Question: By what name was the American short-story writer William Sydney Porter better known?

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Henry, O.
Heart of the West (O. Henry story)
O'Henry
Sidney Porter
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William S. Porter
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William Sidney Porter
William Sydney Porter
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Sydney Porter
O HENRY
william sydney porter
oliver henry

O. Henry

O. Henry William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 – June 5, 1910), better known by his pen name O. Henry, was an American short story writer. His stories are known for their surprise endings. William Sidney Porter was born on September 11, 1862, in Greensboro, North Carolina. He changed the spelling of his middle name to Sydney in 1898. His parents were Dr. Algernon Sidney Porter (1825–88), a physician, and Mary Jane Virginia Swaim Porter (1833–65). William's parents had married on April 20, 1858. When William was three, his mother died after birthing her third child, and he and his

William T. Porter

involved horse racing, and he was involved in attempts to create the first stud book in the United States, which did not bear fruit. He was also instrumental in the development of American literature, as the "Spirit" published a number of short stories by American tall tale writers, and Porter edited two collections of short stories by American writers. After publishing the "Spirit" through the 1830s, he sold it to another printer but continued as the editor into the 1850s. He left the original "Spirit" in 1855 and in 1856 was hired as editor for another sporting newspaper, "Porter's Spirit

William Henry Porter (writer)

William Henry Porter (writer) William Henry Porter (Sept 19, 1817-May 26, 1861) was an American minister and author. He was born in Rye, New Hampshire, Sept 19, 1817, and was one of the eighteen children of Rev Huntington Porter, formerly pastor of the church in that place. After a preliminary course of study in Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, he entered Yale College in 1837, with his twin brother, Charles Henry Porter, who died after completing his Sophomore year. He graduated in 1841. He studied Theology one year in the Union Theological Seminary in New York City, one year in the

Katherine Anne Porter

remained so until the last decade of her life, when she again embraced the Roman Catholic Church. Between 1920 and 1930, Porter traveled back and forth between Mexico and New York City and began publishing short stories and essays. Her first published story was "Maria Concepcion" in "The Century Magazine". (In his 1960s novel "Providence Island", Calder Willingham had the character Jim fantasize a perfect lover and he called her Maria Concepcion Diaz.) In 1930, she published her first short-story collection, "Flowering Judas and Other Stories". An expanded edition of this collection was published in 1935 and received such critical

Harold Everett Porter

brother) Andrew Everett Porter (1855-1940) was a doctor. Harold Everett Porter Harold Everett Porter (19 September 1887 - 21 June 1936) was an American writer. Under the pen name of Holworthy Hall he published plays, verse, novels and short stories. He took his pseudonym from the dormitory for first-year students where he stayed at Harvard University. Porter was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of Albert de Lance (D.) Porter, who was first a printer in Boston, and then a publisher in New York City as owner of the A. D. Porter Co. His mother, Louella née Root,

O. Henry

O. Henry

William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 – June 5, 1910), better known by his pen name O. Henry, was an American writer known primarily for his short stories, though he also wrote poetry and non-fiction. His works include "The Gift of the Magi", "The Duplicity of Hargraves", and "The Ransom of Red Chief", as well as the novel "Cabbages and Kings". Porter's stories are known for their naturalist observations, witty narration, and surprise endings.

Porter's legacy includes the O. Henry Award, an annual prize awarded to outstanding short stories.

Katherine Anne Porter

The Duplicity of Hargraves

The Duplicity of Hargraves

"The Duplicity of Hargraves" is a short story by the American writer William Sydney Porter, better known by his pen name: O. Henry. The story was featured in "The Junior Munsey", February 1902, and republished in the volume "Sixes and Sevens" (1911).

List of pen names

List of pen names

This is a list of pen names used by notable authors of written work. A pen name or "nom de plume" is a pseudonym adopted by an author. A pen name may be used to make the author' name more distinctive, to disguise the author's gender, to distance the author from their other works, to protect the author from retribution for their writings, to combine more than one author into a single author, or for any of a number of reasons related to the marketing or aesthetic presentation of the work. The author's name may be known only to the publisher, or may come to be common knowledge.

William Sydney Porter - Wikisource, the free online library

Eleanor H. Porter

Eleanor H. Porter Eleanor Emily Hodgman Porter (December 19, 1868 – May 21, 1920) was an American novelist. She was born as Eleanor Emily Hodgman in Littleton, New Hampshire, on December 19, 1868, as the daughter of Llewella French (née Woolson) and Francis Fletcher Hodgman. She was trained as a singer, attending the New England Conservatory for several years. In 1892 she married John Lyman Porter and relocated to Massachusetts, after which she began writing and publishing her short stories and, later, novels. She died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on May 21, 1920, and was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery. Porter

William T. Porter

1858, in his house in New York City. He left unfinished a biography of his friend Wiliam Herbert. The journalist and historian Frank Luther Mott wrote that "Porter undoubtedly did much to give American sports a respectable standing." William T. Porter William Trotter Porter (December 24, 1809 – July 19, 1858) was an American journalist and newspaper editor who founded an early American newspaper devoted to sports. After working at a number of small newspapers, Porter moved to New York City in the 1830s. After employment at a newspaper in the city, he founded the "Spirit of the Times", a

Harold Everett Porter

Harold Everett Porter Harold Everett Porter (19 September 1887 - 21 June 1936) was an American writer. Under the pen name of Holworthy Hall he published plays, verse, novels and short stories. He took his pseudonym from the dormitory for first-year students where he stayed at Harvard University. Porter was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the son of Albert de Lance (D.) Porter, who was first a printer in Boston, and then a publisher in New York City as owner of the A. D. Porter Co. His mother, Louella née Root, was born in Ohio and raised in Massachusetts.

Hal Porter

Hal Porter Harold Edward (Hal) Porter (16 February 1911 – 29 September 1984) was an Australian novelist, playwright, poet and short-story writer. Porter was born in Albert Park, Victoria, grew up in Bairnsdale, Victoria and worked as a journalist, teacher and librarian. A car accident just before the outbreak of war prevented him from serving in World War II. His first stories were published in 1942 and by the 1960s he was writing full-time. His 1963 memoir, "The Watcher on the Cast Iron Balcony", is regarded as an Australian masterpiece. His other works were less successful. The literary critic Laurie

James A. Porter (novelist)

and resident, 1796-1950" by William Coyle; Ernest Wessen; Adlai E Stevenson; James Thurber Cleveland, World Pub. Co., 1962, p. 505. James A. Porter (novelist) James A. Porter (novelist) (1836-Jan. 13, 1897) was born in Bellefontaine, Logan County, Ohio. He served as a bugler and bandmaster in the U.S. Civil War. Later, he was a music teacher in Galion, Urbana, and Greenville. After his retirement from teaching, he wrote a novel called "A Prince of Anahuac; A Histori-Traditional Story", which was published by The Crawford Company, Galion, Ohio, in 1894. The book is available from Google Books and will soon be

William T. Porter

literature, especially the "tall tale" form of humor. Porter encouraged Southwestern authors to write and publish their short stories in the "Spirit", and was involved in getting their works published in book form. He was the editor for two of these collections: "The Big Bear of Arkansas", published in 1846, and "A Quarter Race in Kentucky and Other Sketches", published in 1847. Porter was instrumental in encouraging the career of Johnson Hooper. Another writer who contributed to the "Spirit" was Henry William Herbert, who wrote under the pen name "Frank Forester". The Panic of 1837 hurt the "Spirit's" circulation, but

Thaddeus of Warsaw

on "Half-Forgotten Books". Despite the work's success, Porter was described as "totally destitute or nearly so", was obliged to circulate among her friends as a houseguest, and repeatedly petitioned the government for a literary pension (denied in part because she was unable to gather the support of other important literary figures). This penury arose because the rights to "Thaddeus" and her other stories were after protracted litigation no longer held by Porter but belonged to her various publishers, including Owen Rees, Richard Bentley, and George Virtue. Issuing "improved" and "corrected" versions with prefaces and other errata permitted her to keep

