Question: Excluding caretaker managers, who is the only Scottish manager in the Premier League for the 2015-2016 season?

alex neil norwich city
Alex Neil (Norwich City)

Robbie Neilson

22 March. They finished the season 21 points ahead of nearest challengers, city-rivals Hibernian, and 24 points ahead of third-placed Rangers. Neilson was shortlisted for PFA Scotland Manager of the Year, but lost out to John Hughes of Inverness CT. Hearts finished third in the 2015–16 Scottish Premiership, qualifying for the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League. In November 2016, it was reported that Neilson had agreed to move to English League One club Milton Keynes Dons, subject to a compensation agreement between the clubs. On 2 December 2016, Milton Keynes Dons confirmed that Neilson had been appointed as manager, as well

2016–17 Rangers F.C. season

against Celtic after a 6-0 win over Hamilton Academical, the team's largest win of the season, before drawing the third league Old Firm match. On 11 March, Rangers confirmed Caixinha as the club's sixteenth manager with the Portuguese coach appointed two days later. However, the pursuit of a Director of Football was not as successful as the Board's first choice, Southampton's Ross Wilson, turning down the offer of the role. Away from football, the board instigated court proceedings against four of its former executives and investor Mike Ashley. The case against former chief executives Charles Green and Derek Llambias, former

Gary Naysmith

with League One East Fife until the end of the season in a player-assistant manager role. When manager Willie Aitchison left the club on 28 November 2013, Naysmith was made caretaker manager, and was subsequently appointed as manager on a permanent basis on 18 December 2013. On 1 December 2016 and after three and a half seasons as player-manager of part-time club East Fife, Naysmith signed for Scottish Championship club Queen of the South as their new manager to go full-time in Dumfries. Naysmith's intention was to finish his playing career and his time as the Methil club's player-manager by

Allan Johnston

at the end of the season. He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead, which Johnston said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed. The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove Johnston from his position immediately. On 8 May 2015, after three months out of work, Johnston was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract. His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month, guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship, and additionally,

Premier League 10 Seasons Awards

of the Decade Award, having been in charge of all 392 of their games for the entire decade. After a playing career in Scotland, by the time of his move to Manchester United in November 1986, Alex Ferguson was already a recognised successful football manager in Scotland, having got St Mirren promoted to the Scottish Premier Division from the Scottish First Division as champions in the 1976–77 season, and going on to win several domestic and European trophies from 1980 to 1986 with Aberdeen, and being awarded the OBE in 1984. After winning some domestic English cup competitions with United

List of Premier League managers

List of Premier League managers

The Premier League is the top tier of professional football in England.The league was formed in 1992 as a replacement for the original Football League First Division. To date, there have been 270 managers in charge of the 50 clubs which have played in the Premier League.

Arsène Wenger holds the record for most games managed in the Premier League with 828, all with Arsenal, which he managed between 1996 and 2018. The most successful manager in the Premier League is Alex Ferguson, who won 13 titles – more than three times as many as any other manager – with Manchester United between 1993 and 2013. Sam Allardyce has managed the most teams in the Premier League, having taken charge of eight different clubs: Bolton Wanderers, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, West Ham United, Sunderland, Crystal Palace, Everton and West Bromwich Albion.

Many of the managers listed below served as caretaker (temporary) managers in the period between a managerial departure and appointment. Several of these, however, went on to secure a permanent managerial post.

Aberdeen F.C.

Aberdeen F.C.

Aberdeen Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen, Scotland. They compete in the Scottish Premiership and have never been relegated from the top division of the Scottish football league system since they were elected to the top flight in 1905. Aberdeen have won four Scottish league titles, seven Scottish Cups and six Scottish League Cups. They are also the only Scottish team to have won two European trophies, having won the European Cup Winners' Cup and the European Super Cup in 1983.

Formed in 1903 as a result of the amalgamation of three clubs from Aberdeen, they rarely challenged for honours until the post war decade, when they won each of the major Scottish trophies under manager Dave Halliday. This level of success was surpassed in the 1980s, when, under the management of Sir Alex Ferguson, they won three league titles, four Scottish Cups and a Scottish League Cup, alongside the two European trophies. Aberdeen were the last club outside the Old Firm to win a league title, in 1984–85, and also the last Scottish team to win a European trophy. The team has enjoyed less success since this golden era, though a 19-year wait for a major trophy was ended by winning the 2013–14 Scottish League Cup, followed up by multiple second-place finishes behind Celtic in the league during the 2010s.

Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium since their inception. The ground currently has a capacity of <ref name="spfl.co.uk"/> and was the first all-seated and all-covered stadium in the United Kingdom. Pittodrie was also the first football stadium to feature a dug-out, an invention of player and coach Donald Colman.

The club's colours have been primarily red and white since 1939; before this, they played in black and gold vertical stripes. In modern times, Aberdeen have almost exclusively played with all-red strips with white detailing. Aberdeen attract support from the city and surrounding areas, as they have no geographically close rivals. Lacking a local competitor, Aberdeen have instead developed rivalries with more distant opponents such as Dundee United (collectively known as the "New Firm" in the 1980s) and Rangers.

List of Manchester City F.C. managers

List of Manchester City F.C. managers

This is a chronological list of Manchester City managers, comprising all those who have held the position of manager for the first team of Manchester City F.C. and the club's predecessors "West Gorton (St. Marks)" and "Ardwick". In the Football League era the club has appointed 47 managers; including pre-league managers and temporary caretakers more than 40 men have held responsibility for team selection. Nine managers have won major silverware while managing the team.

The longest serving manager was Wilf Wild, who was in charge from 1932 to 1946, for a total length of 14 years 9 months. However, as Wild's tenure covered the entire length of the Second World War, in which no competitive football was played, he is not the man with the most games served as manager. Les McDowall, who was in charge from 1950 to 1963, a period of 13 years, managed the club for the most competitive games, a total of 592 games – a full 240 games more than Wild, who recorded the second most.

The most successful Manchester City manager, as of 25 September 2021, is current head coach Pep Guardiola, who has won eleven trophies in six years from 2016 to 2022 and is the leading manager in terms of games won and percentage of games won.

Frank Lampard

Frank Lampard

Frank James Lampard (born 20 June 1978) is an English professional football manager and former player who is the manager of club Everton. He is widely regarded as one of Chelsea’s greatest ever players, and one of the greatest midfielders of his generation. He has the record of the most goals by a midfielder in the Premier League and of scoring the highest number of goals from outside the box (41). He ranked highly on a number of statistics for Premier League players for the ten years from 1 December 2000, including most games and most wins.

A creative and technically gifted box-to-box midfielder, Lampard began his career in 1995 at West Ham United, the club where his father, Frank Lampard Sr., also played. He is best known for his time at London rivals Chelsea, whom he signed for in 2001 for £11 million. In his thirteen years with the club, Lampard established himself as a prolific scorer from midfield, becoming Chelsea's all-time leading goalscorer, with 211 goals scored in all competitions.

Lampard is one of 10 players, and the only midfielder, to have scored 150 or more goals in the Premier League. He is fourth in the Premier League's all-time assists ranking, with 102 assists. Lampard holds a number of additional Chelsea and Premier League records, and has won PFA Fans' Player of the Year and the FWA Tribute Award. During his career, he was named in the PFA Team of the Year three times, Premier League Player of the Month 4 times, Premier League Player of the Season once and finished as the Premier League's top assist provider three times, and was named in the FIFPro World XI and a MLS All-Star. After departing, Lampard was named in the Chelsea Team of the Decade as voted for by Chelsea fans, and into the Premier League Hall of Fame.<ref name="PLHall" />

Lampard played 106 matches for the England national team, after making his debut in 1999. He represented his country at three FIFA World Cups – in 2006, 2010 and 2014 – and in UEFA Euro 2004, where he was named in the Team of the Tournament. Lampard scored 29 goals for England, and was voted England Player of the Year in 2004 and 2005. After retiring from international football, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2015 for services to football. After retiring, Lampard served as a team captain on the ITV sport panel show "Play to the Whistle" from 2015 until 2017. He has also written a number of children's books.

Lampard began his managerial career with Derby County in 2018, leading the club to the final of that season's Championship play-offs. He was appointed as Chelsea's head coach a year later, guiding them to fourth place and the FA Cup Final in his first season. However, after a poor run of results, Lampard was dismissed in 2021. He was appointed Everton manager in 2022.

List of Sunderland A.F.C. managers

2016–17 Celtic F.C. season

Year, Brendan Rodgers as the Manager of the Year. Moussa Dembélé was also named as the winner of Goal of the Season, as well as Sinclair, Tierney, Dembélé, Mikael Lustig, Stuart Armstrong and Scott Brown were named in the Premiership Team of the Year. On 19 May 2017, Scott Brown was named as the Scottish Premiership Player of the Season and Brendan Rodgers was named as the Scottish Premiership Manager of the Season. On 21 May 2017, Scottish Football Writers' Association named Scott Sinclair as the Footballer of the Year, Kieran Tierney as the Young Player of the Year and

Alex McLeish

as the club had failed to qualify for the Championship play-offs, although they did reach Europa League play-offs. McLeish was appointed manager of Egyptian Premier League club Zamalek on 28 February 2016. After a series of poor performances from the team, he was sacked on 2 May with ten matches of the season remaining. McLeish was reappointed Scotland manager on 16 February 2018, on a two-year contract. Aberdeen Individual Motherwell Hibernian Rangers Birmingham City Individual Alex McLeish Alexander McLeish (born 21 January 1959) is a Scottish football manager and former player, who is currently the Scotland national team manager. Born

2015–16 St Mirren F.C. season

to Partick Thistle in the Fourth Round of the Scottish Cup. The tie will be played 9/10 January 2016 On 12 December, manager Ian Murray resigned after a 1–0 defeat to Dumbarton. Saints had won just two league matches since Murray was appointed in the summer. On 19 December, Saints appointed Alex Rae as new club manager. He was given an initial 18-month contract, tying him to the club until the summer of 2017. On 29 December, defender Keith Watson extended his short term deal until the end of the season. On 1 January, the club named David Farrell as

