Question: Name the year: Hirohito dies; The Exxon Valdez runs aground; San Francisco suffers its worst earthquake since 1906.

one thousand nine hundred and eighty nine

one thousand, nine hundred and eighty-nine

1964 Alaska earthquake

Port Valdez suffered a massive underwater landslide, resulting in the deaths of 32 people between the collapse of the Valdez city harbor and docks, and inside the ship that was docked there at the time. Nearby, a tsunami destroyed the village of Chenega, killing 23 of the 68 people who lived there; survivors out-ran the wave, climbing to high ground. Post-quake tsunamis severely affected Whittier, Seward, Kodiak, and other Alaskan communities, as well as people and property in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Tsunamis also caused damage in Hawaii and Japan. Evidence of motion directly related to the earthquake

Herbert Mullin

hearing voices in his head that told him an earthquake was imminent, and that only through human sacrifice could he save California. Mullin's birthday, April 18, was the anniversary of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which he thought was very significant. Mullin believed that the Vietnam War had produced enough American death to forestall earthquakes as a sort of blood sacrifice to nature, but that with the war winding down by late 1972, he would need to start killing people in order to have enough deaths to keep the earthquake away. On October 13, 1972, Mullin beat Lawrence "Whitey" White,

1906 San Francisco earthquake

9, 1902 – February 18, 2012) died in February 2012, aged 109. Nancy Stoner Sage (February 19, 1905 – April 15, 2010) died, aged 105, in Colorado just three days short of the 104th anniversary of the earthquake on April 18, 2010. Del Monte attended the event at Lotta's Fountain on April 18, 2010 and the dinner at John's Restaurant the night before. 107-year-old George Quilici (April 26, 1905 – May 31, 2012) died in May 2012, and 113-year-old Ruth Newman (September 23, 1901 – July 29, 2015) in July 2015. William Del Monte (January 22, 1906 – January 11,

1923 Great Kantō earthquake

died when their feet became stuck on melting tarmac. The single greatest loss of life was caused by a fire tornado that engulfed the Rikugun Honjo Hifukusho (formerly the Army Clothing Depot) in downtown Tokyo, where about 38,000 people were incinerated after taking shelter there following the earthquake. The earthquake broke water mains all over the city, and putting out the fires took nearly two full days until late in the morning of September 3. A strong typhoon centered off the coast of the Noto Peninsula in Ishikawa Prefecture brought high winds to Tokyo Bay at about the same time

1906 San Francisco earthquake

USGS Earthquake Hazards Program issued a series of Internet documents, and the tourism industry promoted the 100th anniversary as well. Eleven survivors of the 1906 earthquake attended the centennial commemorations in 2006, including Irma Mae Weule (May 11, 1899 – August 8, 2008), who was the oldest survivor of the quake at the time of her death in August 2008, aged 109. Vivian Illing (December 25, 1900 – January 22, 2009) was believed to be the second-oldest survivor at the time of her death, aged 108, leaving Herbert Hamrol (January 10, 1903 – February 4, 2009) as the last known

Gin Chow

29, 1925. The earthquake struck on the date noted and leveled 70 buildings in the city's commercial district. Other predictions by Chow cited by Thomas Storke in his 1958 book "California Editor" include a prediction of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and a 1932 prediction of a United States war with Japan that would end in 1946 (World War II ended in 1945). Chow made weather predictions he broadcast on KHJ, a local radio station of the time, and which Harry Carr included in his daily column in the L.A. Times. His weather prognostications came to be seen as being

1906 San Francisco earthquake

2016), who died 11 days shy of his 110th birthday, was thought to be the last survivor. In 2005 the National Film Registry added "San Francisco Earthquake and Fire, April 18, 1906", a newsreel documentary made soon after the earthquake, to its list of American films worthy of preservation. 1906 San Francisco earthquake The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday, April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ("Extreme"). High intensity shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas

1923 Great Kantō earthquake

collapsed due to urbanization. The 1923 earthquake led to record-high morbidity due to unsanitary conditions following the earthquake, and it prompted the establishment of antityphoid measures and the building of urban infrastructure. The Honda Point Disaster on the United States west coast, in which seven US Navy destroyers ran aground and 23 lives were lost, has been attributed to navigational errors caused by unusual currents set up by the earthquake in Japan. Beginning in 1960, every September 1 is designated as Disaster Prevention Day to commemorate the earthquake and remind people of the importance of preparedness, as August and September

Goodbye California

terrorists from detonating home-built atomic bombs along California's fault lines, which would unleash massive earthquakes killing millions of people and destroying California's major cities. The inspiration for the plot appears to be acknowledged by Maclean himself in his preface to the 1977 edition of the book where he describes his first experience of an earthquake while in California on 9 February 1971. Maclean said in a 1975 interview he was working on a book where half California fell into the ocean. "It's called for 1982 when all the planets are in alignment," he said. "There are people who believe it.

Fusakichi Omori

rapidly installed all over northern California, and a list of aftershocks to the San Francisco earthquake was compiled and published. Omori returned to Japan 4 August 1906 aboard the "Doric". From one of his earliest papers describing the eruption of Mount Azuma in 1893 to his death, Omori studied Japanese volcanos. He described several types of volcanic earthquakes from data obtained at regular eruptions of Mount Asama in central Japan, the 1910 Mount Usu eruption and the 12 January 1914 eruption of Sakurajima. At the latter two eruptions, his warnings to the population prevented greater loss of life. After meeting

1934 Muroto typhoon

Bering Sea, the system was last identifiable on September 25 over western Alaska. Called the "second-greatest catastrophe of modern Japan", and the "worst typhoon in a generation", the storm wrought tremendous damage in Shikoku and southern Honshu, with areas in and around Osaka suffering the brunt of its impact. The effects, at the time, were second only to the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. Throughout Japan, 3,066 people were killed, of which at least 1,665 deaths were in Osaka Prefecture, and 13,184 others were injured. This ranked it as the deadliest typhoon in Japanese history, until Typhoon Vera in 1959 which

Earthquake

Kobe in 1995 or San Francisco in 1906. Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning. For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in "Short Walk to Daylight" (1972), "The Ragged Edge" (1968) or "" (1999). A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist's classic novella, "The Earthquake in Chile", which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. Haruki Murakami's short fiction collection "After the Quake" depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995. The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical "Big One" expected of

1923 Great Kantō earthquake

40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. According to the Japanese construction company Kajima Kobori Research's conclusive report of September 2004, 105,385 deaths were confirmed in the 1923 quake. The damage from this natural disaster was the greatest sustained by prewar Japan. In 1960, the government declared September 1, the anniversary of the quake, as an annual "Disaster Prevention Day". Because the earthquake struck at lunchtime when many people were cooking meals over fire, many people died as a result of the many large fires that broke out. Some fires developed into firestorms that swept across cities. Many people

1906 San Francisco earthquake

remaining survivor at the time of his death, aged 106. Another survivor, Libera Armstrong (September 28, 1902 – November 27, 2007), attended the 2006 anniversary, but died in 2007, aged 105. Shortly after Hamrol's death, two additional survivors were discovered. William Del Monte, then 103, and Jeanette Scola Trapani (April 21, 1902 – December 28, 2009), 106, stated that they stopped attending events commemorating the earthquake when it became too much trouble for them. Del Monte and another survivor, Rose Cliver, then 106, attended the earthquake reunion celebration on April 18, 2009, the 103rd anniversary of the earthquake. Cliver (October

The Wrath of the Gods (1914 film)

and burn his house. Eventually, the volcano erupts and the village is destroyed, and Takeo dies in an avalanche. Only Tom Wilson and Toya San survive. They are taken away from the destroyed village by a United States merchant vessel. At the end of the film, Tom tells his bride, "Your gods may be powerful, Toya San, but mine has proved his omnipotence. You are saved to perpetuate your race." On 12 January 1914, a volcano erupted on the island of Sakura-Jima in Kagoshima prefecture, in the southern part of Japan. It was one of the biggest disasters in the

125 Years Memory

125 Years Memory In the year 1890, while returning from a goodwill visit to Japan, the Turkish frigate Ertuğrul encounters a typhoon off the coast of Wakayama Prefecture and sinks in the night of 16 September. With more than 500 crew members dead, it is the largest sea accident in history at that time. 69 sailors are rescued and treated by the villagers on the nearby island of Kii Ōshima. Although being very poor and having hardly to eat, the villagers share what little they have with strangers from a country 9,000 kilometers away. In the year 1985, during the

Sinking of Japan (2006 film)

the Prime Minister's death. Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis rock Japan, starting from southwest to northeast, affecting a large-scale evacuation now underway. As the economy collapses, the government declares a state of emergency but acting Prime Minister Kyosuke Nozaki announces that the nation will take five years to sink. Because of Nozaki's indifference to the situation, Takamori runs to Tadokoro's laboratory, where he proposes using experimental "N2" explosives drilled into the crust to separate the land from the megalith pulling it down. The minister, who is actually Tadokoro's ex-wife, calls for help from drillships around the world. Meanwhile, Hakodate City