Katherine Anne Porter

Katherine Anne Porter Katherine Anne Porter (May 15, 1890 – September 18, 1980) was an American journalist, essayist, short story writer, novelist, and political activist. Her 1962 novel "Ship of Fools" was the best-selling novel in America that year, but her short stories received much more critical acclaim. She is known for her penetrating insight; her work deals with dark themes such as betrayal, death and the origin of human evil. Katherine Anne Porter was born in Indian Creek, Texas as Callie Russel Porter to Harrison Boone Porter and Mary Alice (Jones) Porter. Her family tree can be traced back

Alan J. Porter

Alan J. Porter Alan J. Porter (born in Sale, Greater Manchester, England in October 1959, now resident in central Texas) is a writer of high adventure fiction, pop culture reference books, and comics. His high adventure short stories and novellas feature classic characters such as Sherlock Holmes and Allan Quatermain, as well as his own new-pulp characters Lotus Ronin, and The Raven. His pop-culture non-fiction work has featured properties such as Batman, Star Trek, The Beatles, and James Bond. He has also written comics for Tokyopop, BOOM Studios, Marvel, Disney, and Kid Domino as well as several custom corporate and

Bern Porter

Bern Porter Bernard Harden "Bern" Porter (born February 14, 1911, Porter Settlement in Houlton, Aroostook County, Maine– died June 7, 2004 in Belfast, Maine) was an American artist, writer, publisher, performer, and physicist. He was a representative of the avant-garde art movements Mail Art and Found Poetry. In 2010 his work was recognized by an exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Bern Porter was born in Maine and studied at Colby College and Brown University. He spent the last decades of his life living in Belfast, Maine. Porter's talent showed itself at Ricker Junior College and

Charlotte Porter

Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Together with Clarke, she published "Clever Tales" (1897), a book of translations of European authors like Villiers de L'Isle Adam, Ludovic Halévy, Vsevolod Garshin, Jakub Arbes, and Strindberg. Along with her work on "Poet Lore", these efforts are credited with helping to shape American literary taste of the day. Porter was also a poet, publishing in magazines such as "The Atlantic Monthly", "The Century Magazine", and "Ainslee's Magazine" and producing a volume of poems entitled "Lips of Music" in 1910. She published some of her poems under the pseudonym 'Robert Iphys Everett', and some of her poems

Andrew J. Porter

Andrew J. Porter Andrew J. Porter is an American short story writer. Porter was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Vassar College, and the Iowa Writers' Workshop. Currently, Porter lives in San Antonio, Texas, where he is an Associate Professor of English at Trinity University and directs the creative writing program. His debut short story collection, "The Theory of Light and Matter", won the 2007 Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction and was republished in 2010 by Vintage Books/Random House. He is also the author of the novel "In Between Days" (Alfred A. Knopf, 2012), which was selected for

Rufus L. Porter

Rufus L. Porter Rufus L. Porter (February 20, 1897 – February 1979) was a well-regarded poet living in the Pikes Peak region near Cascade, Colorado during the 1950s until his death in 1979. Porter was called the "Hard Rock Poet" and wrote 3 books: All three books were about Victor, the "World's Greatest Gold Camp". Porter came to Victor in 1917 to work in the mines. Porter also wrote numerous short poems about the human condition that ordinary people could enjoy. These poems were published in newspapers during the 1950s. One of these poems ends with the following advice: In

James A. Porter (novelist)

James A. Porter (novelist) James A. Porter (novelist) (1836-Jan. 13, 1897) was born in Bellefontaine, Logan County, Ohio. He served as a bugler and bandmaster in the U.S. Civil War. Later, he was a music teacher in Galion, Urbana, and Greenville. After his retirement from teaching, he wrote a novel called "A Prince of Anahuac; A Histori-Traditional Story", which was published by The Crawford Company, Galion, Ohio, in 1894. The book is available from Google Books and will soon be available from Project Gutenberg. Reference: "Ohio authors and their books : biographical data and selective bibliographies for Ohio authors, native

Archibald Marshall

He was later to write short stories for "Punch" between 1926 and 1934, many of which were later republished in his books "Simple People", "Simple Stories" and "Simple Stories from Punch". Archibald Marshall Arthur Hammond Marshall (6 September 1866 – 29 September 1934), better known by his pen name Archibald Marshall, was an English author, publisher and journalist whose novels were particularly popular in the United States. He published over 50 books and was recognized as a realist in his writing style, and was considered by some as a successor to Anthony Trollope. Educated at Cambridge University, he was later


Question: How many wheels are there on a sulky?

Sulky

Sulky A sulky is a lightweight cart having two wheels and a seat for the driver only but usually without a body, generally pulled by horses or dogs, and is used for harness races. The term is also used for a light stroller, an arch mounted on wheels or crawler tracks, used in logging, or other types of vehicle having wheels and usually a seat for the driver, such as a plough, lister or cultivator. A sulky for horses is a lightweight two-wheeled, single-seat cart that is used as a form of rural transport in many parts of the world.

Sulky

steel tube and fitted with independent suspension and disc brakes, weighs a little under 18 kg. The highest speed so far recorded in one of these sulkies being 64.8 kilometers per hour (February 22, 2007, Australia). However, as at August 2005, multiple shaft types are still the most common. For off-road use, dog sulkies with sprung and damped independent suspension systems offer greatly improved comfort and safety over traditional unsprung types. Sulky A sulky is a lightweight cart having two wheels and a seat for the driver only but usually without a body, generally pulled by horses or dogs, and

Harness racing

use a standing start. The sulky (informally known as a "bike") is a light, two-wheeled cart equipped with bicycle wheels. The driver (not a "jockey", as in thoroughbred racing) carries a light whip chiefly used to signal the horse by tapping and to make noise by striking the sulky shaft. There are strict rules as to how and how much the whip may be used; in some jurisdictions (like Norway), whips are forbidden. For exercising or training, the drivers use what is known as a "jog cart," which is a sulky that is heavier and bulkier than a racing unit.

Sulky

mile to July 31, 2005. There are two types of sulkies used in harness racing. When it rains, or the track has excessive moisture, trainers and drivers are required to put plastic mud flaps on the back of the wheels. All race bikes must comply with the relevant procedures and standards in order to be approved. In no way can a race bike have any component that will directly interfere with another horse or driver. Smaller sulkies are also used for dogs, both for racing and as transportation. The dog driving sulkies can be divided into two main types: A

Sulky

break the then world record for his category, at 3.4 seconds under the existing mark. In 1990 the asymmetric sulky was introduced into North America, winning seven of its first nine starts at Freehold, NJ. Today the great majority of sulky manufacturers in North America are producing asymmetric sulkies. An additional sulky type is the "team-to-pole" or "pairs" sulky, a lightweight single seat sulky designed for draft by two horses abreast. These may also be split into two types: Of the two, the dorsal hitch pairs sulky is the most recent, holding all current world pairs speed records over the

Sulky

Sulky

A sulky is a lightweight cart with two wheels and a seat for the driver, generally pulled by horses or dogs. With horses, a sulky is used for harness racing. The term is also used for an arch-mounted cart on wheels or crawler tracks, used in logging, or other types of vehicle having wheels and usually a seat for the driver, such as a plough, lister or cultivator.

Harness racing

Harness racing

Harness racing is a form of horse racing in which the horses race at a specific gait (a trot or a pace). They usually pull a two-wheeled cart called a sulky, or spider, or chariot occupied by a driver. In Europe, and less frequently in Australia and New Zealand, races with jockeys riding directly on saddled trotters ( in French) are also conducted.

Horse-drawn vehicle

Horse-drawn vehicle

A horse-drawn vehicle is a mechanized piece of equipment pulled by one horse or by a team of horses. These vehicles typically had two or four wheels and were used to carry passengers and/or a load. They were once common worldwide, but they have mostly been replaced by automobiles and other forms of self-propelled transport.

Casalini

Casalini

Casalini (founded in 1939 by Giovanni Casalini), is an Italian company that makes mopeds and microcars. Casalini S.R.l. is the oldest microcar producer in the world. The factory is situated in Piacenza.

The current range of Casalini microcars have bodies made of reinforced fibre glass plastic. The engine is a 635cc diesel produced by Mitsubishi, with .

Roths Industries

Roths Industries

Roths Industries, Inc. (1945–1960) was a manufacturer of small garden tractors and other agricultural equipment founded by Herbert C. Roths in Alma, Michigan. The company manufactured Garden King Walking Tractors, BesRo Riding Tractors, and Till Ro Stalk Cutters.

