed as they travel long distances for food and water. The three main vulnerabilities against the sand are through the eyes, ears, and nose. To keep sand out of their eyes, xerocoles including reptiles and birds, and some amphibians and mammals have a nicitating membrane in their eyes: a third, transparent eyelid that protects the cornea from blowing

Laptev Sea

Permanent mammal species include ringed seal ("Phoca hispida"), bearded seal ("Erignathus barbatus"), harp seal ("Pagophilus groenlandicus"), walrus ("Odobenus rosmarus"), collared lemming ("Dicrostonyx torquatus"), Arctic fox ("Alopex lagopus"), reindeer ("Rangifer tarandus") wolf ("Canis lupus"), ermine ("Mustela erminea"), Arctic hare ("Lepus timidus") and polar bear ("Ursus maritimus"), whereas beluga whales ("Delphinapterus leucas") visit the region seasonally. The walrus of the Laptev Sea is sometimes distinguished as a separate subspecies "Odobenus rosmarus laptevi", though this attribution is questioned. There are several dozens species of birds. Some belong to permanent (tundra) species, such as snow bunting ("Plectrophenax nivalis"), purple sandpiper ("Calidris maritima"), snowy owl

Fennec fox

fox is the inspiration for Saint-Exupery's fox in "The Little Prince". A fennec is a commonly-occurring natural animal in "". Fennec fox The fennec fox or fennec ("Vulpes zerda") is a small nocturnal fox found in the Sahara of North Africa, the Sinai Peninsula, South West Israel (Arava desert) and the Arabian desert. Its most distinctive feature is its unusually large ears, which also serve to dissipate heat. Its name comes from the Berber word ("fanak"), which means "fox", and the species name "zerda" comes from the Greek word "xeros" which means dry, referring to the fox's habitat. The fennec

Scoresby Sound

20th century. Birds are represented by barnacle goose, pink-footed goose, snow goose, whooper swan, king eider, common eider, long-tailed duck, Brunnich's guillemot, black guillemot, little auk, puffin, fulmar, herring gull, glaucous gull, great black-backed gull, kittiwake, Arctic tern, red-throated diver, great northern diver, red-breasted merganser, ptarmigan, raven, snowy owl, Greenlandic gyrfalcon, etc. Most of them are migrating species and form large colonies which may contain up to millions of individuals (for little auk). Fishes of the area include Arctic char, Greenland halibut, polar cod, cuttlefish, wolf fish, sea scorpion and Greenland shark. Aquatic mammals are dominated by seals (ringed, hooded,

Fauna of Europe

Black, and Caspian seas. There are about 15,000 European freshwater known animal species. Arctic tundra is the northernmost (and coldest) of European habitats, in extreme northern Scandinavia, Svalbard archipelago, northernmost part of Russia. Some typical animals include reindeer, Arctic fox, brown bear, ermine, lemmings, partridges, snowy owl and many insects. Most tundra animals undergo hibernation during the colder season. Iceland is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean with very scarce land fauna. The only native land mammal when humans arrived was the Arctic fox. There are no native reptiles or amphibians on the island, but a rich marine fauna

Vulpes

Vulpes For animals commonly known as "foxes", but which are not true foxes, see Fox#Classification. Within "Vulpes", 12 separate and distinct extant species and four fossil species are described: The Arctic fox is sometimes included in this genus as "Vulpes lagopus" based on the definitive mammal taxonomy list, as well as genetic evidence. Foxes of this group (including the fennec and Arctic foxes) possess eyes with pupils that retract into vertical slits in bright light. The red fox, Ruppell's fox, and Tibetan sand fox possess white-tipped tails. The Arctic fox's tail-tip is of the same color as the rest of

Polar ecology

the Arctic some invertebrates include spiders, mites, mosquitoes and flies. In warmer areas of the polar regions moths, butterflies and beetles can be found. Some of the larger animals that exist are foxes, wolves, rabbits, hares, polar bears, reindeer/caribou. There are various bird species that have been spotted in the Arctic. Eight species of birds reside on the polar tundra year round while 150 breed in the Arctic. The birds that do breed go to the Arctic between May and July. One of the known birds is the snowy owl, which has enough fat on it to be able to

Harridge Wood

lutetiana"), hart’s tongue fern ("Asplenium scolopendrium"), lesser celandine ("Ficaria verna"), meadow saffron ("Colchicum autumnale"), nettle-leaved bellflower ("Campanula trachelium"), Solomon's seal ("Polygonatum multiflorum"), toothwort ("Lathraea squamaria"), wild garlic ("Allium ursinum"), wood anemone ("Anemone nemorosa") and yellow archangel ("Lamium galeobdolon"). A dilapidated cottage has been restored as a bat house. Bats include brown long-eared bat ("Plecotus auritus"), greater horseshoe bat ("Rhinolophus ferrumequinum") and lesser horseshoe bat ("Rhinolophus hipposideros"). Other animals include Eurasian otter ("Lutra lutra"), European badger ("Meles meles"), hazel dormouse ("Muscardinus avellanarius"), roe deer ("Capreolus capreolus") and wood mouse ("Apodemus sylvaticus"). Birds include common kingfisher ("Alcedo atthis"), Eurasian bullfinch ("Pyrrhula pyrrhula"),