SS Manchuria (1903)

the Army transport from the Philippines, , also aground on Oahu, was likely not coincidental. The 1906 Valparaíso earthquake had occurred hours earlier and mariners' descriptions of a "tremor" spreading on the Pacific's bed and "disturbing currents" at the time of the strandings would now be recognized as indications of tsunami effects. By 1907 predictions of economic trouble had become fact with the consequence, in the words of His Majesty's consul in Manila in his report for 1907, that "the American flag disappears from the Pacific trade with the single exception of the Northern Pacific Steamship Company's passenger-freighter "Minnesota"." Robert

History of California 1900–present

tsunamis caused by the earthquake are often where the greatest damage occurs. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the city (then the largest in California) and nearby communities at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday, April 18, 1906. Devastating fires broke out in the city that lasted for several days, destroying about 28,000 buildings. As a result of the quake and fires, over 3,000 people died and over 80% of San Francisco was destroyed. The death toll from the earthquake and resulting fire is the greatest loss of life from a natural disaster in California's history. The most widely accepted estimate for

Disaster film

a tropical cyclone ripping through a fictional South Pacific island. The drama "San Francisco" (1936) depicted the historic 1906 San Francisco earthquake, while "In Old Chicago" (1937) recreated The Great Chicago Fire which burned through the city in 1871. Carol Reed's 1939 film, "The Stars Look Down", examines a catastrophe at a coal mine in North-East England. Inspired by the end of World War II and the beginning of the Atomic Age, science fiction films of the 1950s, including "When Worlds Collide" (1953), "The War of the Worlds" (1953) and "Godzilla, King of the Monsters!" (1956), routinely used world disasters


Question: The willow tree belongs to which genus?

osiers
Osiers
Salix
salix
willow trees
Willow tree
Hooker’s willow
Willowy
Willowiness
hooker s willow
willow tree
willow
booth willow
willow bark
Willow trees
willowy
Booth willow
Willows
Willowily
willowily
Willow
willows
Willow bark
willowiness
sallow
Sallow

Willow

Willow is considered the national tree of Ukraine. The genus "Salix" is made up of around 400 species of deciduous trees and shrubs: The recent name changes for well-known and economically important willows (Salix L.) International Register of Cultivars of Salix L. (willow) Global Cultivation of Willows: Willow Willows, also called sallows and osiers, form the genus Salix, around 400 species of deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are referred

Willow

Willow Willows, also called sallows and osiers, form the genus Salix, around 400 species of deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are referred to as sallow (from Old English "sealh", related to the Latin word "salix", willow). Some willows (particularly arctic and alpine species) are low-growing or creeping shrubs; for example, the dwarf willow ("Salix herbacea") rarely exceeds in height, though it spreads widely across the ground. Willows all have

Xylosma

Xylosma Xylosma is a genus of flowering plants in the willow family, Salicaceae. It contains around 100 species of evergreen shrubs and trees commonly known as brushhollies, xylosmas, or, more ambiguously, "logwoods". The generic name is derived from the Greek words ξύλον ("xylon"), meaning "wood," and ὀσμή ("osmé"), meaning "smell," referring to the fragrant wood of some of the species. The Takhtajan system places it in the family Flacourtiaceae, which is considered defunct by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The leaves are alternate, simple, entire or finely toothed, long. The flowers are small, yellowish, produced on racemes long, usually dioecious, and

Olmediella

leaves, though, are unlike those of any "Salix", and some early botanists even included the species in the genus "Ilex". Olmediella Olmediella is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of trees: Olmediella betschleriana, which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae, "Olmediella" is now classified in Salicaceae, along with close relatives "Bennettiodendron", "Carrierea", "Idesia", "Itoa", "Macrohasseltia", "Poliothyrsis", and even the willows ("Salix") and cottonwoods ("Populus") themselves. "Olmediella" has a number of features that point to its close relationship to the willows (Salix), including flowers subtended by

Chilopsis

Chilopsis Chilopsis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants containing the single species Chilopsis linearis. It is a shrub or tree native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. The common name is desert willow or desert-willow because of its willow-like leaves, but it is a member of the catalpa family, Bignoniaceae. It is commonly seen in washes and along riverbanks at elevations below 1800m in its range. Ranging from 1.5 to as much as 8 meters in height, it can take the form of a shrub or small tree. The linear, curved, deciduous leaves are 10 to 26 cm

Willow

Willow

Willows, also called sallows and osiers, from the genus Salix, comprise around 480 species of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions.

Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are referred to as sallow (from Old English "sealh", related to the Latin word "salix", willow).

Some willows (particularly arctic and alpine species) are low-growing or creeping shrubs; for example, the dwarf willow ("Salix herbacea") rarely exceeds in height, though it spreads widely across the ground.

Salix babylonica

Salix babylonica

Salix babylonica (Babylon willow or weeping willow; ) is a species of willow native to dry areas of northern China, but cultivated for millennia elsewhere in Asia, being traded along the Silk Road to southwest Asia and Europe.

Ficus

Ficus

Ficus ( or ) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. The common fig ("F. carica") is a temperate species native to southwest Asia and the Mediterranean region (from Afghanistan to Portugal), which has been widely cultivated from ancient times for its fruit, also referred to as figs. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as bushfood. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.

Salix nigra

Salix nigra

Salix nigra, the black willow, is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.

Chilopsis

Chilopsis

Chilopsis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants containing the single species Chilopsis linearis. It is known commonly as desert willow or desert-willow because of its willow-like leaves, but it is not a true willow being instead a member of the catalpa family.

It is a shrub or tree native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is commonly seen in washes and along riverbanks.

Salix eleagnos

Salix eleagnos Salix eleagnos the bitter willow, olive willow, hoary willow, rosemary willow, or elaeagnus willow, is a species of flowering plant in the family Salicaceae, native to central and southern Europe and south west Asia. Growing to tall by broad, it is an erect bushy deciduous shrub with narrow grey-green leaves up to long, which turn yellow in autumn (fall). The green catkins, long, appear with the leaves in spring, male catkins having yellow anthers. Like all willows, the species is dioecious. The specific epithet "eleagnos" is frequently spelt "elaeagnos", though the original spelling has been accepted as a

Retama

"Vitex agnus-castus" (chaste tree) or willow or other plants with pliant twigs. The same word (in some cases Latinized as "Lygus") was used in botany and zoology for various taxonomic groups as a component of names, e.g. "Lygodysodea, Lygisyum, Lygistum, Lygodesmia" etc. "Retama" is traditionally placed in the tribe Genisteae, and in the subfamily Papilionoideae in the 2017 classification of the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). The number of species in the genus and their circumscription varies. , Plants of the World Online, based on the African Plant Database, accepted the following species: "R. rhodorhizoides" is included in "R. monosperma" by some

Willow warbler

has on average decreased in population by 70% within the last 25 years, with the biggest declines in the southeast. In Scotland some increases have occurred. The Forestry Commission offers grants under a scheme called England's Woodland Improvement Grant (EWIG); as does Natural Englands Environmental Stewardship Scheme. The willow warbler was first scientifically described by Linnaeus in his "Systema Naturae" in 1758 under the genus "Motacilla". and then transferred to the genus "Phylloscopus" (of which it is the type species) by Boie in 1826. The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. The genus name "Phylloscopus" is from "phullon", "leaf", and

Willow ptarmigan

earlier (Pliocene) "Lagopus atavus" into the present-day species "L. lagopus". Pleistocene willow ptarmigan are recorded from diverse sites until the end of the Vistulian glaciation about 10,000 years ago, when the species, by then all but identical with the living birds, retreated northwards with its tundra habitat. The willow ptarmigan has a circum-boreal distribution. It is native to Canada and the United States, China, Mongolia, the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, the Czech Republic, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain. It primarily occupies subalpine and subarctic habitats such as sparse pine and birch forests, thickets

Aralia

"Pseudopanax", "Schefflera", and "Tetrapanax". The genus "Dimorphanthus", formerly considered distinct by some, is now included within "Aralia" as a section within that genus. One fossil endocarp of †"Aralia pusilla" has been described from a middle Miocene stratum of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark. Several "Aralia" macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy. Aralia Aralia , or spikenard, is a genus of the family Araliaceae, consisting of 68 accepted species of deciduous or evergreen trees, shrubs, and rhizomatous herbaceous perennials. The genus is native to Asia and the Americas,

Salix triandra

and 'Yellow Dutch'. Woven withies have been used in the creation of the large outdoor sculpture "Willow Man", located near Bridgwater in England. Salix triandra Salix triandra, with the common names almond willow or almond-leaved willow, is a species of willow native to Europe and Western and Central Asia. It is found from south-eastern England east to Lake Baikal, and south to Spain and the Mediterranean east to the Caucasus, and the Alborz Mountains. It usually grows in riparian habitats, on river and stream banks, and in wetlands. "Salix triandra" is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to tall,

