Question: What year was the final Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, released?

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the seventh and final novel of the "Harry Potter" series. The book was released on 21 July 2007, ending the series that began in 1997 with the publication of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone". It was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing, in the United States by Scholastic, and in Canada by Raincoast Books. The novel chronicles the events directly following "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" (2005) and the final confrontation between

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

December 2007 using the title ("Harry Potter și Talismanele Morții"). "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" was released in hardcover on 21 July 2007 and in paperback in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2008 and the United States on 7 July 2009. In SoHo, New York, there was a release party for the American paperback edition, with many games and activities. An "Adult Edition" with a different cover illustration was released by Bloomsbury on 21 July 2007. To be released simultaneously with the original US hardcover on 21 July with only 100,000 copies was a Scholastic deluxe edition, highlighting

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Madeleine McCann to be made available to book sellers when "Deathly Hallows" was launched on 21 July 2007, and said that she hoped that the posters would be displayed prominently in shops all over the world. After it was told that the novel would be released on 21 July 2007, Warner Bros. shortly thereafter said that the film adaptation of "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" would be released shortly before the novel would be released, on 13 July 2007, making many people proclaim that July 2007, was the month of "Harry Potter". Bloomsbury invested £10 million in

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

the publisher of all "Harry Potter" books in the United Kingdom, on 30 June 1997. It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic—the American publisher of the books—as "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone", after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights—an unprecedented amount for a children's book by a then-unknown author. The second book, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998, and in the US on 2 June 1999. "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" was then published a year later in

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K. Rowling and the seventh and final novel of the main "Harry Potter" series. It was released on 21 July 2007 in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing, in the United States by Scholastic, and in Canada by Raincoast Books. The novel chronicles the events directly following "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" (2005) and the final confrontation between the wizards Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort.

"Deathly Hallows" shattered sales records upon release, surpassing marks set by previous titles of the "Harry Potter" series. It holds the Guinness World Record for most novels sold within 24 hours of release, with 8.3 million sold in the US and 2.65 million in the UK. Reception to the book was generally positive, and the book won the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award, and the American Library Association named it the "Best Book for Young Adults". A film adaptation of the novel was released in two parts: "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" in November 2010 and "Part 2" in July 2011.

Harry Potter

Harry Potter

Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's struggle against Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic and subjugate all wizards and Muggles (non-magical people).

The series was originally published in English by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. All versions around the world are printed by Grafica Veneta in Italy. A series of many genres, including fantasy, drama, coming-of-age fiction, and the British school story (which includes elements of mystery, thriller, adventure, horror, and romance), the world of "Harry Potter" explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references. Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, and madness.

Since the release of the first novel, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, positive reviews, and commercial success worldwide. They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature. , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into more than eighty languages. The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final instalment selling roughly 2.7 million copies in the United Kingdom and 8.3 million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release.

The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part namesake film series by Warner Bros. Pictures. In 2016, the total value of the "Harry Potter" franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making "Harry Potter" one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child" is a play based on a story co-written by Rowling.

The success of the books and films has allowed the "Harry Potter" franchise to expand with numerous derivative works, a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in London that opened in 2012, a digital platform on which J. K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016 with "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them", among many other developments. Themed attractions, collectively known as "The Wizarding World of Harry Potter", have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world.

Harry Potter (film series)

Harry Potter (film series)

Harry Potter is a film series based on the eponymous novels by J. K. Rowling. The series is produced and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (2001) and culminating with "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" (2011). A spin-off prequel series, planned to consist of five films, started with "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" (2016), marking the beginning of the Wizarding World shared media franchise.

The series was mainly produced by David Heyman, and stars Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint, and Emma Watson as the three leading characters: Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger. Four directors worked on the series: Chris Columbus, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell, and David Yates. Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" (2007), while the remaining films' screenplays were written by Steve Kloves. Production took place over ten years, with the main story arc following Harry's quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort.

"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", the seventh and final novel in the series, was adapted into two feature-length parts. "Part 1" was released in November 2010, and "Part 2" was released in July 2011.

"Philosopher's Stone" and "Deathly Hallows – Part 2" are among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time—at 48th- and 15th-highest, respectively—with both grossing over $1 billion. It is the fourth-highest-grossing film series, with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts.

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 is a 2011 fantasy film directed by David Yates from a screenplay by Steve Kloves. The film is the second of two cinematic parts based on the 2007 novel "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" by J. K. Rowling. It is the eighth and final instalment in the "Harry Potter" film series and the sequel to "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" (2010). The story concludes Harry Potter's quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort's Horcruxes in order to stop him once and for all.

The film stars an ensemble cast consisting of Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, and Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry's best friends, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, alongside Helena Bonham Carter, Robbie Coltrane, Ralph Fiennes, Michael Gambon, John Hurt, Jason Isaacs, Kelly MacDonald, Gary Oldman, Alan Rickman, Maggie Smith, and David Thewlis. Principal photography began on 19 February 2009, and was completed on 12 June 2010, with reshoots taking place in December 2010.

"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" was released in 2D, 3D and IMAX formats in the United Kingdom and the United States on 15 July 2011, by Warner Bros. Pictures, and is the only "Harry Potter" film to be released in 3D. The film was a commercial success and one of the best-reviewed films of 2011, earning praise for the acting, Yates's direction, musical score, visual effects, cinematography, action sequences, and satisfying conclusion of the saga. At the box office, "Part 2" claimed the worldwide opening weekend record, earning $483.2 million, as well as setting opening day and opening weekend records in various countries. "Part 2" grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide and became the third-highest-grossing film at the time, as well as the highest-grossing film of 2011. It is currently the highest-grossing film in the "Harry Potter" series, as well as in the Wizarding World franchise, and the highest-grossing film released by Warner Bros. It is also the highest-grossing film ever released by Warner Bros. The film was nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award for Best Art Direction, Best Makeup and Best Visual Effects.

The DVD and Blu-ray were released on 11 November 2011 in the United States<ref name="DVD">United States DVD release and formats:
United Kingdom DVD release and formats:

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 is a 2010 fantasy film directed by David Yates from a screenplay by Steve Kloves.

The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint and Emma Watson, respectively, reprising roles as Harry's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. The story follows Harry Potter, who has been asked by Dumbledore to find and destroy Lord Voldemort's secret to immortality – the Horcruxes. Filming began on and was completed on .

"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats in the United Kingdom and in the United States on 19 November 2010, by Warner Bros. Pictures. The film received positive reviews with critics praising its performances, cinematography, visual effects and musical score.

In the film's worldwide opening weekend, "Part 1" grossed $330 million, the third-highest in the series, and the highest opening of 2010, as well as the eighth-highest of all time. With a worldwide gross of $977 million, "Part 1" became the third-highest-grossing film of 2010, and the third-highest-grossing "Harry Potter" film in terms of worldwide totals. The film was nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award for Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects.

The film was followed by the concluding entry, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" in 2011.

Harry Potter (film series)

was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English-speaking countries, except for the UK and Ireland, which released the movie on 12 July. The sixth, "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts. The final novel, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", was split into two cinematic parts: "Part 1" was released on 19 November 2010, and "Part 2", the conclusion to both the final film and the series, was released on 15

Harry Potter

audience. In December 2005, Rowling stated on her web site, "2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the "Harry Potter" series." Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", with the release date of 21 July 2007. The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel, Edinburgh, where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes. It read: "J. K. Rowling finished writing "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" in this room (552) on 11 January 2007." Rowling

Harry Potter

that the final instalment in the series, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", would be released in two cinematic parts: "Part 1" on 19 November 2010 and "Part 2" on 15 July 2011. Production of both parts started in February 2009, with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010. Rowling had creative control on the film series, observing the filmmaking process of "Philosopher's Stone" and serving as producer on the two-part "Deathly Hallows", alongside David Heyman and David Barron. The "Harry Potter" films have been top-rank box office hits, with all eight releases on the

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

an attempt to keep the book's contents secure until 21 July, the release date. Arthur Levine, US editor of the "Harry Potter" series, denied distributing any copies of "Deathly Hallows" in advance for press review, but two US papers published early reviews anyway. There was speculation that some shops would break the embargo and distribute copies of the book early, as the penalty imposed for previous instalments—that the distributor would not be supplied with any further copies of the series—would no longer be a deterrent. In the week before its release, a number of texts purporting to be genuine leaks

Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

society in which adolescents are precociously adult, and adults are permanently adolescent", "Harry Potter" has "reclaimed the kingdom of childhood, proving that you don’t have to betray to enchant". The decision to release the final volume of the "Harry Potter" series, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", in Israel at 2 AM on a Saturday morning briefly angered many of Israel's rabbis, since it fell during the Jewish Sabbath, a time when business dealings are forbidden. The books' inclusion in public and school libraries has been frequently challenged for their focus on magic, particularly in the United States, where it

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

a new cover illustration by Mary GrandPré. In October 2010, Bloomsbury released a "Celebratory" paperback edition, which featured a foiled and starred cover. Lastly, on 1 November 2010, a "Signature" edition of the novel was released in paperback by Bloomsbury. A two-part film adaptation of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" is directed by David Yates, written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron and J. K. Rowling. Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010, and Part 2 on 15 July 2011. Filming began in February 2009, and ended on 12 June 2010. However, the cast

Harry Potter

was published on 16 July 2005; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release. The seventh and final novel, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", was published on 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US. The series has been translated into 80 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Bulgarian,

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

release. The title of the book refers to three mythical objects featured in the story, collectively known as the "Deathly Hallows"—an unbeatable wand, a stone to bring the dead to life, and a cloak of invisibility. Shortly before releasing the title, J. K. Rowling announced that she had considered three titles for the book. The final title was released to the public on 21 December 2006, via a special Christmas-themed hangman puzzle on Rowling's website, confirmed shortly afterwards by the book's publishers. When asked during a live chat about the other titles she had been considering, Rowling mentioned "Harry Potter

shot back-to-back; principal photography began on and was completed on , with reshoots in December 2010 marking the series' closure of ten years of filming. Part 1 was released in 2D and IMAX on 19 November 2010, and Part 2 was released in 3D, 2D and IMAX on . The idea to divide J. K. Rowling's final book into two parts came from "creative imperative" and was suggested by executive producer Lionel Wigram. David Heyman initially responded negatively, but Wigram asked, "No, David. How are we going to do it?". Having reread the book and discussed it with Steve Kloves

Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the 2010/2011 two-film finale of the "Harry Potter" film series, began in 2009. Both Part 1 and Part 2 were directed by David Yates, written by Steve Kloves, and form the screen adaptation of the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The picture was produced by Rowling, alongside David Heyman and David Barron. It was originally set to be released as one, but Warner Bros. Pictures divided the film into two parts due to its long running time. Both parts were

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

the UK on 8 July 1999, and in the US on 8 September 1999. "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix" is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version. It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003. "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" was published on 16 July 2005, and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide

Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

US on 8 September 1999. "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic. "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", the longest novel in the Harry Potter series, was released 21 June 2003. After the publishing of "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", the seventh and final novel, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", was released 21 July 2007. The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release: 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US. Rowling stated that

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)

the Chamber of Secrets" in 2002 and ending with "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" in 2011, nearly ten years after the first film's release. In late 1981, Albus Dumbledore, Minerva McGonagall, and Rubeus Hagrid, professors of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, deliver a recently orphaned infant named Harry Potter to his only remaining relatives, the Dursleys. Ten years later, Harry has been battling a disjointed life with the Dursleys. After inadvertently causing an accident during a family trip to the zoo, Harry begins receiving unsolicited letters by owls. After the Dursleys escape to an island

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows

the wizards Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort. "Deathly Hallows" shattered sales records upon release, surpassing marks set by previous titles of the "Harry Potter" series. It holds the Guinness World Record for most novels sold within 24 hours of release, with 8.3 million sold in the US alone and 2.65 million in the UK. Generally well received by critics, the book won the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award, and the American Library Association named it a "Best Book for Young Adults". A film adaptation of the novel was released in two parts: "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows –

Harry Potter

31 July 2016. The story is set nineteen years after the ending of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" and follows Harry Potter, now a Ministry of Magic employee, and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter. The play's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015: Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities. In 2001, she released "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" (a purported Hogwarts textbook) and "Quidditch Through the Ages" (a book Harry reads for fun). Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief.


Question: In what year did Torville and Dean (Jane and Christopher) win their first Olympic gold, scoring 12 perfect sixes in their free-dance routine?

one thousand nine hundred and eighty four

one thousand, nine hundred and eighty-four

Torvill and Dean

performed several times during each TV series. Torvill and Dean Torvill and Dean (Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean) are British ice dancers and British, European, Olympic and World champions. At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics the pair won gold and became the highest scoring figure skaters of all time (for a single programme) receiving twelve perfect 6.0s and six 5.9s which included artistic impression scores of 6.0 from every judge, after skating to Maurice Ravel's "Boléro". Their performance was watched by a British television audience of more than 24 million people. The pair turned professional following the 1984 World Championships,

Torvill and Dean

Torvill and Dean Torvill and Dean (Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean) are British ice dancers and British, European, Olympic and World champions. At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics the pair won gold and became the highest scoring figure skaters of all time (for a single programme) receiving twelve perfect 6.0s and six 5.9s which included artistic impression scores of 6.0 from every judge, after skating to Maurice Ravel's "Boléro". Their performance was watched by a British television audience of more than 24 million people. The pair turned professional following the 1984 World Championships, regaining amateur status briefly ten years later

Christopher Dean

become British National Dance Champions but were in medal contention in international competitions as well. It was then that Chris realised he could no longer balance his skating and police careers, and he resigned from the police force. Torvill soon left her job as well. Dean also served as the chief choreographer for the Torvill and Dean team. Torvill and Dean's free program at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, performed to the music of Maurice Ravel's "Boléro", became world-famous. They received nine 6.0 marks for artistic impression, (three more for technical merit for a total of twelve 6.0 marks)

Christopher Dean

the highest possible score and the only time ever that an all-perfect score was achieved. It was one of the most popular achievements in the history of British sport, watched by a British television audience of 24 million people. Since the time limit was four minutes and ten seconds and their music was four minutes 28 seconds, they moved their bodies to the music for 18 seconds before starting to skate. Torvill and Dean turned professional after their 1984 Olympic win. Under then existing Olympic Games rules as professionals they became ineligible to participate in Olympic competition. In 1993 the

Jayne Torvill

awarded all perfect scores for artistic impression. It was one of the most popular achievements in the history of British sport, watched by a British television audience of 24 million people. Since the time limit was four minutes and ten seconds and their music was four minutes 28 seconds, they moved their bodies to the music for 18 seconds before starting to skate. Torvill and Dean turned professional after their 1984 Olympic win and under then existing Olympic Committee rules their professional status made them ineligible to compete in the Olympics again. However, in 1993 the International Skating Union relaxed

Torvill and Dean

Torvill and Dean

Torvill and Dean (Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean) are English ice dancers and former British, European, Olympic, and World champions. At the Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics the pair won gold and became the highest-scoring figure skaters of all time for a single programme, receiving twelve perfect 6.0s and six 5.9s which included artistic impression scores of 6.0 from every judge, after skating to Maurice Ravel's "Boléro". One of the most-watched television events ever in the United Kingdom, their 1984 Olympics performance was watched by a British television audience of more than 24 million people.<ref name="Audience"/>

The pair turned professional following the 1984 World Championships, regaining amateur status briefly ten years later in 1994 to compete in the Olympics once again. The pair retired from competitive skating for good in 1998 when they toured one last time with their own show, "Ice Adventures", before rejoining "Stars on Ice" for one more season. Their final routine was performed to Paul Simon's "Still Crazy After All These Years", a routine they had devised a few years earlier for competition. Although remaining close friends, the pair did not skate together again until they were enticed out of retirement to take part in ITV's "Dancing on Ice". Their career was portrayed in the 2018 biographical film "Torvill & Dean".

Both are from Nottingham, England, where the local National Ice Centre is accessed through a public area known as Bolero Square, in honour of the pair's Olympic achievements. There is also a housing estate in the Wollaton area of the city with a street named 'Torvill Drive' and another named 'Dean Close' which is located just off Torvill Drive, with many of the surrounding roads named after coaches and dances associated with the pair. In a UK poll conducted by Channel 4 in 2002, the British public voted Torvill and Dean's winning performance at the 1984 Winter Olympics as Number 8 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.

Jayne Torvill

Jayne Torvill

Jayne Torvill, OBE (born 7 October 1957) is a British professional ice dancer and former competitor. With Christopher Dean, she won a gold medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics, becoming one of the oldest figure skating Olympic medalists.