Alex McLeish

to Aston Villa, and only the second manager after Ron Saunders to manage both clubs. Having only narrowly avoided relegation in the 2011–12 Premier League season, his contract was terminated by Villa at the end of his first season. McLeish was appointed manager of Championship club Nottingham Forest in December 2012, but left after 40 days by mutual consent. He managed Belgian Pro League club Genk in the 2014–15 season, and Zamalek of the Egyptian Premier League in 2016. He was appointed Scotland national team manager for a second time in February 2018. In recognition of his distinguished service to

was Peter Caulfield of Glasgow City F.C., with the first female recipient, in 2014, being Debbie McCulloch, of Spartans F.C. Scottish Women's Premier League Coach of the Year Award The Scottish Women's Football Coach/Manager of the Year is an annual award given to the head coach/manager selected as the best of the season. The award has been presented annually since 2009, and the winner is selected by a vote amongst the member clubs. The award is presented at the Scottish Women's Football Annual Awards dinner and includes further awards including; Players Player of the Year, Premier League Player of the

Alex Neil (footballer)

teams) was appointed player-manager on an interim basis. He was made manager on a permanent basis on 24 May 2013, at the age of 31. Assisted by Frankie McAvoy, Neil led the club to promotion back to the top flight in his first full season, winning through the play-off system in May 2014. Hamilton then enjoyed a good start to the 2014–15 Scottish Premiership, defeating Celtic away for the first time in 76 years. In January 2015, Neil obtained permission from Hamilton to speak to Norwich City about their managerial vacancy. On 9 January, he was confirmed as their new

2014–15 St Mirren F.C. season

Teale still being the current club manager. On 14 May the club announced that youngsters Jack Baird, Lewis Morgan and Barry Cuddihy had all signed contract extensions to their current deals. Baird and Morgan have signed two–year extensions, while Cuddihy signed a one–year extension with the option of another year after that. On 16 May chairman Stewart Gilmour confirmed that the permanent St Mirren manager role will be resolved in 'the next 10 days'. On 22 May the club announced that Dumbarton manager, Ian Murray, had been appointed as Saints new manager. Despite being officially announced today, current manager Gary

Danny Lennon

history. After the 2013–14 season was completed, St Mirren decided not to offer Lennon a new contract. In February 2015, Lennon was appointed caretaker manager of the Scotland national under-21 football team. He took charge of one match, a 2–1 victory against Hungary. Lennon was appointed manager of Alloa Athletic in April 2015. He led the "Wasps" to success in the Scottish Championship play-off final which retained the club's status in the second tier of Scottish football at the end of the 2014–15 season. After gaining just five points from their first sixteen games of the 2015–16 season, Lennon resigned

Ian Murray (footballer)

the club. Despite Murray being appointed a day before the end of the 2014–15 season, Teale remained in charge for the final game. In November, St Mirren replaced Mark Alexander Spalding with Alex Miller as assistant manager, in an attempt to turn around a bad start to the season. Murray resigned on 12 December, after a 1–0 defeat against his former club Dumbarton. On December 21, 2016 it was revealed that he was becoming assistant manager of Norwegian club Asker on January 1, 2017. Murray returned to Scottish football in October 2018, when he was appointed manager of League One

Dave Robertson (football manager)

21 February 2015. He was appointed as caretaker-manager of the club, winning his first game in charge; a 2-0 home win against Bradford City on 28 February 2015. After wins against Sheffield United and Leyton Orient, Robertson became only the second ever Posh manager to win his first three games in charge, after Norman Rigby did so in 1967. In May 2015, Robertson was appointed manager of Peterborough, signing a three-year contract. Following a poor start to the 2015–16 season with only one win in the first six games of the season Robertson was sacked on 6 September 2015. On

Gary Locke (Scottish footballer)

Scottish Premiership with a 76-minute header from striker Callum Paterson at Tynecastle Stadium. Hearts were relegated to the Scottish Championship at the end of the season and new owner Ann Budge decided not to retain Locke. In June 2014, Locke returned to Kilmarnock as assistant manager. He was put in caretaker charge of the team after Allan Johnston left Kilmarnock in February 2015. Locke was then appointed on a permanent basis in April 2015. He resigned from the Kilmarnock job on 30 January 2016, with the club sitting second-bottom of the 2015–16 Scottish Premiership. Following the departure of Ray McKinnon

Caretaker manager

This also happened in the 2010–11 Premier League; on 8 January 2011, Roy Hodgson was sacked by Liverpool after a run of poor results, and with Liverpool languishing in 12th place, Kenny Dalglish was appointed the caretaker manager of Liverpool for the remainder of the season. After an impressive run of results, which saw Liverpool rise to 6th on the table, Dalglish was appointed the permanent manager of Liverpool, on a three-year contract. In Norway, a notable example occurred in 2006 when Rosenborg BK manager Per-Mathias Høgmo announced he was taking a leave of absence in mid-season, citing health concerns.

2014–15 St Mirren F.C. season

incident happened before the recent 2015–16 Scottish Championship victory at home to Kilmarnock, and will see McGinn sidelined for around three weeks. On 4 May Stevie Mallan was awarded with the PFA Scotland 'Goal of the Season' award, for his strike against Dundee on 27 December 2014. On 8 May Saints were relegated to the Scottish Championship. This was confirmed following Motherwell's 3–1 win over Kilmarnock, leaving Saints unable escape relegation with three league games remaining. On 11 May the St Mirren board released a statement, advising that they are inviting applications for the managers job. This is despite Gary

Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.

of Gordon Chisholm. Former player Charlie Christie was appointed manager on 27 January 2006, after a successful spell as caretaker manager following the departure of Brewster, during which time Inverness achieved three wins out of three games played, including a record victory for the club in the SPL as they beat Falkirk 4–1 away from home. He resigned on 19 August 2007 due to the pressures of the job, and because he believed it to be the correct decision for him and his family. He has now resumed his former role, running the club's Centenary Club lottery. A short time

Elgin City F.C.

of the division. In his time at the club, the high point was reaching the divisional play-offs at the end of season 2011–12. Former player and assistant manager Barry Wilson was appointed as manager on 28 January 2014 and announced his intention to have a squad of north-based players. Barry Wilson resigned as manager on 17 November 2014 and was replaced by Jim Weir 10 days later. Highland League Champions: 1931–32, 1934–35, 1952–53, 1955–56 (After Play-off), 1959–60, 1960–61 (After Play-off), 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1973–74, 1989–90, 1992–93* (15) *Later stripped of title for bringing forward their final match


Question: Who was the executioner of Louis XVI?

Charles-Henri Sanson

Charles-Henri Sanson Charles-Henri Sanson, full title "Chevalier Charles-Henri Sanson de Longval" (15 February 1739 – 4 July 1806), was the royal executioner of France during the reign of King Louis XVI, and High Executioner of the First French Republic. He administered capital punishment in the city of Paris for over forty years, and by his own hand executed nearly 3,000 people, including the King himself. Charles-Henri Sanson was the fourth in a six-generation family dynasty of executioners. His great-grandfather, a soldier in the French royal army named Charles Sanson (1658–1695) of Abbeville, was appointed as Executioner of Paris in 1684.

Execution of Louis XVI

Execution of Louis XVI The execution of Louis XVI, by means of the guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place on 21 January 1793 at the "Place de la Révolution" ("Revolution Square", formerly "Place Louis XV", and renamed "Place de la Concorde" in 1795) in Paris. The National Convention had convicted the king (17 January 1793) in a near-unanimous vote (while no one voted "not guilty", several deputies abstained) and condemned him to death by a simple majority. Louis XVI awoke at 5 o'clock and after dressing with the aid of his valet Jean-Baptiste Cléry, went to

Charles-Henri Sanson

execute not only the king, but successive waves of officials as those in power shifted rapidly in a time of revolutionary change. But the execution of Louis XVI was of particular import. Fearing rescue efforts, the streets of Paris were lined with troops as Louis’s carriage took its somber two hours to travel to the scaffold arriving at 10 am on January 21, 1793. After Sanson efficiently cut his hair, Louis attempted to address the crowd but was silenced with a drum roll and Louis was executed, Sanson pulling his head from the basket to show to the crowd. But

Louis XVI of France

Louis XVI's desire to say more, but Antoine-Joseph Santerre, a general in the National Guard, halted the speech by ordering a drum roll. The former king was then quickly beheaded. Some accounts of Louis's beheading indicate that the blade did not sever his neck entirely the first time. There are also accounts of a blood-curdling scream issuing from Louis after the blade fell but this is unlikely, since the blade severed Louis's spine. The executioner, Charles Henri Sanson, testified that the former king had bravely met his fate. Immediately after his execution, Louis XVI's corpse was transported in a cart

Execution of Louis XVI

back of his skull and into his jaw. Edgeworth, Louis' Irish confessor, wrote in his memoirs: The 13 February issue of the "Thermomètre du jour" ('Daily Thermometer'), a moderate Republican newspaper, described the King as shouting "I am lost!", citing as its source the executioner, Charles-Henri Sanson. Charles-Henri Sanson responded to the story by offering his own version of events in a letter dated 20 February 1793. The account of Sanson states: In his letter, published along with its French mistakes in the "Thermomètre" of Thursday, 21 February 1793, Sanson emphasises that the King "bore all this with a composure

Charles-Henri Sanson

Charles-Henri Sanson

Charles-Henri Sanson, full title "Chevalier Charles-Henri Sanson de Longval" (15 February 1739 – 4 July 1806), was the royal executioner of France during the reign of King Louis XVI, as well as High Executioner of the First French Republic. He administered capital punishment in the city of Paris for over forty years; by his own hand he executed nearly 3,000 people, including the King himself.