Salix scouleriana

entire to sparsely wavy-toothed margins. They are dark-green and nearly hairless above, and white- or grayish-hairy below. It is dioecious, having male and female flowers on different trees. The flowers are tiny, grouped in pussy willow-like catkins. The anthers, two per flower, are yellow, sometimes tipped with red; pistils are red. The fruit is light reddish-brown, long-pointed capsules about 0.75 cm long. At maturity, they open to release a white fluff with tiny, imbedded seeds. The species has 2n = 76 or 114 chromosomes. Scouler's willow is the most common upland willow through most of its range. It invades quickly

Willow

abundant watery bark sap, which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, usually pliant, tough wood, slender branches, and large, fibrous, often stoloniferous roots. The roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity to live, and roots readily sprout from aerial parts of the plant. The leaves are typically elongated, but may also be round to oval, frequently with serrated edges. Most species are deciduous; semievergreen willows with coriaceous leaves are rare, e.g. "Salix micans" and "S. australior" in the eastern Mediterranean. All the buds are lateral; no absolutely terminal bud is ever formed. The buds are covered by

Fagaceae

"Quercus" subgenus "Cyclobalanopsis" is treated as a distinct genus by the "Flora of China", but as a subgenus by most taxonomists. The genus "Nothofagus" (southern beeches; about 40 species from the Southern Hemisphere), formerly included in the Fagaceae, is now treated in the separate family Nothofagaceae. The Fagaceae are widely distributed across the Northern Hemisphere. Genus-level diversity is concentrated in Southeast Asia, where most of the extant genera are thought to have evolved before migrating to Europe and North America (via the Bering Land Bridge). Members of the Fagaceae (such as "Fagus grandifolia", "Castanea dentata" and "Quercus alba" in the

Podocarpus salignus

Podocarpus salignus Podocarpus salignus, the willow-leaf podocarp, is a species of coniferous evergreen tree in the Podocarpaceae family. It is found only in Chile, from 35 to 42° south latitude, where it is threatened by habitat loss. Growing up to in height and in diameter, the trunk is straight and cylindrical, with reddish-gray bark. The arching branches bear long, narrow, willow-like leaves, and red fleshy oval fruits where male and female plants are grown together. In Chile it is known as "Mañío de hojas largas" (long-leaved). This tree is grown in gardens and parks of Chile, and has been introduced

Salix pentandra

Salix pentandra Salix pentandra, the bay willow, is a species of willow native to northern Europe and northern Asia. It is a large shrub or small tree growing to tall (rarely to 17 m), usually growing in wet, boggy ground. The leaves are glossy dark green, 5–12 cm long and 2–5 cm broad, with finely serrated margins. The dioecious flowers are catkins, produced in late spring after the leaves; the male catkins are yellow, 2–5 cm long, the female catkins greenish, 1.5–3 cm long; they are pollinated by bees. The fruit is a small capsule containing numerous minute seeds embedded

Abatia

Abatia Abatia (syn. "Raleighia" Gardner) is a genus of about ten species of Central and South American trees in the willow family Salicaceae (following the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification). Previously it was treated in the family Flacourtiaceae, or tribe Abatieae of the family Passifloraceae (Lemke 1988) or Samydaceae by G. Bentham & J.D. Hooker and Hutchinson. "Abatia" has opposite leaves with very small stipules and marginal glands at the base of the blade of the leaf. The valvate (meeting at the edges without overlapping) perianth (sepal and petal together) members are closely joined at the base. They bear many filamentous

Salix pentandra

in white down which aids wind dispersal. The scientific name refers to the male flowers having five stamens. The English name derives from the resemblance of the leaves to those of the bay laurel; other common names include bay-leaved willow and laurel willow. Its glossy leaves make it more decorative than many other willows, so it is often planted as an ornamental tree. It has become locally naturalised in northern North America, and is known as laurel willow there. Salix pentandra Salix pentandra, the bay willow, is a species of willow native to northern Europe and northern Asia. It is

Willow tit

most of the Old World species (including the willow tit) are placed a separate clade from the New World species. The current genus name, "Poecile", is the Ancient Greek name for a now unidentifiable small bird, and the specific "montanus" is Latin for "of the mountains". The genus name has often been treated as feminine (giving the species name ending "montana"); however, this was not specified by the original genus author Johann Jakob Kaup, and under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature the genus name must therefore be treated by default as masculine, giving the name ending "montanus". At one

Salicaceae

Salicaceae The Salicaceae are a family, the willow family, of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae "sensu stricto") included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. Recent genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group have greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 56 genera and about 1220 species, including Scyphostegiaceae and much of the former Flacourtiaceae. In the Cronquist system, the Salicaceae were assigned to their own order, Salicales, and contained three genera ("Salix", "Populus", and "Chosenia"). Now recognized to be closely related to Violaceae and Passifloraceae, the family is placed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group in the


Question: The internal angles of an octagon add up to how many degrees?

Octagon

Octagon In geometry, an octagon (from the Greek ὀκτάγωνον "oktágōnon", "eight angles") is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon. A "regular octagon" has Schläfli symbol {8} and can also be constructed as a quasiregular truncated square, t{4}, which alternates two types of edges. A truncated octagon, t{8} is a hexadecagon, t{16}. The sum of all the internal angles of any octagon is 1080°. As with all polygons, the external angles total 360°. If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of an octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares form a

Octagon

eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon is represented by the Schläfli symbol {8}. The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135° (formula_1 radians). The central angle is 45° (formula_2 radians). The area of a regular octagon of side length "a" is given by In terms of the circumradius "R", the area is In terms of the apothem "r" (see also inscribed figure), the area is These last two coefficients bracket the value of pi, the area of the unit circle. The area can also be expressed as where

Octagon

a sequence of expanded hypercubes: Octagon In geometry, an octagon (from the Greek ὀκτάγωνον "oktágōnon", "eight angles") is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon. A "regular octagon" has Schläfli symbol {8} and can also be constructed as a quasiregular truncated square, t{4}, which alternates two types of edges. A truncated octagon, t{8} is a hexadecagon, t{16}. The sum of all the internal angles of any octagon is 1080°. As with all polygons, the external angles total 360°. If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of an octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers

Octagon house

minimizing external surface area and consequently heat loss and gain, building costs etc. A circle is the most efficient shape, but difficult to build and awkward to furnish, so an octagon is a sensible approximation. Victorian builders were used to building 135° corners, as in the typical bay window, and could easily adapt to an octagonal plan. Fowler's "The Octagon House" is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a pattern book but the popularity of the book lies in the way Fowler suggested some general principles, and encouraged readers to invent the details for themselves. Only a few examples are offered,

Octagon

"S" is the span of the octagon, or the second-shortest diagonal; and "a" is the length of one of the sides, or bases. This is easily proven if one takes an octagon, draws a square around the outside (making sure that four of the eight sides overlap with the four sides of the square) and then takes the corner triangles (these are 45–45–90 triangles) and places them with right angles pointed inward, forming a square. The edges of this square are each the length of the base. Given the length of a side "a", the span "S" is The area

Octagon

Octagon

In geometry, an octagon (from the Greek ὀκτάγωνον "oktágōnon", "eight angles") is an eight-sided polygon or 8-gon.

A "regular octagon" has Schläfli symbol {8}  and can also be constructed as a quasiregular truncated square, t{4}, which alternates two types of edges. A truncated octagon, t{8} is a hexadecagon, {16}. A 3D analog of the octagon can be the rhombicuboctahedron with the triangular faces on it like the replaced edges, if one considers the octagon to be a truncated square.

Internal and external angles

Internal and external angles

In geometry, an angle of a polygon is formed by two sides of the polygon that share an endpoint. For a simple (non-self-intersecting) polygon, regardless of whether it is convex or non-convex, this angle is called an interior angle (or ) if a point within the angle is in the interior of the polygon. A polygon has exactly one internal angle per vertex.

If every internal angle of a simple polygon is less than π radians (180°), then the polygon is called convex.

In contrast, an exterior angle (also called an or turning angle) is an angle formed by one side of a simple polygon and a line extended from an adjacent side.

Icosagon

Icosagon

In geometry, an icosagon or 20-gon is a twenty-sided polygon. The sum of any icosagon's interior angles is 3240 degrees.

Decagon

Decagon

In geometry, a decagon (from the Greek δέκα "déka" and γωνία "gonía," "ten angles") is a ten-sided polygon or 10-gon. The total sum of the interior angles of a simple decagon is 1440°.

A self-intersecting "regular decagon" is known as a decagram.

Icositetragon

Icositetragon

In geometry, an icositetragon (or icosikaitetragon) or 24-gon is a twenty-four-sided polygon. The sum of any icositetragon's interior angles is 3960 degrees.