Sulky

further distinction may be made between sulkies with the axles rigidly connected to the vehicle, and those with the axles insulated from the vehicle by springs and dampers. Those with springs and dampers may be further divided into single-axle sprung carts and "independent suspension" sprung and damped carts. Needless to say, those with independent suspension by coil springs and dampers tend to be both more expensive and smoother riding. Driving sulky construction materials run the full gamut from timber, through powder-coated steel tube, aluminum tube, and stainless steel tube. The very latest types (currently undergoing field tests in California) use

Casalini

The first Sulky was produced in large quantities, exceeding 10,000 units. From 1994, when Italy accepted the European directive 92/61, CASALINI S.r.l. began to produce light quadricycles for sale in Italy as well. The first one of these was the Kore 500. The technical and aesthetic evolution of this vehicle was called Sulkydea (1996), Ydea (2000), Sulkydea LV (2004) and Sulky (2008). Over the past few years, the production of two transport- and leisure time vehicles have been added: Kerry and Pickup. In 2010 the M10 was presented, a four-wheel vehicle also available in a sporty "Daytona" version. Two other

Sulky

A special development of this is now used in most forms of harness racing in Argentina, Australia, Canada, the United States and New Zealand, including both trotting and pacing races. They are called "sulkies" because the driver must prefer to be alone Race sulkies come in two categories, An "improved sulky" with pneumatic tires and adjustable height was patented at the United States Patent Office by W.J. Hamill on August 15, 1893. (see Google patents) The asymmetric sulky was patented in Australia in the 1980s and came to prominence in 1987 when a two-year-old gelding named Rowleyalla used one to

Carting

person riding in the sulky. This sport offers both exercise and discipline opportunities for energetic breeds. Many working breeds are happier when given a job or task, and carting / sulky driving can be a rewarding hobby for both dog and owner. The sulky is designed to have little to no weight on the dog's back, given their sensitive spine. A widely used model is the dorsal hitch, which involves only one shaft from the sulky that has negative weight on the dog's harness. The dorsal hitch also allows easier going for the dog, with free range of movement as

Casalini

was mostly made for people without a driving license and had an engine with less than 50 cc (a 49.6 cc Minarelli). There was also a 125 cc version. This car was also exported to France, where it was sold by the local Lambretta distributor as the Willam Sulky. A four-wheeled model with a slightly longer body was also developed, for export only. This was called the Willam Bretta and also had 49 or 125 cc engine options; the larger-engined version has rectangular rather than round headlamps. The Sulky/Bretta have rear-wheel-drive and coil springs, the Bretta with wishbone front suspension.

Sulky

nanotechnology-based stainless steels of prodigious strength-to-weight ratio. The great majority of driving sulkies available have the wheel axles rigidly affixed to the frames. This makes for a rough ride on anything but smooth surfaces such as pavement. But in recent years lightweight, single shaft, independent suspension, driving sulkies have been introduced. These allow safe high speed use in off-road conditions. The most recent designs are of the single shaft type, as proponents believe that this type gives the dog(s) greater freedom, less possibility of injury, and a quicker and easier training regime. A single shaft dog sulky, made of stainless

Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses

Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses" is a song written by Paul Nelson and Gene Nelson, and recorded by American country music artist Kathy Mattea. It was released in March 1988 as the second single from her album "Untasted Honey". The song hit number one on both the US and Canadian Country charts in 1988. The song is about a truck driver named Charlie who is retiring after thirty years to spend more time with his wife. The song mentions Charlie receiving a gold watch, a common retirement gift. The video was directed by

Char D2

of six instead of eight panels; mud-chutes are added below each top roller. There are three bogies per side, each with four road wheels, a coil spring and two shock absorbers. In front, and at the back below the sprocket, there is a tension wheel with its own damper; identical to the road wheels proper they bring the total number of such wheels to fourteen. Another change are the fenders with large stowage bins that give the false impression to be part of the main armour. The production vehicles use far less welded sections than at first intended. To reduce

Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses

to the bus, and the last shot is one also seen in the beginning of the video; various trucks driving on the highway. Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses" is a song written by Paul Nelson and Gene Nelson, and recorded by American country music artist Kathy Mattea. It was released in March 1988 as the second single from her album "Untasted Honey". The song hit number one on both the US and Canadian Country charts in 1988. The song is about a truck driver named Charlie who is retiring after thirty years to

Carting

opposed to confining shafts on either side. This often simplifies initial training to the sulky, as the shafts do not interfere with the dog's movement. Dogs from 15 kg body weight and upwards are able to pull an adult and a sulky comfortably. The general rule is that the total load (sulky and driver) should not exceed three times the weight of the dog doing the pulling. If, for example, the sulky and driver totaled 150 kg, then the weight of the dog pulling would need to be at least 50 kg. Smaller dogs may be used as long as

NSU Sulmobil

wheel, which was propelled by a chain. The transmission was actuated by a right-hand-side slide mechanism. The wheelbase was 2000 mm, the track of the rear axle 1150 mm and the length of the vehicles about 2950 mm. The weight of the chassis was 300 kg, and the top speed 35 km / h. The two-cylinder model (Type III) had a displacement of 795 cm³ (bore × stroke = 75 × 90 mm) and produced 5.5 hp (4.0 kW). Otherwise it was the same as the single-cylinder models. The vehicle was a compromise between the car and the motorcycle, with

Volkswagen LT

first six of the Sülzer vehicles are supposed to have had Dana axles. After that production was changed to use the Italian built Clark-Hurth axles. All 4x4 LTs came as standard with rear and centre locking differentials, with optional front diff-lock also available (until it became standard fitment in 1991). Due to the change of axles, the 4x4 LTs came with different wheels to the standard LTs. All 4x4 LTs have 6 stud tube type split-rims in 6.5J width. The standard tyre fitment on these wheels is 7.00x16 or 7.50x16. In 1985 VW took over the production of the 4x4

Valuk

5 forward and 1 reverse gear. The engine provides a power-to-weight ratio of 20.4 kW per ton. The 6x6 wheels have automatic tyre pressure regulation with a central tyre inflation system. The independent suspension system has telescopic shock absorbers on each wheel. There are coil springs on the first and second axle and torsion bars on the third axle. The drive train and steering linkages are protected within the hull of the vehicle. The turning radius is 8.5 metres and the maximum speed is typically 100 kilometres per hour. The ground clearance is 430 mm. The vehicle can negotiate natural

Birdy (bicycle)

Wheels are 18" but conversions can easily be made to the more readily available 16" size used by Brompton. For a long time there were no decent 18" tyres. Some have even fitted 20-inch wheels to the bike (a 10th anniversary limited edition had 20" wheels as standard ). For folding, the rear suspension tucks under the frame, the front suspension is unclipped and hinges back under the frame, and the seat post is collapsed. Lastly the handlebars hinge downward. The front wheel can be left unfolded if the package is to be wheeled, for example when boarding public transport.

Casalini

connected companies supply Casalini S.r.l. in the production of Sulky, Kerry and Sulky Pickup: Mech-Plant S.r.l. that deal with metallic composition and Target S.r.l. that deal with plastic/ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) material. Sulky (now M10), Kerry, and Pickup have an extremely strong structure, constituted by a frame in steel treated against corrosion and by a composite material body that secures both an active and a passive safety. Visibility is insured by large glass door surfaces; the presence of four disc brakes and optimum suspensions. The speed limitation of 45 km/h further enhances important safety elements. Casalini S.r.l. is present in


Question: What is the common name for the perennial-flowering houseplant, 'Saintpaulia'?

saintpaulia ionantha
violeta africana
african violets
African Violets
African violets
African violet
Saintpaulia
saintpaulia
Violeta africana
African Violet
african violet
AFRICAN VIOLET
Saintpaulia ionantha

Saintpaulia

Saintpaulia Saintpaulias, commonly known as African violets, are a genus of 6–20 species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa. Typically the African violet is a common household indoor plant but can also be an outdoor plant. Several of the species and subspecies are endangered, and many more are threatened, due to their native cloud forest habitats being cleared for agriculture. The conservation status of Saintpaulia ionantha has been classed as near-threatened. Saintpaulias, which grow from 6–15 cm tall, can be anywhere from 6–30 cm wide. The