Christopher Dean

Christopher Dean

Christopher Colin Dean, OBE (born 27 July 1958) is a British ice dancer who won a gold medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics with his skating partner Jayne Torvill. They also won a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

Lewis Gibson (figure skater)

Lewis Gibson (figure skater)

Lewis Gibson (born 1 May 1994) is a Scottish ice dancer who represents Great Britain. With his skating partner, Lilah Fear, he is a four-time Grand Prix medalist, a two-time Challenger series gold medalist, the 2018 Bavarian Open champion, and a five-time British national champion (2017, 2019–2020, 2022–2023).

Michelle Kwan

Michelle Kwan

Michelle Wingshan Kwan (born July 7, 1980) is a retired competitive figure skater and diplomat serving as United States Ambassador to Belize. In figure skating Kwan is a two-time Olympic medalist (silver in 1998, bronze in 2002), a five-time World champion (1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003) and a nine-time U.S. champion (1996, 1998–2005). She is tied with Maribel Vinson for the all-time National Championship record.

She competed at the senior level for over a decade and is the most decorated figure skater in U.S. history. Known for her consistency and expressive artistry on ice, she is widely considered one of the greatest figure skaters of all time.<ref name=CSM />

For well over a decade, Kwan maintained her status not only as America's most popular figure skater but as one of America's most popular female athletes. From 1997 to 2005, she was the U.S. Figure Skating Association's top-paid skater in appearance fees and prize money, Kwan was also the highest-paid skater on the Champions on Ice tours.<ref name=Goodasgold />

Following her figure skating career, Kwan became active in politics, particularly with the Democratic Party. In January 2022, President Joe Biden nominated Kwan to be U.S. Ambassador to Belize. She was confirmed by the Senate on September 29, 2022, took the oath of office on October 22, and presented her credentials on December 5.

Jayne Torvill

Torvill became the British National Pairs Champion with her then-partner Michael Hutchenson. After parting from Hutchenson, Torvill continued to skate on her own for a while before teaming up with Dean in 1975. On placing 5th in the 1980 Winter Olympics at Lake Placid, New York, Dean gave up his job as a policeman and Torvill gave up hers as an insurance clerk to skate together full-time. Torvill and Dean's free programme at the 1984 Sarajevo Winter Olympics, performed to the music of Maurice Ravel's "Boléro", became world-famous. They received twelve perfect 6.0 marks, one of five occasions they were

Torvill and Dean

Sporting Moments. Around 1975, Jayne Torvill was a British Junior Pairs champion, and Christopher Dean and his partner had won a British Junior Ice Dance competition. Nottingham coach Janet Sawbridge put them together, and shortly afterwards, they started their ice dancing history. They took their first trophy in 1976. They changed coaches to Betty Callaway in 1979. After a 5th-place finish at their first Olympic Games, in Lake Placid in the 1980 Winter Olympics, and 4th place in the Worlds that year, they never took lower than first place in any competition they entered except the 1994 Winter Olympics. Singer-actor

Torvill and Dean

as Brian Boitano and Katarina Witt, following a change in eligibility rules). The couple moved to Hamar, Norway, in 1993 in order to practise at the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre which hosted the figure skating events. Their free dance was designed to re-establish some of the ideas about ice dance which they themselves had been instrumental in dismantling; "Let's Face The Music and Dance" had no swooning lovers, theatrical accessories, or strong ideological message; instead, the emphasis was upon pure, light-hearted dance in the Astaire and Rogers tradition. The routine did have one move, an assisted lift, which pushed the envelope

Christopher Dean

the Tom Collins Tour of World Figure Skating Champions. Christopher Dean Christopher Colin Dean, OBE (born 27 July 1958 in Calverton, Nottinghamshire) is an English ice dancer who won a gold medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics with his skating partner Jayne Torvill. They also won a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics. Dean grew up in Calverton, Nottinghamshire. When he was six, his mother left and another woman took her place. Dean never talked about this with his father or stepmother, both of whom have died. He has regained contact with his mother. From 1974 to 1980, he

Christopher Dean

ambassadors for the 2012 European Figure Skating Championships in Sheffield, England. In February 2014, they visited Sarajevo for the 30th anniversary of the 1984 Olympics, and recreated their Bolero routine in the same arena where they won the gold. In 2018, Dean choreographed the free program of Aljona Savchenko and Bruno Massot, who won the gold medal in Pair skating with a world record at the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang. 28 April 1983 Dean was appointed Honorary Freeman of the City of Nottingham. Dean was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1999. Between 1991 and

Torvill and Dean

presented a long programme to the overture from the musical "Mack and Mabel", which evoked the emotions of a sweet but stormy romance; at the World Championships in 1983, they enacted a visit to the circus with music from "Barnum", a performance which brought them the honour of receiving the world's first perfect score, with help from the stage show's star, Michael Crawford; in 1984, at the Olympics, they stunned the world with "Boléro", and also with their dramatic Paso Doble (Capriccio Espagnol) short routine, in which Torvill was the bullfighter's cape. They had learned to choose and edit music

1984 Winter Olympics medal table

was also awarded with a silver and bronze medals, thus contributing half of his NOC's medal tally. For the third consecutive Winter Olympics, Great Britain's sole medal was a gold at a figure skating event, this time in ice dancing by Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, who received the first-ever set of perfect scores in their free program routine. The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a

Christopher Dean

International Skating Union relaxed the rules for professional skaters, allowing the pair to participate in the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where they won a bronze medal. Torvill and Dean were admitted to the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1989. In January 2006, Torvill and Dean began starring in the ITV show "Dancing on Ice". Each year, the show runs from January to March and then goes to arenas across the United Kingdom. In January 2012, Dean said he was open to working with the National Ice Skating Association to help British competitive skating. Torvill and Dean were

Christopher Dean

Christopher Dean Christopher Colin Dean, OBE (born 27 July 1958 in Calverton, Nottinghamshire) is an English ice dancer who won a gold medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics with his skating partner Jayne Torvill. They also won a bronze medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics. Dean grew up in Calverton, Nottinghamshire. When he was six, his mother left and another woman took her place. Dean never talked about this with his father or stepmother, both of whom have died. He has regained contact with his mother. From 1974 to 1980, he was a police constable with Nottinghamshire Police. Christopher Dean

Torvill and Dean

Sarajevo Olympic success) took place in 2009. In 2014, Torvill and Dean returned to Sarajevo to dance the Bolero one more time, celebrating the 30 year anniversary of their Olympics performance. Invited by the mayor of Sarajevo ahead of the Youth Olympic Games in 2017, the event helped raise funds for a permanent ice rink and reminded the world of their efforts to bring back the Olympics to Sarajevo. 2015 saw Torvill and Dean make their pantomime début at the Manchester Opera House, performing in "Cinderella". After winning the 1981 World Figure Skating Championships (which brought the distinction of MBEs),

Maya Usova

tied for 1st with Torvill & Dean, and Grishuk & Platov were mathematically out of contention for the gold medal entering the free dance. However the free dance of Grishuk & Platov which handily won that phase changed the ordinals, and Usova & Zhulin were pushed to 3rd in the free dance behind Torvill & Dean and dropped to 3rd overall. They were heavily criticized for their new free program which was said by critics to lack speed and be too far a deperature from their usual sensual and elegant style of dancing. At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer,

Gwendal Peizerat

Italians Barbara Fusar-Poli and Maurizio Margaglio. The French won the 2000 European and World Championships. In 2001, Anissina and Peizerat won European and World silver behind the Italians but surged past them in 2002 to reclaim their European title and become the Olympic Champions. At the 2002 Olympics, they led after the compulsory dances and the original dance. Their free dance, "Liberty", mixed music with sections from the famed freedom speech by Martin Luther King Jr.; a 5-4 split of the judges' panel had them in first place in this segment ahead of Irina Lobacheva and Ilia Averbukh, and they

Paul Duchesnay

champion Christopher Dean. After Skate Canada criticized their skating, they decided to leave the Canadian team. In 1985, they began skating for their mother’s homeland, France. The Duchesnays’ 1988 Winter Olympics programs were considered unusual. Their free dance, a jungle-inspired dance set to drums, was not well received by judges and they finished eighth overall. Despite the judges’ reactions, the Duchesnays continued skating in their unusual and innovative style. They placed third and second in the 1989 and 1990 World Championships, respectively. They won their only World title at the 1991 Worlds in Munich, Germany. The Duchesnays were favoured to

Torvill and Dean

Michael Crawford was the fourth member of the team, along with their trainer. He became a mentor to them around 1981, and went on to help them create their 1983 and 1984 Olympic routines, and "taught them how to act". Crawford said of them, "I found them to be delightful young people, the kind you want to help if you can." ("The Times" November 1982). He was present with their trainer at the ringside, when the team won their perfect Olympics score with their "Boléro" routine. "(Source: Torvill and Dean's 1996 autobiography partially cited at)" Although Torvill and Dean had