Execution of Louis XVI

Execution of Louis XVI

The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place publicly on 21 January 1793 at the "Place de la Révolution" ("Revolution Square", formerly "Place Louis XV", and renamed "Place de la Concorde" in 1795) in Paris. At a trial on 17 January 1793, the National Convention had convicted the king of high treason in a near-unanimous vote; while no one voted "not guilty", several deputies abstained. Ultimately, they condemned him to death by a simple majority. The execution was performed four days later by Charles-Henri Sanson, then High Executioner of the French First Republic and previously royal executioner under Louis.

Often viewed as a turning point in both French and European history, Louis' death inspired various reactions around the world. To some, his death at the hands of his former subjects symbolised the long-awaited end of an unbroken thousand-year period of absolute monarchy in France and the true beginning of democracy within the nation, although Louis would not be the last king of France. Others (even some who had supported major political reform) condemned the execution as an act of senseless bloodshed and saw it as a sign that France had devolved into a state of violent, amoral chaos.

Louis' death emboldened revolutionaries within France, who would continue to alter the country's political and social structure radically over the next several years. Nine months after Louis' death, his wife Marie Antoinette, herself the former queen of France, met her own death at the guillotine at the same location in Paris.

Louis XVI

Robert-François Damiens

Guillotine

Guillotine

A guillotine is an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame with a weighted and angled blade suspended at the top. The condemned person is secured with stocks at the bottom of the frame, positioning the neck directly below the blade. The blade is then released, swiftly and forcefully decapitating the victim with a single, clean pass so that the head falls into a basket or other receptacle below.

The guillotine is best known for its use in France, particularly during the French Revolution, where the revolution's supporters celebrated it as the people's avenger and the revolution's opponents vilified it as the pre-eminent symbol of the violence of the Reign of Terror. While the name "guillotine" itself dates from this period, similar devices had been in use elsewhere in Europe over several centuries. The use of an oblique blade and the stocks set this type of guillotine apart from others. The display of severed heads had long been one of the most common ways European sovereigns exhibited their power to their subjects.

The guillotine was invented in order to make capital punishment less painful in accordance with new Enlightenment ideals about human rights. Prior to the guillotine, France had used manual beheading alongside a variety of methods of execution, many of which were more gruesome and required a high level of precision and skill to carry out successfully. After its adoption, the device remained France's standard method of judicial execution until the abolition of capital punishment in 1981. The last person to be executed in France was Hamida Djandoubi, guillotined on 10 September 1977.

Execution of Louis XVI

and a firmness which has surprised us all. I remained strongly convinced that he derived this firmness from the principles of the religion by which he seemed penetrated and persuaded as no other man." In his Causeries, Alexandre Dumas refers to a meeting circa 1830 with Henri Sanson, eldest son of Charles-Henri Sanson, who had also been present at the execution. Henri Sanson was family appointed Executioner of Paris from April 1793, and would later execute Marie Antoinette. Speaking to Victor Hugo in 1840, a man called Leboucher, who had arrived in Paris from Bourges in December 1792 and was

Execution of Louis XVI

drums, and a crowd carrying pikes and bayonets. After initially refusing to have his hands tied, Louis XVI relented when the executioner proposed to use his handkerchief instead of rope. After this his hair was cut and the collar of his shirt was removed. After being led upon the scaffold, Louis tried to give a speech but the noise of the drums made this difficult to understand. He was then laid on the bench, the collar closed over his neck and then the blade came down. According to reports the blade did not sever his neck but cut through the

Louis XVI of France

of much future bitterness among French monarchists; he would himself be guillotined on the same scaffold, "Place de la Révolution", before the end of the same year, on 6 November 1793. The next day, a motion to grant Louis XVI reprieve from the death sentence was voted down: 310 of the deputies requested mercy, but 380 voted for the immediate execution of the death penalty. This decision would be final. Malesherbes wanted to break the news to Louis and bitterly lamented the verdict, but Louis told him he would see him again in a happier life and he would regret

Charles-Henri Sanson

of executioners, serving until 1847. In the late 1840s the Tussaud brothers Joseph and Francis, gathering relics for Madame Tussauds wax museum visited the aged Henry-Clément Sanson and secured parts of one of the original guillotines used during the Age of Terror. The executioner had "pawned his guillotine, and got into woeful trouble for alleged trafficking in municipal property". Charles-Henri Sanson Charles-Henri Sanson, full title "Chevalier Charles-Henri Sanson de Longval" (15 February 1739 – 4 July 1806), was the royal executioner of France during the reign of King Louis XVI, and High Executioner of the First French Republic. He administered

Charles-Henri Sanson

from his father Charles-Jean-Baptiste and held this position for 38 years, until his son Henri in 1795 succeeded him after he showed serious signs of illness. The majority of the executions were performed by Sanson and up to six assistants. He was the first executioner to use the guillotine, executing Nicolas Jacques Pelletier, for robbery and assault, on April 25, 1792. The use of the guillotine transformed Sanson's status under the revolutionary ideology from outcast to citizen, equal in rights and civil duties. Charles-Henri Sanson performed 2,918 executions, including Louis XVI. Even though he was not a supporter of the

Execution of Louis XVI

present at the execution of Louis XVI, recalled vividly: In "Le nouveau Paris", Mercier describes the execution of Louis XVI in these words: A popular but apocryphal legend associated with the execution states that as soon as the guillotine fell, an anonymous Freemason leaped on the scaffolding, plunged his hand into the blood, splashed drips of it onto the crown, and shouted, ""Jacques de Molay, tu es vengé!"" (usually translated as, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged"). De Molay (died 1314), the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, had reportedly cursed Louis' ancestor Philip the Fair, after the latter

Execution of Louis XVI

to Varennes, had summoned 300 Royalists to enable the King's escape. Louis was to be hidden in a house in the "rue de Cléry" belonging to the Count of Marsan. The Baron leaped forward calling "Follow me, my friends, let us save the King!", but his associates had been denounced and only a few had been able to turn up. Three of them were killed, but de Batz managed to escape. At 10 o'clock, the carriage arrived at "Place de la Révolution" and proceeded to an area where a scaffold had been erected, in a space surrounded by guns and

Paris in the 18th century

Louis XV, was executed in 1757 by drawing and quartering, the traditional punishment for regicide. His punishment lasted an hour before he died. the last man in France to suffer that penalty. Among the last persons to be hung in Paris was the Marquis de Favras, who was hung on the Place de Greve for attempting help Louis XVI in his unsuccessful flight from Paris. In October 1789 Doctor Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, in the interest of finding a more humane method, successfully had the means of execution changed to decapitation by a machine he perfected, the guillotine, built with the help

Charles-Henri Sanson

livelihood of his family. As executioner ("bourreau") he came to be known as "Monsieur de Paris" - "Gentleman of Paris". On January 10, 1765, he married his second wife, Marie-Anne Jugier. They had two sons: Henri (1767–1830), who became his official successor, and Gabriel (1769–1792), who also worked in the family business. In 1757 Sanson assisted his uncle Nicolas-Charles-Gabriel Sanson (1721–1795, executioner of Reims) with the extremely gruesome execution of the King's attempted assassin Robert-François Damiens. His uncle quit his position as executioner after this event. In 1778 Charles-Henri officially received the blood-red coat, the sign of the master executioner,

Robert-François Damiens

Robert-François Damiens Robert-François Damiens (; 9 January 1715 – 28 March 1757) was a French domestic servant whose attempted assassination of King Louis XV of France in 1757 culminated in his notorious and controversial public execution. He was the last person to be executed in France by drawing and quartering, the traditional and gruesome form of death penalty reserved for regicides. Damiens was born on 9 January 1715 in La Thieuloye, a village near Arras in northern France. He enlisted in the army at an early age. After his discharge, he became a domestic servant at the college of the

Antoine Joseph Santerre

assault on the Tuileries Palace by the Paris mob, which overwhelmed and massacred the Swiss Guard as the royal family fled through the gardens and took refuge with the Legislative Assembly. Louis XVI was officially removed as king soon after. Santerre was appointed by the National Convention to serve as the jailer of the former king. He notified Louis that the motion had passed for his execution, and the next day, at eight o'clock on a 21 January morning, Santerre arrived at the convicted man's room and said, "Monsieur, it's time to go". He escorted Louis XVI through the some

Execution of Louis XVI

escaped destruction on politico-ideological grounds during the violently anti-clerical period at the beginning of the 20th century. Paul and Pierrette Girault de Coursac have written a number of works on Louis XVI, including: Execution of Louis XVI The execution of Louis XVI, by means of the guillotine, a major event of the French Revolution, took place on 21 January 1793 at the "Place de la Révolution" ("Revolution Square", formerly "Place Louis XV", and renamed "Place de la Concorde" in 1795) in Paris. The National Convention had convicted the king (17 January 1793) in a near-unanimous vote (while no one voted

Jacques-Louis David

and for this painting, he received twenty-four thousand Francs. On the Bourbons returning to power, David figured in the list of proscribed former revolutionaries and Bonapartists—for having voted execution for the deposed King Louis XVI; and for participating in the death of Louis XVII. Mistreated and starved, the imprisoned Louis XVII was forced into a false confession of incest with his mother, Queen Marie-Antoinette. This was untrue, as the son was separated from his mother early and was not allowed communication with her, nevertheless, the allegation helped earn her the guillotine. The newly restored Bourbon King, Louis XVIII, however, granted

Charles-Henri Sanson

monarchy, he was initially reluctant to execute the king but in the end performed the execution. As David Jordan notes, “No Monsieur de Paris had ever had the honor of executing a king, and Sanson wanted precise instructions.” Sanson experienced the political and psychological pressures of revolutionary Paris. He had the duty to execute Louis XVI under the power of the sitting Provisional Government. Being the heir to a line of executioners, to refuse this duty would have brought shame to the family name and danger to himself and to his family members. He experienced the stress of having to

Execution of Louis XVI

meet with the non-juring Irish priest Father Henry Essex Edgeworth de Firmont to make his confession. He heard his last Mass, served by Cléry, and received Communion. The Mass requisites were provided by special direction of the authorities. On Father Edgeworth's advice, Louis avoided a last farewell scene with his family. At 7 o'clock he confided his last wishes to the priest. His Royal seal was to go to the Dauphin and his wedding ring to the Queen. After receiving the priest's blessing, he went to meet Antoine Joseph Santerre, Commander of the Guard. A green carriage was waiting in


Question: """There was a lot of rocking going on that night, cruising time for the young bright lights"", are the first lines of which 1978 number one hit?"

rat trap boomtown rats
Rat Trap (Boomtown Rats).

