Question: Which adjective is used when pertaining to the fox?

fox penis
foxs
Vulpine
focks
Foxes
Todde
fox habitat
fox zoology
Sexual characteristics of foxes
Fox
Fox habitat
vixen
sexual characteristics of foxes
Focks
vulpine
fox
foxes
VULPINE
Vixen
Fox penis
Fox (zoology)
vulpini
Vulpini
River fox
todde
Foxp
river fox
Foxs
foxp

Fox

known as dogs, tods or reynards, females as vixens, and young as cubs, pups, or kits, though the latter name is not to be confused with a distinct species called kit foxes. Vixen is one of very few words in modern English that retains the Middle English southern dialect "v" pronunciation instead of "f" (i.e. northern English "fox" versus southern English "vox"). A group of foxes is referred to as a skulk, leash, or earth. Within the Canidae, the results of DNA analysis shows several phylogenetic divisions: Foxes are generally smaller than some other members of the family Canidae such

Red fox

has resulted in the domesticated red fox. Females are called vixens, and young cubs are known as kits. Although the Arctic fox has a small native population in northern Scandinavia, while the corsac fox's range extends into European Russia, the red fox is the only fox native to Western Europe, and so is simply called "the fox" in colloquial British English. The word "fox" comes from Old English, which derived from Proto-Germanic *"fuhsaz". Compare with West Frisian "foks", Dutch "vos", and German "Fuchs". This, in turn, derives from Proto-Indo-European *"puḱ-" 'thick-haired; tail'. Compare to the Hindi "pū̃ch" 'tail', Tocharian B

Kitsunebi

this "fox" does not refer to the animal, but instead means "withered" or "rotten and discolored," and seeing how "fox fire" refers to the fire of withered trees and the light of hypha and mushroom roots that cling to withered trees, statements such as the one from the "Honchō Shokkan" could be seen to refer to the light from the hypha on withered trees on the ground. Also in the "Honchō Shokkan", there are statements about how foxes would make light using human skulls and horse bones, and the Meiwa period "Kunmō Tenchiben" by the yomihon author Takai Ranzan and

Foxes in popular culture

Medieval Norman adventurer Robert Guiscard was nicknamed ""Robert the Fox"" as well as "the Resourceful", "the Cunning", "the Wily" - underlining the identification of such qualities with foxes. During World War II, the German commander in North Africa, Erwin Rommel, was grudgingly nicknamed the "Desert Fox" by his British adversaries, as a tribute to his cunning and skill in operational art. The words "fox" and "foxy" have become slang in English-speaking societies for an individual (most often female) with sex appeal. The word "vixen", which is normally the common name for a female fox, is also used to describe an

Fox

and widespread species of fox is the red fox ("Vulpes vulpes") with about 47 recognized subspecies. The global distribution of foxes, together with their widespread reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, especially in the British Isles, was exported by European settlers to various parts of the New World. The word "fox" comes from Old English, which derived from Proto-Germanic *"fuhsaz". This in turn derives from Proto-Indo-European *"puḱ-", meaning ’thick-haired; tail’. Male foxes are

Democrat Party (epithet)

Democrat Party (epithet)

Democrat Party is an epithet for the Democratic Party of the United States, used in a disparaging fashion by the party's opponents. While the term has been used in a non-hostile way, it has grown in its negative use since the 1940s, in particular by members of the Republican Party—in party platforms, partisan speeches, and press releases—as well as by conservative commentators and third party politicians.

fox - Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Bitch (slang)

Bitch (slang)

Bitch ( ) is a pejorative slang word for a person, usually a woman. When applied to a woman or girl, it means someone who is belligerent, unreasonable, malicious, controlling, aggressive, or dominant. When applied to a man or boy, "bitch" reverses its meaning and is a derogatory term for being subordinate, weak, or cowardly.

The term "bitch" is one of the most common curse words in the English language. It has been used as a "term of contempt towards women" for "over six centuries", and is a slur that fosters sexism against women. It has been characterized as "an archaic word demeaning women since as early as the 15th century" that seeks to control women. The word is considered taboo in mainstream media, and euphemisms such as "the B-word" are used to minimize its negative impact.

The term "bitch" literally means a female dog. Its original use as a vulgarism carried a meaning suggesting high sexual desire in a woman, comparable to a dog in heat.

Arabic nouns and adjectives

Arabic nouns and adjectives

Arabic nouns and adjectives are declined according to case, state, gender and number. While this is strictly true in Classical Arabic, in colloquial or spoken Arabic, there are a number of simplifications such as loss of certain final vowels and loss of case. A number of derivational processes exist for forming new nouns and adjectives. Adverbs can be formed from adjectives.

Turkish grammar

Turkish grammar

Turkish grammar (), as described in this article, is the grammar of standard Turkish as spoken and written by educated people in the Republic of Turkey.

Turkish is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many European languages. For example, "evlerden" "from the houses" can be analysed as "ev" "house", "-ler" (plural suffix), "-den" (ablative case, meaning "from"); "gidiyorum" "I am going" as "git" "go", "-iyor" (present continuous tense), "-um" (1st person singular = "I").

Another characteristic of Turkish is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: for example, the ablative case of "evler" is "evlerden" "from the houses" but, the ablative case of "başlar" "heads" is "başlardan" "from the heads".

Verbs have six grammatical persons (three singular and three plural), various voices (active and passive, reflexive, reciprocal, and causative), and a large number of grammatical tenses. Meanings such as "not", "be able", "should" and "if", which are expressed as separate words in most European languages, are usually expressed with verbal suffixes in Turkish. A characteristic of Turkish which is shared by neighboring languages such as Bulgarian and Persian is that the perfect tense suffix (in Turkish "-miş-", "-müş-", "-mış-", or "-muş-") often has an inferential meaning, e.g. "geliyormuşum" "it would seem (they say) that I am coming".

Verbs also have a number of participial forms, which Turkish makes much use of. Clauses which begin with "who" or "because" in English are generally translated by means of participial phrases in Turkish.

In Turkish, verbs generally come at the end of the sentence or clause; adjectives and possessive nouns come before the noun they describe; and meanings such as "behind", "for", "like/similar to" etc. are expressed as postpositions following the noun rather than prepositions before it.

Foxes in popular culture

attractive woman—although, in the case of humans, "vixen" tends to imply that the woman in question has a few nasty qualities. The word "shenanigan" (a deceitful confidence trick, or mischief) is considered to be derived from the Irish expression "sionnachuighim", meaning ""I play the fox"." Foxes in popular culture The fox appears in the folklore of many cultures, especially European and East Asian folklores, as a figure of cunning or trickery, or as a familiar animal possessed of magic powers. The fox is also sometimes associated with transformation. This folkore root has resulted in many influenced works, in literature, film,

Red fox

said to feign death by filling its abdomen with air to appear bloated, then lies on its side, awaiting the approach of unwitting prey. The animal's cunning was noted by the authors of the Bible, and applied the word "fox" to false prophets (Ezekiel 13:4) and the hypocrisy of Herod Antipas (Luke 13:32). The cunning Fox is commonly found in Native American mythology, where it is portrayed as an almost constant companion to Coyote. Fox, however, is a deceitful companion that often steals Coyote's food. In the Achomawi creation myth, Fox and Coyote are the co-creators of the world, that

Old fox

Old fox Old fox () is a term used by Iranians to describe Britain. Seyyed Ahmad Adib Pishavari used the term for the first time. The term is used several times in Iranian society, media, and newspapers. In Persian and many other languages, fox is symbol of sly and cunning character and refers to cunning person who put you in a tricky situation. The term and its anti-British concept is used in anti-British poet for the first time by Seyyed Ahmad Adib Pishavari (1844-1930), philosopher and poet. When Amad was young, his father and relatives were killed in war between

Red fox

"päkā" 'tail; chowrie', and Lithuanian "paustìs" 'fur'. The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox's Welsh name, "llwynog", literally 'bushy', from "llwyn" 'bush'. Likewise, from "rabo" 'tail', Lithuanian "uodẽgis" from "uodegà" 'tail', and Ojibwa "waagosh" from "waa", which refers to the up and down "bounce" or flickering of an animal or its tail. The scientific term "vulpes" derives from the Latin word for fox, and gives the adjectives "vulpine" and "vulpecular". The red fox is considered a more specialised form of "Vulpes" than the Afghan, corsac and Bengal foxes in the direction of size and adaptation to carnivory;

Fox (code word)

"Fox" brevity word, with a number added to the end of "Fox" to describe the primary type of sensors the launched munition possesses (if applicable). In addition, a separate brevity word for gunfire exists and is grouped with the four "Fox" codes for convenience. Fox (code word) Fox is a brevity code used by NATO pilots to signal the simulated or actual release of an air-to-air munition or other combat function. Army aviation elements may use a different nomenclature, as the nature of helicopter-fired weapons is almost always air-to-surface. "Fox" is short for "foxtrot", the phonetic designation for the letter

Fox (code word)

Fox (code word) Fox is a brevity code used by NATO pilots to signal the simulated or actual release of an air-to-air munition or other combat function. Army aviation elements may use a different nomenclature, as the nature of helicopter-fired weapons is almost always air-to-surface. "Fox" is short for "foxtrot", the phonetic designation for the letter "F", which is short for "fire". The radio call announcing that a weapon has been fired is intended to help avoid friendly fire, cueing other pilots to ensure that they do not maneuver into the path of harm. There are four variations of the