Alexander Zhulin

negative reviews from fans and judges alike as it was a sharp departure from their previous work, and many critics felt it did not suit their sensual and elegant style. At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, they won the silver medal behind Grishuk/Platov. They tied for 1st place with Grishuk & Platov in the compulsory dances, and went into the free dance tied for overall 1st with Torvill & Dean who won the original dance, setting up an intense 3-way battle for gold. Unlike the Europeans all 3 teams in position to win gold simply by winning the


Question: In what year did Marlene Dietrich become a US citizen?

one thousand, nine hundred and forty-one

Marlene Dietrich

Wilder and several other Germans to help Jews and dissidents escape from Germany. In 1937, her entire salary for "Knight Without Armor" ($450,000) was put into escrow to help the refugees. In 1939, she became an American citizen and renounced her German citizenship. In December 1941, the U.S. entered World War II, and Dietrich became one of the first celebrities to help sell war bonds. She toured the US from January 1942 to September 1943 (appearing before 250,000 troops on the Pacific Coast leg of her tour alone) and was reported to have sold more war bonds than any other

Marlene Dietrich

reads "Tell me where the flowers are" 27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992 Actress and Singer She was one of the few German actresses that attained international significance. Despite tempting offers by the Nazi regime, she emigrated to the USA and became an American citizen. In 2002, the city of Berlin posthumously made her an honorary citizen. "I am, thank God, a Berliner." The U.S. Government awarded Dietrich the Medal of Freedom for her war work. Dietrich has been quoted as saying this was the honor of which she was most proud in her life. They also awarded her

Marlene Dietrich

Olympia in Paris was also broadcast. Marlene Dietrich Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich (, ; 27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German actress and singer who held both German and American citizenship. Throughout her long career, which spanned from the 1910s to the 1980s, she maintained popularity by continually reinventing herself. In 1920s Berlin, Dietrich acted on the stage and in silent films. Her performance as Lola-Lola in "The Blue Angel" (1930) brought her international fame and a contract with Paramount Pictures. Dietrich starred in Hollywood films such as "Morocco" (1930), "Shanghai Express" (1932), and "Desire" (1936). She

Marlene Dietrich

time, she was a prolific letter-writer and phone-caller. Her autobiography "" ("Take Just My Life"), was published in 1979. In 1982, Dietrich agreed to participate in a documentary film about her life, "Marlene" (1984), but refused to be filmed. The film's director, Maximilian Schell, was allowed only to record her voice. He used his interviews with her as the basis for the film, set to a collage of film clips from her career. The final film won several European film prizes and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary in 1984. "Newsweek" named it "a unique film, perhaps the

Marlene Dietrich

Marlene Dietrich Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich (, ; 27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German actress and singer who held both German and American citizenship. Throughout her long career, which spanned from the 1910s to the 1980s, she maintained popularity by continually reinventing herself. In 1920s Berlin, Dietrich acted on the stage and in silent films. Her performance as Lola-Lola in "The Blue Angel" (1930) brought her international fame and a contract with Paramount Pictures. Dietrich starred in Hollywood films such as "Morocco" (1930), "Shanghai Express" (1932), and "Desire" (1936). She successfully traded on her glamorous persona

Marlene Dietrich

Marlene Dietrich

Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich (, ; 27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German and American actress and singer whose career spanned from the 1910s to the 1980s.

In 1920s Berlin, Dietrich performed on the stage and in silent films. Her performance as Lola-Lola in Josef von Sternberg's "The Blue Angel" (1930) brought her international acclaim and a contract with Paramount Pictures. She starred in many Hollywood films, including six iconic roles directed by Sternberg: "Morocco" (1930) (her only Academy Award nomination), "Dishonored" (1931), "Shanghai Express" and "Blonde Venus" (both 1932), "The Scarlet Empress" (1934) and "The Devil Is a Woman" (1935), "Desire" (1936) and "Destry Rides Again" (1939). She successfully traded on her glamorous persona and exotic looks, and became one of the era's highest-paid actresses. Throughout World War II she was a high-profile entertainer in the United States. Although she delivered notable performances in several post-war films, including Billy Wilder's "A Foreign Affair" (1948), Alfred Hitchcock's "Stage Fright" (1950), Billy Wilder's "Witness for the Prosecution" (1957), Orson Welles's "Touch of Evil" (1958) and Stanley Kramer's "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961), she spent most of the 1950s to the 1970s touring the world as a marquee live-show performer.

Dietrich was known for her humanitarian efforts during World War II, housing German and French exiles, providing financial support and even advocating their American citizenship. For her work on improving morale on the front lines during the war, she received several honors from the United States, France, Belgium and Israel. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Dietrich the ninth greatest female screen legend of classic Hollywood cinema.

Anna May Wong

Erich Maria Remarque

Erich Maria Remarque

Erich Maria Remarque (, ; born Erich Paul Remark; 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist. His landmark novel "All Quiet on the Western Front" (1928), based on his experience in the Imperial German Army during World War I, was an international bestseller which created a new literary genre, and was adapted into multiple films. Remarque's anti-war themes led to his condemnation by Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic". He was able to use his literary success to relocate to Switzerland and the United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.

Marlene Dietrich - Wikidata

Cary Grant

Marlene Dietrich

and "exotic" looks, and became one of the highest-paid actresses of the era. Throughout World War II, she was a high-profile entertainer in the United States. Although she still made occasional films after the war, Dietrich spent most of the 1950s to the 1970s touring the world as a marquee live-show performer. Dietrich was noted for her humanitarian efforts during the war, housing German and French exiles, providing financial support and even advocating their US citizenship. For her work on improving morale on the front lines during the war, she received several honors from the United States, France, Belgium, and

Marlene Dietrich

in November 1947, for her "extraordinary record entertaining troops overseas during the war". She said this was her proudest accomplishment. She was also awarded the Légion d'honneur by the French government for her wartime work. From the early 1950s until the mid-1970s, Dietrich worked almost exclusively as a highly paid cabaret artist, performing live in large theatres in major cities worldwide. In 1953, Dietrich was offered a then-substantial $30,000 per week to appear live at the Sahara Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip. The show was short, consisting only of a few songs associated with her. Her daringly sheer "nude

Marlene Dietrich

with the Operation Entertainment Medal. The French Government made her a (later upgraded to ) of the and a Commandeur of the . Her other awards include the Medallion of Honor of the State of Israel, the Fashion Foundation of America award and a (Belgium). Dietrich is referenced in a number of popular 20th century songs, including Rodgers and Hart's "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World" (1935), Peter Sarstedt's "Where Do You Go To, My Lovely?" (1969), Suzanne Vega's "Marlene On The Wall" (1985), and Madonna’s "Vogue" (1990). In 2000 a German biopic film "Marlene" was made, directed by

Erich Maria Remarque

in 1939 they immigrated to the United States where they both became naturalised citizens in 1947. They divorced again on 20 May 1957, this time for good. Ilse Remarque died on 25 June 1975. During the 1930s, Remarque had relationships with Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Dolores del Río and Marlene Dietrich. The affair with Dietrich began in September 1937 when they met on the Lido while in Venice for the film festival and continued until at least 1940, maintained mostly by way of letters, cables and telephone calls. A selection of their letters were published in 2003 in the book

Marlene Dietrich

Crawford, Mae West, Katharine Hepburn, Norma Shearer, Dolores del Río and Fred Astaire among others. While she was in London, officials of the Nazi Party approached Dietrich and offered her lucrative contracts, should she agree to return to Germany as a foremost film star in the Third Reich. She refused their offers and applied for US citizenship in 1937. She returned to Paramount to make "Angel" (1937), another romantic comedy directed by Ernst Lubitsch; the film was poorly received, leading Paramount to buy out the remainder of Dietrich's contract. In 1939, with encouragement from Josef von Sternberg, she accepted producer

Marlene Dietrich

most fascinating and affecting documentary ever made about a great movie star". In 1988, Dietrich recorded spoken introductions to songs for a nostalgia album by Udo Lindenberg. In an interview with the German magazine "" in November 2005, Dietrich's daughter and grandson claim that Dietrich was politically active during these years. She kept in contact with world leaders by telephone, including Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, running up a monthly bill of over US$3,000. In 1989, her appeal to save the Babelsberg studios from closure was broadcast on BBC Radio, and she spoke on television via telephone on the occasion