Saintpaulia

motherhood. For this reason they have been a traditional gift to mothers in many cultures around the world. African violets are also associated with Easter and Valentine's Day. Saintpaulia Saintpaulias, commonly known as African violets, are a genus of 6–20 species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa. Typically the African violet is a common household indoor plant but can also be an outdoor plant. Several of the species and subspecies are endangered, and many more are threatened, due to their native cloud forest habitats being cleared

Saintpaulia

leaves are rounded to oval, 2.5–8.5 cm long with a 2–10 cm petiole, finely hairy, and have a fleshy texture. The flowers are 2–3 cm in diameter, with a five-lobed velvety corolla ("petals"), and grow in clusters of 3–10 or more on slender stalks called peduncles. Wild species can have violet, purple, pale blue, or white flowers. Plants can be classified as one of several sizes based on its above-ground diameter. Although the size per category is not set in stone, these are a general guideline. Saintpaulias are highly sensitive to temperature changes, especially rapid leaf cooling. Spilling cold water

Saintpaulia goetzeana

Saintpaulia goetzeana Saintpaulia goetzeana is a species of "Saintpaulia", commonly known as African violet. The African violet is a small, flowering plant that is used widely in home horticulture. "S. goetzeana" was first collected in 1898 by W. Goetze, and it was later described as a species by Engler in 1900. "Saintpaulia goetzeana" has stems of about 40 cm in length with leaves of 1.6-3.8 cm long and 1.4-3.6 cm wide. The flower is unique to the "goetzeana" species. It has five petals, where the top two are violet and the bottom three are white. "Saintpaulias" are native to eastern

Saintpaulia

recent phylogenetic studies suggesting it has evolved directly from subgenus "Streptocarpella". Saintpaulias are widely cultivated as house plants. Until recently, only a few of these species have been used in breeding programs for the hybrids available in the market; most available as house plants are cultivars derived from "Saintpaulia ionantha" (syn. "S. kewensis"). A wider range of species is now being looked at as sources of genes to introduce into modern cultivars. The African Violet Society of America is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for the genus "Saintpaulia" and its cultivars. African violets have long been associated with mothers and

Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia

Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia

Streptocarpus" sect. "Saintpaulia is a section within "Streptocarpus" subgenus "Streptocarpella" consisting of about ten species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa. The section was previously treated as a separate genus, "Saintpaulia", but molecular phylogenetic studies showed that it was nested within the genus "Streptocarpus".

Species and cultivars are commonly called African violets (although they are not closely related to true violets) or saintpaulias. They are commonly sold as house plants.

Several of the species and subspecies of the section are endangered, and many more are threatened, as their native cloud forest habitats are cleared for agriculture. The conservation status of "Streptocarpus ionanthus" has been classed as near-threatened.

Streptocarpus

Streptocarpus

Streptocarpus ("twisted fruit" from Greek στρεπτός ("streptos") "twisted" and καρπός ("carpos") "fruit") is an Afrotropical genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. The genus is native to Afromontane biotopes from central, eastern and southern Africa, including Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. The flowers are five-petalled, salverform tubes, almost orchid-like in appearance, and hover or arch over the plant, while the pointed, elongate fruit is of a helical form similar to that of the "tusk" of a narwhal. In the wild, species can be found growing on shaded rocky hillsides or cliffs, on the ground, in rock crevices, and almost anywhere the seed can germinate and grow. For the home, there are now many hybrids of various colours and forms available.

Although generally referred to simply as "Streptocarpus" or "Streps", the common name for subgenus "Streptocarpus" is Cape primrose, referring to the nativity of several species to South Africa and their superficial resemblance to the unrelated genus "Primula". The common name for subgenus "Streptocarpella" is nodding violet. "Streptocarpus" sect. "Saintpaulia" ("African violet") is a separate section within "Streptocarpus" subgenus "Streptocarpella".

DNA studies have shown that, despite not having a twisted fruit, African violets evolved from within the Tanzanian "Streptocarpus" subgenus "Streptocarpella".

There are a few Asian species that have recently been removed from the genus, most notably "Streptocarpus orientalis", now reclassified as "Damrongia orientalis." Molecular systematics has shown conclusively that they are not true "Streptocarpus".

Viola (plant)

Viola (plant)

Viola is a genus of flowering plants in the violet family Violaceae. It is the largest genus in the family, containing between 525 and 600 species. Most species are found in the temperate Northern Hemisphere; however, some are also found in widely divergent areas such as Hawaii, Australasia, and the Andes.

Some "Viola" species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their ornamental flowers. In horticulture the term pansy is normally used for those multi-colored, large-flowered cultivars which are raised annually or biennially from seed and used extensively in bedding. The terms viola and violet are normally reserved for small-flowered annuals or perennials, including the wild species.

Crocus sativus

Crocus sativus

Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron crocus or autumn crocus, it is best known for the culinary use of its floral stigmas as the spice saffron. Human cultivation of saffron crocus and the trade and use of saffron have endured for more than 3,500 years and span different cultures, continents, and civilizations.

Solanaceae

Saintpaulia

"Saintpaulia", and original species "S. ionantha", were scientifically described by H. Wendland in 1893. Revisions of the genus by B.L. Burtt expanded the genus to approximately 20 species. Due to recent studies which showed most of the species to be very poorly differentiated, both genetically and morphologically, the number of species has been reduced to six, with the majority of former species reduced to subspecies under "S. ionantha", in a recent floristic treatment. As of 2009, 9 species, 8 subspecies, and 2 varieties have been recognized. Old name vs. current name The genus is most closely related to "Streptocarpus", with

Saintpaulia

from their superficial resemblance to true violets ("Viola", family Violaceae). The genus is named after Baron Walter von Saint Paul-Illaire (1860–1940), the district commissioner of Tanga province who discovered the plant in Tanganyika (now Tanzania) in Africa in 1892 and sent seeds back to his father, an amateur botanist in Germany, and for the father. Two British plant enthusiasts, Sir John Kirk and the Reverend W.E. Taylor, had earlier collected and submitted specimens to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1884 and 1887 respectively, but the quality of specimens was insufficient to permit scientific description at that time. The genus

Usambara Mountains

Wendland cultivated the plants and recognized them as representing a new species in a new genus, "Saintpaulia ionantha", with the English common name African violet. In the generic name. Saintpaulia he recognized von St. Paul-Ilaire; the specific name he assigned means violet (Gr. ion) flower (Gr. anthos). In their native Usambara Mountains cloudforests, the plants are threatened with extinction. After World War I it became part of the British mandate territory of Tanganyika. The British administration continued to reserve and exploit forests. Today, the population of the Usambara Mountains region has one of the highest growth rates (about 4% compared

Navarretia filicaulis

tubular purple flowers are under a centimeter long. Navarretia filicaulis Navarretia filicaulis is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name threadstem pincushionplant. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the foothills of the northern Sierra Nevada and far southern Cascade Range. It grows in chaparral, woodland, and other local habitat. It is a hairy, glandular annual herb producing a crooked, slender, branching stem up to about 18 centimeters tall. The leaves are up to 3 centimeters long and divided into threadlike lobes. The inflorescence is a head filled with

Saintpaulia goetzeana

tropical Africa. There is a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania. This particular subspecies is only found at the higher elevations of 1300–2000 meters. "Saintpaulia goetzeana" is very hard to cultivate due to the narrow conditions it needs to grow, such as mossy rock surfaces in deep shade. These conditions are hard to reproduce, making cultivation difficult. Saintpaulia goetzeana Saintpaulia goetzeana is a species of "Saintpaulia", commonly known as African violet. The African violet is a small, flowering plant that is used widely in home horticulture. "S. goetzeana" was first collected in 1898 by W. Goetze, and

Saintpaulia

on African violet leaves causes discoloration. This is thought to be because rapid leaf cooling causes cell vacuole collapse in the palisade mesophyll cells. African violets are commonly propagated asexually. Plants can be divided into smaller daughter plants or even grown from leaf cuttings. Growing African violets from seed is rare and most commercially available plants are produced from cuttings and tissue culture. The African violet is a day-neutral plant regarding flower development. Saintpaulias are native to eastern tropical Africa. There is a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania. The plants get their common name "African violet"