Regular polygon

2π radians or one full turn. As the number of sides, n approaches infinity, the internal angle approaches 180 degrees. For a regular polygon with 10,000 sides (a myriagon) the internal angle is 179.964°. As the number of sides increase, the internal angle can come very close to 180°, and the shape of the polygon approaches that of a circle. However the polygon can never become a circle. The value of the internal angle can never become exactly equal to 180°, as the circumference would effectively become a straight line. For this reason, a circle is not a polygon with

Elliptic geometry

geometry is that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is greater than 180 degrees. In the spherical model, for example, a triangle can be constructed with vertices at the locations where the three positive Cartesian coordinate axes intersect the sphere, and all three of its internal angles are 90 degrees, summing to 270 degrees. For sufficiently small triangles, the excess over 180 degrees can be made arbitrarily small. The Pythagorean theorem fails in elliptic geometry. In the 90°–90°–90° triangle described above, all three sides have the same length, and consequently do not satisfy formula_1. The Pythagorean result

Octagon

quadrilateral that is both equidiagonal and orthodiagonal (that is, whose diagonals are equal in length and at right angles to each other). The midpoint octagon of a reference octagon has its eight vertices at the midpoints of the sides of the reference octagon. If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of the midpoint octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares themselves form the vertices of a square. A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has

Octagon

inradius is The regular octagon, in terms of the side length "a", has three different types of diagonals: The formula for each of them follows from the basic principles of geometry. Here are the formulas for their length: A regular octagon at a given circumcircle may be constructed as follows: A regular octagon can be constructed using a straightedge and a compass, as 8 = 2, a power of two: Each side of a regular octagon subtends half a right angle at the centre of the circle which connects its vertices. Its area can thus be computed as the sum

Octacontagon

configuration. Octacontagon In geometry, an octacontagon (or ogdoëcontagon or 80-gon from Ancient Greek ὁγδοήκοντα, eighty) is an eighty-sided polygon. The sum of any octacontagon's interior angles is 14040 degrees. A "regular octacontagon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {80} and can also be constructed as a truncated tetracontagon, t{40}, or a twice-truncated icosagon, tt{20}, or a thrice-truncated decagon, ttt{10}, or a four-fold-truncated pentagon, tttt{5}. One interior angle in a regular octacontagon is 175°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 4°. The area of a regular octacontagon is (with ) and its inradius is The circumradius of a regular octacontagon is

Octacontagon

Octacontagon In geometry, an octacontagon (or ogdoëcontagon or 80-gon from Ancient Greek ὁγδοήκοντα, eighty) is an eighty-sided polygon. The sum of any octacontagon's interior angles is 14040 degrees. A "regular octacontagon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {80} and can also be constructed as a truncated tetracontagon, t{40}, or a twice-truncated icosagon, tt{20}, or a thrice-truncated decagon, ttt{10}, or a four-fold-truncated pentagon, tttt{5}. One interior angle in a regular octacontagon is 175°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 4°. The area of a regular octacontagon is (with ) and its inradius is The circumradius of a regular octacontagon is Since

Angular defect

to less than 360°, on a spherical triangle the interior angles always add up to more than 180° (the exterior angles add up to "less" than 360°), and the angles in a hyperbolic triangle always add up to less than 180° (the exterior angles add up to "more" than 360°). In modern terms, the defect at a vertex or over a triangle (with a minus) is precisely the curvature at that point or the total (integrated) over the triangle, as established by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. For a polyhedron, the defect at a vertex equals 2π minus the sum of all

Euclidean tilings by convex regular polygons

figures, which are also called "m"-Archimedean tilings. For edge-to-edge Euclidean tilings, the internal angles of the polygons meeting at a vertex must add to 360 degrees. A regular -gon has internal angle formula_1 degrees. There are seventeen combinations of regular polygons whose internal angles add up to 360 degrees, each being referred to as a "species" of vertex; in four cases there are two distinct cyclic orders of the polygons, yielding twenty-one "types" of vertex. Only eleven of these can occur in a uniform tiling of regular polygons, given in previous sections. In particular, if three polygons meet at a

Octagon house

"dead houses". Within the central idea of the octagonal plan, these houses show a wide variety of both construction and outward form. They range from the modest two-storey Bevis-Tucker House, to the grandiose Armour-Stiner House (both are illustrated below). A full octagon house has 8 equal sides, although slight variations in length are not unusual. This is in fact the most common shape, but in some cases the basic octagon is partially obscured by additions, either all round as at the Zelotes Holmes House, or by adding a functional wing out of sight at the rear. The House of the

Internal and external angles

ordinary convex and concave polygons "k" = 1, since the exterior angle sum is 360°, and one undergoes only one full revolution walking around the perimeter. Internal and external angles In geometry, an angle of a polygon is formed by two sides of the polygon that share an endpoint. For a simple (non-self-intersecting) polygon, regardless of whether it is convex or non-convex, this angle is called an interior angle (or ) if a point within the angle is in the interior of the polygon. A polygon has exactly one internal angle per vertex. If every internal angle of a simple

Lune of Hippocrates

and straightedge and that have equal area to a given square. All such lunes can be specified by the two angles formed by the inner and outer arcs on their respective circles; in this notation, for instance, the lune of Hippocrates would have the inner and outer angles (90°, 180°). Hippocrates found two other squarable concave lunes, with angles approximately (107.2°, 160.9°) and (68.5°, 205.6°). Two more squarable concave lunes, with angles approximately (46.9°, 234.4°) and (100.8°, 168.0°) were found in 1766 by and again in 1840 by Thomas Clausen. As Chebotaryov and Dorodnov showed, these five pairs of angles

Degree (angle)

this system. In most mathematical work beyond practical geometry, angles are typically measured in radians rather than degrees. This is for a variety of reasons; for example, the trigonometric functions have simpler and more "natural" properties when their arguments are expressed in radians. These considerations outweigh the convenient divisibility of the number 360. One complete turn (360°) is equal to 2"" radians, so 180° is equal to radians, or equivalently, the degree is a mathematical constant: 1° = . The turn (or revolution, full circle, full rotation, cycle) is used in technology and science. One turn is equal to 360°.

Trigonometry

angles of any triangle add up to 180 degrees. The two acute angles therefore add up to 90 degrees: they are complementary angles. The shape of a triangle is completely determined, except for similarity, by the angles. Once the angles are known, the ratios of the sides are determined, regardless of the overall size of the triangle. If the length of one of the sides is known, the other two are determined. These ratios are given by the following trigonometric functions of the known angle "A", where "a", " b" and "c" refer to the lengths of the sides in

360-gon

36, 40, 45, 60, 72, 90, 120, 180, 360}. 360-gon In geometry, a 360-gon (triacosihexacontagon or triacosihexecontagon) is a polygon with 360 sides. The sum of any 360-gon's interior angles is 64440 degrees. A "regular 360-gon" is represented by Schläfli symbol {360} and also can be constructed as a truncated 180-gon, t{180}, or a twice-truncated enneacontagon, tt{90}, or a thrice-truncated tetracontapentagon, ttt{45}. One interior angle in a regular 360-gon is 179°, meaning that one exterior angle would be 1°. The area of a regular 360-gon is (with ) and its inradius is The circumradius of a regular 120-gon is Since

Sør-Fron Church

also suggests that Sant'Andrea al Quirinale by Bernini is the original inspiration. The angles of the octagon plan are not equal, so that the octagon has a somewhat elongated shape - the larger angels are 145° while the smaller are 125° (in a regular octagon angels are 135°). Because of the elongated octagon and sloping ground the church gives a different impression from various perspectives. Viewed directly towards the main entrance the church appears wide, while viewed towards the short walls it appears slender with a steep roof, from other perspectives it may appear warped. The altar points in the


Question: What is the capital of Rwanda?

Kigali-Ville
kigali rwanda
Kigali Province, Rwanda
Kigali Province
Capital of Rwanda
Kigali City
Kigale
Ville de Kigali
Kigli
Municipality of Kigali
kigali city
kigali ville province
Kigali-Ville Province
kigli
municipality of kigali
Kiggers
kigali ville
Kigali, Rwanda
Kigali Province (Rwanda)
kigali province rwanda
ville de kigali
kigali province
Kigali
Kigali province
capital of rwanda
kiggers
kigale
kigali

Kigali

by that time. Kigali Kigali () is the capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is near the nation's geographic centre. The city has been Rwanda's economic, cultural, and transport hub since it became capital at independence in 1962. The city hosts the main residence and offices of the President of Rwanda and government ministries. The city is within the province of Kigali City, which was enlarged in January 2006, as part of local government reorganisation in the country. Kigali's city limits cover the whole province; it is consolidated. The city's urban area covers about 70% of the municipal boundaries.