Marlene Dietrich

Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in 1923, was named in her honor. For some Germans, Dietrich remained a controversial figure for having sided with the Allies during World War II. In 1996, after some debate, it was decided not to name a street after her in Berlin-Schöneberg, her birthplace. However, on 8 November 1997, the central was unveiled in Berlin to honour her. The commemoration reads: "" ("Berlin world star of film and song. Dedication to freedom and democracy, to Berlin and Germany"). Dietrich was made an honorary citizen of Berlin on 16 May 2002. Translated from German, her memorial plaque

Marlene Dietrich

Tony Award in 1968. In November 1972, "I Wish You Love", a version of Dietrich's Broadway show titled "An Evening With Marlene Dietrich", was filmed in London. She was paid $250,000 for her cooperation but was unhappy with the result. The show was broadcast in the UK on the BBC and in the US on CBS in January 1973. Dietrich continued with a grueling performance schedule until September 1975. Up until the mid 1970s, Dietrich had between 30 and 50 scheduled engagements around the world annually. When asked about why she continued to perform by Clive Hirschhorn she said, "Do

Marlene Dietrich filmography

Marlene Dietrich filmography Marlene Dietrich was a German-American actress. In the 1920s, she acted on the Berlin stage and in silent films, making her film debut in 1922. She was propelled to international fame by director Josef von Sternberg, who cast her as Lola-Lola in "The Blue Angel" (1930). The film's commercial success brought her a contract with Paramount Pictures in the United States. Paramount sought to market Dietrich as a German answer to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Swedish sensation, Greta Garbo. Her first American film, "Morocco" (1930), directed by Sternberg, earned Dietrich her only Oscar nomination. She would appear in several other

Marlene Dietrich

screen success, she continued performing in motion pictures, including appearances for such distinguished directors as Alfred Hitchcock, Fritz Lang, Orson Welles, and Billy Wilder in films that included "Golden Earrings" (1947), "A Foreign Affair" (1948), "Stage Fright" (1950), "Rancho Notorious" (1952), "Witness for the Prosecution" (1957), and "Touch of Evil" (1958). Dietrich was known to have strong political convictions and the mind to speak them. In interviews, Dietrich stated that she had been approached by representatives of the Nazi Party to return to Germany but had turned them down flat. In the late 1930s, Dietrich created a fund with Billy

Marlene Dietrich

Israel. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Dietrich the ninth-greatest female star of classic Hollywood cinema. Dietrich was born on at Leberstraße 65 in the neighborhood of Rote Insel in Schöneberg, now a district of Berlin. Her mother, Wilhelmina Elisabeth Josephine ("née" Felsing), was from an affluent Berlin family who owned a jewelry and clock-making firm. Her father, Louis Erich Otto Dietrich, was a police lieutenant. Dietrich had one sibling, Elisabeth, who was one year older. Dietrich's father died in 1907. His best friend, Eduard von Losch, an aristocratic first lieutenant in the Grenadiers, courted Wilhelmina and married her

Marlene Dietrich

of the fall of the Berlin Wall later that year. On 6 May 1992, Dietrich died of renal failure at her flat in Paris at age 90. Her funeral ceremony was conducted at in Paris, a Roman Catholic church on 14 May 1992. Dietrich's funeral service was attended by approximately 1,500 mourners in the church itself—including several ambassadors from Germany, Russia, the US, the UK and other countries—with thousands more outside. Her closed coffin rested beneath the altar draped in the French flag and adorned with a simple bouquet of white wildflowers and roses from the French President, . Three

Marlene Dietrich

in German during her concerts, including, from 1962, a German version of Pete Seeger's anti-war anthem "Where Have All the Flowers Gone", thus breaking the unofficial taboo against the use of German in Israel. She would become the first woman and German to receive the Israeli Medallion of Valor in 1965, "in recognition for her courageous adherence to principle and consistent record of friendship for the Jewish people". "Dietrich in London", a concert album, was recorded during the run of her 1964 engagement at the Queen's Theatre. She performed on Broadway twice (in 1967 and 1968) and won a special

Marlene (1984 film)

Marlene (1984 film) Marlene, also known in Germany as Marlene Dietrich - Porträt eines Mythos, is a 1984 documentary film made by Maximilian Schell about the legendary film star Marlene Dietrich. It was made by Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR) and OKO-Film and released by Futura Film, Munich and Alive Films, (USA). Marlene Dietrich and Maximilian Schell had worked together on "Judgment at Nuremberg" in 1961. Dietrich had become a virtual recluse in her Paris apartment on the Avenue Montaigne. Schell tried to persuade her for years to participate in a documentary about her life. She continuously refused. In 1982, she eventually

Marlene Dietrich discography

recorded July 1954 with Jimmy Carroll and orchestra) and "Wot cher! [Knocked 'Em In the Old Kent Road]" (recorded in 1955 with Wally Stott and orchestra). Recordings first issued on 78 rpm records: Recordings first issued as 7" (45 rpm, except where noted otherwise) singles: Dietrich recorded the following tracks in Washington in 1944 - 1945 for OSS use: These recordings were not meant for commercial issue. "Gib doch den Männern am Stammtisch ihr Gift", "Ich Heirate Nie" and "Du hast 'nen Blick" were issued for the first time in 2001 on "Der Blonde Engel" (EMI 7242 5 27567 2


Question: I what year was the first 'Mechanical Hare' used in greyhound racing?

1919
one thousand, nine hundred and nineteen
one thousand nine hundred and nineteen

Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom

at the time. The oval track and mechanical hare were introduced to Britain, in 1926, by American, Charles Munn, in association with Major Lyne-Dixson, a key figure in coursing. Finding other supporters proved to rather difficult however and with the General Strike of 1926 looming, the two men scoured the country in an attempt to find others who would join them. Eventually they met Brigadier-General Critchley, who in turn introduced them to Sir William Gentle. Between them they raised £22,000 and launched the Greyhound Racing Association. On July 24, 1926, in front of 1,700 spectators, the first greyhound race took

1926 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

not. In 1890 a patent was taken out for a circular greyhound racing track but was never put into practice, due to the patent owner not having financial backing. Five years later a mechanical lure was used in Ireland and again failed. Thirty years later, in 1925, Charles Alexander Munn, an American businessman, who had seen greyhound racing in the United States came over to the United Kingdom and teamed up with Owen P Smith and George Sawyer for the rights to promote the British greyhound racing as an alternative to coursing which was the primary form of greyhound racing

Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom

a live game animal – usually a rabbit or hare. The first official coursing meeting was held in 1776 at Swaffham, Norfolk. The rules of the Swaffham Coursing Society specified that only two greyhounds were to course a single hare and that the hare was to be given a head start of 240 yards. Coursing by proxy with an artificial lure was introduced at Hendon, on September 11, 1876. Six dogs raced over a 400-yard straight course, chasing an artificial hare riding. This was the first attempt of introducing mechanical racing to the UK, however it did not catch on

1947 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

Greyhound Racing Society, the business arm of the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC), donated £70,000 over a five year period to the Veterinary Educational Trust. On 21 February, at Temple Mills Stadium a meeting is held in daylight, without using any electricity. The hare is powered by two men on a tandem, with two relief pedallers on standby. Government officials are present and satisfied that the entire meeting is run without the use of electricity. Eastville Stadium instigated a wide search for a greyhound called Mountford Quiver after she escaped from the track kennels, the bitch returned of her own

1926 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

1926 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year The 1926 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year was the inaugural year of 'track' greyhound racing in the United Kingdom and Ireland. On the 6 March 1876, near the Welsh Harp, Hendon, an early attempt to introduce mechanical track greyhound racing took place. It was on a straight course 400 yards long, with the hare being drawn along the ground at the end of a cord, which was wound around a windlass. The venture did not appeal to the public because although the fastest greyhound would always win, the cleverest (best tracker) did

Greyhound racing

Greyhound racing

Greyhound racing is an organized, competitive sport in which greyhounds are raced around a track. There are two forms of greyhound racing, track racing (normally around an oval track) and coursing; the latter is now banned in most countries. Track racing uses an artificial lure (usually a form of windsock) that travels ahead of the greyhounds on a rail until the greyhounds cross the finish line. As with horse racing, greyhound races often allow the public to bet on the outcome.

In many countries, greyhound racing is purely amateur and solely for enjoyment. In other countries, particularly Australia, Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, greyhound racing is similar to horse racing in that it is part of the gambling industry.