Trust No Fox on his Green Heath and No Jew on his Oath

animals to symbolise Jews throughout the book. The two animals that are used again and again are the fox and the crow. The fox in Greek legend often represented the devil but in Nazi Germany other connotations were often given to the fox. Foxes were seen as sneaky and crafty and therefore fitted well into anti-Jewish propaganda. The fox was also seen to be a carrier of rabies. By linking the fox with a Jew it reinforces the idea that was promoted by the Nazi propaganda that Judaism is a disease like rabies. The fox was very popular within German

Foxes in popular culture

Foxes in popular culture The fox appears in the folklore of many cultures, especially European and East Asian folklores, as a figure of cunning or trickery, or as a familiar animal possessed of magic powers. The fox is also sometimes associated with transformation. This folkore root has resulted in many influenced works, in literature, film, television, games, and music, and elsewhere. The term "foxy" in English ("having the qualities of a fox") can also connote attractiveness, sexiness or being red-haired. The term "to outfox" means "to beat in a competition of wits", similarly to "outguess", "outsmart", and "outwit". In Dogon

Fox

the tale can be a good or a bad omen. The motif was eventually introduced from Chinese to Japanese and Korean cultures. The constellation Vulpecula represents a fox. Fox Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes have a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or "brush"). Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of genus "Vulpes". Approximately another 25 current or extinct species are always or sometimes called foxes; these foxes are either part of the paraphyletic group of the South American

Russian declension

ending; before vowels, this suffix deceases to single sound and is written as ) are used for deriving adjectives mostly from animal species (in Old East Slavic, this suffix derived possessive adjectives from plural possessors): 'fox' — 'of a fox', 'likely for a fox'. Declension of such adjectives is nominal in nominative and accusative (except masculine and plural animated accusative) and adjectival for other forms. There exist many stable expressions which include possessive adjectives following either of the two declensions shown above: (Noah's ark, from "Noah"), (Euclidean geometry, from "Euclides"), (the Field of Mars), (the Augean stables, from "Augeas"), (a

Foxes in popular culture

mythology, the pale fox is reported to be either the trickster god of the desert, who embodies chaos or a messenger for the gods. There is a Tswana riddle that says that ""Phokoje go tsela o dithetsenya" [Only the muddy fox lives] meaning that, in a philosophical sense, 'only an active person who does not mind getting muddy gets to progress in life.' Kuma Lisa is a fox from Bulgarian folklore and Russian folklore who usually plays the role of the trickster. Kuma Lisa is encountered with another character known as Kumcho Vulcho - a wolf which is opposite to

Foxes in popular culture

and a hare (lebre) dancing and circling a tree. It has been suggested that the three animals represent the King, Lord and Church who were responsible for taxation (the lyrics go on to refer to money gained over the year and how nothing was left after seeing 'the wolf, the fox and the hare'). In Europe, in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, foxes, which were associated with wiliness and fraudulent behavior, were sometimes burned as symbols of the Devil. In early Mesopotamian mythology, the fox is one of the sacred animals of the goddess Ninhursag. The fox acts as her

Animal epithet

found in a preliminary survey of Serbian usage that the most commonly used "animal vocatives" were, in order, 1. pig, 2. chick(en), 3. dog/puppy, 4. cow, 5. monkey, 6. hen, 7. rat, 8. turkey, 9. mouse, 10. snake, 11. cat/kitten, 12. fox, 13. lamb, 14. vixen, 15. worm. Of these, using the classification devised by Sabina Halupka-Resetar, and Biljana Radic, lamb was always used positively; cow and vixen referred to a person's appearance; pig indicated a person's eating habits; calling someone a fox or a turkey related to their intelligence, or lack of it; and names like cat, snake, worm,

Fox

Fox Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes have a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or "brush"). Twelve species belong to the monophyletic "true foxes" group of genus "Vulpes". Approximately another 25 current or extinct species are always or sometimes called foxes; these foxes are either part of the paraphyletic group of the South American foxes, or of the outlying group, which consists of bat-eared fox, gray fox, and island fox. Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica. By far the most common

Fox hunting

of between square kilometres () in good terrain, although in poor terrain, their range can be as much as . The red fox can run at up to . The fox is also variously known as a "Tod" (old English word for fox), "Reynard" (the name of an anthropomorphic character in European literature from the twelfth century), or "Charlie" (named for the Whig politician Charles James Fox). American red foxes tend to be larger than European forms, but according to foxhunters' accounts, they have less cunning, vigour and endurance in the chase than European foxes. Other species than the red


Question: Which year saw the assassination of US President James Garfield?

one thousand eight hundred and eighty one

one thousand, eight hundred and eighty-one

Assassination of James A. Garfield

Assassination of James A. Garfield The assassination of James Abram Garfield, the 20th President of the United States, began when he was shot at 9:30 am on July 2, 1881, less than four months into his term as President, and ended in his death 79 days later on September 19, 1881. He was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., and died in Elberon, New Jersey. Guiteau's motive was revenge against Garfield for an imagined political debt. Charles Guiteau turned to politics after failing in several ventures, including theology, a law practice,

Assassination of James A. Garfield

specifically to give Garfield's train access to their town, still stands today. Assassination of James A. Garfield The assassination of James Abram Garfield, the 20th President of the United States, began when he was shot at 9:30 am on July 2, 1881, less than four months into his term as President, and ended in his death 79 days later on September 19, 1881. He was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., and died in Elberon, New Jersey. Guiteau's motive was revenge against Garfield for an imagined political debt. Charles Guiteau turned

Assassination of James A. Garfield

release and to run for president himself in 1884; at the same time, he delighted in the media circus surrounding his trial. He was dismayed when the jury was unconvinced of his divine inspiration, convicting him of the murder. He was found guilty on January 25, 1882. He appealed, but his appeal was rejected, and he was hanged on June 30, 1882 in the District of Columbia. Guiteau famously danced his way up to the gallows and waved at the audience from the gallows, shook hands with his executioner and, as a last request, recited a poem that he had

Charles J. Guiteau

Charles J. Guiteau Charles Julius Guiteau (; September 8, 1841June 30, 1882) was an American writer and lawyer who was convicted of the assassination of James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States. Guiteau falsely believed he had played a major role in Garfield's victory, for which he should be rewarded with a consulship. He was so offended by the Garfield administration's rejections of his applications to serve in Vienna or Paris that he decided to kill Garfield, and shot him at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881. Garfield died two

George E. Goodfellow

On July 2, 1881, President James Garfield was shot by assassin Charles J. Guiteau. One bullet was thought later to have possibly lodged near his liver but could not be found. Standard medical practice at the time called for physicians to insert their unsterilized fingers into the wound to probe and locate the path of the bullet. Neither the germ theory nor Dr. Joseph Lister's technique for "antisepsis surgery" using dilute carbolic acid, which had been first demonstrated in 1865, much less surgically opening abdominal cavities to repair gunshot wounds, had not yet been accepted as standard practice by prevailing

Assassination of James A. Garfield

Assassination of James A. Garfield

James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States, was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., at 9:30 am on Saturday, July 2, 1881. He died in Elberon, New Jersey, 79 days later on September 19, 1881. The shooting occurred less than four months into his term as president. Garfield's assassin was Charles J. Guiteau, whose motive was revenge against Garfield for an imagined political debt, and getting Chester A. Arthur elevated to president. Guiteau was convicted of Garfield's murder and executed by hanging one year after the shooting.

James A. Garfield

Assassination of William McKinley

Assassination of William McKinley

William McKinley, the 25th president of the United States, was shot on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York, on September 6, 1901, six months into his second term. He was shaking hands with the public when anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot him twice in the abdomen. McKinley died on September 14 of gangrene caused by the wounds. He was the third American president to be assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881.

McKinley enjoyed meeting the public and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office. Secretary to the President George B. Cortelyou feared that an assassination attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music and took it off the schedule twice, but McKinley restored it each time.

Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, a political philosophy adhered to by recent assassins of foreign leaders. He regarded McKinley as a symbol of oppression and was convinced that it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him. He was unable to get near the president during an earlier visit, but he shot him twice as McKinley reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple. One bullet grazed McKinley; the other entered his abdomen and was never found.

McKinley initially appeared to be recovering, but he took a turn for the worse on September 13 as his wounds became gangrenous, and he died early the next morning; he was succeeded by his vice president, Theodore Roosevelt. Czolgosz was sentenced to death in the electric chair, and Congress passed legislation to officially charge the Secret Service with the responsibility for protecting the president.

Chester A. Arthur

Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. He previously served as the 20th vice president under President James A. Garfield. Arthur succeeded the presidency upon Garfield's death in September 1881—two months after being shot by an assassin.

Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, grew up in upstate New York and practiced law in New York City. He served as quartermaster general of the New York Militia during the American Civil War. Following the war, he devoted more time to New York Republican politics and quickly rose in Senator Roscoe Conkling's political organization. President Ulysses S. Grant appointed him to the post of Collector of the Port of New York in 1871, and he was an important supporter of Conkling and the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party. In 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York. Garfield won the Republican nomination for president in 1880, and Arthur was nominated for vice president to balance the ticket as an Eastern Stalwart. Four months into his term, Garfield was shot by an assassin; he died 11 weeks later, and Arthur assumed the presidency.