Kigali

Kigali Kigali () is the capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is near the nation's geographic centre. The city has been Rwanda's economic, cultural, and transport hub since it became capital at independence in 1962. The city hosts the main residence and offices of the President of Rwanda and government ministries. The city is within the province of Kigali City, which was enlarged in January 2006, as part of local government reorganisation in the country. Kigali's city limits cover the whole province; it is consolidated. The city's urban area covers about 70% of the municipal boundaries. The earliest inhabitants

Rwanda

is elected. The city of Kigali is a provincial-level authority, which coordinates urban planning within the city. The present borders were drawn in 2006 with the aim of decentralising power and removing associations with the old system and the genocide. The previous structure of twelve provinces associated with the largest cities was replaced with five provinces based primarily on geography. These are Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province, Western Province, and the Municipality of Kigali in the centre. At , Rwanda is the world's 149th-largest country, and the fourth smallest on the African mainland after Gambia, Eswatini, and Djibouti. It

Butare

addition it also held the prestigious Nyakibanda Seminary and the Rwandan National Institute of Scientific Research. The city of Butare has long been regarded as the intellectual capital of the country, while Kigali holds most political power. The Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare is the largest secondary school in Rwanda. Other secondary schools include: The National Museum of Rwanda was built in the early 1990s and is a good source of information on the cultural history of the country and the region. It is often referred to in tourist brochures as the finest museum in East Africa. The city is

Rwanda

largest religion in the country; the principal language is Kinyarwanda, spoken by most Rwandans, with English and French serving as additional official languages. The sovereign state of Rwanda has a presidential system of government. The president is Paul Kagame of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), who took office in 2000. Rwanda today has low corruption compared with neighbouring countries, although human rights organisations report suppression of opposition groups, intimidation and restrictions on freedom of speech. The country has been governed by a strict administrative hierarchy since precolonial times; there are five provinces delineated by borders drawn in 2006. Rwanda is

Capital city of Rwanda - Kigali

Rwanda

Burundi

Capital punishment in Rwanda

Capital punishment in Rwanda

Capital punishment is no longer a legal punishment in Rwanda. The death penalty was abolished in Rwanda in 2007.

Kigali International Airport

Kigali International Airport

Kigali International Airport , formerly known as Kanombe International Airport, is the primary airport serving Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. Currently, there is an ongoing project to build another mega-airport in Bugesera District, Eastern Province, which will be the biggest and the main air gateway for all destinations in the country, in addition to serving as a transit airport for Goma and Bukavu in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are 3 airlines based in Kigali: Akagera Aviation, a Rwandan heli-company; Tempus Jet, an American airline providing charter flights; and Nexus Aero, a Saudi VIP airline.

Eastern Province, Rwanda

of the country. Eastern Province, Rwanda Eastern Province (; ) is the largest, the most populous and the least densely populated of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures. It has seven districts: Bugesera, Gatsibo, Kayonza, Ngoma, Kirehe, Nyagatare and Rwamagana. The capital city of the Eastern Province is Rwamagana. The Eastern Province comprises the former provinces of Kibungo and Umutara, most of Kigali Rural, and part of Byumba. The Akagera National Park is situated is this province. It is not known when

Kigali

exploit the fact that the government forces were concentrating on the genocide rather than the fight for Kigali. The RPF took control of Kigali on 4 July, a date now commemorated as the Liberation Day national holiday. Although damaged, the city's structure has recovered. Kigali is located in the centre of Rwanda, at . The city is coterminous with the province of Kigali, one of the five provinces of Rwanda introduced in 2006 as part of a restructuring of local government in the country. The city has boundaries with the Northern, Eastern and Southern provinces. The city is divided into

Butare

Butare Butare () is a city (population: 77,000 as of August 2002) in the Southern Province of Rwanda and capital of Huye district. It was the capital of the former Butare Province, Rwanda, that was dissolved on January 1, 2006. It was established in the 1920s as Astrida and served as the colonial capital of Rwanda. From 2006, some sources refer to the city as "Huye", after the surrounding district, but most Rwandans continue to use the name "Butare". It has a campus of the University of Rwanda, the Ruhande Arboretum, and a cathedral. It is also home to the

Kigali

remainder of the colonial era, as much of the administration took place in Ruanda-Urundi's capital Usumbura, now known as Bujumbura in Burundi. Usumbura's population exceeded 50,000 during the 1950s, and was the colony's only European-style city, while Kigali's population remained at around 6,000 until independence in 1962. Kigali become the capital upon Rwandan independence in 1962. The traditional capital was the seat of the "mwami" (Kings Yuhi V, Mutara III and Kigeli IV) in Nyanza, while the colonial seat of power was in Butare, then known as Astrida. Butare was initially the leading contender to be the capital of the

Rwanda

savanna land in the former province of Umutara and Akagera National Park in the east. Kigali is the largest city, with a population of around one million. Its rapidly increasing population challenges its infrastructural development. According to the 2012 census, the second largest city is Gisenyi, which lies adjacent to Lake Kivu and the Congolese city of Goma, and has a population of 126,000. Other major towns include Ruhengeri, Butare, and Muhanga, all with populations below 100,000. The urban population rose from 6% of the population in 1990, to 16.6% in 2006; by 2011, however, the proportion had dropped slightly,

Geography of Rwanda

a few degrees south of the equator and is landlocked. The capital, Kigali, is located near the centre of Rwanda. The watershed between the major Congo and Nile drainage basins runs from north to south through Rwanda, with around 80 percent of the country's area draining into the Nile and 20 percent into the Congo via the Rusizi River. The country's longest river is the Nyabarongo, which rises in the south-west, flows north, east, and southeast before merging with the Akanyaru to form the Akagera; the Akagera then flows due north along the eastern border with Tanzania. The Nyabarongo-Akagera eventually

Muhanga

metropolitan area in the district of Muhanga. Due to its geographical location, the city serves as the gateway to the west and south of the country. During the 1994 Rwandan genocide, Muhanga (Gitarama) was the seat of the provisional government. The city has many amenities, including the ones listed below: The 2002 national census put the city's population at 84,669. In 2004, the population of Muhanga (Gitarama) was estimated at 87,613 people. Muhanga Muhanga (former Gitarama, renamed in 2006) is a city in Rwanda, in the Muhanga District, in Southern Province. The city is above sea level. Though officially part

Northern Province, Rwanda

Northern province were Claude Musabyimana, Bosenibamwe Aimée, Boniface Rucagu, formerly governor of Ruhengeri Province. Northern Province, Rwanda Northern Province (; ) is one of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures. Northern Province comprises most of the former provinces of Ruhengeri and Byumba, along with northern portions of Kigali Rural. It is divided into the districts of Burera, Gicumbi, Gakenke, Musanze, and Rulindo. The capital city of Northern Province is Musanze. The province's official languages are English, French and Kinyarwanda. The governor, appointed

Geography of Rwanda

Geography of Rwanda Rwanda is located in central Africa, to the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, at the co-ordinates . At , Rwanda is the world's 149th-largest country. It is comparable in size to Haiti or the state of Massachusetts in the United States. The entire country is at a high altitude: the lowest point is the Rusizi River at above sea level. Rwanda is located in Central/Eastern Africa, and is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, and Burundi to the south. It lies

Eastern Province, Rwanda

Eastern Province, Rwanda Eastern Province (; ) is the largest, the most populous and the least densely populated of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures. It has seven districts: Bugesera, Gatsibo, Kayonza, Ngoma, Kirehe, Nyagatare and Rwamagana. The capital city of the Eastern Province is Rwamagana. The Eastern Province comprises the former provinces of Kibungo and Umutara, most of Kigali Rural, and part of Byumba. The Akagera National Park is situated is this province. It is not known when the territory of

Rwanda

is comparable in size to Burundi, Haiti and Albania. The entire country is at a high altitude: the lowest point is the Rusizi River at above sea level. Rwanda is located in Central/Eastern Africa, and is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, and Burundi to the south. It lies a few degrees south of the equator and is landlocked. The capital, Kigali, is located near the centre of Rwanda. The watershed between the major Congo and Nile drainage basins runs from north to south through Rwanda, with

Kigali

capital of the kingdom was at Nyanza, in the south of the country. The city of Kigali was founded in 1907 by German administrator and explorer Richard Kandt. Rwanda and neighbouring Burundi had been assigned to Germany by the Berlin Conference of 1884, and Germany established a presence in the country in 1897 with the formation of an alliance with the king, Yuhi V Musinga. Kandt arrived in 1899, exploring Lake Kivu and searching for the source of the Nile. When Germany decided in 1907 to separate the administration of Rwanda from that of Burundi, Kandt was appointed as the

Butare

served by Butare Airport, a small civilian airport, administered by the Rwanda Civil Aviation Authority. Butare Butare () is a city (population: 77,000 as of August 2002) in the Southern Province of Rwanda and capital of Huye district. It was the capital of the former Butare Province, Rwanda, that was dissolved on January 1, 2006. It was established in the 1920s as Astrida and served as the colonial capital of Rwanda. From 2006, some sources refer to the city as "Huye", after the surrounding district, but most Rwandans continue to use the name "Butare". It has a campus of the

Kabgayi

Gitarama, the second-largest city in Rwanda, and about from Kigali, the capital. It has a mild and temperate climate. There are two rainy seasons. Average annual rainfall is . Estimated annual evapotranspiration is about . The soil is sandy and relatively infertile. As of 2002 most of the people in the surrounding Kabgayi district were engaged in farming. Only a few of the wealthier households could afford to own cattle. The Kingdom of Rwanda before the European colonial powers arrived was ruled by a Tutsi elite of about 15% of the population over a Hutu peasant class of about 85%.