The Adverts

into the next decade". The band’s follow-up single, "Safety in Numbers", was released on 28 October but did not chart. A fourth single, "No Time to Be 21", issued on CBS subsidiary Bright Records on 20 January 1978, scraped into the UK Top 40. The band's debut album, "Crossing the Red Sea" was released by Bright on 17 February 1978. It has since become one of the most highly regarded albums of the punk era, with Dave Thompson calling it "a devastating debut, one of the finest albums not only of the punk era, but of the 1970s as a

Fly, Robin, Fly

also spent three weeks at number one on the Dance/Disco Chart. In Canada, the song also reached the pole position in the charts, hitting number one in the "RPM" Top Singles Chart on 17 January 1976, knocking the Bay City Rollers' "Saturday Night" from the top slot, managing to keep it for a single week before being replaced by C. W. McCall's "Convoy" a week later. In April 2016, students and teachers from Methodist College, a Hong Kong secondary school, produced an educational "campus television" video by introducing four geometry methods in determining the congruence of triangles (SAS, SSS, ASA,

The History of Rock and Roll

half hour, while new Chart Sweeps for 1978, 1979 and 1980 were expanded to a full hour each. The final hour, the "time sweep", brought the number one song montage up to date through Eddie Rabbitt's "I Love a Rainy Night", the song that was number one at the time this version was prepared. The entire program was then closed with the Beatles' version of "Rock and Roll Music". As of the present, Westwood One, successor-in-interest to the Drake-Chenault company, is believed to own the rights to the 1978 and 1981 editions, but have no current plans to produce a

Dim All the Lights

label, as she left the music industry to care for her husband, who had been diagnosed with cancer. Dim All the Lights "Dim All the Lights" is a song by American recording artist Donna Summer that bowed at #70 in August 25, 1979 and peaked at #2 November 10-17, 1979 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was blocked from becoming the third number one hit from the album by "Heartache Tonight" by the Eagles the first week and "Still" by Commodores the next week. Taken from her "Bad Girls" album and produced by her longtime collaborator Giorgio Moroder with Pete

1 (The Motors album)

replaced by Bram Tchaikovsky. The new line-up began by touring with the Heavy Metal Kids in June 1977. After the tour they then began recording the album with the record producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange and released "Dancing the Night Away" / "Whiskey And Wine", their debut single off the album in September 1977. The single climbed to number 42 in the UK Singles Chart and spent four weeks in the charts. The track was extended to go onto the album, which they released as a 12-inch single. Two other singles were also released from the album, "Be What You

Too Much Heaven

thought the movie was awful when he was shown a rough cut), and started a slow ascent up the music charts. In the first week of 1979, preceding the Music for UNICEF Concert, the single first topped the charts in both the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, the single peaked at number three late in 1978. A slow ballad that was unlike the previous two singles off the "Saturday Night Fever" soundtrack, Barry Gibb noted that the group wanted to "move in an R&B direction, still maintaining our lyric power, and our melody power as well." In

Dim All the Lights

promised to wait a month longer than he did, before releasing Summer's duet, with Barbara Streisand; to allow the single to peak first. According to "Billboard", the song is about sex. The recording is remarkable for a sustained note held by Summer for about 16 seconds. The record's flip side, "There Will Always Be a You," also received some airplay and was charted as an album cut on some North American radio stations (notably CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, where it reached number two in October 1979; "Dim All the Lights" never charted on that station). Laura Branigan had a Top

Disco

and More, was eight minutes and forty seconds long on the album. The shorter seven-inch vinyl single version of the MacArthur Park was Summer's first single to reach number one on the Hot 100; it does not include the balladic second movement of the song, however. A 2013 remix of "Mac Arthur Park" by Summer topped the Billboard Dance Charts marking five consecutive decades with a number-one song on the charts. From 1978 to 1979, Summer continued to release singles such as "Last Dance", "Bad Girls", "Heaven Knows", "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)", "Hot Stuff", "Dim All the Lights",

Ladies' Night (song)

also gave them their first hit in the United Kingdom in August 1979, peaking at number 9 in the UK Singles Chart. De-Lite Records - DE-801 - 6168.771: 1993 Heavy D recorded the song under the title "This Is Your Night". The majority of the text passages in his version he wrote himself, but kept the chorus of the original. It also sampled George Benson's biggest hit "Give Me the Night". In addition to the album "Nuttin' But Love", it is also on the albums "The Gold Seal Collection: R & B's Greatest Hits 1985-1995", "Hot Hits [TL 541/21]", "R

Atlantic Crossing

his exit from the Faces by the end of the year. "Sailing" was a number one hit in the UK in September 1975, and returned to the UK Top 3 a year later when it was used as the theme for the BBC series "Sailor"; both acoustic and electric guitars in the song were played by Pete Carr. In 1977, almost two years after the album was released, Stewart scored another UK number one from the album with the double A-side single "I Don't Want to Talk About It" and "The First Cut Is the Deepest" (from the album A

Northern Lights (song)

"Top of the Pops" on 13 July 1978, and 10 August 1978. It was awarded a Silver disc on 1 September 1978 by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). There is no actual reference to the Aurora Borealis in the lyrics; it is merely a play on words in the title. The first verse begins with: "Destination outward bound, I turn to see the northern lights behind the wing..." suggesting a different meaning. Songfacts.com quoted lead singer Annie Haslam as commenting: The song is about leaving the Northern Lights of England... and Roy Wood behind, when I was working over in

Pop Muzik

which somehow would summarise the last 25 years of pop music. It was a deliberate point I was trying to make. Whereas rock and roll had created a generation gap, disco was bringing people together on an enormous scale. That's why I really wanted to make a simple, bland statement, which was, 'All we're talking about basically (is) pop music.' The single was released in the UK first, peaking at number two on 12 May 1979, unable to break Art Garfunkel's 6-week stint at number one with "Bright Eyes". In August of that same year, it was released in North

December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)

4/4 and in the key of D-flat major. Whilst the song’s Piano/Bass/Drums/Guitar/Keyboard arrangement is fairly typical of pop songs of the period, there is an unusual introduction of the bass guitar midway through a stanza in the 10th bar of the song’s first verse. The single was released in December 1975 and hit number one on the UK Singles Chart on February 21, 1976. It repeated the feat on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 on March 13, 1976, remaining in the top spot for three weeks and one week on "Cash Box". "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 4 song

Shadow Dancing (song)

singles hit the number-one spot. It remained in the top spot for seven straight weeks from 17 June to 29 July 1978. On 5 August it was replaced by The Rolling Stones with their hit "Miss You." Additionally, "Shadow Dancing" was listed by Billboard as being the number one single of 1978. The song peaked at number eleven on the soul chart and sold 2.5 million copies in the United States alone. Its two B-sides "Let It Be Me" appeared on US version and "Too Many Looks In Your Eyes" was from his previous album "Flowing Rivers". In July that

Rod Stewart

"Billboard" Hot 100 for eight weeks and the Australian ARIA chart with the ballad "Tonight's the Night", with an accompanying music video featuring actress Britt Ekland. It came from the "A Night on the Town" album, which went to number two on the "Billboard" album charts and was Stewart's first album to go platinum. By explicitly marking the album as having a "fast side" and a "slow side", Stewart continued the trend started by "Atlantic Crossing". "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a cover of a Cat Stevens song, went number one in the UK in 1977, and top 30

Dim All the Lights

Dim All the Lights "Dim All the Lights" is a song by American recording artist Donna Summer that bowed at #70 in August 25, 1979 and peaked at #2 November 10-17, 1979 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was blocked from becoming the third number one hit from the album by "Heartache Tonight" by the Eagles the first week and "Still" by Commodores the next week. Taken from her "Bad Girls" album and produced by her longtime collaborator Giorgio Moroder with Pete Bellotte, the track combines Summer's trademark disco beats with a more soulful pop sound. It was the third

2-4-6-8 Motorway

a UK album at the time, and Robinson still rues what he calls the “fatal mistake” of omitting the band’s most famous songs, "2-4-6-8 Motorway" and "Glad to Be Gay" from their debut album "Power in the Darkness", although it was on a 7" EP included with the US release of "Power in the Darkness". The song has subsequently appeared on numerous compilation albums, including "Rising Free" (1980), "The Collection" (1987), "Last Tango, Midnight at the Fringe" (1988), "Winter of '89" (1992), "Home from Home" (1999) and "Tom Robinson Band The Anthology 1977–1979". It also appeared on "" (2003) The

Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?

four weeks at the top of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in February 1979. "Billboard" ranked it number four on its Top Singles of 1979 year-end chart. It also topped the charts in Australia for two weeks. Royalties from the song were donated to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and Stewart performed the song at the Music for UNICEF Concert at the United Nations General Assembly in January 1979. "Rolling Stone" ranked the song at #308 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Carmine Appice, who played drums on this song told Songfacts: "This was

Sultans of Swing

in May 1978, but it did not chart at the time. Following its re-issue in January 1979, the song entered the American music pop chart. Unusually, the success of this single release came more than six months after the relatively unheralded release of the band's debut album in October 1978. BBC Radio was initially unwilling to play the song due to its high lyrical content but after it became a U.S. hit, their line softened. The song reached the top 10 in both the UK and the U.S., reaching No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 4 on