At the outset, Arthur struggled to overcome a negative reputation as a Stalwart and product of Conkling's organization. To the surprise of reformers, he advocated and enforced the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. He presided over the rebirth of the US Navy, but he was criticized for failing to alleviate the federal budget surplus which had been accumulating since the end of the Civil War. Arthur vetoed the first version of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, arguing that its twenty-year ban on Chinese immigrants to the United States violated the Burlingame Treaty, but he signed a second version, which included a ten-year ban.

Suffering from poor health, Arthur made only a limited effort to secure the Republican Party's nomination in 1884, and he retired at the end of his term. Arthur's failing health and political temperament combined to make his administration less active than a modern presidency, yet he earned praise among contemporaries for his solid performance in office. Journalist Alexander McClure wrote, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted as Chester Alan Arthur, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected, alike by political friend and foe."
The "New York World" summed up Arthur's presidency at his death in 1886: "No duty was neglected in his administration, and no adventurous project alarmed the nation." Mark Twain wrote of him, "It would be hard indeed to better President Arthur's administration." Despite this, modern historians generally describe Arthur's presidency as mediocre or average, and Arthur as one of the least memorable presidents.

Robert Todd Lincoln

Robert Todd Lincoln

Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American lawyer, businessman, and politician. He was the eldest son of President Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. Robert Lincoln became a business lawyer and company president, and served as U.S. Secretary of War and U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom.

Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois, and graduated from Harvard College before serving on the staff of Ulysses S. Grant as a captain in the Union Army in the closing days of the American Civil War. After the war, he married Mary Eunice Harlan, and they had three children together. Following completion of law school in Chicago, he built a successful law practice, and became wealthy representing corporate clients.

Active in Republican politics, and a tangible symbol of his father's legacy, Lincoln was often spoken of as a possible candidate for office, including the presidency, but never took steps to mount a campaign. The one office to which he was elected was town supervisor of South Chicago, which he held from 1876 to 1877; the town later became part of the city of Chicago. Lincoln served as United States Secretary of War in the administration of James A. Garfield, continuing under Chester A. Arthur, and as United States Minister to the United Kingdom in the Benjamin Harrison administration.

Lincoln became general counsel of the Pullman Palace Car Company, and after founder George Pullman died in 1897, Lincoln assumed the company's presidency. After retiring from this position in 1911, Lincoln served as chairman of the board until 1922. In Lincoln's later years, he resided at homes in Washington, D.C., and Manchester, Vermont; the Manchester home, Hildene, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. In 1922, he took part in the dedication ceremonies for the Lincoln Memorial. Lincoln died at Hildene on July 26, 1926, six days before his 83rd birthday, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Assassination of James A. Garfield

be insane in 1875 and attempted to have him committed, but he had escaped. Now his mania took a violent turn, and he decided that he had been commanded by a higher power to kill the President. He later stated, "I leave my justification to God." Guiteau borrowed $15 () from George Maynard, a relative by marriage, then went out to purchase a revolver. He knew little about firearms, but he believed that he would need a large caliber gun. O'Meara's store in Washington provided a choice between two versions of the .442 Webley caliber British Bulldog revolver, one with

Assassination of James A. Garfield

where he expected to be incarcerated, but he was told to come back later. He spent the whole month of June following Garfield around Washington. On one occasion, he trailed him to the railway station as the President was seeing his wife off to a beach resort in Long Branch, New Jersey, but he decided not to shoot him then, as Lucretia Garfield was known to be in poor health and he did not want to upset her. Garfield was scheduled to leave Washington on July 2, 1881 for his summer vacation, which was reported in the Washington newspapers, and

Assassination of James A. Garfield

other presidents, often preferred to interact directly with the public, and although some form of security was almost certainly in place, a comprehensive security detail had not been seriously considered by either Congress or the president up to that point. Remarkably, it would not be until the assassination of William McKinley some twenty years later that Congress would finally task the United States Secret Service (founded to prevent counterfeiting) with the responsibility of ensuring the president's personal safety. The Garfield Tea House, built by the citizens of Long Branch, New Jersey, with the railroad ties that had been laid down

Assassination of James A. Garfield

rewarded. He obtained entrance to the White House and saw the President on March 8, 1881, dropping off a copy of his speech as a reminder of the campaign work which he had done on Garfield's behalf. He spent the next two months roaming around Washington, staying at rooming houses and sneaking away without paying for his meals and lodging. He spent his days loitering in hotel lobbies to read old newspapers, and use hotel stationery to write letters to those whom he thought could help him obtain an appointment from Garfield. In addition, he spent time shuffling back and

Assassination of James A. Garfield

Guiteau lay in wait for him at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station on the southwest corner of Sixth Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. Garfield came to the Sixth Street Station on his way to his alma mater Williams College, where he was scheduled to deliver a speech before beginning his vacation. He was accompanied by his sons James and Harry, and by Secretary of State James G. Blaine; Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln waited at the station to see him off. Garfield had no bodyguard or security detail; early Presidents did not employ them, with the

Assassination of William McKinley

Anarchists had taken a toll in Europe by assassinating or attempting assassinations of a half-dozen officials and members of royal houses, and had been blamed for the 1886 Haymarket bombing in Chicago. Two American presidents had been assassinated in the 19th century—Abraham Lincoln in 1865 and James A. Garfield in 1881. Even considering this history, McKinley did not like security personnel to come between him and the people. When in his hometown, Canton, Ohio, he often walked to church or the business district without protection, and in Washington went on drives with his wife without any guard in the carriage.

Assassination of James A. Garfield

effort to replace references to Grant with references to Garfield, among other problems; yet he convinced himself that it was largely responsible for Garfield's narrow victory over Democratic nominee Winfield Scott Hancock. He believed that he should be awarded a diplomatic post for his vital assistance, first asking for a consulship in Vienna, then expressing a willingness to "settle" for one in Paris. He loitered around Republican headquarters in New York City, expecting rewards for his speech, but to no avail. Guiteau arrived in Washington on March 5, 1881, the day after Garfield's inauguration, still believing that he would be

Assassination of James A. Garfield

window with a view of the beach and ocean. New infections set in, as well as spasms of angina. He died of a ruptured splenic artery aneurysm, following sepsis and bronchial pneumonia at 10:35 pm on Monday, September 19, 1881 in Elberon, New Jersey, two months before his 50th birthday. During the 79 days between his shooting and death, Garfield's only official act was to sign a request for the extradition of a forger who had escaped and was apprehended after he fled to Canada. Most historians and medical experts now believe that Garfield probably would have survived his wound

James G. Blaine

Hawaii. His plans for the United States' involvement in the world stretched even beyond the Western Hemisphere, as he sought commercial treaties with Korea and Madagascar. On July 2, 1881, Blaine and Garfield were walking through the Sixth Street Station of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad in Washington when Garfield was shot by an assassin, Charles J. Guiteau. Guiteau, a deranged man who had earlier pestered Blaine and other State Department officials to be appointed to ambassadorships for which he was grossly unqualified, believed that by assassinating the President he could ingratiate himself with Vice President Arthur and receive his

Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

back several Confederate advances. During his military service he was wounded on five separate incidents. James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States. An assassin's bullet ended his life and presidency and cut his time in office after serving only 200 days. He had a distinguished military background. Garfield served in the United States Army as a Major General, as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and as a member of the highly controversial Electoral Commission of 1876. He was the second U.S. President to be assassinated. Garfield was the

Assassination of James A. Garfield

exception of Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. As Garfield entered the waiting room of the station, Guiteau stepped forward and pulled the trigger at point-blank range from behind. Garfield cried out, "My God, what is that?", flinging up his arms. Guiteau fired again and Garfield collapsed. One bullet grazed the President's shoulder, and the other struck him in the back, passing the first lumbar vertebra but missing the spinal cord before coming to rest behind his pancreas. Guiteau put his pistol back in his pocket and turned to leave via a cab that he had waiting for him outside

James A. Garfield

was not immediately fatal for Garfield, but his doctors' uncleaned and unprotected hands are said to have led to infection that caused his death on September 19. Guiteau was convicted of the murder and was executed in June 1882; he tried to name his crime as simple assault by blaming the doctors for Garfield's death. With his term cut short by his death after only 200 days, and much of it spent in ill health trying to recover from the attack, Garfield is little-remembered other than for his assassination. Historians often forgo listing him in rankings of U.S. presidents due

Assassination of James A. Garfield

forth between the State Department and the White House, approaching various Cabinet members and prominent Republicans to press his claim, all without success. He was destitute and increasingly slovenly because he was wearing the same clothes every day, and forced to walk throughout the cold, snowy city without overcoat, gloves, or boots. On May 13, 1881, he was banned from the White House waiting room. On May 14, 1881, he encountered Secretary of State James G. Blaine, who told him, "Never speak to me again of the Paris consulship as long as you live." Guiteau's family had judged him to

Assassination of James A. Garfield

the station, but he collided with policeman Patrick Kearney who was entering the station after hearing the gunfire. Kearney apprehended Guiteau and was so excited at having arrested the man who had shot Garfield that he neglected to take his gun from him until after they arrived at the police station. Kearney demanded, "In God's name, what did you shoot the president for?" Guiteau did not respond. The rapidly gathering crowd screamed, "Lynch him", but Kearney and several other police officers took the assassin to the police station a few blocks away. As he surrendered to authorities, Guiteau uttered the

Assassination of James A. Garfield

civil service reform in his inaugural address and supported it as President in the belief that it would make government more efficient. It was passed as something of a memorial to the fallen President. Arthur lost the Republican Party nomination in 1884 to Blaine, who went on to lose a close election to Democrat Grover Cleveland. The Sixth Street rail station was later demolished. The site is now occupied by the West Building of the National Gallery of Art. No plaque or memorial marks the spot where Garfield was shot, but a few blocks away, a Garfield memorial statue stands


Question: Which literary location did John Jarndyce own?