Kagitumba

of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda and the largest city in that country. The coordinates of the town are:1° 4' 20.00"S, 30° 27' 0.00"E (Latitude:-1.072223; Longitude:30.450000). Kagitumba is one of the major border crossing points between Rwanda and Uganda; the other being Gatuna. Currently, plans are underway to integrate customs and immigration clearance procedures between the two countries, to create a one-stop clearance mechanism in both directions. When formalised, the new process will dramatically cut down waiting times for both human and commercial traffic between the two East African Community member countries. The exact population of Kagitumba, Rwanda is not


Question: How many dot positions are usually used in each letter of the Braille system?

Braille

Braille has adopted eight-dot cells for general use; for example, it adds a dot below each letter to derive its capital variant. Braille was the first writing system with binary encoding. The system as devised by Braille consists of two parts: Within an individual cell, the dot positions are arranged in two columns of three positions. A raised dot can appear in any of the six positions, producing sixty-four (2) possible patterns, including one in which there are no raised dots. For reference purposes, a pattern is commonly described by listing the positions where dots are raised, the positions being

Braille

position 6 (purple dot) is used without position 3. These are "â ê î ô û ë ï ü ö w" (). The "a–j" series lowered by one dot space () are used for punctuation. Letters "a" and "c" , which only use dots in the top row, were lowered two places for the apostrophe and hyphen: . (These are the decade diacritics, at left in the table below, of the second and third decade.) In addition, there are ten patterns that are based on the first two letters () shifted to the right; these were assigned to non-French letters

Braille

dot). Eight-dot braille has the advantages that the case of an individual letter is directly coded in the cell containing the letter and that all the printable ASCII characters can be represented in a single cell. All 256 (2) possible combinations of 8 dots are encoded by the Unicode standard. Braille with six dots is frequently stored as Braille ASCII. The first 25 braille letters, up through the first half of the 3rd decade, transcribe "a–z" (skipping "w"). In English Braille, the rest of that decade is rounded out with the ligatures "and, for, of, the," and "with". Omitting dot

Braille

proprietary control codes for 8-dot braille or for full graphics mode, where dots may be placed anywhere on the page without leaving any space between braille cells so that continuous lines can be drawn in diagrams, but these are rarely used and are not standard. The Unicode standard encodes 8-dot braille glyphs according to their binary appearance, rather than following their assigned numeric order. Dot 1 corresponds to the least significant bit of the low byte of the Unicode scalar value, and dot 8 to the high bit of that byte. The Unicode block for braille is U+2800 ... U+28FF:

Braille Patterns

the right place. The coding is in accordance with ISO/TR 11548-1 "Communication aids for blind persons". Unicode uses the standard dot-numbering 1 to 8. Historically only the 6-dot cell was used in braille. The lower two dots were added later, which explains the irregular numbering 1-2-3-"7" in the left column and 4-5-6-8 in the right column. Where dots 7 and 8 are not raised, there is no distinction between 6-dot and 8-dot definitions. The Unicode name of a specific pattern mentions the raised dots: has dots 1, 2 and 5 raised. By exception, the zero dot raised pattern is named

Braille

Braille

Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are blind, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser.

Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first binary form of writing developed in the modern era.

Braille characters are formed using a combination of six raised dots arranged in a 3 × 2 matrix, called the braille cell. The number and arrangement of these dots distinguishes one character from another. Since the various braille alphabets originated as transcription codes for printed writing, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary from language to language, and even within one; in English Braille there are 3 levels of braille: uncontracted braille a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy; contracted braille an addition of abbreviations and contractions used as a space-saving mechanism; and grade 3 various non-standardized personal stenography that is less commonly used.

In addition to braille text (letters, punctuation, contractions), it is also possible to create embossed illustrations and graphs, with the lines either solid or made of series of dots, arrows, and bullets that are larger than braille dots. A full braille cell includes six raised dots arranged in two columns, each column having three dots. The dot positions are identified by numbers from one to six. Dot configurations can be used to represent a letter, digit, punctuation mark, or even a word.<ref name="Raised Dots"/>

Early braille education is crucial to literacy, education and employment among the blind. Despite the evolution of new technologies, including screen reader software that reads information aloud, braille provides blind people with access to spelling, punctuation and other aspects of written language less accessible through audio alone. While some have suggested that audio-based technologies will decrease the need for braille, technological advancements such as braille displays have continued to make braille more accessible and available. Braille users highlight that braille remains as essential as print is to the sighted.

Six-bit character code

Six-bit character code

A six-bit character code is a character encoding designed for use on computers with word lengths a multiple of 6. Six bits can only encode 64 distinct characters, so these codes generally include only the upper-case letters, the numerals, some punctuation characters, and sometimes control characters. The 7-track magnetic tape format was developed to store data in such codes, along with an additional parity bit.

Arabic alphabet

Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet (, ' or , '), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing Arabic. It is written from right to left in a cursive style and includes 28 letters. Most letters have contextual letterforms.

The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, meaning it only uses consonants, but it is now considered an "impure abjad". As with other impure "abjads", such as the Hebrew alphabet, scribes later devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel diacritics.

Louis Braille

Louis Braille

Louis Braille (; ; 4 January 1809 – 6 January 1852) was a French educator and the inventor of a reading and writing system, named braille after him, intended for use by visually impaired people. His system is used worldwide and remains virtually unchanged to this day.

Braille was blinded at the age of three in one eye as a result of an accident with a stitching awl in his father's harness making shop. Consequently, an infection set in and spread to both eyes, resulting in total blindness. At that time there were not many resources in place for the blind, but he nevertheless excelled in his education and received a scholarship to France's Royal Institute for Blind Youth. While still a student there, he began developing a system of tactile code that could allow blind people to read and write quickly and efficiently. Inspired by a system invented by Charles Barbier, Braille's new method was more compact and lent itself to a range of uses, including music. He presented his work to his peers for the first time in 1824.

In adulthood, Braille served as a professor at the Institute and had an avocation as a musician, but he largely spent the remainder of his life refining and extending his system. It went unused by most educators for many years after his death, but posterity has recognized braille as a revolutionary invention, and it has been adapted for use in languages worldwide.

Japanese Braille

Japanese Braille

Japanese Braille is the braille script of the Japanese language. It is based on the original braille script, though the connection is tenuous. In Japanese it is known as , literally "dot characters". It transcribes Japanese more or less as it would be written in the "hiragana" or "katakana" syllabaries, without any provision for writing "kanji".

Japanese Braille is a vowel-based abugida. That is, the glyphs are syllabic, but unlike kana they contain separate symbols for consonant and vowel, and the vowel takes primacy. The vowels are written in the upper left corner (points 1, 2, 4) and may be used alone. The consonants are written in the lower right corner (points 3, 5, 6) and cannot occur alone. However, the semivowel "y" is indicated by point 4, one of the vowel points, and the vowel combination is dropped to the bottom of the block. When this point is written in isolation, it indicates that the following syllable has a medial "y", as in "mya". Syllables beginning with "w" are indicated by dropping the vowel points to the bottom of the cell without additional consonant points.

Computer Braille Code

subtracts (for letters) 32 to or from the ASCII value of the following character. Unlike Braille ASCII (underscore, 0x5F) is represented by . 2) The Braille Computer Notation as defined by the Braille Authority of the United Kingdom. In this notation both 6- and 8-dot patterns may be used. With the 6-dot code various combinations of braille characters can represent many technical, mathematical and logical symbols. The character is used as a universal modifier. The 8-dot code is designed that its 6-dot subset is identical to the 6-dot code. The remainder are assigned by the following rules: Computer Braille Code

Braille

and "w" sorted at the end. The first ten letters of the alphabet, "a–j," use the upper four dot positions: (black dots in the table below). These stand for the ten digits "1–9" and "0" in a system parallel to Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy. (Though the dots are assigned in no obvious order, the cells with the fewest dots are assigned to the first three letters (and lowest digits), "abc = 123" (), and to the three vowels in this part of the alphabet, "aei" (), whereas the even digits, "4, 6, 8, 0" (), are corners/right angles.) The

Braille

character sets of different printed scripts to the six-bit cells. Braille assignments have also been created for mathematical and musical notation. However, because the six-dot braille cell allows only 64 (2) patterns, including space, the characters of a braille script commonly have multiple values, depending on their context. That is, character mapping between print and braille is not one-to-one. For example, the character corresponds in print to both the letter "d" and the digit "4". In addition to simple encoding, many braille alphabets use contractions to reduce the size of braille texts and to increase reading speed. (See Contracted braille)

Braille pattern dots-1

Braille pattern dots-1 The Braille pattern dots-1 ( ) is a 6-dot or 8-dot braille cell with the top left dot raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2801, and in Braille ASCII with "A". In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-1 is used to represent open, unrounded vowel sound, like /æ/ or /ɑ/, such as the Latin letter A, Greek alpha, Cyrillic А, Hebrew/Arabic aleph, etc. It is also used to signify the number 1. Related to Braille pattern dots-1 are Braille patterns 17, 18, and 178, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as