The Motors

the Motors" the following year. Their first single "Dancing the Night Away", which was released in September 1977 reached number 42 in the UK Singles Chart. Two other sizeable hits followed. In 1978, the band released "Airport" – which proved to be the band's biggest seller – and which peaked at number 4. The song was also a minor hit in the United States. The follow-up, "Forget About You", was released two months later. The Garvey/McMaster/Tchaikovsky/Slaughter line-up split when Tchaikovsky left after they played at the Reading Rock Festival on 28 August 1978. It would become The Motors’ final UK


Question: What is the first word at the top of the front cover of a UK passport?

europeans disambiguation
Europeans (disambiguation)
The European
European (disambiguation)
european disambiguation
The European (disambiguation)
Native European
European
european
EUROPEAN
native european

British passport

different cover, albeit with the same interior design. The words "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND" are inscribed above the coat of arms, whilst the word "PASSPORT" is inscribed below. The biometric passport symbol appears at the bottom of the front cover under the word "PASSPORT". The words "EUROPEAN UNION" are printed at the top of British passports issued to British nationals who are considered "United Kingdom nationals for European Community purposes" (i.e. British Citizens, British Subjects with the right of abode in the UK and British Overseas Territories Citizens connected with Gibraltar). It is not included at

Irish passport

The words on the cover are in both of Ireland's official languages, Irish and English. The top of the cover page reads "An tAontas Eorpach" and the equivalent in English, "European Union". Just above the harp are the words "Éire" and its equivalent in English, "Ireland". The identity page on older Irish passport booklets was on the back cover of the booklet. Newly issued passport booklets have been redesigned with additional security features. The identity page is now a plastic card attached between the front cover and the first paper page (the "Observations" page). The ePassport or biometric passport, was

Passports of the European Union

December 2017 to return to the dark blue cover passport after Brexit, which in 1988 the UK Government voluntarily changed the colour of the passport to burgundy red, in line with all EU passports. Information on the cover, in this order, in the language(s) of the issuing state: Information on the first page, in one or more of the languages of the European Union: Information on the (possibly laminated) identification page, in the languages of the issuing state plus English and French, accompanied by numbers that refer to an index that lists the meaning of these fields in all official

British passport

the top of other British passports (i.e. passports issued to British Nationals (Overseas), British Overseas Citizens, British Protected Persons, non-Gibraltarian British Overseas Territories Citizens and British Subjects without the right of abode in the UK) Generic British passports contain on their inside cover the following words in English only: In older passports, more specific reference was made to "Her Britannic Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs", originally including the name of the incumbent. British passports issued by HM Passport Office include the following data on the information page: The items are identified by text in English and French

Hungarian passport

front cover. The words "útlevél" ("passport", or more literally, "Roadletter") inscribed below the coat of arms and "Európai Unió" ("European Union"), "Magyarország" ("Hungary") above. The new biometric Hungarian passport has the standard biometric symbol at the bottom. The visa pages have musical notes of the Szózat visible in UV light. The identity information page contains the title and the first eight lines of the National Anthem in the author's handwriting embossed. The Hungarian passport includes the following data: The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone. This zone contains most of the above information, but readable by a computer

British passport

British passport

A British passport is a travel document issued by the United Kingdom or other British dependencies and territories to individuals holding any form of British nationality. It grants the bearer international passage in accordance with visa requirements and serves as proof of citizenship. It also facilitates access to consular assistance from British embassies around the world. Passports are issued using royal prerogative, which is exercised by His Majesty's Government; this means that the grant of a passport is a privilege, not a right, and may be withdrawn in some circumstances. British citizen passports have been issued in the UK by His Majesty's Passport Office, an agency of the Home Office, since 2014. All passports issued in the UK since 2006 have been biometric.

The legacy of the United Kingdom as an imperial power has resulted in several types of British nationality, and different types of British passport exist as a result. Furthermore, each of the Crown dependencies and Overseas territories issue their own variants of British passports to those with links to their jurisdictions, which have small differences from the UK-variant passport. All British passports enable the bearer to request consular assistance from British embassies and from certain Commonwealth embassies in some cases. British citizens can use their passport as evidence of right of abode in the United Kingdom.

Between 1920 and 1992, the standard design of British passports was a navy blue hardcover booklet featuring the royal coat of arms emblazoned in gold. From 1988, the UK adopted machine readable passports in accordance with the International Civil Aviation Organization standard 9303. At this time, the passport colour was also changed to burgundy red, to bring it into line with the European Community passports of the other member states. The previous blue hardback passport continued to be issued in tandem with the new design until stocks were exhausted in 1992. March 2020 saw the introduction of a new navy blue passport with a continuity design based on the previous blue passport last issued in 1992. This design was phased in over a number of months, and when introduced, the plan was that all passports issued should be blue by mid-2020. All passports are now issued with the blue design and they are made by Thales DIS (formerly Gemalto) in Poland.

Since the introduction of biometric passports in 2006, a new design has been introduced every five years.

Australian passport

Australian passport

Australian passports are travel documents issued to Australian citizens under the "Australian Passports Act 2005" by the Australian Passport Office of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), both in Australia and overseas, which enable the passport bearer to travel internationally. Australian citizens are allowed to hold passports from other countries. Since 1988 over a million Australian passports have been issued annually, and it reached 1.4 million in 2007, and increasing towards a projected 3 million annually by 2021.

Since 24 October 2005 Australia has issued only biometric passports, called ePassports, which have an embedded microchip that contains the same personal information that is on the colour photo page of the passport, including a digitised photograph. As all previous passports have now expired, all Australian passports are now biometric. SmartGates have been installed in Australian airports to allow Australian ePassport holders and ePassport holders of several other countries to clear immigration controls more rapidly, and facial recognition technology has been installed at immigration gates.

British National (Overseas) passport

British National (Overseas) passport

The British National (Overseas) passport, commonly referred to as the BN(O) passport, is a British passport for persons with British National (Overseas) (BN(O)) citizenship. BN(O) citizenship was created in 1987 after the enactment of Hong Kong Act 1985. BN(O) citizens are permanent residents of Hong Kong who were British Overseas Territories citizens (formerly British Dependent Territories citiziens) until 30 June 1997, and chose to remain British by registering for BN(O) citizenship when Hong Kong was a British overseas territory.

BN(O) citizens do not have the right of abode in the UK. Since 31 January 2021, BN(O) citizens have been able to apply for limited leave to remain to work or study in the UK. They become eligible for settled status (indefinite leave to remain) after 5 years of qualifying residence. BN(O) citizens with settled status can register as British citizens after 12 months.

The settlement scheme was launched after the imposition of the controversial national security law on Hong Kong by the Chinese Central government. The UK considers the enactment of the National Security Law a clear violation of the one country, two systems principle guaranteed in the Sino-British Joint Declaration, an international binding treaty signed in 1984.

Iranian passport

Iranian passport

Iranian passports, also known as Persian passports, are issued to nationals of Iran for the purpose of international travel. The passport serves as a proof of Iranian citizenship. The Iranian passports are burgundy, with the Iranian emblem emblazoned on the top of the front cover.

The words "" (Persian) meaning "Islamic Republic of Iran" and "" (Persian) meaning "passport" are inscribed to the right side of the coat of arms. Iran started issuing diplomatic and service biometric passports in July 2007. Ordinary biometric passports began to be issued on 20 February 2011. These passports contain 32 pages.

On the inside of the back-cover, Iranian passports bear the inscription: "The holder of this passport is not entitled to travel to occupied Palestine", referring to Israel.

In the past, prior to the 1979 Islamic Revolution, passports issued by Pahlavi Iran were visually different, with the inscription "Empire of Iran" being used, and translations into French rather than English.

Passport

Passport

A passport is an official travel document issued by a government that contains a person's identity. A person with a passport can travel to and from foreign countries more easily and access consular assistance. A passport certifies the personal identity and nationality of its holder. It is typical for passports to contain the full name, photograph, place and date of birth, signature, and the expiration date of the passport. While passports are typically issued by national governments, certain subnational governments are authorised to issue passports to citizens residing within their borders.

Many nations issue (or plan to issue) biometric passports that contain an embedded microchip, making them machine-readable and difficult to counterfeit. , there were over 150 jurisdictions issuing e-passports. Previously issued non-biometric machine-readable passports usually remain valid until their respective expiration dates.

A passport holder is normally entitled to enter the country that issued the passport, though some people entitled to a passport may not be full citizens with right of abode (e.g. American nationals or British nationals). A passport does not of itself create any rights in the country being visited or obligate the issuing country in any way, such as providing consular assistance. Some passports attest to the bearer having a status as a diplomat or other official, entitled to rights and privileges such as immunity from arrest or prosecution.<ref name="lawcompanion" />

British National (Overseas) passport

(as of 2015) and they bear the "electronic travel document symbol" () on the burgundy-coloured cover. The text United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is present above the coat of arms of the United Kingdom; the word Passport is printed underneath the coat of arms. Since 1990, all BN(O) passports sport a burgundy red cover almost identical to that of the British Citizen passports, except that the latter bear the text European Union on their front cover. The current BN(O) passport's cover is also identical to that of the British Overseas Territories Citizen (formerly British Dependent Territories Citizen),

British passport

red kite. An RFID chip and antenna are located on the obverse of the data page and hold the same visual information as is printed, including a digital copy of the photograph with biometric information for use with facial recognition systems. The Welsh and Scottish Gaelic languages were included in all British passports for the first time in 2005, and appear on the titles page replacing the official languages of the EU, although the EU languages still appear faintly as part of the background design. Welsh and Scottish Gaelic precede the official EU languages in the translations section. There was

German passport

in the centre of the front cover. The word "Reisepass" (German for "travel passport") is inscribed below the coat of arms, with "Europäische Union" (German for European Union) and "Bundesrepublik Deutschland" (German for Federal Republic of Germany) appear above. On 23 February 2017, Germany unveiled a new passport design to be put in use from 1 March 2017. German passports are normally 32 pages long; a 48-page version for frequent travellers can be issued on request. The first two pages of a German passport are security laminated and the second page includes the following data: The page ends with a