Nemo (Bleak House)
john jarndyce
Chesney Wold
Miss Barbary
Honoria, Lady Dedlock
John Jarndyce
reverend chadband
Lady Honoria Dedlock
nemo bleak house
bleakhouse
Harold Skimpole
chesney wold
rev mr chadband
Rev Mr Chadband
Reverend Chadband
lady honoria dedlock
lady dedlock
Mademoiselle Hortense
Richard Carstone
honoria lady dedlock
miss barbary
Bleakhouse
Lady Dedlock
harold skimpole
mademoiselle hortense
Bleak House
richard carstone
bleak house

Jarndyce and Jarndyce

Jarndyce and Jarndyce Jarndyce and Jarndyce (or Jarndyce v Jarndyce) is a fictional court case in "Bleak House" (1852-3) by Charles Dickens, progressing in the English Court of Chancery. The case is a central plot device in the novel and has become a byword for seemingly interminable legal proceedings. Dickens refers to the case as "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", the way it would be spoken of. The "v" in the case title is an abbreviation of the Latin "versus", but is normally pronounced "and" for civil cases in England and Wales. "Jarndyce v Jarndyce" concerns the fate of a large inheritance.

Community Bookstore (Cobble Hill)

had the Brooklyn Heights location and Susan ran the Park Slope shop until 2001, selling it to Catherine Bohne, who in turn sold it to Stephanie Valdez and Ezra Goldstein in 2010. John's Brooklyn Heights location became a central figure in the mid-1980s when his landlord evicted Scioli at the end of his lease in order to rent the space to an ice cream parlor that had agreed to pay more than double Scioli's rent. Brooklyn Heights is an affluent neighborhood, and with rents rising rapidly, the bookstore received press coverage as representative of a broader phenomenon of smaller, older

84 Charing Cross Road (film)

and British literature titles that she has been unable to find in New York City. She notices an ad in the "Saturday Review of Literature" placed by antiquarian booksellers Marks & Co, located at the titular address in London. She contacts the shop, where chief buyer and manager Frank Doel fulfills her requests. A long-distance friendship develops over time between the two and between Hanff and other staff members, as well, including birthday gifts, holiday packages and food parcels to compensate for post–World War II food shortages in Britain. Their correspondence includes discussions about topics as diverse as the sermons

Jarndyce and Jarndyce

were commenced in 1837 and not concluded until at least 1854. The second of these cases is generally identified as the dispute over the will of the "Acton Miser" William Jennens of Acton, Suffolk. "Jennens v Jennens" commenced in 1798 and was abandoned in 1915 (117 years later) when the legal fees had exhausted the Jennens estate of funds; thus it had been ongoing for 55 years when "Bleak House" was published. Some commentators have theorised that the "Jarndyce v Jarndyce" case was inspired by the dispute over the will of Richard Smith, a West India merchant. When he died

Luckenbooths

the "literati" of the time. Patrons included the poet John Gay of "The Beggar's Opera" fame during his residence in the city and the novelist Tobias Smollett. The publisher William Creech took the unit over in the late 18th century and it was thereafter known as "Creech's Land", much visited by Robert Burns. Henry Cockburn recalled Creech's shop as "the natural resort of lawyers, authors, and all sorts of literary idlers... All who wished to see a poet or a stranger, or to hear the public news, the last joke by Erskine, or yesterday's occurrences in the Parliament House, or

Bleak House

Bleak House

Bleak House is a novel by Charles Dickens, first published as a 20-episode serial between March 1852 and September 1853. The novel has many characters and several sub-plots, and is told partly by the novel's heroine, Esther Summerson, and partly by an omniscient narrator. At the centre of "Bleak House" is a long-running legal case in the Court of Chancery, "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", which comes about because a testator has written several conflicting wills. In a preface to the 1853 first edition, Dickens claimed there were many actual precedents for his fictional case. One such was probably the "Thellusson v Woodford" case in which a will read in 1797 was contested and not determined until 1859. Though many in the legal profession criticised Dickens's satire as exaggerated, this novel helped support a judicial reform movement which culminated in the enactment of legal reform in the 1870s.

There is some debate among scholars as to when "Bleak House" is set. The English legal historian Sir William Holdsworth sets the action in 1827;<ref>
</ref> however, reference to preparation for the building of a railway in Chapter LV suggests the 1830s.

List of Dickensian characters

List of Dickensian characters

This is a list of characters in the works of Charles Dickens.

Contents: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |

"She was dressed in rich materials--satins, and lace, and silks--all white. Her shoes were white. And she had a long white veil dependent from her hair, and she had bridal flowers in her hair, but her hair was white...I saw that everything within my view which ought to be white, had been white long ago, and had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow. I saw that the bride within the bridal dress had withered like the dress, and like the flowers, and had no brightness left but the brightness of her sunken eyes. I saw that the dress had been put upon the rounded figure of a young woman, and that the figure upon which it now hung loose, had shrunk to skin and bone. Once, I had been taken to see some ghastly wax-work at the Fair...Once, I had been taken to one of our old marsh churches to see a skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress, that had been dug out of a vault under the church pavement. Now, wax-work and skeleton seemed to have dark eyes that moved and looked at me. I should have cried out, if I could."

Walter Scott

Walter Scott

Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832), was a Scottish novelist, poet, playwright and historian. Many of his works remain classics of European and Scottish literature, notably the novels "Ivanhoe", "Rob Roy", "Waverley", "Old Mortality", "The Heart of Mid-Lothian" and "The Bride of Lammermoor", and the narrative poems "The Lady of the Lake" and "Marmion". He had a major impact on European and American literature.

As an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession, he combined writing and editing with daily work as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire. He was prominent in Edinburgh's Tory establishment, active in the Highland Society, long a president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–1832), and a vice president of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1827–1829). His knowledge of history and literary facility equipped him to establish the historical novel genre as an exemplar of European Romanticism. He became a baronet "of Abbotsford in the County of Roxburgh", Scotland, on 22 April 1820; the title became extinct on his son's death in 1847.

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a 1886 Gothic novella by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. It follows Gabriel John Utterson, a London-based legal practitioner who investigates a series of strange occurrences between his old friend Dr. Henry Jekyll and a murderous criminal named Edward Hyde.

"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" is one of the most famous pieces of English literature, and is considered to be a defining book of the gothic horror genre. The novella has also had a sizable impact on popular culture, with the phrase "Jekyll and Hyde" being used in vernacular to refer to people with an outwardly good but sometimes shockingly evil nature.

Bartleby, the Scrivener

Bartleby, the Scrivener

"Bartleby, the Scrivener: A Story of Wall Street" is a short story by the American writer Herman Melville, first serialized anonymously in two parts in the November and December 1853 issues of "Putnam's Magazine" and reprinted with minor textual alterations in his "The Piazza Tales" in 1856. In the story, a Wall Street lawyer hires a new clerk who, after an initial bout of hard work, refuses to make copies or do any other task required of him, refusing with the words "I would prefer not to."

Numerous critical essays have been published about the story, which scholar Robert Milder describes as "unquestionably the masterpiece of the short fiction" in the Melville canon.

John Hervey Crozier

Ambrose Burnside chose as his headquarters Crozier's house at the corner of Gay Street and Clinch Avenue (now the location of the Hyatt Place Knoxville/Downtown). Crozier's extensive personal library made his house the ideal choice for Burnside, an avid reader. During the waning years of the war, Crozier made amends with the city's Unionists. In 1865, Brownlow won a $25,000 judgement against Crozier and two other Confederate leaders, but the decision was eventually annulled. After the war, Crozier retired from practice to engage in "literary pursuits." In 1869, he delivered a lecture before the Young Men's Literary Society entitled, "What

J. P. Pickens

passion for the written word, and in 1958 he owned a bookstore in Portland, Oregon, “Days and Nights,” and carried many titles from Grove Press, which was at that time embattled in court for distributing Henry Miller's works, among others. Later when he lived in Lagunitas, (western Marin County) he worked at the Discovery bookstore in San Francisco. He loved to tell his friends about buying books from people who had just shoplifted them from the City Lights Bookstore up the block. J.P. embraced the philosophy put forth in Jan Yoor’s book, “The Gypsies.” That philosophy of total freedom of

Bleak House

in "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" seems to take a turn for the better when a later will is found, which revokes all previous wills and leaves the bulk of the estate to Richard and Ada. Meanwhile, John Jarndyce cancels his engagement to Esther, who becomes engaged to Mr Woodcourt. They go to Chancery to find Richard. On their arrival, they learn that the case of "Jarndyce and Jarndyce" is finally over, but the costs of litigation have entirely consumed the estate. Richard collapses, and Mr Woodcourt diagnoses him as being in the last stages of tuberculosis. Richard apologises to John Jarndyce