Braille

of encoding: Grade 1 – a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy; Grade 2 – an addition of abbreviations and contractions; and Grade 3 – various non-standardized personal stenography. Braille cells are not the only thing to appear in braille text. There may be embossed illustrations and graphs, with the lines either solid or made of series of dots, arrows, bullets that are larger than braille dots, etc. A full braille cell includes six raised dots arranged in two columns, each column having three dots. The dot positions are identified by numbers from one to six. There are 64 possible

Braille

point, as in print, and the decimal point () to mark capitalization. Braille contractions are words and affixes that are shortened so that they take up fewer cells. In English Braille, for example, the word "afternoon" is written with just three letters, , much like stenoscript. There are also several abbreviation marks that create what are effectively logograms. The most common of these is dot 5, which combines with the first letter of words. With the letter "m", the resulting word is "mother". There are also ligatures ("contracted" letters), which are single letters in braille but correspond to more than

Alternative formats

by touch. The pattern of raised dots is arranged in cells of up to six dots, creating a total of 63 different combinations possible. Each cell represents an alphabet letter, numeral or punctuation mark. Some frequently used words and letter combinations also have their own single cell patterns. Braille can be the building block for language skills and a way to teach spelling, grammar, and punctuations to people with vision loss or who are deaf-blind. Not only do Braille codes represent alphabets, they also denote numbers, symbols, music and mathematical notations, enabling people to learn about different subjects in a

Braille

("ì ä ò" ), or serve non-letter functions: (superscript; in English the accent mark), (currency prefix), (capital, in English the decimal point), (number sign), (emphasis mark), (symbol prefix). Originally there had been nine decades. The fifth through ninth used dashes as well as dots, but proved to be impractical and were soon abandoned. These could be replaced with what we now know as the number sign (), though that only caught on for the digits (old 5th decade → modern 1st decade). The dash occupying the top row of the original sixth decade was simply dropped, producing the modern fifth

Braille ASCII

in Python and other programming languages that accept C string literals) is derived from the above table and gives the Braille ASCII mappings for Unicode Braille characters U+2800 through U+283F in order, starting with U+2800 at the start of the string: It maps this Unicode string: Only 64 characters are needed to represent all possible combinations of 6 dot Braille (including space), so not all ASCII values are needed for Braille ASCII. The lower-case letters (a to z) are not normally used, but might be interpreted as having the same dot patterns as their upper-case equivalents. `, {, |, and

Braille

universally numbered, from top to bottom, as 1 to 3 on the left and 4 to 6 on the right. For example, dot pattern 1-3-4 describe a cell with three dots raised, at the top and bottom in the left column and at the top of the right column: that is, the letter "m". The lines of horizontal Braille text are separated by a space, much like visible printed text, so that the dots of one line can be differentiated from the braille text above and below. Different assignments of braille codes (or code pages) are used to map the

Braille pattern dots-2

Braille pattern dots-2 The Braille pattern dots-2 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the middle-left dot raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with its mid-high left dot raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2802, and in Braille ASCII with the number "1". In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-2 is used to represent a comma or other non-letter symbol or semi-letter. Related to Braille pattern dots-2 are Braille patterns 27, 28, and 278, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot

Braille pattern dots-5

Braille pattern dots-5 The Braille pattern dots-5 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the middle right dot raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the upper-middle right dot raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2810, and in Braille ASCII with a quote mark: ". In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-5 is used as a formatting indicator, accent mark, or punctuation. Related to Braille pattern dots-5 are Braille patterns 57, 58, and 578, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot

Braille

dots on the other (see the photo in the box at the top of this article for an example). Using a computer or other electronic device, Braille may be produced with a braille embosser (printer) or a refreshable braille display (screen). Braille has been extended to an 8-dot code, particularly for use with braille embossers and refreshable braille displays. In 8-dot braille the additional dots are added at the bottom of the cell, giving a matrix 4 dots high by 2 dots wide. The additional dots are given the numbers 7 (for the lower-left dot) and 8 (for the lower-right

1829 braille

alphabet, plus English "w"); the fifth the digits; the sixth punctuation; the seventh and part of the eighth mathematical symbols. The seventh decade was also used for musical notes. Most of the remaining characters were unassigned. As in modern braille, most of the higher decades were derived from the first: Thus the 1st and 5th decades occupied only the top half of the cell, while all characters in the other decades had a dot or dash in the bottom row. The supplemental signs were and a top dash with . Of the 125 (5³) possible patterns, 97 were used. The

Braille pattern dots-3

Braille pattern dots-3 The Braille pattern dots-3 ( ) is a 6-dot braille cell with the bottom left dot raised, or an 8-dot braille cell with the middle-bottom left dot raised. It is represented by the Unicode code point U+2804, and in Braille ASCII with an apostrophe. In unified international braille, the braille pattern dots-3 is used to represent an apostrophe, accent mark, or other punctuation. Related to Braille pattern dots-3 are Braille patterns 37, 38, and 378, which are used in 8-dot braille systems, such as Gardner-Salinas and Luxembourgish Braille. In the Japanese kantenji braille, the standard 8-dot Braille


Question: How many balls are used in bar billiards?

Billiard ball

cue balls, one for each player. Bumper pool requires four white and four red object balls, and two special balls, one red with a white spot and the other white with red spot; all are usually inch (approximately 52.5 mm) in diameter. Bar billiards uses six or seven white balls (depending on regional variations) and one red ball in diameter. Several brands of practice balls exist, which have systems of spots, stripes, differently colored halves and/or targeting rings. For example, Saluc markets several practice ball systems, including the Jim Rempe Training Ball, a marked with rings and targets on the

Bar billiards

by Sams, Riley, Burroughs & Watts and Clare. The standard "league" tables have a playing surface approximately 32 inches (81 cm) wide. Sams also made a narrower version with a 28-inch (71 cm) width playing surface. Bar billiards is played on a unique table with no side or corner pockets but with nine holes in the playing surface which are assigned various point values ranging from 10 to 200. There are eight balls in all, seven white and one red. Potting the red ball in any hole scores double points. On the playfield are normally placed three pegs or mushrooms.

Billiard ball

manufactures phenolic resin balls. Other plastics and resins such as polyester (under various trade names) and clear acrylic are also used, by competing companies such as Elephant Balls Ltd. and Frenzy Sports. Ivory balls remained in use in artistic billiards competition until the late 20th century. In the realm of carom billiards (or carambole) games, three balls are used to play straight-rail, three-cushion, balkline, five-pins, and related games on pocketless billiards tables. The exception is four-ball which needs an extra object ball. Carom balls are not numbered, and at 61–61.5 mm (between approximately and in) in diameter are larger than

Bar billiards

There are two white pegs one either side of the 100 hole with one black peg in front of the 200 hole. Earliest versions of the game used wooden mushrooms instead of pegs which have a thin curved stalk and a flattish rounded cap. These were normally placed in front of the 50 and 200 holes often with a fourth mushroom in front of the 100 hole. This version was often referred to as Russian billiards, probably named after the very similar French and Belgian game billiard russe which has a longer history, neither are to be confused with the

Bar billiards

is the 'split shot' where the object ball is usually potted in the 50 hole and the cue ball is potted in the 100 hole. There are variants to this; sometimes it is necessary to pot the balls into the 50 and 10 holes for example. If successful the break shot can be used again and so on. Players take alternate turns or 'breaks' at the table playing from where their opponent has left off. If the player fails to pot a ball then the break has ended and the second player takes his break by placing another ball on

Bar billiards

Bar billiards

Bar billiards is a form of billiards which involves scoring points by potting balls in holes on the playing surface of the table rather than in pockets. Bar billiards developed from the French/Belgian game billard russe, of Russian origin. The current form started in the UK in the 1930s and now has leagues in Sussex, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Kent, Cambridgeshire, Hampshire, Suffolk, Yorkshire and Northamptonshire. These counties comprise the All England Bar Billiards Association. There are also leagues in Guernsey and Jersey where the annual world championships take place.

Billiard ball

Billiard ball

A billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various particular ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient, and resilience are important to accuracy.

Cue sports

Cue sports

Cue sports are a wide variety of games of skill played with a cue, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby cause them to move around a cloth-covered table bounded by elastic bumpers known as .

There are three major subdivisions of games within cue sports:

Billiards has a long history from its inception in the 15th century, with many mentions in the works of Shakespeare, including the line "let's to billiards" in "Antony and Cleopatra" (1606–07), and enthusiasts of the sport include Mozart, Louis XIV of France, Marie Antoinette, Immanuel Kant, Napoleon, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, George Washington, French president Jules Grévy, Charles Dickens, George Armstrong Custer, Theodore Roosevelt, Lewis Carroll, W. C. Fields, Babe Ruth, Bob Hope, and Jackie Gleason.

Russian pyramid

Russian pyramid

Russian pyramid, also known as Russian billiards (, ), is a form of billiards played on a large billiard table with narrow pockets. It is popular across Eastern Europe as well as countries of the former Soviet Union/Eastern Bloc. In Western countries, the game is known as pyramid billiards, or simply pyramid within professional circles.