Saxifraga stolonifera

Under glass it is semi-evergreen. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Saxifraga stolonifera Saxifraga stolonifera is a perennial flowering plant known by several common names, including creeping saxifrage, strawberry saxifrage, creeping rockfoil, as well as the quite ambiguous "Aaron's beard", mother of thousands, roving sailor, wandering Jew, and strawberry begonia or strawberry geranium (it is neither a begonia nor a geranium). The plant is native to China, Japan and Korea. But it is widespread in much of the temperate regions of Eurasia and in North America. In their homeland they thrive in forests, in bushes,

Guzmania

Guzmania Guzmania (tufted airplant) is a genus of over 120 species of flowering plants in the botanical family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Tillandsioideae. They are mainly stemless, evergreen, epiphytic perennials native to Florida, the West Indies, southern Mexico, Central America, and northern and western South America. They are found at altitudes of up to in the Andean rainforests. The genus is named after Spanish pharmacist and naturalist, Anastasio Guzman. Several species of this genus are cultivated as indoor and outdoor garden plants. The best known is "Guzmania lingulata" (scarlet star) which bears orange and red bracts. The plant dies after it has

Navarretia filicaulis

Navarretia filicaulis Navarretia filicaulis is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name threadstem pincushionplant. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the foothills of the northern Sierra Nevada and far southern Cascade Range. It grows in chaparral, woodland, and other local habitat. It is a hairy, glandular annual herb producing a crooked, slender, branching stem up to about 18 centimeters tall. The leaves are up to 3 centimeters long and divided into threadlike lobes. The inflorescence is a head filled with palmate green bracts speckled with resin glands. The

Streptocarpus rexii

pampering in the gardens of Europe and the United States, making them perennially popular. Their resistance to dry conditions makes them ideal subjects for hanging baskets in greenhouses. As in the sister genus of "Saintpaulia", propagation is readily done from leaf cuttings that are best taken in spring and early summer. Any sterile medium may be used provided it is well drained. The tips of the leaves will discolour and break off along abscission lines if stressed by cold or prolonged drought, though overwatering will encourage fungal growth. "Streptocarpus" rhizomes show the presence of sterols, organic acids and phenols. Streptocarpus

Pavonia multiflora

Pavonia multiflora Pavonia multiflora, the Brazilian candles or many flowers, is a species of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. "Pavonia multiflora" can reach a height of . This evergreen shrub has a dark green and glossy foliage. Leaves are lance-shaped, about six inches long. The red or dark pink bracts surround cone-shaped purple upright flowers - about 6 cm across - with protruding dark blue stamens. Flowering period usually extends from late Spring to early Fall, but in the right conditions this plant can bloom all winter long. This plant is normally grown as a houseplant in temperate

Saxifraga stolonifera

Saxifraga stolonifera Saxifraga stolonifera is a perennial flowering plant known by several common names, including creeping saxifrage, strawberry saxifrage, creeping rockfoil, as well as the quite ambiguous "Aaron's beard", mother of thousands, roving sailor, wandering Jew, and strawberry begonia or strawberry geranium (it is neither a begonia nor a geranium). The plant is native to China, Japan and Korea. But it is widespread in much of the temperate regions of Eurasia and in North America. In their homeland they thrive in forests, in bushes, in meadows, even on rocks, at altitudes of 400 to 4500 meters. It is now used

Saxifraga stolonifera

as an ornamental plant worldwide. The plant spreads via threadlike stolon (runners), with plantlets taking root in the vicinity of the mother plant. It is hardy to USDA zone 5. It grows as a perennial herbaceous plant 10 to 20 cm tall, whose inflorescence bears small zygomorphous flowers that bloom during the transition between spring and summer. Like strawberry plants, it produces stolons with seedlings at the tip, allowing it to spread easily. It develops long thread-like extensions with scale-shaped leaves. Its petiole is 15-21 cm long. The basal leaves are green above with silver gray nerves and reddish below.

Navarretia intertexta

coat of dense hairs. The flowers are white to blue and tubular in shape. Navarretia intertexta Navarretia intertexta is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name needleleaf pincushionplant. It is native to western North America, including most of the western United States and extending into the Midwest. It grows in a variety of habitat types, including moist meadows and vernal pools. It is a hairy annual herb growing up to about 28 centimeters long, growing erect or spreading wider than tall. The leaves are divided into many needlelike lobes. The inflorescence is a

Stapelia grandiflora

variable species, with many hybrids. The stems can be either erect or ascending 9-10 (-30) cm long and up to 3 cm in diameter (usually less than 2 cm). The flowers are velvety and smaller in size than those of "Stapelia gigantea", they come in various shapes and colors. Flowers are intermittently produced in the late summer and fall seasons. The name "carrion plant" is due to the odor emitted by the flowers as a technique of attracting flies in areas where other pollinating insects are scarce. Stapelia grandiflora Stapelia grandiflora is a species of flowering plant in the "Stapelia"


Question: What is the former name of Tuvalu?

Tuvalu/Transnational issues
Tourism in Tuvalu
Tuvalu Islands
toovaloo
Nivalakita
Transport in Tuvalu
water supply and sanitation in tuvalu
education in tuvalu
tuvalu
iso 3166 1 tv
Impact of climate change in Tuvalu
Education in Tuvalu
tuvalu transportation
Tuvalu
lagoon islands
Ellis Islands
tepuka savilivili
ellice islands
tuvalu transnational issues
Eight standing together
tuvalo
culture of tuvalu
Transportation in Tuvalu
nivalakita
eight standing together
Tuvalu islands
ELLICE ISLANDS
Tepuka Savilivili
tuvalu islands
Tuvalu/Transportation
ISO 3166-1:TV
Sport in Tuvalu
Ellice Islands
Tuvalo
Ellice Island
Culture of Tuvalu
ellice island
impact of climate change in tuvalu
Water supply and sanitation in Tuvalu
tourism in tuvalu
sport in tuvalu
transportation in tuvalu
ellis islands
Toovaloo
Lagoon Islands
transport in tuvalu

Tuvalu

Tuvalu Tuvalu ( or ), formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island country located in the Pacific Ocean, situated in Oceania, about midway between Hawaii and Australia. It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (belonging to the Solomons), southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji. It comprises three reef islands and six true atolls spread out between the latitude of 5° to 10° south and longitude of 176° to 180°, west of the International Date Line. Tuvalu has a population of 10,640 (2012

History of Tuvalu

of 1856. This claim was renounced under the 1983 treaty of friendship between Tuvalu and the United States. In 1974, the Ellice Islanders voted for separate British dependency status as Tuvalu, separating from the Gilbert Islands which became Kiribati upon independence. Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations. The Tuvalu National Library and Archives holds "vital documentation on the cultural, social and political heritage of Tuvalu", including surviving records from the colonial administration, as well as Tuvalu government archives. Tuvaluans are a Polynesian

Timeline of the history of Tuvalu

skills are recognised to have allowed deliberate journeys on double-hull sailing canoes or outrigger canoes. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan. The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from the Samoan Islands into the Tuvaluan atolls, with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia. Tuvaluan mythology as to their ancestors is recounted in stories that vary from island to island. On Niutao the understanding is that their ancestors came

Flag of Tuvalu

independence. Tuvalu became a fully independent Commonwealth realm in 1978. The name "Tuvalu" means "eight together", referring to the eight islands which were inhabited. In October 1995 one of the stars on the flag was removed to conform with the country's name. By January 1996 the flag was replaced with a new one which was not based on the British flag, but the eight stars were retained. This flag, however, was not liked by the inhabitants, who felt that it was a move towards replacing the popular Tuvaluan monarchy with a republic. The old flag was re-instated in 1997, with

Parliament of Tuvalu

votes ahead of Melton Paka Tauetia. Taape was sworn in as a member of parliament for Vaitupu on Wednesday 16 August 2017. Parliament of Tuvalu The Parliament of Tuvalu, or "Palamene o Tuvalu" is the unicameral national legislature of Tuvalu. The islands of Tuvalu came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when the Ellice Islands were declared a British protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS "Curacao", between 9 and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as a British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific

Tuvalu

History of Tuvalu

Flag of Tuvalu

Flag of Tuvalu

The current flag of Tuvalu was instated when the country became independent in 1978, after the separation from the Gilbert and Ellice Islands in 1976.