Jarndyce and Jarndyce

Jarndyce" was used as the name of a bank in the 1996 television film "The Treasure Seekers". The case is referred to (indirectly by reference to Bleak House) in the United States Supreme Court case Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462 (2010). "Willful Behavior" by Donna Leon, p. 308, Penguin Books 2010 Jarndyce and Jarndyce Jarndyce and Jarndyce (or Jarndyce v Jarndyce) is a fictional court case in "Bleak House" (1852-3) by Charles Dickens, progressing in the English Court of Chancery. The case is a central plot device in the novel and has become a byword for seemingly interminable legal

Charles Taylor Jr.

store became an important literary center for the Southwest sponsoring literary readings and plays as well as serving as a home for Slough Press. Business owners John and Marquetta Tilton of Dallas opened several store locations run by famous Texas poets and writers who had not yet achieved widespread notoriety: poet Dr. Ricardo Sanchez in San Antonio and Dr. Hedwig Gorski's infamous Voltaire's Basement bookstore in downtown Austin. All branches of Paperbacks Plus allowed serious poets to live with their families on the store premises while providing a small income managing or selling at the location. Each became a hub

John Bromfield Jr.

it was owned by a family friend from Newburyport, Judge John Lowell. From 1809 to 1822 the house would be the home of the Boston Athenæum. Chaim Rosenberg writes: Francis Cabot Lowell took a keen interest in John Bromfield, born in 1799 in Newburyport. His family fell upon hard times and moved to Boston, where Mr. Bromfield “rented a house from his friend Judge Lowell.” The family could not afford to send young John to Harvard and instead apprenticed him to the store of Larkin & Hurd in Charlestown. Francis Cabot Lowell arranged for John to serve as supercargo on

Kenneth G. T. Webster

to its current site in Milton, Massachusetts in 1913, and the eighteenth century Ross-Thompson House in Shelburne, Nova Scotia, which he bought in 1932 to save it from demolition, and is now a museum. Kenneth G. T. Webster Kenneth Grant Tremayne Webster (1871–1942) was a Canadian-born American literary scholar. He was born in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, and was educated at Dalhousie University, graduating in 1892. He then took another undergraduate degree at Harvard University, followed by a master's and doctorate there, after which he was immediately offered a faculty position at the institution. Influenced by Archibald MacMechan he became a

Jarndyce and Jarndyce

who directly associates with it suffers some tragic fate. Miss Flite has long since lost her mind when the narrative begins. Richard Carstone, a former ward of court, dies trying to win the inheritance for himself after spending much of his life so distracted by the notion of it that he cannot commit to any other pursuit. John Jarndyce, by contrast, finds the whole process tiresome and tries to have as little to do with it as he possibly can, one of many examples of the character's wise and self-effacing demeanour. Dickens introduces the case in the in terms which

John Marshall (publisher)

from premises at 44, Long-lane, West Smithfield, in 1793. He also appears to have been a supporter of the movement to abolish the slave trade in Britain. He printed a number of anti-slavery tracts as well as a print depicting "The cruel treatment of slaves in the West Indies", 1793. After the death of John Newbery, the first publisher to make a profit publishing children's literature, many firms began to enter the business, but none ever had the monopoly Newbery did. Marshall was one of the most successful and he published "the most original books", popularizing fictional biography for juvenile

Jarndyce and Jarndyce

in 1776, the estate was tied up, and his daughter-in-law Charlotte Turner Smith was pushed by financial necessity to write for money; she became a much-praised poet. That Chancery case has been reported to have taken thirty-six years to get through the court, although this may not be correct. Another theory holds that the case is partly based on that of "Wedderburn v Wedderburn", which ran from 1831 until 1857. More than a century after the novel's publication, Jarndyce and Jarndyce continues to be used as an example of the futility and length of civil court cases. For example, Lord

Bleak House

wills conflict. Richard and Ada soon fall in love, but though Mr Jarndyce does not oppose the match, he stipulates that Richard must first choose a profession. Richard first tries a career in medicine, and Esther meets Allan Woodcourt, a physician, at the house of Richard's tutor. When Richard mentions the prospect of gaining from the resolution of "Jarndyce and Jarndyce", John Jarndyce beseeches him never to put faith in what he calls "the family curse". Meanwhile, Lady Dedlock is also a beneficiary under one of the wills. Early in the book, while listening to the reading of an affidavit

Daniel Lothrop

in different lines of business, and located in different cities. In 1850 Mr. Lothrop bought out a book store in Dover, New Hampshire, which he made one of the best and largest in New England, and it became a literary centre: a favorite meeting-place for the cultivated people of the town. By 1868, Lothrop was ready to concentrate his forces upon the broader accomplishment of his life purpose of publishing literature for the people, and especially for children and youth. He then transferred his publishing work to Boston, with headquarters at 38 and 40 Cornhill. From the first he encouraged

John Gibson Lockhart

of Sir John Taylor Coleridge since William Gifford's resignation in 1824. At this time he was living at 25 Northumberland Street in Edinburgh's fashionable Second New Town. In 1825 he sold the house to Andrew and George Combe. As the next heir to the Scotland property belonging to his unmarried half-brother, Milton Lockhart, he was sufficiently independent. In London he had social success, and was recognized as an editor. He contributed largely to the "Quarterly Review" himself, particularly biographical articles. He showed the old, railing spirit in an article in the "Quarterly" against Tennyson's "Poems" of 1833. He continued to

Bleak House

and dies. John Jarndyce takes in Ada and her child, a boy whom she names Richard. Esther and Woodcourt marry and live in a Yorkshire house which Jarndyce gives to them. The couple later raise two daughters. Many of the novel's subplots focus on minor characters. One such subplot is the hard life and happy, though difficult, marriage of Caddy Jellyby and Prince Turveydrop. Another plot focuses on George Rouncewell's rediscovery of his family, and his reunion with his mother and brother. As usual, Dickens drew upon many real people and places but imaginatively transformed them in his novel (see

James Caulfield

Caulfield resided in Wells Street, Oxford Street, and until 1820 was mainly occupied in the sale of engravings, the illustration of books, and the compilation of catalogues. In more prosperous times he had received the patronage of notable collectors including Earl Spencer, Charles Towneley, James Bindley, and Clayton Mordaunt Cracherode. With advancing years Caulfield took to drink, earning five shillings a day as a cataloguer, but kept his youngest daughter and her family. One of his sons seems to have entered into the business, as John Caulfield, "print and book seller, Little Newport Street, Leicester Square". In January 1826 Caulfield


Question: What is the American word for a short-hand typist?

tachygraphy
stenographers
Shorthand
stenography
stenographic
Short Hand
Brachygraphic
Tachygraphy
shorthand typist
short hand
Stenography
Shorthand typist
Shorthand writing
brachygraphic
shorthand
stenographer
shorthand writing
Brachygraphy
Stenographer
brachygraphy
Stenographers
Stenographic

Gregg shorthand

dictation speeds expected of any shorthand system of the time, a number of simpler, personal-use editions were published from 1924 to 1968. These included "Greghand" in 1935, and "Notehand" in 1960 and 1968. Gregg is often contrasted to Pitman shorthand, as the two share significant predominance over other English shorthand systems. Pitman uses line thickness and position to discriminate between two similar sounds, but Gregg shorthand uses the same thickness throughout and discriminates between similar sounds by the length of the stroke. John Robert Gregg was originally a teacher of a Duployan shorthand adaptation to English (Duployan shorthand was the

Shorthand

or "bait", or "bate", while b-o-t might mean "boot", or "bought", or "boat". The reader needed to use the context to work out which alternative was meant. The main advantage of the system was that it was easy to learn and to use. It was popular, and under the two titles of "Short Writing" and "Tachygraphy", Shelton's book ran to more than 20 editions between 1626 and 1710. Shelton's chief rivals were Theophilus Metcalfe's "Stenography" or "Short Writing" (1633) which was in its "55th edition" by 1721, and Jeremiah Rich's system of 1654, which was published under various titles including

Forkner shorthand

on auction and second-hand book sites. Forkner shorthand Forkner Shorthand is an alphabetic shorthand created by Hamden L. Forkner and first published in 1955. Its popularity grew through the 1980s as those who needed shorthand every day (such as secretaries) began to favor the easier learning curve of alphabetic systems to the more difficult (but potentially faster) symbol-based ones. Forkner was taught in high-schools and colleges throughout North America along with comparable shorthands such as AlphaHand, Speedwriting, Stenoscript and Personal Shorthand. Forkner is written with a handful of special symbols mixed with simplified versions of cursive longhand letters. A long

Shorthand

Shorthand Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek "stenos" (narrow) and "graphein" (to write). It has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek "brachys" (short) and tachygraphy, from Greek "tachys" (swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. Many forms of shorthand exist. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which can allow someone well-trained in the system to

Shorthand

15 languages. Although Pitman's method was extremely popular at first and is still commonly used, especially in the UK, its popularity has been superseded, especially in the U.S., by Gregg shorthand, developed by John Robert Gregg in 1888. In the UK, the spelling-based (rather than phonetic) Teeline shorthand is now more commonly taught and used than Pitman, and Teeline is the recommended system of the National Council for the Training of Journalists with an overall speed of 100 words per minute necessary for certification. Other less commonly used systems in the UK are Pitman 2000, PitmanScript, Speedwriting, and Gregg. Teeline

Shorthand

Shorthand

Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek "stenos" (narrow) and "graphein" (to write). It has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek "brachys" (short), and tachygraphy, from Greek "tachys" (swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal.