Glossary of cue sports terms

Glossary of cue sports terms

The following is a glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: "carom billiards" referring to the various games played on a billiard table without ; "pool", which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets; and "snooker", played on a large pocket table, and which has a sport culture unto itself distinct from pool. There are also games such as English billiards that include aspects of multiple disciplines.
Section::::Definitions and language.
The term "" is sometimes used to refer to all of the cue sports, to a specific class of them, or to specific ones such as English billiards; this article uses the term in its most generic sense unless otherwise noted.

The labels "British" and "UK" as applied to entries in this glossary refer to terms originating in the UK and also used in countries that were fairly recently part of the British Empire and/or are part of the Commonwealth of Nations, as opposed to US (and, often, Canadian) terminology. The terms "American" or "US" as applied here refer generally to North American usage. However, due to the predominance of US-originating terminology in most internationally competitive pool (as opposed to snooker), US terms are also common in the pool context in other countries in which English is at least a minority language, and US (and borrowed French) terms predominate in carom billiards. Similarly, British terms predominate in the world of snooker, English billiards, and blackball, regardless of the players' nationalities.

The term "blackball" is used in this glossary to refer to both blackball and eight-ball pool as played in the UK, as a shorthand. Blackball was chosen because it is less ambiguous ("eight-ball pool" is too easily confused with the international standardized "eight-ball"), and blackball is globally standardized by an International Olympic Committee-recognized governing body, the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA); meanwhile, its ancestor, eight-ball pool, is largely a folk game, like North American , and to the extent that its rules have been codified, they have been done so by competing authorities with different rulesets. (For the same reason, the glossary's information on eight-ball, nine-ball, and ten-ball draws principally on the stable WPA rules, because there are many competing amateur leagues and even professional tours with divergent rules for these games.)

Foreign-language terms are generally not within the scope of this list, unless they have become an integral part of billiards terminology in English (e.g. ), or they are crucial to meaningful discussion of a game not widely known in the English-speaking world.

Billiard ball

are and . The yellow-and-red sets are sometimes commercially referred to as "casino sets" (they were formerly used for televised eight-ball championships, most often held in casinos). The use of such sets, however, predates television, as they were used for B.B.C. Co. Pool, the forerunner of modern eight-ball, at least as early as 1908. Ball sets for the sport of snooker look at first glance like a mixture of American- and British-style pool balls. There are twenty-two balls in total, arranged as a rack of 15 unmarked reds, six placed at various predetermined spots on the table, and a white

Billiard ball

pool balls. The 61.5 mm size are more common. They are typically colored as follows: Pool balls are used to play various pool (pocket billiards or pool billiards) games, such as eight-ball, nine-ball and one-pocket. In North America and Asia, they are referred to simply as "billiard balls" (except among carom and snooker players). These balls, used the most widely throughout the world, are considerably smaller than carom billiards balls, slightly larger than British-style pool balls and substantially larger than those for snooker. According to WPA/BCA equipment specifications, the weight may be from with a diameter of , plus or

Five-pin billiards

smaller than the two cue balls. Professional and regulated amateur play today exclusively uses pocketless tables and equal-sized balls. Professional competition began in 1965, and play is centered in billiard parlors, with players competing in provincial, regional, and national federations. The pocket version is still favored by some in amateur play. The regulation game is played on a less normal carom billiards table, with standardized playing surface dimensions of 1.42 by 2.84 m (approximately 4-2/3 by 9-1/3 ft), plus/minus 5 mm (approx. 0.2 in), from to cushion. The slate of the table must be heated to about 5 degrees C

Cue sports

numbered, and the is usually red. In kaisa, five balls are used: the yellow (called the "kaisa" in Finnish), two red object balls, and the two white cue balls (usually differentiated by one cue ball having a dot or other marking on it and each of which serves as an object ball for the opponent). Carom billiards balls are larger than pool balls, having a diameter of 61.5 mm ( in), and come as a set of two cue balls (one colored or marked) and an object ball (or two object balls in the case of the game four-ball). American-style

Bar billiards

sides is not required which is ideal in a smallish bar or pub. At the start of the game or when there are no balls remaining on the table a white ball is placed on the spot on the 'D' and the red ball is placed on the spot in front of that. This 'Break shot' may be done a maximum of three times if both balls are potted before one ball must remain on the table known as the '1-up', failing to leave this one ball up results in a foul and loss of break. The next shot attempted

Cue sports

playing nine-ball. Snooker balls are smaller than American-style pool balls with a diameter of 52.5 mm ( in), and come in sets of 22 (15 reds, 6 "", and a cue ball). English billiard balls are the same size as snooker balls and come in sets of three balls (two cue balls and a red, an object ball). Other games, such as bumper pool, have custom ball sets. Billiard balls have been made from many different materials since the start of the game, including clay, bakelite, celluloid, crystallite, ivory, plastic, steel and wood. The dominant material from 1627 until the

Billiard ball

is also slang for someone who sports a shaved head. In Polandball, numbered pool balls are used to denote aboriginal, prehistoric, or native peoples who do not have a flag of their own. Green 6-balls also denote extraterrestrials. Billiard ball A billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various particular ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are important to accuracy. Early balls were made of various materials, including

Billiard ball

size and weight, since players have complained for many decades that the heavy and often oversized cue balls do not "play" correctly. In WPA blackball and its predecessor WEPF or "English eight-ball pool" (not to be confused with the games of eight-ball or English billiards), fifteen object balls again are used, but fall into two unnumbered , the (or less commonly ) and , with a white cue ball, and black 8 ball. Aside from the 8, shots are not since there is no reliable way to identify particular balls to be pocketed. Because they are unnumbered they are wholly

Billiard ball

suggest that the derivation of the latter owes much to the existence of the former. Various other games have their own variants of billiard balls. English billiards balls are like carom balls but are the same size as snooker balls. Russian pyramid uses a set of fifteen numbered but otherwise all-white balls, and a red or yellow cue ball that may be even larger than carom billiards balls at 68 mm (2⁄ in) or 72 mm (2⁄ in). The related game kaisa has the same pocket and ball dimensions but uses only five balls: one yellow, two red and two

Bar billiards

Bar billiards Bar billiards is a form of billiards which developed from the French/Belgian game billiard russe, of Russian origin. Bar billiards in its current form started in the UK in the 1930s when Englishman, David Gill, saw billiard russe being played in Belgium and persuaded the Jelkes company of Holloway Road in London to make a similar table. It is a traditional game played in leagues in Sussex, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey, Kent, Cambridgeshire, Hampshire, Suffolk and Northamptonshire. These counties comprise the All England Bar Billiards Association. There are also leagues in Guernsey and Jersey. Tables were also made

Pub games

knock it off without hitting the spike. Bar billiards in its current form started in the UK in the 1930s. The tables were made by the Jelkes company of Holloway Road in London, and sold to many pubs. The game is played mostly in southern England and Jersey on a special table without side and corner pockets, but with 9 scoring holes in the playing surface. On the playfield are normally placed three skittles--guarding the highest scoring holes (the two 50 point holes and the 200 point hole). The aim of the game is to score as many points as

Billiard ball

Billiard ball A billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various particular ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are important to accuracy. Early balls were made of various materials, including wood and clay (the latter remaining in use well into the 20th century). Although affordable ox-bone balls were in common use in Europe, elephant ivory was favored since at least 1627 until the early 20th century; the earliest

Pool (cue sports)

settling upon the World Pool-Billiard Association International Standardized Rules. But tavern eight-ball (also known as ""), typically played on smaller, coin-operated tables and in a "winner keeps the table" manner, can differ significantly even between two venues in the same city. The growth of local, regional and national amateur leagues may alleviate this confusion eventually. Nine-ball uses only the 1 through 9 balls and cue ball. It is a rotation game: The player at the table must make legal contact with the lowest numbered ball on the table or a foul is called. The game is won by legally pocketing

Baseball pocket billiards

billiards, for an audience of approximately 20,000 spectators. Baseball pocket billiards is played with 21 numbered . Since a standard set of pool balls is numbered 1 through 15, sets of balls numbered 16 through 21, known as "baseball sets", have been marketed specifically for the game, along with the oversized triangle racks needed for proper . The balls are racked at the end of a pool table, with the of the triangle centered over the ("home plate"). Viewed from the racker's vantage point, the 1-ball is placed at the triangle's apex, the 2-ball at the right corner, and the

Billiard ball

inventors also supply a variety of novelty billiard games with unique rules and balls, some with playing card markings, others with stars and stripes, and yet others in sets of more than thirty balls in several suits. Marbled-looking and glittery materials are also popular for home tables. There are even blacklight sets for playing in near-dark. There are also practical joke cue and 8 balls, with off-center weights in them that make their paths curve and wobble. Miniature sets in various sizes (typically or of normal size) are also commonly available, primarily intended for undersized toy tables. Even an egg-shaped