Prime Minister of Tuvalu

Prime Minister of Tuvalu

The prime minister of Tuvalu is the head of government of Tuvalu. According to Tuvalu's constitution, the prime minister must always be a member of the parliament, and is elected by parliament in a secret ballot. Because there are no political parties in Tuvalu, any member of parliament can be nominated for the role. Following the parliamentary vote the governor-general of Tuvalu (as head of state) is responsible for swearing in as the prime minister the person who commands the confidence of a majority of members of parliament.

The office of prime minister was established when Tuvalu gained independence in 1978, although the post is sometimes considered to be a continuation of the earlier office of chief minister, which was created in 1975. If the prime minister dies, as has happened on one occasion, the deputy prime minister becomes acting prime minister until a new one is elected by parliament. The prime minister can lose his office by resigning, being defeated in a motion of no confidence by parliament, or losing his seat in a parliamentary election.

Several former prime ministers have been appointed the governor-general of Tuvalu.

Kausea Natano is the incumbent prime minister, since 19 September 2019.

List of islands of Tuvalu

List of islands of Tuvalu

Tuvalu consists of nine separate islands: six atolls and three reef islands. An atoll typically consists of several islets: Tuvalu has a total of 124 islands and islets. Each island is surrounded by a coral reef. Tuvalu's small, widely scattered atolls have poor soil and a total land area of only about making Tuvalu the fourth-smallest country in the world. The sea level at the Funafuti tide gauge has been rising at a rate of 3.9 mm per year, and it has been determined that rising sea levels are causing more wave energy to be transferred across reef surfaces, which has tended to push more sand onto island shorelines, increasing islands’ land area. Over a recent four-decade period, there was a net increase in the land area of the islets of 2.9% (73.5 ha), although the changes were not uniform: About 74% of them increased in size and about 27% decreased in size.

History of Tuvalu

nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan (compare to "*walo" meaning "eight" in Proto-Austronesian). Possible evidence of fire in the Caves of Nanumanga may indicate human occupation thousands of years before that. The pattern of settlement that is believed to have occurred is that the Polynesians spread out from the Samoan Islands into the Tuvaluan atolls, with Tuvalu providing a stepping stone to migration into the Polynesian Outlier communities in Melanesia and Micronesia. An important creation myth of the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the "te Pusi mo te

Tuvalu–United States relations

signing of a Treaty of Friendship in 1979, which was ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1983, under which the United States renounced prior territorial claims to four Tuvaluan islands (Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Niulakita) under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The Tuvaluan government, the US government, and the governments of other Pacific islands, are parties to the South Pacific Tuna Treaty (SPTT), which entered into force in 1988. Tuvalu is also a member of the Nauru

Parliament of Tuvalu

for separate British dependency status. As a consequence Tuvalu separated from the Gilbert Islands which became Kiribati. Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations. The way in which legislation was created changed as Tuvalu evolved from a being a British protectorate to a British colony until it eventually became an independent country: During the time of the British colony of Tuvalu until independence the parliament of Tuvalu was called the "House of the Assembly" or "Fale I Fono". The parliament was first established

Tuvalu

who created the islands of Tuvalu; "te Ali" (the flounder) is believed to be the origin of the flat atolls of Tuvalu and the "te Pusin" (the Eel) is the model for the coconut palms that are important in the lives of Tuvaluans. The stories as to the ancestors of the Tuvaluans vary from island to island. On Niutao, Funafuti and Vaitupu, the founding ancestor is described as being from Samoa, whereas on Nanumea, the founding ancestor is described as being from Tonga. Tuvalu was first sighted by Europeans on 16 January 1568, during the voyage of Álvaro de Mendaña

Tuvalu

Tuvalu are addressed in the theories regarding migration into the Pacific that began about 3000 years ago. During pre-European-contact times there was frequent canoe voyaging between the nearer islands including Samoa and Tonga. Eight of the nine islands of Tuvalu were inhabited; thus the name, Tuvalu, means "eight standing together" in Tuvaluan (compare to "*walo" meaning "eight" in Proto-Austronesian). Possible evidence of fire in the Caves of Nanumanga may indicate human occupation for thousands of years. An important creation myth of the islands of Tuvalu is the story of the "te Pusi mo te Ali" (the Eel and the Flounder)

Geography of Tuvalu

Geography of Tuvalu The Western Pacific nation of Tuvalu, formerly known as the Ellice Islands, is situated and is 26 km northeast of Australia and is approximately halfway between Hawaii and Australia. It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (belonging to the Solomons), southeast of Nauru, south of Kiribati, west of Tokelau, northwest of Samoa and Wallis and Futuna and north of Fiji. Tuvalu consists of three reef islands and six atolls. The reef islands have a different structure to the atolls, and are described as reef platforms as they are smaller tabular reef platforms that do not have

Tuvalu

operations of the Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). Tuvalu is party to a treaty of friendship with the United States, signed soon after independence and ratified by the US Senate in 1983, under which the United States renounced prior territorial claims to four Tuvaluan islands (Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Niulakita) under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. Tuvalu participates in the operations of the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) and the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The Tuvaluan government, the US government, and the governments of

Postage stamps and postal history of Tuvalu Tuvalu is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls. Its population of 10,472 makes it the third-least populous sovereign state in the world. In terms of physical land size, at just Tuvalu is the fourth smallest country in the world. Tuvalu was formerly the Ellice Islands, part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands which split into Kiribati and Tuvalu upon gaining independence from the United Kingdom in 1978

History of Tuvalu

first name, however, that was eventually used for the whole island group. In 1820 the Russian explorer Mikhail Lazarev visited Nukufetau as commander of the "Mirny". Louis Isidore Duperrey, captain of "La Coquille", sailed past Nanumanga in May 1824 during a circumnavigation of the earth (1822–1825). A Dutch expedition (the frigate "Maria Reigersberg") found Nui on the morning of 14 June 1825 and named the main island (Fenua Tapu) as "Nederlandsch Eiland". Whalers began roving the Pacific, although visiting Tuvalu only infrequently because of the difficulties of landing on the atolls. Captain George Barrett of the Nantucket whaler "Independence II"

Tuvalu

Territories (BWPT), and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1976. A referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a consequence of the referendum, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony ceased to exist on 1 January 1976, and the separate British colonies of Kiribati and Tuvalu came into existence. Tuvalu became fully independent within the Commonwealth on 1 October 1978. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations. The origins of the people of

History of Tuvalu

"Aganu" means traditional customs and culture. The "Falekaupule" on each island has existed from time immemorial and continue to act as the local government of each island. Following independence the only newspaper publisher and public broadcasting organisation in Tuvalu was the Broadcasting and Information Office (BIO) of Tuvalu. The Tuvalu Media Corporation (TMC) was a government-owned corporation established in 1999 to take over the radio and print based publications of the BIO. However, in 2008 operating as a corporation was determined not to be commercial viable and the Tuvalu Media Corporation then became the Tuvalu Media Department (TMD) under the

name "News and Views". In 1999 the name was changed to the "Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau Newsletter". The Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau Newsletter is published 3 to 4 times a year and provides information about new stamps issues and articles about Tuvalu. Postage stamps and postal history of Tuvalu Tuvalu is a Polynesian island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and Australia. Its nearest neighbours are Kiribati, Nauru, Samoa and Fiji. It comprises four reef islands and five true atolls. Its population of 10,472 makes it the third-least populous sovereign state in the world. In terms of physical land

History of Tuvalu

History of Tuvalu The first inhabitants of Tuvalu were Polynesians, so that the origins of the people of Tuvalu can be traced to the spread of humans out of Southeast Asia, from Taiwan, via Melanesia and across the Pacific islands of Polynesia. Various names were given to individual islands by the captains and chartmakers on visiting European ships. In 1819 the island of Funafuti, was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands, after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay. The Ellice Islands came under Great Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th

Tuvalu

maritime surveillance and fishery patrol and for search-and-rescue missions. ("HMTSS" stands for "His/Her Majesty's Tuvaluan State Ship" or for "His/Her Majesty's Tuvalu Surveillance Ship".) Crime in Tuvalu is not a significant social problem due to an effective criminal justice system, also due to the influence of the "Falekaupule" (the traditional assembly of elders of each island) and the central role of religious institutions in the Tuvaluan community. Tuvalu consists of six atolls and three reef islands. The smallest, Niulakita, is administered as part of Niutao. Each island has its own high-chief, or ulu-aliki, and several sub-chiefs (alikis). The community council

Tuvalu

is the "Falekaupule" (the traditional assembly of elders) or "te sina o fenua" (literally: "grey-hairs of the land"). In the past, another caste, the priests (tofuga), were also amongst the decision-makers. The ulu-aliki and aliki exercise informal authority at the local level. Ulu-aliki are always chosen based on ancestry. Under the Falekaupule Act (1997), the powers and functions of the "Falekaupule" are now shared with the "pule o kaupule" (elected village presidents; one on each atoll). Local government districts consisting of more than one islet: Local government districts consisting of only one island: Tuvalu has defined for one town council


Question: In which year was the 'Boxing Day Tsunami' in the Indian Ocean?