Many forms of shorthand exist. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which can allow someone well-trained in the system to write as quickly as people speak. Abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. In the computerized world, several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, also include a shorthand function for frequently used phrases.

Shorthand was used more widely in the past, before the invention of recording and dictation machines. Shorthand was considered an essential part of secretarial training and police work and was useful for journalists. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation or discourse, some systems are used for compact expression. For example, healthcare professionals might use shorthand notes in medical charts and correspondence. Shorthand notes were typically temporary, intended either for immediate use or for later typing, data entry, or (mainly historically) transcription to longhand. Longer-term uses do exist, such as encipherment: diaries (like that of Samuel Pepys) are a common example.

Words per minute

Words per minute

Words per minute, commonly abbreviated wpm (sometimes uppercased WPM), is a measure of words processed in a minute, often used as a measurement of the speed of typing, reading or Morse code sending and receiving.

Stenotype

Stenotype

A steno machine, stenotype machine, shorthand machine, stenograph or steno writer is a specialized chorded keyboard or typewriter used by stenographers for shorthand use. In order to pass the United States Registered Professional Reporter test, a trained court reporter or closed captioner must write speeds of approximately 180, 200, and 225 words per minute (wpm) at very high accuracy in the categories of literary, jury charge, and testimony, respectively. Some stenographers can reach 300 words per minute. The website of the California Official Court Reporters Association (COCRA) gives the official record for American English as 375 wpm.
The stenotype keyboard has far fewer keys than a conventional alphanumeric keyboard. Multiple keys are pressed simultaneously (known as "chording" or "stroking") to spell out whole syllables, words, and phrases with a single hand motion. This system makes realtime transcription practical for court reporting and live closed captioning. Because the keyboard does not contain all the letters of the English alphabet, letter combinations are substituted for the missing letters. There are several schools of thought on how to record various sounds, such as the StenEd, Phoenix, and Magnum Steno theories.

Court reporter

Court reporter

A court reporter, court stenographer, or shorthand reporter is a person whose occupation is to capture the live testimony in proceedings using a stenographic machine, thereby transforming the proceedings into an official certified transcript by nature of their training, certification, and usually licensure. This can include courtroom hearings and trials, depositions and discoveries, sworn statements, and more.

Touch typing

Touch typing

Touch typing (also called blind typing, or touch keyboarding) is a style of typing. Although the phrase refers to typing without using the sense of sight to find the keys—specifically, a touch typist will know their location on the keyboard through muscle memory—the term is often used to refer to a specific form of touch typing that involves placing the eight fingers in a horizontal row along the middle of the keyboard (the "home row") and having them reach for specific other keys. (Under this usage, typists who do not look at the keyboard but do not use home row either are referred to as hybrid typists.) Both two-handed touch typing and one-handed touch typing are possible.

Frank Edward McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah who taught typing classes, reportedly invented home row touch typing in 1888.
On a standard QWERTY keyboard for English speakers the home row keys are: "ASDF" for the left hand and "JKL;" for the right hand. Most modern computer keyboards have a raised dot or bar on the home keys for the index fingers to help touch typists maintain and rediscover the correct positioning of the fingers on the keyboard keys.

Forkner shorthand

Forkner shorthand Forkner Shorthand is an alphabetic shorthand created by Hamden L. Forkner and first published in 1955. Its popularity grew through the 1980s as those who needed shorthand every day (such as secretaries) began to favor the easier learning curve of alphabetic systems to the more difficult (but potentially faster) symbol-based ones. Forkner was taught in high-schools and colleges throughout North America along with comparable shorthands such as AlphaHand, Speedwriting, Stenoscript and Personal Shorthand. Forkner is written with a handful of special symbols mixed with simplified versions of cursive longhand letters. A long horizontal stroke replaces "m" and a

Personal Shorthand

Personal Shorthand Personal Shorthand, originally known as Briefhand in the 1950s, is a completely alphabetic shorthand. There are three basic categories of written shorthand. Best known are pure "symbol" (stenographic) shorthand systems (e.g., Gregg, Pitman). Because the complexity of symbol shorthands made them time-consuming to learn, a variety of newer, "alphabetic" shorthands were created, with the goal of being easier to learn– e.g., Speedwriting, Stenoscript, Stenospeed, and Forkner shorthand. These systems used normally written letters of the alphabet, but also some number of symbols, alphabetic characters changed in shape or position, or special marks for punctuation; and so they are

Gregg shorthand

Gregg shorthand Gregg shorthand is a form of shorthand that was invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States; its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America. With the invention of dictation machines, shorthand machines, and the practice of executives writing their own letters on their personal computers, the use of shorthand has gradually declined in the business and reporting world. However, Gregg shorthand is still in use today. There is

Gregg shorthand

be adapted to nearly any language. The Spanish version, designed by Eduardo Vega, is the most popular adaptation. The Mandarin Chinese version slightly modified the original system, under the name 'Beifang Suji (Northern Shorthand)'. Reporter offers "a lesson in the lost technology of shorthand." Gregg shorthand Gregg shorthand is a form of shorthand that was invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States; its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America.

Pitman shorthand

her journals in Pitman Shorthand, declaring it the "best, potentially fastest, most versatile of various pen systems". The Vogons in the 2005 movie version of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" use a blockier form of Pitman 2000. Linguist Henry Sweet dubbed Pitman's Shorthand "Pitfall Shorthand" in his 1892 "Manual of Current Shorthand". In the preface to his play "Pygmalion", George Bernard Shaw cites Henry Sweet's "Pitfall Shorthand" comment. Pitman shorthand Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand,

Eclectic shorthand

arc across the page than in a straight line; this would improve speed. Eclectic shorthand Eclectic shorthand (sometimes called "Cross shorthand" or "Eclectic-Cross shorthand" after its founder, J. G. Cross) is an English shorthand system of the 19th century. Although it has fallen into disuse, it is nonetheless noteworthy as one of the most compact (and complex) systems of writing ever devised. While most later responses to Pitman shorthand aimed for greater simplicity and an elimination of such characteristics as shading and positional writing (cf Gregg shorthand), Cross took his system in the opposite direction. Noting that English spelling is

Gabelsberger shorthand

down by Gabelsberger. Gabelsberger shorthand Gabelsberger shorthand, named for its creator, is a form of shorthand previously common in Germany and Austria. Created c. 1817 by Franz Xaver Gabelsberger, it was first fully described in the 1834 textbook "Anleitung zur deutschen Redezeichenkunst oder Stenographie" and became rapidly used. Gabelsberger shorthand has a full alphabet with signs for both consonants and vowels. The consonant signs were made by simplifying the features of cursive Latin letters. The vowel signs are used mainly when a vowel stands at the beginning or the end of a word. Vowels in the middle of words are

Shorthand

"The penns dexterity compleated" (1669). Another notable English shorthand system creator of the 17th century was William Mason (fl. 1672–1709) who published "Arts Advancement" in 1682. Modern-looking geometric shorthand was introduced with John Byrom's "New Universal Shorthand" of 1720. Samuel Taylor published a similar system in 1786, the first English shorthand system to be used all over the English-speaking world. Thomas Gurney published "Brachygraphy" in the mid-18th century. In 1834 in Germany, Franz Xaver Gabelsberger published his Gabelsberger shorthand. Gabelsberger based his shorthand on the shapes used in German cursive handwriting rather than on the geometrical shapes that were common

Forkner shorthand

simply omitted: "less" becomes "ls." Forkner makes use of several standard shorthand features to gain additional speed: brief forms, common abbreviations, and phrasing. Brief forms are essentially shortened versions of frequent words or words potentially encountered in business letters. They are not always immediately transparent to the untrained reader, such as "Db" for "distribute". The more commonly known abbreviations, like those for the days of the week, are also used in Forkner. The shorter brief forms (one or two letters) that follow each other in a sentence are joined together as though they were one word; this is known as

Pitman shorthand

Pitman shorthand Pitman shorthand is a system of shorthand for the English language developed by Englishman Sir Isaac Pitman (1813–1897), who first presented it in 1837. Like most systems of shorthand, it is a phonetic system; the symbols do not represent letters, but rather sounds, and words are, for the most part, written as they are spoken. , Pitman shorthand was the most popular shorthand system used in the United Kingdom and the second most popular in the United States. One characteristic feature of Pitman shorthand is that unvoiced and voiced pairs of sounds (such as /p/ and /b/ or

Shorthand

write as quickly as people speak. Abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, also include a shorthand function for frequently used phrases. Many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. Shorthand was used more widely in the past, before the invention of recording and dictation machines. Shorthand was considered an essential part of secretarial training and police work, as well as useful for journalists. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation or