Animal rights and animal welfare groups have been critical of the welfare of greyhounds in the commercial racing industry for many years which has contributed to the reforms of the industries in recent years. A greyhound adoption movement spearheaded by kennel owners has arisen to assist retired racing dogs in finding homes as pets, with an estimated adoption rate of over 95% in the United States.

Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom

Greyhound racing in the United Kingdom

Greyhound racing is a sport in the United Kingdom. The industry uses a parimutuel betting tote system with on-course and off-course betting available. Attendances have declined in recent years, partly due to the decrease in evening fixtures with the majority of fixtures being held in the daytime.

Attendances peaked in 1946 at around 70 million and totalisator turnover reaching £196,431,430. As of September 2022, there are 20 licensed stadiums in the United Kingdom (excluding Northern Ireland) and two independent stadiums (unaffiliated to a governing body).

Greyhound racing in the United States

Greyhound racing in the United States

Greyhound racing in the United States is a sport and gambling activity. The industry is regulated by state or local law and greyhound care is regulated by the National Association of State Racing Commission and the American Greyhound Council (AGC). The AGC is jointly run by the National Greyhound Association.

In recent years many greyhound tracks have closed due to declining betting revenue, encroachment by Native American gaming and commercial casino gambling into states with greyhound racing, the legalization of sports betting, and concerns over the welfare of racing greyhounds, along with general market failure in states greyhound racing attempted to enter into, as what happened in Wisconsin (where one track closed after only three years of operation, and the state's constitutional amendment to allow greyhound racing also opened up Native American gaming in the state). Although most tracks currently simulcast racing from other tracks, as of 2023, only two tracks currently conduct actual live racing onsite, both in West Virginia.

1926 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

Hare coursing

Hare coursing

Hare coursing is the pursuit of hares with greyhounds and other sighthounds, which chase the hare by sight, not by scent.

In some countries, it is a legal, competitive activity in which dogs are tested on their ability to run, overtake and turn a hare, rather than a form of hunting aiming at the capture of game. It has a number of variations in its rules around the world. Coursing can also be a form of hunting or pest control. It is a long-established hunting technique, practiced historically in England, especially with greyhounds or sighthound breeds, or with lurchers which are crossbred sighthounds. The sport grew in popularity in Europe during the 19th century, but has since experienced a decline due in part to the introduction of greyhound racing with betting, and animal welfare legislation.

In recent decades, controversy has developed around hare coursing, with some viewing it as a cruel bloodsport. Hare coursing is illegal in the United Kingdom. In other countries, including the Republic of Ireland, Iberia, and the Western United States, it is a regulated and judged, competitive sport.

Greyhound racing

track with stands in Emeryville, California. The certificates system led the way to parimutuel betting, as quarry and on-course gambling, in the United States during the 1930s. The oval track and mechanical hare were introduced to Britain, in 1926, by another American, Charles Munn, in association with Major Lyne-Dixson, a Canadian, who was a key figure in coursing. Finding other supporters proved rather difficult however and with the General Strike of 1926 looming, the two men scoured the country in an attempt to find others who would join them. Eventually they met Brigadier-General Critchley, who introduced them to Sir William

Greyhound racing

US. Modern greyhound racing has its origins in coursing. The first recorded attempt at racing greyhounds on a straight track was made beside the Welsh Harp reservoir, Hendon, England, in 1876, but this experiment did not develop. The industry emerged in its recognizable modern form, featuring circular or oval tracks, with the invention of the mechanical or artificial hare, in 1912, by an American, Owen Patrick Smith. O.P. Smith had altruistic aims for the industry to stop the killing of the jack rabbits and see "greyhound racing as we see horse racing". In 1919, Smith opened the first professional dog-racing

Victoria Park, Bournemouth

and the chairman was Ronald Prideaux (one of the original Southampton directors). Eight thousand people witnessed the reopening on Monday 1 Aug 1932; the racing behind the new mechanical hare (patented by Bournemouth’s own Mr Mitchell) was a success and the kennel sweepstake over 400 yards was won by Mount Fergus, despite finishing second in his earlier heat on the same night. The racing schedule was set for every Monday, Wednesday and Saturday with no bookmakers allowed on course, all bets were tote only. The stadium closed to greyhound racing on 29 September 1934 for unknown reasons but the council

Edward J. O'Hare

the inventor Owen P. Smith, high commissioner of the International Greyhound Racing Association, who patented a mechanical running rabbit for use in dog racing. As a result of this lucrative work for Smith, O'Hare moved his family in 1930 into a new house — with a swimming pool and a skating rink — in Holly Hills. During summers, the O'Hare family had escaped the St. Louis heat to river camps on the Meramec and Gasconade rivers. E.J. had given Butch a .22-caliber rifle. Plinking at cans and bottles tossed in the river, Butch became an able marksman. It was also

Greyhound Racing Association

artificial lure. After much trial and error, Smith attracted investors and perfected an artificial lure system in 1912. His tracks allowed for six greyhounds to race at a time, and were circular instead of straight. Although it took some time for the concept to be fully developed and put into practice, by the 1920s, his greyhound racing tracks were spread across the USA and attracted thousands of visitors. Modern greyhound racing was developed in England by the GRA. American businessman Charles A. Munn had secured the rights from Smith for artificial-lure racing in England in the early 1920s. With three

Swaffham Raceway

trainers such as Kevin Cobbold, John McGee and Ken Peckham. In 1989 Tom Smith was brought into the track as the new General and Racing Manager and by 1991 he had acquired the lease. Together with his son Gavin they were always looking to improve the mechanical workings of greyhound racing from hare systems to drainage and they produced a new hare that would change the industry. They came up with a hare that was modelled on the older outside 'McKee-Scott' but it had modifications that allowed the hare driver to use a simple turn switch and then an even

1973 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

hare in use (at Oxford) was switched to an Outside Sumner, and a new world and national record for 525 yards was set at Brighton by Easy Investment who recorded 28.17. The end of year annual Duke of Edinburgh Cup was won by Wembley after a final victory of 64 to 56 over Hall Green and White City was used for a film called Steptoe and Son Ride Again. The government legalised tote betting in Northern Ireland, a decision that came 45 years too late for Celtic Park (Belfast) who had started racing in 1927. The Irish Greyhound Derby sponsors

2000 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

Smith would leave a lasting legacy however as they were responsible for producing the 'Swaffham hare'. During a ten year period they had produced a hare system that would replace just about every other hare system; the McGee, outside Sumner, inside Sumner and Bramich would all but disappear. The Supertrack competition inaugurated in 1994 is officially ended by the British Greyhound Racing Board. Harlow lost three trainers in quick succession; Jean Carter moved to Crayford, Wayne Wilson to Catford and Kay Wyatt to Sittingbourne. Wyatt would soon give up training and Maxine Locke would take over the kennels and contract

1988 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

Category One and Two races based on prize money levels. This led to many tracks that had previously never had the opportunity to hold a classic race offering increased prize money in order for their events to match the traditional classics in terms of status. The positive was the fact that prize money increased, the negative was the devaluing of some of the sports most famous races in the following years. Grass finally disappeared from greyhound racing when Hove became the last course to remove the turf as the circuit switched to sand. The first computerised form system called Formbank

1946 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

at Celtic Park in which he won. During the same year Fernane Sweeper was the first greyhound to fly the Atlantic. Wandsworth transported their racing greyhounds from the track kennels to the race track using a Scammell Mechanical Horse that pulled a trailer of 56 greyhounds in individual kennels to the race track. Motts Regret, a brindle whelped in April 1944 by Trev's Dispatch out of Friar Tuck, had been bred and reared in the Cumberland Fells by Mr H.G. Nunn. During the year he won a number of open races and was entered for the English Greyhound Derby at

1970 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

Northern Ireland and Southend held the first ever televised race meeting in colour. Owner/trainer Ernie Gaskin Sr. advertised a litter for sale, after his bitch Come on Dolores whelped to Newdown Heather (Newdown Heather was considered the best sire for many years). Four brothers Bert, Len, John and Arthur White bought four of the litter including a bitch called Dolores Rocket. The black bitch won the Puppy Oaks and Juvenile in 1970, both at Wimbledon and looked set for a big 1971. Dunstable GP Dr Dick Handley died, he was the founder of the Greyhound Breeders Forum. The Scottish Greyhound

1929 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

NGRC after a breach of the rules of racing and the refusal to comply with the NGRC stewards. The Southend-On-Sea syndicate of Shand, Wilson and Bilsland moved their entire operation, greyhounds included by train to take over Stanley in Liverpool. Stanley was sold to the Electric Hare Company by the GRA and prospered. Wimbledon introduced weighing scales at their kennels so that the racing public could be issued with the greyhounds weights before racing. Wimbledon would be at the forefront of experimentation and enterprise. Trainer Harry Leader left the track to return to Ireland and was replaced by Sidney Orton.