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December, with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra. It was an undersea megathrust earthquake that registered a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 , reaching a Mercalli intensity up to IX in certain areas. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate. A series of large tsunamis up to high were created by the underwater seismic activity that became known collectively as the Boxing Day tsunamis. Communities along the surrounding coasts of the

citizen. In August 2006, fifteen local aid staff working on post-tsunami rebuilding were found executed in northeast Sri Lanka after heavy fighting, the main umbrella body for aid agencies in the country said. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December, with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra. It was an undersea megathrust earthquake that registered a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 , reaching a Mercalli intensity up to IX in certain areas. The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the

Operation Madad (Indian Navy)

be airlifted. The efforts reached a peak with 92 rescue teams with Gemini boats deployed in a day. The aircraft were also able to undertake air sorties from daybreak to dusk without stopping. On 26 December 2004 starting at 00:58:53 UTC, a massive earthquake measuring between 9.1 and 9.3 on the moment magnitude scale occurred off the West coast of Sumatra. The earthquake resulted in a devastating series of tsunamis along most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean. With waves up to 30 meters high, the tsunami killed over 230,000 people and inundated most coastal communities in the affected areas. The

and Mauritius, and PTWC advised them of the situation. The PTWC issued a third Tsunami Information Bulletin for this event, informing the Pacific that small sea level fluctuations from the Indian Ocean tsunami were being observed in the Pacific, it is assumed caused by energy that was wrapped around the south of Australia. Timeline of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Although National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) scientists at the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii eventually issued warnings of a possible tsunami from the large earthquake off Sumatra, the waves outran notification systems at jet speeds of 500

2004, four days after the tsunami, Terra Research notified the India government that its sensors indicated there was a possibility of 7.9 to 8.1 magnitude tectonic shift in the next 12 hours between[Sumatra and New Zealand. In response, the Indian Minister of Home Affairs announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami were likely along the India southern coast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, even as there was no sign of turbulence in the region. The announcement generated panic in the Indian Ocean region and caused thousands to flee their homes, which resulted in jammed roads. The announcement was a

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (), a major earthquake with a magnitude of 9.1–9.3 struck with an epicentre off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The undersea megathrust earthquake, known by the scientific community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, was caused by a rupture along the fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate, and reached a Mercalli intensity up to IX in some areas.

A massive tsunami with waves up to high, known as the Boxing Day Tsunami after the Boxing Day holiday, devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries in one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. The direct results caused major disruptions to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of surrounded countries, including Aceh (Indonesia), Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu (India) and Khao Lak (Thailand). Banda Aceh reported the largest number of deaths.

The earthquake was the third-largest ever recorded based upon seismographic measurements, the largest in the 21st century and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between eight and ten minutes. It caused the planet to vibrate as much as , and also remotely triggered earthquakes as far away as Alaska. Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Sumatra. The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response, with donations totalling more than US$14 billion.

Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami occurred on Sunday, December 26, 2004. The earthquake itself, with a moment magnitude of around 9.1-9.3, devastated Aceh Province, Indonesia, while the tsunami affected countries all around the Indian Ocean. Nations which were affected are listed below in alphabetical order. For detailed information about each country affected by the earthquake and tsunami, see their individual articles. Countries with a smaller number of casualties, as well as those that lost citizens who were travelling abroad, are listed further on in the article.

10,749 casualties were confirmed on 27 January 2008, most of them in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. There were 5,640 people missing, nearly all of them on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. by 1,458, and the number of missing by 2,927 on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Indonesia's Ministry of Health confirmed 131,028 deaths on June 18, 2005, mainly in the northern province Aceh of the island Sumatra. Some 37,000 people are missing.

Despite its proximity to the incident, Malaysia escaped the kind of damage that struck countries thousands of miles further away (most of its western coast is shielded by Sumatra). The estimated number of deaths is 75 with five others missing.

In the Maldives, an estimated 108 people were killed and 26 reported missing and presumed dead.

Independent media reports 90 people killed in Myanmar due to the tsunami. The official death toll is 61. Witnesses in Myanmar estimate up to 600 deaths.

Villages and coastal communities in Somalia, as far as from the epicenter of the earthquake, were swept away and destroyed by the huge waves. 176 people were confirmed dead, 136 were missing and more than 50,000 were displaced.

Sri Lankan authorities report 31,229 confirmed deaths, and 4,093 people missing. Other authorities are speaking from 38,940 combined dead and missing people. The south and east coasts were worst hit. Nearly 2,000 of the dead were on the "Queen of the Sea" holiday train destroyed by the tsunami. One and a half million people were displaced from their homes, and many orphaned or separated from their families.

The Thai government reports 5,395 confirmed deaths, 8,457 injuries and 2,817 missing on 20 June 2005. Damage was confined to the six southern provinces facing the Andaman Sea. The Thai government was keen to point out that the rest of the country was operating normally, and that even some resorts in the south had re-opened.

Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India

According to official estimates in India, 10,749 people were killed, 5,640 people were missing and thousands of people became homeless when a tsunami triggered by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake near the Indonesian island of Sumatra struck the southern coast on 26 December 2004. The earthquake registered 9.1–9.3 M and was the largest in five decades. It was followed by strong aftershocks on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The death toll of the earthquake was 1,500 people.

Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand

Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka was one of the countries struck by the tsunami resulting from the Indian Ocean earthquake on December 26, 2004. On January 3, 2005, Sri Lankan authorities reported 30,000+ confirmed deaths.

Many of the dead were adults and the elderly. The south and east coasts were worst hit. One and a half million people were displaced from their homes. The death toll continued to rise as the threat of infectious diseases breaking out turned into a reality, with doctors confirming first cases of cholera.

greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 4 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0) and Tōhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.1) in March 2011. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. However, in comparison to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the death toll from these earthquakes was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas, the much greater distances to more populated coasts, and the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) such as Japan. Other very large megathrust earthquakes occurred in 1868 (Peru, Nazca Plate and South American

The agreement explicitly cites the tsunami as a justification. In a poll conducted in 27 countries, 15 percent of respondents named the tsunami the most significant event of the year. Only the Iraq War was named by as many respondents. The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami, and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction, were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami-affected areas, in special video-conferences set up by the Asia Pacific Journalism Centre. The tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. On 30 December

the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. Not every earthquake produces large tsunamis: on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami. The first warning sign of a possible tsunami is the earthquake itself. However, tsunamis can strike thousands of kilometres away where the earthquake is felt only weakly or not at all. Also, in the minutes preceding a tsunami strike, the sea often recedes temporarily from the coast, something which was observed on the eastern side of the rupture zone of the earthquake such as

Timeline of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Although National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) scientists at the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii eventually issued warnings of a possible tsunami from the large earthquake off Sumatra, the waves outran notification systems at jet speeds of 500 mph (804 km/h), catching hundreds of thousands of people unaware. The following is a timeline of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. All times are Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), on Sunday, 26 December 2004. Resulting seismic signals received at the NOAA Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) from stations in Australia triggered an alarm that

the Pacific system. The PTWC attempted to contact the Australia Meteorological Service with no luck but were successful in contacting Australia Emergency Management. They confirmed they were aware of the earthquake. A tsunami hits the coastal villages in Sri Lanka. Internet newswire reports of casualties in Sri Lanka provided PTWC with the first indications of the existence of a destructive tsunami. Armed with the knowledge of a potentially devastating tsunami, PTWC contacted the United States Pacific Command (PACOM) in Hawaii. The PTWC received a call from a Sri Lankan Navy Commander inquiring about the potential for further tsunami waves from

Huu-ay-aht First Nations

into the Indian Ocean area following the Boxing Day earthquake and tsunami." According to Moran, the Boxing Day 2004 and 1700 earthquake and tsunamis were like "ripping open the earth’s zipper." Moran says, "the Huu-ay-aht council was wise to accept the advice of its elders and build its new administration building high above Pachena Bay because it’s only a matter of time before another devastating tsunami arrives." Although residents still live primarily in lower-lying areas, they are evacuated to the administration building when a tsunami warning is issued; this is an interim step toward a longer-term plan which will eventually

maximum runup of 2 m (6.6 ft). The tsunami was detected in the southern parts of east Africa, where rough seas were reported, specifically on the eastern and southern coasts that face the Indian Ocean. A few other African countries also recorded fatalities; one in Kenya, three in Seychelles, ten in Tanzania, and South Africa, where two were killed as a direct result of tsunami—the furthest from the epicentre. Tidal surges also occurred along the Western Australian coast that lasted for several hours, resulting in boats losing their moorings and two people needing to be rescued. According to the U.S.