One hand typing

proposed by Randall Munroe on the xkcd-blog. Using a standard keyboard, the one-handed typist must move from side to side to cover all the keys. Ideally, this typist should keep their main hand on fghj, but they will inevitably be forced to leave the home keys or stretch like a concert pianist to reach all the letters. Without using a second hand as an aid (for example, the right shift key), most capital letters require a time-consuming excursion to one side or the other. This reduces efficiency and frustrates the typist. Some single-hand keyboard layouts exist, such as "one-handed Dvorak"

Shorthand

was that of George Carl Märes in 1885. However, the most successful system of this type was Gregg shorthand, introduced by John Robert Gregg in 1888. Gregg had studied not only the "geometric" English systems, but also the German Stolze stenography, a "script" shorthand. Other examples include Teeline Shorthand and Thomas Natural Shorthand. The semi-script philosophy gained popularity in Italy in the first half of the 20th century with three different systems created by , , and . Some shorthand systems attempted to ease learning by using characters from the Latin alphabet. Such non-stenographic systems have often been described as

Shorthand

is also the most common shorthand method taught to New Zealand journalists, whose certification typically requires a shorthand speed of at least 80 words per minute. In Nigeria, shorthand is still taught in higher institutions of learning especially for students studying Office Technology Management and Business Education. 125386 Shorthand Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek "stenos" (narrow) and "graphein" (to write). It has also been called brachygraphy, from

Personal Shorthand

Carl W. Salser, C. Theo Yerian, and Mark R. Salser. Personal Shorthand Personal Shorthand, originally known as Briefhand in the 1950s, is a completely alphabetic shorthand. There are three basic categories of written shorthand. Best known are pure "symbol" (stenographic) shorthand systems (e.g., Gregg, Pitman). Because the complexity of symbol shorthands made them time-consuming to learn, a variety of newer, "alphabetic" shorthands were created, with the goal of being easier to learn– e.g., Speedwriting, Stenoscript, Stenospeed, and Forkner shorthand. These systems used normally written letters of the alphabet, but also some number of symbols, alphabetic characters changed in shape or


Question: In darts, what is the highest possible checkout with three darts, finishing with a double?

Darts

possible with three darts is 180, commonly known as a "ton 80" (100 points is called a ton), obtained when all three darts land in the triple 20. In the televised game, the referee frequently announces a score of 180 in exuberant style. A "quad" ring appeared briefly between the triple ring and the bull in the 1990s, leading to a potential "240" maximum (three quad-20s), a "210" maximum checkout (Q20-Q20-Bull) and "seven" dart finishes from a 501 start (five quad-20s, triple-17, bullseye), but was swiftly dropped from professional tournament play after only two years. One make of this board

2007 Grand Slam of Darts

Losper
 Highest Checkout: 145 (Hamilton) Vincent van der Voort 2 – 5 Terry Jenkins
 Highest Checkout: 140 (Jenkins) James Wade 5 – 4 Phill Nixon
 Highest Checkout: 65 (Wade) Niels de Ruiter 1 – 5 Pat Orreal
 Highest Checkout: 98 (de Ruiter) James Wade 5 – 1 Pat Orreal
 Highest Checkout: 100 (Orreal) Phill Nixon 5 – 0 Niels de Ruiter
 Highest Checkout: 116 (Nixon) James Wade 5 – 1 Niels de Ruiter
 Highest Checkout: 158 (Wade) Phill Nixon 4 – 5 Pat Orreal
 Highest Checkout: 64 (Nixon) Jelle Klaasen 5 –

Darts

be hit to begin scoring, known as "doubling in", with all darts thrown before hitting a double not being counted. The PDC's World Grand Prix uses this format. The minimum number of thrown darts required to complete a leg of 501 is nine. The most common nine dart finish consists of two 180 maximums followed by a 141 checkout (T20-T19-D12), but there are many other possible ways of achieving the feat. Three 167s (T20-T19-Bull) is considered a pure or perfect nine-dart finish by some players. There are a number of regional variations on the standard rules and scoring systems. "Round

Nine-dart finish

Nine-dart finish A nine-dart finish is a perfect leg in the sport of darts, using only nine darts, the fewest possible, to check out from 501. It is notoriously difficult to achieve, even by the game's top professionals. It is considered to be the highest single-game achievement in the sport, similar to a maximum 147 break in snooker or a 300-point game in bowling. A single game (known as a leg) of darts requires a player to score 501 points, ending with either the bullseye or a double. Each shot consists of exactly three darts and 60 is the maximum

Michael van Gerwen

of taking out big checkouts to win matches when his opponent is well placed. The most striking examples of his ability to date include setting a televised average world record of 123.40 in the 2016 Premier League in a 7–1 victory over Michael Smith. Having started with four 11-dart legs or better in the first six legs, he missed double 18 three times for an average of over 130 which would have earned a shutout win had he found the double. He was also a double 12 away from hitting back-to-back nine-dart finishes in the 2013 World Championship semi-finals. Five-time

Nine-dart finish

Nine-dart finish

A nine-dart finish, also known as a nine-darter, is a perfect leg or single game in the sport of darts. The object of the game is to score a set number of points, most commonly 501; in order to win, a player must reach the target total exactly and hit a double scoring area with their last dart. When the target is 501, the minimum number of darts needed to reach it is nine. For example, one way to achieve a nine-dart finish is to score 60 (triple 20) on each of the first seven throws, then a 57 (triple 19) on the eighth, and lastly a 24 (double 12) on the ninth. It is regarded as an extremely difficult feat to achieve even for the sport's top players, and is considered the highest single-game achievement in the sport, similar to a maximum 147 break in snooker or a 300-point game in bowling.

The feat was first achieved on television by John Lowe in 1984, and has since been via this medium a total 64 times. Paul Lim was the first to hit a nine-darter in the World Championship, making history during the 1990 BDO World Darts Championship in a second-round victory over Jack McKenna. Phil Taylor has achieved the most on television with 15, his first coming in 2002 and his last in 2015. Taylor is the only player to achieve two nine-darters in the same match, doing so in the final of the 2010 Premier League against James Wade. The following year, Brendan Dolan became the first to accomplish a nine-darter by starting and finishing with a double, as per the format of the World Grand Prix event of that year.

To date, Adrian Lewis is the only player to hit a nine-darter in a World Championship final, doing so during the 2011 PDC World Darts Championship final against Gary Anderson. In 2013, Terry Jenkins and Kyle Anderson were the first players to hit a nine-darter on the same day, doing so on the second day of the 2014 PDC World Darts Championship. Wade and Robert Thornton were the first players to both achieve a perfect leg in the same match, doing so during the 2014 World Grand Prix.

Darts

Darts

Darts or dart-throwing is a competitive sport in which two or more players bare-handedly throw small sharp-pointed missiles known as darts at a round target known as a dartboard.

Points can be scored by hitting specific marked areas of the board, though unlike in sports such as archery, these areas are distributed all across the board and do not follow a principle of points increasing towards the centre of the board. Though a number of similar games using various boards and rules exist, the term "darts" usually now refers to a standardised game involving a specific board design and set of rules.

Darts is both a professional shooting sport and a traditional pub game. Darts is commonly played in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, and recreationally enjoyed around the world.

Glossary of darts

Glossary of darts

This is a glossary of terminology used in the game of darts. Where words in a sentence are also defined elsewhere in this article, they appear in italics.

Michael van Gerwen

Michael van Gerwen

Michael van Gerwen (; born 25 April 1989) is a Dutch professional darts player. He is currently ranked number 3 in the world, having been number 1 from 2014 to 2021. He is also a three-time PDC World Champion, having won the title in 2014, 2017 and 2019. Van Gerwen is regarded as one of the best players of all time.

Van Gerwen began playing darts at the age of 13. He won the 2006 World Masters and threw a televised nine-dart finish at the 2007 Masters of Darts, becoming the youngest player to do both, aged 17. However, after this initial burst onto the darting scene, van Gerwen struggled for consistent form until his breakthrough year in 2012. Improving from world number 38 at the start of 2012 to number four at the beginning of 2013, he won his first major PDC title at the World Grand Prix and reached the final at the 2013 World Championship. In 2014, at the age of 24, van Gerwen became the youngest winner of the PDC World Championship, a record he still holds, as well as being one of only five players to win it more than once. He also holds the record for the highest three-dart average in a televised darts match, with 123.4.

He dominated darts in subsequent years, winning 18 tournaments in 2015 and 25 in 2016. Van Gerwen is the second most successful player in PDC history, behind Phil Taylor. He has won the most PDC Pro Tour events, winning 84 as of July 2022.

2023 PDC World Darts Championship

2023 PDC World Darts Championship

The 2023 PDC World Darts Championship (known for sponsorship reasons as the 2022/23 Cazoo World Darts Championship) is the 30th World Championship organised by the Professional Darts Corporation since it separated from the British Darts Organisation. The event is taking place at the Alexandra Palace in London from 15 December 2022 to 3 January 2023.

Peter Wright was the defending champion, after defeating Michael Smith 7–5 in the 2022 final. Wright was eliminated in the third round following a 4–1 defeat to Belgian Kim Huybrechts.

Steve Beaton made a record-extending 32nd consecutive World Championship appearance, but lost in the first round to Danny van Trijp, while Dutchman Raymond van Barneveld became the second player to make 30 appearances at a World Championship.