Italian passport

front cover. The word "Passaporto", meaning passport, is inscribed below the coat of arms and "Unione Europea" (), "Repubblica Italiana" () above. The biometry symbol appears right below "Passaporto" in the centre. The current version of the passport contains 48 pages. The biodata are on page 2 of the passport, and include the following: The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone. The data page is printed in Italian, English and French. Further translation is provided on page 6, in all 23 official languages of the European Union. Visa requirements for Italian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the

British passport

two lines of machine-readable text printed in a format agreed amongst members of the International Civil Aviation Organization, and a section in which relevant terms ("surname", "date of issue", etc.) are translated into the official EU languages. Passports issued overseas did not all have a Machine Readable Zone but these was introduced gradually as appropriate equipment was made available overseas. In 1998 the first digital image passport was introduced with photographs being replaced with images printed directly on the bio-data page which was moved from the cover to an inside page to reduce the ease of fraud. These documents were

British National (Overseas) passport

zero, as current passport holders pass away. The cover of British National (Overseas) passport was originally navy blue, as in all other types of British passport. Earlier, residents of Hong Kong were Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies and their relevant passports bore the texts 'British Passport' at the top and 'Hong Kong' at the bottom of the cover. When machine-readable passports were introduced on 1 June 1990, the cover colour was changed to burgundy. The British National (Overseas) status itself does not automatically grant the right of abode anywhere (including the United Kingdom and Hong Kong). However, all

Irish passport

for the front of the passport card is a complex Celtic design, with the words for "Éire / Ireland" appearing in the official languages of the EU as part of the design. The identity picture is greyscale, and is digitally printed onto the surface of the special security polycarbonate. The Irish harp is superimposed as a hologram onto the bottom right corner of the photograph. A likeness of the applicant in a hologram photo on a strip on the back is the first time this security feature will be used on travel documents according to the Irish security printing firm

Machine-readable passport

(Cyrillic version) => "ALEKSEQ" (machine readable version in an internal document). This makes it easier to transliterate the name back to Cyrillic. For airline tickets, visas and more, the advice is to only use the first name written in the passport. This is a problem for people who use their second name (as defined by the order in the passport) as their main name in daily speech. It is common, for example in Scandinavia, that the second or even third name is the one defined for daily usage. For example the actor Hugh Laurie, whose full name is James Hugh

German passport

symbol at the bottom of the front cover. It carries all the data printed in the passport, including a JPEG file of the photo, protected by a digital signature. On 1 November 2007, several changes were made to the passport: German names: German names containing umlauts (ä, ö, ü) and/or ß are spelled in the correct way in the non-machine-readable zone of the passport, but with AE, OE, UE and/or SS in the machine-readable zone, e.g. Müller becomes MUELLER, Groß becomes GROSS, and Gößmann becomes GOESSMANN. The transcription mentioned above is generally used for aircraft tickets etc., but sometimes (like

British passport

a Post Office. It was accepted for travel by most west European countries (excluding surface travel to West Berlin), but was dropped in 1995 since it did not identify the holder's nationality or meet new security standards. On 15 August 1988, the Glasgow passport office became the first to issue burgundy-coloured machine-readable passports. They followed a common format agreed amongst member states of the European Community, and had the words 'European Community' on the cover, changed to 'European Union' in 1997. The passport has 32 pages; a 48-page version is available with more space for stamps and visas. There are

British passport

all issued with machine readable zones and had a hologram over the photograph, which was the first time that British passports had been protected by an optically variable safeguard. These documents were issued until 2006 when the biometric passport was introduced. The bio-data page is printed with a finely detailed background including a drawing of a red grouse (a native British bird), and the entire page is protected from modification by a laminate which incorporates a holographic image of the kingfisher; visa pages are numbered and printed with detailed backgrounds including drawings of other birds: a merlin, curlew, avocet, and

United States passport

passport for the duration of the processing, they may submit other primary evidence of citizenship, such as a U.S. birth certificate or naturalization certificate, and apply as a first time applicant, paying the execution fee and submitting a written explanation as to why they are applying in this manner. On the front cover, a representation of the Coat of arms of the United States is at the center. "PASSPORT" (in all capital letters) appears above the representation of the Great Seal, and "United States of America" (in Garamond italic) appears below. An Official passport has "OFFICIAL" (in all capital letters)

Portuguese passport

Coat-of-arms. Security features on the cover include: invisible ink printing which is visible under an ultraviolet light. The biographic information is the first page at the front of the passport. It includes the following information: The passport has 32 pages (excluding the biographic information page), however only 28 are suitable for visas (the other 4 pages include the translation of the fields in the biographic page into each of the official languages of the EU) Security features on the visa pages include: security paper with watermark (the Portuguese Coat of Arms), passport number is perforated into the bottom of all

British passport

I still exists. Various changes to the design were made over the years: A 32-page passport with a dark cover, commonly known as the old blue style, came into use in 1920 with the formation of the Passport Service following international agreement on a standard format for passports, and remained in use until replaced by the European Union-style machine-readable passport in late 1988. As with many documents worldwide and all booklet-format documents, details were handwritten into the passport and (as of 1955) included: number, holder's name, "accompanied by his wife" and her maiden name, "and" (number) "children", national status. For

Irish passport

is held to light. Under UV light, fluorescing fibres are visible on every page except the data page. The first sentence of Article 2 of the Irish constitution is visible under UV light and is printed in both Irish and English on alternate pages. The 2013 version of the passport also reveal a topographical map of Ireland on the observations page. Later pages include such landmarks as the Cliffs of Moher, the Samuel Beckett Bridge and the Aviva Stadium; there are excepts from poems in Irish (by Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill), English (by William Butler Yeats) and Ulster Scots (by James


Question: What is the cost of a second class stamp (from March 29th)?

History of United States postage rates

request, but the USPS filed an appeal with the Federal Court of Appeals in Washington DC. On September 25, 2013, the USPS announced a 3 cent increase in the First Class postal rate, to be effective January 26, 2014, increasing the price of a stamp to 49 cents. Bulk mail, periodicals, and package service rates were also increased by 6 percent. A loss of US$5 billion during the 2013 fiscal year was the reason given for the increase. The legislation which set the price to 49 cents was enacted as a temporary measure and as an "exigent surcharge for mailing

History of United States postage rates

products and services". However, this legislation was set to expire in April 2016. As a result, the Post Office retained one cent of the price change as a previously allotted adjustment for inflation, but the price of a first class stamp became 47 cents: for the first time in 97 years (and for the third time in the agency's history), the price of a stamp decreased. Unions of the U.S. Postal Service: History: History of United States postage rates Initial United States postage rates were set by Congress as part of the Postal Service Act signed into law by President

Postage stamps and postal history of the United States

$600,000 in damages. Later in the 2010s, automated stamp and bank automatic teller machines began dispensing thinner stamps. The thin stamps were to make it easier for automated stamp machines to dispense and to make the stamps more environmentally friendly. On January 26, 2014, the postal service raised the price of First-class postage stamps to 49 cents. Rates for other mail, including postcards and packages, also increased. Twelve criteria for new stamps and postal stationery include that "events of historical significance shall be considered for commemoration only on anniversaries in multiples of 50 years." For many years, these included the

Non-denominated postage

essentially equivalent to the American NVI program, as both covered regular domestic first-class mail. One Canada Post NVI stamp covers the cost of mailing a standard letter up to 30 g within Canada. On 11 December 2013, Canada Post unveiled its Five-point Action Plan, which temporarily removed "Permanent" stamps from sale, although they remained valid for postage. On March 31, the regular domestic stamp price increased from CA$0.63 to CA$0.85 (roll & bundle issued stamps) and up to $1.00 for single stamp purchase, beginning on 31 March 2014. Sale of "Permanent" stamps resumed on that day at the new rate.

Non-denominated postage

biochemist. These stamps are always sold at the current first-class postage rate. They are always valid for the full first-class postage regardless of any rate increases since the stamps' purchase (e.g., unused forever stamps purchased in April 2007 therefore are valid for the current first-class postage rate, despite having been purchased for 41 cents). In 2011, all first-class stamps were made to be forever stamps. In 2015 the concept of forever stamps was expanded into all other types of stamps-postcard, additional ounce, non-machinable surcharge, two ounce and three ounce and these stamps have their intended purpose printed on them instead

History of United States postage rates

History of United States postage rates

The system for mail delivery in the United States has developed with the nation. Rates were based on the distance between sender and receiver in the early years of the nation. In the middle of the 19th century, rates stabilized to one price regardless of distance. Rates were relatively unchanged until 1968, when the price was increased every few years by a small amount. Comparing the increases with a price index, the price of a first class stamp has been steady. The logo for the Post Office showed a man on a running horse, even as the railroads and then motorized trucks moved mail. In 1970, the Post Office became the Postal Service, with rates set by the Postal Regulatory Commission, and some oversight by the Congress. Air mail became standard in 1975. In the 21st century, prices were segmented to match the sorting machinery in use; letters too large for the machines required slightly higher postage.

2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp

2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp

The United States Postal Service issued the Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp on June 20, 2017. The stamp includes two superimposed images, one showing a total solar eclipse and the second showing a full moon that is revealed upon heat being applied. This stamp commemorates the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 which was visible across the continental United States from coast to coast, weather permitting.

List of British postage stamps

List of British postage stamps

This is a list of British postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail postal service of the United Kingdom, normally referred to in philatelic circles as Great Britain. This list should be consistent with printed publications, and cite sources of any deviation (e.g., magazine issue listing newly found variations).

List of Machin stamps

List of Machin stamps

This is a list of all the major variations of the Machin series of postage stamps in the United Kingdom. The complete list of all variations is vast and outside the scope of this encyclopedia.

Note: the colours and the colour descriptions are to be used to give an idea only, as each catalogue and website will name the colours differently.