1972 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

40 years’ service. Harringay became the home of Greyhound racing on London Weekend Television’s World of Sport for the next decade. Catford was the first London stadium to attempt eight dog racing; the track was substantially altered with steep banking on the bends at significant cost. Public acceptance never came through and the experiment would finish by the end of the year. The NGRC also relaxed the rule that previously did not allow any NGRC owner or trainer to attend an independent track. Although they could now attend, they were still not allowed to run their greyhounds on independent tracks.

1972 UK & Ireland Greyhound Racing Year

back to Ireland for stud duties for six months. Cricket Bunny trained by Joe Booth denied Don't Gambol a third successive Scurry Gold Cup triumph and then won the Laurels at Wimbledon. Ramdeen Stuart trained by Norman Oliver won the St Leger at Wembley and the Steward's Cup held at Wimbledon over 700 yards. The husband and wife team of Nick and Natalie Savva bred litters with a prefix called Westmead, a name that would become synonymous over the next forty years. Their first classic success came with Westmead Lane in the Cesarewitch, an event that was now held over

Stanley Greyhound Stadium

and had no connection with either the British Greyhound Tracks Control Society (BGTCS) or the larger rival National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRCS). Greyhound racing started on Thursday 26 August 1937 when five thousand people witnessed the first ever meeting with the first past the post being a greyhound called Beatrice May who stopped the clock at 18.30secs for 305 yards. It was described as having a small circumference of 367 yards resulting in race distances of 275, 450 and 635 yards of which most were handicap races. The totalisator turnover was significant for an independent track and towards the end


Question: In what year did Captain Matthew Webb become the first to swim the English Channel?

one thousand eight hundred and seventy five

one thousand, eight hundred and seventy-five

Matthew Webb

Matthew Webb Captain Matthew Webb (19 January 1848 – 24 July 1883) was the first recorded person to swim the English Channel for sport without the use of artificial aids. On 25 August 1875, Webb swam from Dover to Calais in less than 22 hours. Webb was born at Dawley, Telford, in Shropshire, one of twelve children of a Coalbrookdale doctor. He acquired his ability to swim in the River Severn at Coalbrookdale. In 1860, at the age of twelve, he joined the training ship HMS Conway for two years, then entered the merchant navy and served a three-year apprenticeship

Agnes Beckwith

Beckwith organised a spectacle by showing Webb swimming miles in the River Thames. Webb completed ‘nearly six miles’, but the poor public interest meant that her father lost money. Her father lost his protege to another. In August 1875 Matthew Webb became the first man recorded to have swum the English Channel. Professor Beckwith and Agnes built on the public interest by swimming five miles down the Thames. On 1 September 1875, at the age of fourteen, she made swimming history by diving off a boat at London Bridge and swimming five miles to Greenwich. The journey took her one-hour

Swimming (sport)

today. Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel (between England and France), in 1875. Using the breaststroke technique, he swam the channel in 21 hours and 45 minutes. His feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next 36 years, until T.W. Burgess made the crossing in 1911. Other European countries also established swimming federations; Germany in 1882, France in 1890 and Hungary in 1896. The first European amateur swimming competitions were in 1889 in Vienna. The world's first women's swimming championship was held in Scotland in 1892. Men's swimming became part of the first

Matthew Webb

an account of the failed attempt by J. B. Johnson to swim the English Channel. He became inspired to try himself, and left his job to begin training, first at Lambeth Baths, then in the cold waters of the Thames, the English Channel and Hollingworth Lake. His early training was backed by Fred Beckwith who was the "Professor" at Lambeth Baths. Beckwith organised a spectacle by showing Webb swimming miles in the River Thames. Webb completed ‘nearly six miles’, but the poor public interest meant that Beckwith lost money. As a result Webb took another manager. On 12 August 1875,

English Channel

latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover, swimming from England to France on 24–25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes. In 1927, at a time when fewer than ten swimmers (including the first woman, Gertrude Ederle in 1926) had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made, the Channel Swimming Association (CSA) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times. The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by

Matthew Webb

Matthew Webb

Captain Matthew Webb (19 January 1848 – 24 July 1883) was an English swimmer and stuntman. He is the first recorded person to swim the English Channel for sport without the use of artificial aids. In 1875, Webb swam from Dover to Calais in less than 22 hours. This made him a celebrity, and he performed many stunts in public. He died trying to swim the Whirlpool Rapids below Niagara Falls, a feat declared impossible.

List of successful English Channel swimmers

This is a list of notable successful swims across the English Channel, a straight-line distance of about .

Marathon swimming

Marathon swimming

Marathon swimming is a class of open water swimming defined by long distances (at least ) and traditional rules based in English Channel swimming. Unlike marathon foot-races which have a specifically defined distance, "marathon swims" vary in distance. However, one commonly used minimum definition is , the distance of the marathon swimming event at the Olympic Games.

As in all open water swimming, tides, surface currents and wind-chop are major determinants of finish-times. For a given course, these factors can vary dramatically from day to day, making any attempt to draw conclusions about athletic ability by comparing finish times from performances undertaken on different days meaningless.

One of the earliest marathon swims was accomplished in 1875 by Captain Matthew Webb, when he became the first person to swim across the English Channel. Similarly, perhaps the most famous marathon swim of all time was accomplished in 1926 by Gertrude Ederle, when she became, at 19 years of age, the first woman to swim across the English Channel. In doing so, she demolished the existing world record for the crossing, by employing the crawl stroke technique.

The Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming includes three of the best-known marathon swims: (1) across the English Channel, (2) between Catalina Island and the mainland in Southern California, USA, and (3) around Manhattan Island in New York City, USA.
The Ocean's seven is a collection of seven channel swims: (1) North Channel between Ireland and Scotland, (2) Cook Strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand, (3) Molokai Channel between Oahu and Molokai Islands in Hawaii, (4) English Channel between England and France, (5) Catalina Channel between Santa Catalina Island and Southern California, (6) Tsugaru Strait between the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido in Japan, and (7) Strait of Gibraltar between Europe and Africa. Irish swimmer Steve Redmond became the first person to complete the Ocean's seven upon completing the Tsugaru Strait on May 15, 2012.

Matthew Mann

Matthew Mann

Matthew "Matt" Mann II (1884–1962) was a British-born American college swimming coach and was coach of the men's swim team in the 1952 Summer Olympics that won four gold medals, two silver medals and one bronze medal.

He learnt to swim at eight in his hometown of Leeds, England, at the public bath house. He could afford to swim there once a week, on 'dirty water days', when it only cost a penny. Otherwise, he swam in the outdoor sluiceways that drained from the wool mills. He became England's boy champion at 9 and a senior champion at 14. In his early 20s, he emigrated penniless to North America, with his International Swimming Hall of Fame biography stating: "Matt emigrated steerage to the USA, was stopped at Ellis Island for insufficient funds, shipped to Toronto in a sealed railroad car with $2.00 left in his pocket. Walking down Yonge Street, he found a room for $1.00 a week, then bought a week's meal tickets in a bean wagon for his other dollar. 'I was on top of the world,' said Matt. 'I had no money but my needs were taken care of and I had a whole week to look for a job.'"

He was head coach at the Detroit Athletic Club's swim team and Yale University and Harvard University before going on to coach 13 National Collegiate Athletic Association champion swimming teams at the University of Michigan and the University of Oklahoma. He was head coach of the U.S. Men's Swimming Team at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was one of the 21 people to be inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame when it was formed in 1965; he was one of only two coaches (with Robert Kiphuth) and two Britons (with English Channel swimmer Captain Matthew Webb) to be inducted.

Coach Mann was the founder and owner of the first ever sport-specific summer camp. He purchased land along a lake in Canada and opened a boys swim camp, Camp Chikopi, in 1920. Many coaching peers and friends would attend the summer camp and a number of Olympic athletes (at least 30 by 1965) from many nations trained and developed there. Coach Mann and his wife, Lea (Block) Mann, operated Camp Chikopi until Matt's death in 1962. In 1961, the Michigan Interscholastic Swim Coaches Association (MISCA) honored Matt Mann by creating an award in his honor. The award is presented annually to a swim coach who demonstrates continued leadership, contributions, and service to Michigan High School Swimming.