2004 PDC World Darts Championship

rallied setting up another three-dart finish as Taylor eyed Double top. Taylor missed at Double top, then he missed at Double Ten and with unbearable tension, hit the Double five to secure his 11th world title. He then announced his retirement, but changed his mind four days later. Highest three-dart checkout: 170 Peter Manley (1st Round), Ronnie Baxter (1st Round) Tournament 180s scored: 312 Most 180s scored, individual: 32 Phil Taylor, 29 Kevin Painter, 27 Wayne Mardle, 19 Lionel Sams This table shows the number of players by country in the World Championship, the total number including round 1&2. 2004

2007 Grand Slam of Darts

Checkout: 56 (Lloyd) Wayne Mardle 5 – 2 Ronnie Baxter
 Highest Checkout: 80 (Baxter) Ronnie Baxter 2 – 5 Phil Taylor
 Highest Checkout: 129 (Baxter) Colin Lloyd 5 – 1 Wayne Mardle
 Highest Checkout: 106 (Lloyd) Mark Webster 1 – 5 Andy Jenkins
 Highest Checkout: 141 (Jenkins) John Part 2 – 5 Gary Mawson
 Highest Checkout: 126 (Part) Mark Webster 4 – 5 John Part
 Highest Checkout: 105 (Webster) Andy Jenkins 3 – 5 Gary Mawson
 Highest Checkout: 110 (Mawson) Andy Jenkins 0 – 5 John Part
 Highest Checkout: 124 (Part) Gary

2007 Grand Slam of Darts

Mawson 1 – 5 Mark Webster
 Highest Checkout: 117 (Webster) Gary Anderson 1 – 5 Kevin Painter
 Highest Checkout: 104 (Anderson) Barrie Bates 5 – 1 Wayne Jones
 Highest Checkout: 123 (Bates) Kevin Painter 5 – 0 Barrie Bates
 Highest Checkout: 40 (Painter) Gary Anderson 5 – 1 Wayne Jones
 Highest Checkout: 51 (Anderson) Kevin Painter 4 – 5 Wayne Jones
 Highest Checkout: 102 (Painter) Barrie Bates 0 – 5 Gary Anderson
 Highest Checkout: 96 (Anderson) Michael van Gerwen 5 – 4 Scott Waites
 Highest Checkout: 94 (Waites) Roland Scholten 5 –

World Series of Darts (2006 tournament)

to go 5–2 in front. One last cheer for the last home man was a double top in the eighth, had Mardle missed on 5's then it is likely that Kuczynski would have levelled with a 31 checkout. – An unintentional double 2, double 17 checkout of 38 (thought to be single two for double eighteen put Hawaii 501 into the quarter-finals. Mardle will now meet Ronnie Baxter after The Rocket showed some brilliant finishing in a 6–4 win over Alan Warriner-Little. Baxter beginning to show some of his best form after a shock first round exit to Ray Carver

2007 Grand Slam of Darts

1 Shaun Greatbatch
 Highest Checkout: 110 (Klaasen) Peter Manley 2 – 5 Kevin McDine
 Highest Checkout: 161 (McDine) Jelle Klaasen 5 – 3 Kevin McDine
 Highest Checkout: 121 (Klaasen) Shaun Greatbatch 5 – 1 Peter Manley
 Highest Checkout: 164 (Greatbatch) Jelle Klaasen 4 – 5 Peter Manley
 Highest Checkout: 94 (Klaasen) Kevin McDine 5 – 1 Shaun Greatbatch
 Highest Checkout: 102 (McDine) Phil Taylor 5 –2 Wayne Mardle
 Highest Checkout: 153 (Taylor) Colin Lloyd 5 – 3 Ronnie Baxter
 Highest Checkout: 134 (Baxter) Phil Taylor 5 – 1 Colin Lloyd
 Highest

2007 Grand Slam of Darts

Chris Mason 4 – 5 Dennis Priestley
 Highest Checkout: 89 (Mason) Chris Mason 0 – 5 Adrian Lewis
 Highest Checkout: 78 (Lewis) Raymond van Barneveld 5 –2 Dennis Priestley
 Highest Checkout: 120 (van Barneveld)
 Vincent van der Voort 3 – 5 Andy Hamilton
 Highest Checkout: 96 (van der Voort) Terry Jenkins 5 – 2 Charles Losper
 Highest Checkout: 121 (Jenkins) Andy Hamilton 5 – 2 Terry Jenkins
 Highest Checkout: 40 (Jenkins) Vincent van der Voort 5 – 1 Charles Losper
 Highest Checkout: 76 (van der Voort) Andy Hamilton 5 – 3 Charles

2007 Grand Slam of Darts

3 Mervyn King
 Highest Checkout: 144 (Scholten) Scott Waites 3 – 5 Mervyn King
 Highest Checkout: 96 (Waites) Michael van Gerwen 1 – 5 Roland Scholten
 Highest Checkout: 136 (Scholten) Roland Scholten 5 – 0 Scott Waites
 Highest Checkout: 101 (Scholten) Mervyn King 5 – 2 Michael van Gerwen
 Highest Checkout: 64 (van Gerwen) The tournament was televised by ITV. The first afternoon session on 17 November, the Sunday afternoon session on 18 November, the semi-finals, and the final were all be broadcast live on ITV1. The rest of the tournament was shown live on

Nine-dart finish

501 total, in the following way: This eliminates the chance of any dart being deflected by an already thrown dart into the wrong scoring area by throwing each dart at a different location on the board. It is only usually seen in exhibition matches, as in tournaments, players are inclined to aim for the triple 20, only switching to the triple 19 for a cover shot. Arguably the most difficult nine dart finish would be 180 (3xT20), 171 (3xT19), and 150 (3xBULL) – owing to the difficulty of getting all three darts in the bullseye: it is the smallest double

World Grand Prix (darts)

knock-out and has remained so ever since. The double-start format also makes landing a perfect nine-dart finish even more difficult, as it limits the number of combinations and guarantees that a player must either start or finish on the bullseye. The first nine-darter in Grand Prix history was completed by Brendan Dolan in the 2011 semi-final. In 2014, James Wade and Robert Thornton both hit perfect legs in the same match, the first time this happened in any televised event. On all three occasions, the leg started with a score of 160 (starting on double 20), followed by 180, followed

Nine-dart finish

and so far only female to be inducted. Ten-time World Champion Trina Gulliver revealed she has twice missed her last dart to record a nine-dart finish. One was a double 18 for $100,000 at an event in Canada and another missed double was for a car at an event in Ireland. Nine-dart finish A nine-dart finish is a perfect leg in the sport of darts, using only nine darts, the fewest possible, to check out from 501. It is notoriously difficult to achieve, even by the game's top professionals. It is considered to be the highest single-game achievement in the

2007 PDC World Darts Championship

at a double in that time, a missed bullseye for a 167 finish. Barneveld hit a 14-dart finish to win the ninth leg of the match his first, but Taylor closed out the set to lead 3-0. Barneveld then started to turn the match around by winning all three legs in the fourth set, closing it out with the tournament's highest three-dart checkout, the maximum 170. He came from 2-1 down to win the fifth set in a decider and was now only one set behind. Taylor took the sixth set, then Barneveld took the seventh to stay just one

Darts

reduce a fixed score, commonly 301 or 501, to zero ("checking out"). The final dart must land in either the bullseye or a double segment in order to win. A game of darts is generally contested between two players, who take turns. Each turn consists of throwing three darts. When two teams play, the starting score is sometimes increased to 701 or even 1001; the rules remain the same. A throw that reduces a player's score below zero, to exactly one, or to zero but not ending with a double is known as "going bust", with the player's score being

2007 Grand Slam of Darts

to complete the 32 man field. All matches race-to-5/best of 9. NB in Brackets: Number = Seeds; BDO = BDO Darts player; RQ = Ranking Qualifier; Q = Qualifier
 NB: P = Played; W = Won; L = Lost; LF = Legs For; LA = Legs Against; +/- = Plus/Minus Record, in relation to legs; Average = 3-dart average; Pts = Points Raymond van Barneveld 5 – 3 Chris Mason
 Highest Checkout: 157 (Mason) Adrian Lewis 5 – 4 Dennis Priestley
 Highest Checkout: 150 (Lewis) Raymond van Barneveld 5 – 3 Adrian Lewis
 Highest Checkout: 121 (Lewis)

Adrian Lewis

16 and quarter-finals of the Grand Slam of Darts to meet Taylor in the semi-finals. What followed was the highest quality darts match ever played as Lewis averaged 110.99 over 25 legs to Taylor's 109.76 in a 16–9 defeat, the highest combined average ever recorded. Lewis was 8–7 up but missed darts at doubles to lose eight successive legs including one where both players had left 160 with Lewis wiring the double top only for Taylor to step in and take it out. The match broke the PDC record for 180's with 32, beating the old record set in the

Nine-dart finish

on the board. A nine dart finish is also attainable in games which require a double to commence scoring (a "double-in", such games are thus termed "double-in double-out" with the existing double-out requirement). In such games, throwing for double 20 first can lead to a maximum score of 160 with the first throw, leaving the thrower commonly requiring 180 then 161 (T20,T17,BULL) in their remaining six darts, though other outcomes are possible. It is worth noting that in these games, only throwing for double 20, double 17, or bullseye to start the leg can result in a nine dart finish.