John Tyler

Non-denominated postage

On March 26, 2007, the United States Postal Service unveiled the first such stamp, which went on sale April 12, 2007, for 41 cents (US$0.41), the so-called "Liberty Bell" stamp, which is marked "USA FIRST-CLASS FOREVER". On October 21, 2010, the second forever stamp, featuring pinecones on evergreen trees, was issued for the holiday season. Coils of forever stamps were first issued on December 1, 2010, in the se-tenant format with Lady Liberty and the Flag design. A re-design, announced June 16, 2011, featured four American scientists: Melvin Calvin, chemist; Asa Gray, botanist; Maria Goeppert Mayer, physicist; and Severo Ochoa,

Penny Black

by Perkins Bacon, consisted of 240 stamps in 20 rows of 12 columns. One full sheet cost 240 pence or one pound; one row of 12 stamps cost a shilling. As the name suggests, the stamp was printed in black ink. A two penny stamp printed in blue and covering the double-letter rate (up to ) was issued on 8 May 1840. Although the stamps were not officially issued for sale until 6 May 1840, some offices such as those in Bath sold the stamps unofficially before that date. There are covers postmarked 2 May, and a single example is

Stamp duty in the United Kingdom

now paid on the amount above certain thresholds rather than one rate on the total amount which depends on the amount, as detailed in the section above. In the 2015 Autumn Statement, Chancellor George Osborne announced further reforms to Stamp Duty. With effect from April 2016, buyers of second homes (whether Buy to let or holiday homes) will pay a 3% surcharge over the standard rate for any particular price. For residential house purchases, excluding first-time buyers and second-home owners (see below) the current rates in England & Wales are as follows: Note that buyers of second homes will pay

Columbian Issue

$5: no U. S. postage stamp previously issued had cost more than 90¢. A sixteenth stamp—- 8 cents, to provide for the newly lowered registered letter fee—- was added during March. As a result, the face value of the complete set was $16.34, a substantial sum of money during 1893. In approximate 2009 dollars, the set would cost almost $390. As a result, of the most expensive stamps, especially the dollar values, only a small number were sold. Unsold stamps were destroyed after the Columbian Issue was removed from sale on April 12, 1894. In all, the American Banknote Company

History of United States postage rates

yields the graph shown to the right. The dark plot is the nominal issued price of the stamp and the light plot is the price adjusted for inflation and is shown in 2016 US cents. This plot shows that, despite the rise in the nominal cost of a first-class stamp, the adjusted cost of the stamp has stayed relatively stable. The large jumps in the early 1900s are because a change by a single penny was large compared to the cost of the stamp. For example, the price increase from $0.02 to $0.03 on July 6, 1932 was a 50%

History of United States postage rates

service, officially ended May 1, 1977. By that time all domestic First Class Mail was being dispatched by the most expeditious means, surface or air, whether or not the Air Mail postage had been paid. Additional charges for Special delivery existed from 1885 to 2001. Today, Express Mail Overnight is the most similar service level. During the summer of 2010 the USPS requested the Postal Regulatory Commission to raise the price of a first class stamp by 2 cents, from 44 cents to 46 cents, to take effect January 2, 2011. On September 30, 2010, the PRC formally denied the

Postage stamp demonetization

the third some months after the introduction in 1971 of decimal currency, when all stamps with pre-decimalization values were demonetized. Queen Elizabeth II £1 value stamps issued prior to 1971 are identifiable by design but remain valid for postage. United States postage stamps have been demonetized only twice. The first time was in 1851, when the 5-cent and 10-cent stamps of the 1847 issue were declared invalid as of July 1 by the Act of March 3, 1851 reducing the normal letter rate from five to three cents. A few dozen covers are known that carry 1847 stamps after the

United States two-dollar bill

First-day issues of the new $2 bills could be taken to a post office and stamped with the date "APR 13 1976". In all, 590,720,000 notes from Series 1976 were printed. Currently, stamped series 1976 $2 bills typically trade for about twice their face value. If the bills were stamped in a city with an unusual name, the value may be slightly higher. However, no first-day-issued 1976 $2 bills with stamps are especially rare or valuable. Despite their age, crisp, uncirculated series 1976 $2 bills are not uncommon and are not particularly valuable. More than half a "billion" of these

Stamp duty

was offset by a rise from 4% to 5% in Stamp Duty Land Tax on residential properties costing more than £1 million. Further reforms were announced in December 2014, so that rates are now paid only on the part of the property price within each tax band. In the 2015 Autumn Statement the Chancellor announced that buyers of second homes (whether Buy to let or holiday homes) would pay an additional 3% with effect from April 2016. The Budget 2017 abolished Stamp Duty for first-time home buyers in England and Wales purchasing homes up to £300,000, saving first-time buyers up

Postage stamps and postal history of Pakistan

Pakistan, stamp programmes are not issued in advance. Earlier, collectors could almost always count on stamps being issued on at least two dates: 23 March and 14 August. However, in recent years, the 23 March issues have become less frequent. The number of stamps issue per year also varies. However, no matter how many issues are released, their total cost rarely exceeds Rs. 300/- (approx USD 5). Besides postage stamps and souvenir sheets, the post office also sells first day covers, leaflets with and without stamps on it and postal stationery. Earlier, the post office did not use any specific

War savings stamps of the United States

War Savings Certificate stamp, which was worth 5 dollars at maturity on January 1, 1923. These stamps needed to be affixed to an engraved folder called the War Savings Certificate, which carried the name of the purchaser, and could only be redeemed by that individual. Between December 3, 1917 and January 31, 1918, each stamp could be purchased at the price of $4.12. If purchased on January 2, 1918, the return on the investment would be 4 percent, compounded quarterly. The price of the stamp increased by one cent for each month after January 1918 until sales ended in December

Americana series

rate" for first class mail, which was to be higher than the personal rate (only letters with handwritten addresses would be eligible for the lower rate). The proposed rate was rejected by the Postal Rate Commission which chose instead a 15 cent rate (for two ounces, 28 cents) for all mail. Since the 16 and 29 cent stamps satisfied no rate, and were not a convenient round number, they saw little use. The design for the 1 cent stamp was originally designated for a never-issued 26 cent stamp. Many of the stamps were issued in mid-November in New York City.

Two penny blue

Two penny blue The Two Penny Blue or The Two Pence Blue was the world's second official postage stamp, produced in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and issued after the Penny Black. Initial printing took place from 1 May 1840, and in all 6,460,000 were printed from two plates until 29 August. Officially the stamps were valid for postage from 6 May but were only available from 8 May. It was first sold to the public at the London Inland revenue office on 6 May 1840. Except for its denomination, the design is exactly the same as

in the Parcel Post series—20¢—had proved useful, and the Post Office added this value to the Washington-Franklin issues in 1914, along with a 30¢ stamp. On November 3, 1917, the normal letter rate was raised from 2¢ to 3¢ in support of the war effort. The rate hike was reflected in the first postwar commemorative—a 3¢ "victory" stamp released on March 3, 1919 (not until July 1 would postal fees return to peacetime levels). Only once before (with the Lincoln Memorial issue of 1909) had the Post Office issued a commemorative stamp unconnected to an important national exposition; and the

Canada Post stamp releases (2000–04)

Canada, China, and Hong Kong. Along with the stamps, the Chinese horoscope for the corresponding year, with the text in three languages, are featured in the pack/folder. (2002-2004 rates - $12.95) Two of the more expensive stamp collectibles are a stamp pane of 25 stamps (2004 rate - $12.25) and an uncut press sheet (2004 rate - $16.95). Lower priced collectibles include a souvenir sheet (2004 rate - $1.40) and the souvenir sheet first day cancel (2004 rate - $2.40). Prepaid domestic and international postcards comprise other low-cost collectibles. THIS IS A WORK IN PROGRESS ANYONE WITH STAMP INFORMATION IS


Question: Who was the last British athlete to compete in the Olympic 100 metres final?

Dewayne chambers
dwayne chambers
Duaine Chambers
DWAYNE CHAMBERS
Dwain Chambers
dwain chambers
duaine chambers
dewayne chambers
Dwayne Chambers

Peter Radford

Radford's baton pass to David Jones at the first changeover was also outside the permitted zone so the Britons were fortunate not to be disqualified as well. He won a second British Empire and Commonwealth Games Gold medal in Perth in 1962 as a member of the England 4×110 yards relay team, and represented Britain as a quarter-finalist at both 100m and 200m at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, albeit as a late selection. He was eliminated from the 100m in the second-round heats, but ran the first leg of the relay, which broke the UK record. Following Tokyo, he retired

Allan Wells

to cross the finish line before Leonard's chest in a photo finish; both men were given a final time of 10.25 s. Wells became the oldest Olympic 100 m champion at that time at the age of 28 years 83 days. He remains the last white male athlete to win the Olympic 100 metres title. The 200 m final was another close affair. Wells from lane 7, exploded out of the blocks and ran a spectacular turn making up the stagger on Mennea to his outside after only 50 metres. Coming out of the turn he had a two-metre lead

Alastair McCorquodale

medals. He also competed in the 200 metres, winning the tenth heat in 22.3 seconds in the first round. In the second round he ran half a second faster, running 21.8 to come second to the eventual Olympic champion Mel Patton, but he was finally knocked out by coming fifth in the second semi-final. He ran in the relay along with John Gregory, the European 100 metres champion from two years prior, and Ken Jones and John Archer, both of whom were rugby internationals for Wales and England respectively. The British team won their heat in 41.4 seconds, ahead of

Adegboyega Folaranmi Adedoyin

sports. In the footage, he is described as 'a good bet to represent Britain at the Olympic Games'. He went on to compete in the 1948 Summer Olympics, both in the high jump and the long jump. In the high jump, on 30 July, he qualified for the final, as one of 20 competitors who made it past the qualifying round, where a height of 1.87 metres was needed to qualify. The sheer number of competitors in the high jump meant that the event seemed endless. In the final he jumped 1.90 metres on his third attempt to come twelfth

Fred Reid (athlete)

as a doctor in Johannesburg. He resumed competing in the 1970s, representing Rhodesia, and won the 100 m title in the 70–74 age group in a time of 13.80. Fred Reid (athlete) Frederick Payne "Fred" Reid (29 June 1909 – 26 June 1991) was a British sprinter who competed in the 100 m event at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Reid was born in England, but raised in Southern Africa, where his father worked as a school inspector in Basutoland (now Lesotho). He then studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and won several Scottish AAA sprint titles in 1930–1933. He

100 metres at the Olympics

100 metres

100 metres

The 100 metres, or 100-meter dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, the dash is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women. The inaugural World Championships were in 1983.