Paul Radmilovic

Paul Radmilovic

Paolo Francesco Radmilovic (5 March 1886 – 29 September 1968) was a Welsh water polo player and competitive swimmer. Radmilovic had Croatian and Irish origins. He represented Great Britain at four editions of Summer Olympics. He won four Olympic titles in a 22-year Olympic career. He won four gold medals across three successive Olympic Games, a record which stood for a Great Britain Olympic athlete until broken by Sir Steve Redgrave when he won his fifth gold medal at Sydney in 2000. In 1928, he became the first person to compete for Britain at five Olympic Games, a record that would remain until surpassed by fencer Bill Hoskyns in 1976.

Henry J. Webb

accepted in the fore of 120 applicants. Shortly after taking over the role of Principal at Aspatria, he entered a government sponsored examination in the subjects of Agriculture and Agricultural Chemistry, where he finished in first place ahead of forty prominent entrants. He was cousin to Captain Matthew Webb (1848–1883), the first recorded person to swim the English Channel, who later lost his life attempting to swim through the Whirlpool rapids below Niagara Falls. Henry was a celebrated athlete in his own right. He was the first to cycle the return journey between London and Portsmouth in a single day.

Matthew Webb

he made his first cross-Channel swimming attempt, but strong winds and poor sea conditions forced him to abandon the swim. On 24 August, he began a second swim by diving in from the Admiralty Pier at Dover. Backed by three escort boats and smeared in porpoise oil, he set off into the ebb tide at a steady breaststroke. Despite stings from jellyfish and strong currents off Cap Gris Nez which prevented him from reaching the shore for five hours, finally, after approximately 21 hours and 40 minutes, he landed near Calais—the first successful cross-channel swim. His zig-zag course across the

Matthew Webb

Channel was nearly 40 miles (66 km) long. After his record swim, Captain Webb basked in national and international adulation, and followed a career as a professional swimmer. He wrote a book called "The Art of Swimming" and licensed his name for merchandising such as commemorative pottery. A brand of matches was named after him. He participated in exhibition swimming matches and stunts such as floating in a tank of water for 128 hours. On 27 April 1880, he married Madeline Kate Chaddock, and they had two children, Matthew and Helen. His final stunt was to be a dangerous swim

Fred Beckwith

the number of spectators was few and Beckwith lost money after hiring a steamer for onlookers. As a result Webb changed his allegiance and Beckwith later organised for his daughter, Agnes, to swim further than Webb. Fred Beckwith Frederick Edward Beckwith (16 December 1821 – 29 May 1898) was an English swimmer who won "championship" races in the 1850s, despite only being a "passable" swimmer according to some accounts, and went on to become a popular "professor" and coach of swimming. He backed Matthew Webb to swim the channel and later managed his family members' swimming careers. Beckwith was a

Matthew Webb

with Rathbone Brothers of Liverpool. Whilst serving as second mate on the Cunard Line ship "Russia", travelling from New York to Liverpool, he attempted to rescue a man overboard by diving into the sea in the mid-Atlantic. The man was never found, but Webb's daring won him an award of £100 and the first Stanhope Medal, and made him a hero of the British press. In the summer of 1863, while at home, he rescued his 12-year-old brother Thomas from drowning in the Severn near Ironbridge. In 1873, Webb was serving as captain of the steamship "Emerald" when he read

Matthew Webb

elder brother Thomas unveiled a memorial in Dawley, Telford. On it reads the short inscription: "Nothing great is easy." The memorial was taken away for repair after a lorry collided with it in February 2009. The landmark memorial was returned after full restoration and was hoisted back onto its plinth in High Street in October 2009. Two roads in the town (Captain Webb Drive and Webb Crescent) and the Captain Webb Primary School in Dawley are named after the swimmer. He has a statue in Dover, and a memorial plaque with his portrait was also unveiled in the parish church

Enrique Tirabocchi

had been set by Thomas Webb in 1875 when he made the first successful Channel swim, and was more than nine hours faster than the time set by American Henry Sullivan who had made the England-to-France crossing earlier that week. "The Times" describe Tirabocchi's path as approximating the shape of the letter "N" while the additional tides faced by Sullivan days earlier had forced him in the track of a "W" with an extra stroke. American Charles Toth had made an attempt to cross the Channel at the same time in the opposite direction, but was forced to abandon his

PS Castalia

able to provide the required service. It had been hoped that "Castalia" would be able to achieve . Following his unsuccessful attempt at swimming across the English Channel on 12 August 1875, Matthew Webb returned to the United Kingdom on board "Castalia". Following the successful swim across the Channel on 24 August, he again returned to the United Kingdom on board "Castalia". Reaction from passengers who sailed on board "Castiliâ" was generally favourable. "Castalia" was reported to only roll by about 5° to port and starboard in heavy seas, whereas a conventional ship would roll by 15° or more. In

Bill Burgess

Bill Burgess Thomas William Burgess (15 June 1872 – 2 July 1950) was the second person to successfully complete a swim of the English Channel after Matthew Webb. He performed the feat on 6 September 1911, on his 16th attempt. British by nationality, Burgess spent most of his life in France, and won a bronze medal with the French water polo team at the 1900 Olympics. Burgess was born at 7 Lyndhurst Place, Rotherham, to Alfred Burgess, a blacksmith from Youlgreave, Derbyshire, and Camilla Anna Peat, a cook from Harthill, South Yorkshire. He had a younger sister, Winifred Edith Burgess,

Fred Beckwith

distances for some time even after front crawl became popular. Beckwith used the technique successfully to win the English championship. His daughter Agnes and son Willie were also accomplished swimmers. Beckwith was a showman and he had assumed the title "Champion of the World" in 1851. Beckwith lost the first defence of this claim because he was said to be only an average swimmer. In 1874 Beckwith backed Matthew Webb to be the first person to swim the channel. He trained Webb and organised early publicity by exhibiting Webb as he swam up the River Thames the following year. However

Matthew Webb

at Coalbrookdale. Webb House of the Adams' Grammar School in Newport, Shropshire, is named after Webb. John Betjeman's poem "A Shropshire Lad" (1940) commemorates the death of Captain Webb, portraying his ghost swimming back along the canal to Dawley. It was set to music by Jim Parker and was recorded by folk singer John Kirkpatrick. Captain Webb's picture on boxes of Bryant and May matches is said to have inspired the physical appearance of the Inspector Clouseau character portrayed originally in the "Pink Panther" films by Peter Sellers. Matthew Webb Captain Matthew Webb (19 January 1848 – 24 July 1883)

Henry Sullivan (swimmer)

in 1923 for the longest time to make the crossing successfully. Henry Sullivan (swimmer) Henry Sullivan (born c. 1893) was an American marathon swimmer who is best known for becoming the third person and the first American to swim across the English Channel, beginning his swim on the afternoon of August 5, 1923, from Dover, England and finishing 27 hours and 25 minutes later on the evening of August 6 at Calais, France. The son of a businessman from Lowell, Massachusetts, Sullivan had been swimming since he was eight years old. He first attempted to make the crossing in 1913,

Henry Sullivan (swimmer)

Henry Sullivan (swimmer) Henry Sullivan (born c. 1893) was an American marathon swimmer who is best known for becoming the third person and the first American to swim across the English Channel, beginning his swim on the afternoon of August 5, 1923, from Dover, England and finishing 27 hours and 25 minutes later on the evening of August 6 at Calais, France. The son of a businessman from Lowell, Massachusetts, Sullivan had been swimming since he was eight years old. He first attempted to make the crossing in 1913, two years after Thomas William Burgess became the second person to

Margaret White Wrixon

Channel crossing with Captain Len Hutchison piloting. In those days of no GPS, her coach had come to trust this famous Dover pilot. On 7 August 1960 she swam the Thames Estuary from Southend to Kent in 3hrs.5mins. She was the first woman to have done it, and was aged just 16. She was accompanied on that swim by the Endeavour. On 10 June 1925 Norman Derham had completed a one way swim across the Estuary. On 27 August 1960 White swam Windermere in 7 hours 26 minutes. It was a British Long Distance Swimming Association (BLDSA) race, and age

Marathon swimming

comparing finish times from performances undertaken on different days meaningless. One of the earliest marathon swims was accomplished in 1875 by Captain Matthew Webb, when he became the first person to swim across the English Channel. Similarly, perhaps the most famous marathon swim of all-time was accomplished in 1926 by Gertrude Ederle, when she became, at 19 years of age, the first woman to swim across the English Channel. In doing so, she demolished the existing world record for the crossing, by employing the crawl stroke technique. The Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming includes three of the most well-known