The reigning 100 m Olympic or world champion is often named "the fastest man or woman in the world". Fred Kerley and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce are the reigning world champions; Marcell Jacobs and Elaine Thompson-Herah are the men's and women's Olympic champions.

On an outdoor 400-metre running track, the 100 m is held on the home straight, with the start usually being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race. There are three instructions given to the runners immediately before and at the beginning of the race: "on your marks," "set," and the firing of the starter's pistol. The runners move to the starting blocks when they hear the 'on your marks' instruction. The following instruction, to adopt the 'set' position, allows them to adopt a more efficient starting posture and isometrically preload their muscles: this will help them to start faster. A race-official then fires the starter's pistol to signal the race beginning and the sprinters stride forwards from the blocks. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50 and 60 m. Their speed then slows towards the finish line.

The 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast men's performances, while the best female sprinters take eleven seconds or less to complete the race. The current men's world record is 9.58 seconds, set by Jamaica's Usain Bolt in 2009, while the women's world record of 10.49 seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken.

US athletes have won the men's Olympic 100 metres title more times than any other country, 16 out of the 28 times that it has been run. US women have also dominated the event, winning 9 out of 21 times.

Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres ...

Eric Liddell

Eric Liddell

Eric Henry Liddell (; 16 January 1902 – 21 February 1945) was a Scottish sprinter, rugby player and Christian missionary. Born in Qing China to Scottish missionary parents, he attended boarding school near London, spending time when possible with his family in Edinburgh, and afterwards attended the University of Edinburgh.

At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, Liddell refused to run in the heats for his favoured 100 metres because they were held on a Sunday. Instead he competed in the 400 metres held on a weekday, a race that he won. He returned to China in 1925 to serve as a missionary teacher. Aside from two furloughs in Scotland, he remained in China until his death in a Japanese civilian internment camp in 1945.

Liddell's Olympic training and racing, and the religious convictions that influenced him, are depicted in the Oscar-winning 1981 film "Chariots of Fire", in which he is portrayed by fellow Scot and University of Edinburgh alumnus Ian Charleson.

Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres ...

Basil Dickinson

decathlon title. This was his last athletics competition, as the same year he enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force. After World War II he worked in insurance and remained involved in athletics as an administrator. He was the chief judge of the jumping events at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. After the death of Bill Roycroft on 29 May 2011, Dickinson was recognised as Australia's oldest surviving Olympian, and as the last surviving member of the Australian 1936 Olympic team. He died on 7 October 2013, aged 98. Basil Dickinson John Basil Charles Dickinson (25 April 1915 – 7 October

Don Finlay

he won the bronze medal. He was also a member of the British relay team which finished sixth in the 4×100 metre relay event. He returned to the 1936 Summer Olympics held in Berlin, Germany where he improved to win the silver medal in the 110 metre hurdles. With the British relay team he was eliminated in the first round of the 4×100 metre relay competition. He was the British Team Captain in the 1948 Summer Olympics in London and was chosen to take the Olympic Oath, though he failed to win any medals in these Games when he was

Martin Reynolds

entire career up to that point. Martin Reynolds Martin Edward Reynolds (born 22 February 1949) is a former British track and field athlete who competed mainly in the 200 metres. He competed for Great Britain at the 1972 Summer Olympics held in Munich, Germany where he won the silver medal with his team mates Alan Pascoe, David Hemery and David Jenkins in the men's 4x400 metres relay event. He had to switch to the 400 metres in the Olympic year which was also the year of his final exams at university. He completed in more 400 metres events at Munich

Jeanette Kwakye

At these Olympics, Kwakye was also the only European athlete to appear in the final. In the final, she clocked 11.14, a personal best, to finish in sixth place, ahead of Debbie Ferguson-McKenzie of the Bahamas and Torri Edwards of the US. Great Britain reached the final of the 4x100 metres relay, and along with the Jamaican team, were favourites to claim a medal. Kwakye ran a good first bend in the final, but the British team failed to finish due to a mix-up in the changeover between Montell Douglas and Emily Freeman. Jamaica also failed to finish after a

Montell Douglas

stood unbeaten for over a quarter of a century in the process. Douglas represented Great Britain at the 2008 Olympics, in the 100 metres. In her first round heat she placed second behind Ivet Lalova in a time of 11.36 to advance to the second round. There she failed to qualify for the semi-finals as her time of 11.38 was only the fourth fastest time of her heat, causing elimination. She was also part of the Great Britain team which reached the final of the 4x100 metres relay, and which (along with the Jamaican team) were favourites to claim a

Walter Rangeley

relay team consisting of teammates Cyril Gill, Edward Smouha and Jack London which won the bronze medal in the 4×100 metres competition. In the 100 metres event he was eliminated in the quarter-finals again. After not participating in the 1932 Games his final Olympic appearance was in 1936 when he was a member of the British relay team which was eliminated in the first round of the 4×100 metre relay contest. At the 1934 British Empire Games he won the bronze medal in the 220 yards event. He also won the gold medal with the English relay team in the

Eric Liddell

leave the camp, and instead gave his place to a pregnant woman. Apparently, the Japanese and British, with Churchill's approval, had agreed upon a prisoner exchange. However none of his friends or those who had lived with him in the camp gave the story any credence. 56 years after the 1924 Paris Olympics, Scotsman Allan Wells won the 100-metre sprint at the 1980 Moscow Olympics. When asked after the victory if he had run the race for Harold Abrahams, the last 100-metre Olympic winner from Britain (in 1924) who had died two years previously, Wells replied, "No, ... I would

Alastair McCorquodale

Guy Butler, when he joined London Athletic Club. McCorquodale had a pair of running shoes made and Butler gave him a short plan, from which he went on to compete at the Olympics. In 1948 at the Summer Olympics, he competed individually in the 100 metres and the 200 metres, as well as part of the silver medal winning quartet in the 4x100 metres relay. The 1948 Olympics was regarded as odd as it did not have the electronic timing to 1/100th of a second that the previous two games in 1936 and 1932 had. Instead timing was done by

Peter Hildreth

Peter Hildreth Peter Burke Hildreth (8 July 1928 – 25 February 2011) was a British hurdling athlete. Born in Bedford, he reached the semi-finals of the 110 metre hurdles at the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, finishing 12th. He also represented Britain at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics and the 1960 Rome Games. He won the bronze medal in the 1950 European Championships in spite of a poor lane draw on a wet track. He equalled the British record for the 110 metre hurdles, with a time of 14.3 seconds, on five occasions. Following his retirement from athletics, he served as

Michael East (athlete)

himself disqualified for interfering with the run of the Kenyan Laban Rotich. He reached the final of the 1500m at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, finishing in 6th place. He was the only British male at those Games to reach an individual athletics final on the track. He was a semi-finalist at the 2005 IAAF World Championships but missed the most of the 2006 and 2007 seasons because of a knee injury. As a result, in November 2007 he had his lottery funding removed, making it much harder for him to return to top rank competition. He had to

Charles Olemus

last at both the 5000 metres in 1976 and at the marathon race in 1984. Olympian marathoners made famous by finishing last: Charles Olemus Charles Olmeus (born February 16, 1947) is a Haitian former track and field athlete who competed at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal. Charles competed at 10000 metres, and completed his qualifying heat in 42:00.11. He finished 14 minutes behind the heat winner Carlos Lopes of Portugal and 8.5 minutes behind Chris McCubbins of Canada who finished next to last. While he completed the last six rounds alone on the field, track officials argued whether he

Lawrence Clarke (athlete)

where he went out in the first round with a time of 13.65s (-0.2 m/s). The winner of his heat was Jason Richardson who went on to win the Championships after Dayron Robles, the 2008 Olympic Champion and World Record holder, was disqualified after the final. On 24 June 2012, he achieved selection for Great Britain in the XXX Olympiad in London 2012. He ran a new personal best of 13.31 (-0.5 m/s) in his Olympic Semi final on 8 August. As a result, he qualified as the only European for the 110m Men's Hurdles Final as a fastest loser.

Mike McFarlane

silver in the sprint relay. He also reached the European 100 metre final in Stuttgart in 1986 where he finished 6th. He ran in the 100 m at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics, failing to make the final. He competed for Great Britain in the 1988 Summer Olympics held in Seoul, South Korea in the 4 x 100 metre relay where he won the silver medal with his teammates Elliot Bunney, John Regis and Linford Christie. He subsequently made a successful career in coaching after retirement and is a high performance coach for UK Athletics based at the National

Robert C. Duncan (athlete)

place behind Georges Malfait and eliminated him from competition. Robert C. Duncan (athlete) Robert Cochran Duncan (4 October 1887 – 4 May 1957) was a British sprinter who competed in the 100 metres and 200 metres. He competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. He was born in Glasgow. In the 100 metres, Duncan won his first round heat with a time of 11.4 seconds to advance to the semifinals. There, he finished fourth and last in his semifinal heat to be eliminated. He was not as successful in the 200 metres.

Abiodun Oyepitan

Campbell and eventually finished joint 7th, but happy with her overall performance. Her appearance in the 200 m final was the first women's Olympic sprint final (100 + 200 m) to feature a Brit since Kathy Smallwood-Cook at the Los Angeles Olympics twenty years previously. She was also the only Briton to reach the sprint finals, all of the men failing for the first time in twenty-eight years, despite later going on to win the 4 × 100 m relay. Following the Olympics, a stress fracture injury caused her to miss the 2005 athletics season. She returned to the track