South Indian Federation of Fishermen Societies

present, over 50,000 fish workers including non-members are availing these services, in their numerous endeavors to assume collective control over their own destinies. The tsunami that was caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake off the Indonesian island of Sumatra struck the Indian coast on 26 December 2004. This unprecedented event killed thousands of people, destroyed their houses and property, and made several thousands stranded across the coast line. The death toll in India is mainly in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh. Naturally, the fisherpeople are the worst hit. Thousands have died, several fishing villages were just wiped away.

km (8.08 miles) southwest of Banda Aceh was flattened and destroyed by the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, where its population dwindled from 7,500 to 400. Tsunami waves were almost 30 m (98.4 ft) high. Eyewitnesses reported 10 to 12 waves, the second and third being the highest. The sea receded ten minutes after the earthquake and the first wave came rapidly landward from the southwest as a turbulent flow with depths ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m (1.64–8.20 ft) high. The second and third waves were 15–30 m (49.2–98.4 ft) high at the coast, described having an appearance like a

a significant fraction of the global seismic moment across century-scale time periods. Of all the moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one-eighth was due to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. This quake, together with the Good Friday earthquake (Alaska, 1964) and the Great Chilean earthquake (1960), account for almost half of the total moment. Since 1900, the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Great Chilean earthquake (Magnitude 9.5) and the 1964 Good Friday earthquake in Prince William Sound (Magnitude 9.2). The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or

Alaska. Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Sumatra. The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response, with donations totaling more than US$14 billion. The event is known by the scientific community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was initially documented as having a moment magnitude of 8.8. In February 2005, scientists revised the estimate of the magnitude to 9.0. Although the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these new numbers, the United States Geological Survey has so far not changed its estimate of 9.1. A 2006 study estimated a magnitude of

2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes

tsunami. Indonesian authorities also issued a statement saying that the likelihood of a tsunami was low. Tsunami warnings were issued in the following countries: Indonesia, Australia, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Iran, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, Mozambique, Mauritius, Comoros, Madagascar, South Africa and the dependencies of Diego Garcia as part of the British Indian Ocean Territories, Crozet Islands, Réunion and Kerguelen Islands. Projected tsunami landfall times in GMT were: 8:38 for Indonesia, 11:38 for Sri Lanka, 14:38 for the Seychelles, 17:38 for Madagascar and 20:38 for South Africa. After

Cremation

setting. The magnitude 9.0–9.3 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake triggered a series of lethal tsunamis on 26 December 2004 that killed almost 300,000 people, making them the deadliest tsunamis in recorded history. The tsunamis killed people over an area ranging from the immediate vicinity of the quake in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Thailand, and the northwestern coast of Malaysia), to thousands of kilometers away in the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives), the Horn of Africa (Somalia), and the African Great Lakes (Kenya and Tanzania). Authorities had difficulties dealing with the large numbers of bodies, and as a result, thousands

World Cricket Tsunami Appeal

as were Malaysia, Thailand, the Maldives and Indonesia among the other associate & affiliate members of the ICC. The centrepiece of world cricket's efforts to support the victims of the tsunami was to have been a two-match one-day series between a World XI and an Asian XI. The first of these games was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Australia on 10 January 2005. The match was telecast in at least 122 countries. The second was to be held in Kolkata, India, originally scheduled for 13 February, but on 28 January 2005 the ICC announced it would instead be played

2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake

of of coastline in Sumatra. Evacuations occurred in the northern Malaysian states of Penang and Kedah, as well as the eastern coast of Sri Lanka, where ten people were killed in the confusion of the evacuation. Many of the southern states of India were put on high alert; all of these areas had seen significant damage from December's tsunami. After the detection of a minor tsunami south of the epicenter, including a 30 cm tsunami on Australia's Cocos Islands, the island states of Mauritius, Madagascar, and the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean issued warnings to their populations. Although tsunami warning


Question: What is the last year that a car can be described as 'Vintage'?

one thousand, nine hundred and thirty
1930
one thousand nine hundred and thirty

Vintage car

system and below 40 there are three for other conditions. Both systems are listed together for ease of comparison: Vintage car A vintage car is, in the most general sense, an old automobile, and in the narrower senses of car enthusiasts and collectors, it is a car from the period of 1919 to 1930. Such enthusiasts have categorization schemes for ages of cars that enforce distinctions between antique cars, vintage cars, classic cars, and so on. The classification criteria vary, but consensus within any country is often maintained by major car clubs, for example the Vintage Sports-Car Club (VSCC) in

Vintage car

Vintage car A vintage car is, in the most general sense, an old automobile, and in the narrower senses of car enthusiasts and collectors, it is a car from the period of 1919 to 1930. Such enthusiasts have categorization schemes for ages of cars that enforce distinctions between antique cars, vintage cars, classic cars, and so on. The classification criteria vary, but consensus within any country is often maintained by major car clubs, for example the Vintage Sports-Car Club (VSCC) in the UK. The vintage era in the automotive world was a time of transition. The car started off in

Antique car

War One cars in the United States. The Vintage era is considered to cover cars made between 1918-1930. Post vintage cars are those made from 1 January 1931 to the start of World War II (September 1939). Antique cars are all cars made up to September 1939 which marked the beginning of World War II. Modern cars were made after 31 December 1959. Some consider such collectibles be a form of investment. Buying a particular antique car is then done primarily in view of profit in a future sale and not of enjoying a drive or taking pleasure in restoration

Antique car

work. The market for antique cars fluctuates wildly over the years. There have been periods, like the 1980s, which have seen strong and continued increase in price, but other periods (e.g. the early 1990s, and 2008–2009) which saw precipitous declines. Antique car An antique car is an automobile that is an antique. Narrower definitions vary based on how old a car must be to qualify. The Antique Automobile Club of America defines an antique car as over 25 years of age. However, the legal definitions for the purpose of antique vehicle registration vary widely. The antique car era includes the

Antique car

for antique cars includes the Veteran Era as well as the Brass era. The vintage era followed World War I from 1920 to 1930. There were over 500 automotive companies in 1910 but by the time of the Great Depression of 1929 only 60 had survived, and twelve years later there were fewer than 20. In the United Kingdom, the Brass era is split into two eras; the Veteran era and the Edwardian era. The veteran era includes cars produced before 1905. The Edwardian era includes cars produced between 1 January 1905 and 31 December 1918. This is considered pre-World

Classic car

Classic car

A classic car is an older car, typically 25 years or older, though definitions vary. The common theme is of an older car of historical interest to be collectible and tend to be restored rather than scrapped. Classic cars are a subset of a broader category of "collector cars" (which includes both restored classic cars vehicles and newer exotic vehicles). A subset of what is considered classic cars are known as antique cars (manufactured before 1980) or vintage cars (manufactured pre-World War II).

Organizations such as the Classic Car Club of America (CCCA) maintain lists of eligible unmodified cars that are called "classic". These are described as "fine" or "distinctive" automobile, either American or foreign built, produced between 1915 and 1948.

Post-World War II "classic cars" are not precisely defined and the term is often applied to any older vehicle.

Vintage car

Car

Car

A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of "cars" say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people (rather than goods).<ref name="OEDmotrcar"/>

Cars were invented in 1886, when German inventor Carl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars became widely available during the 20th century. One of the first cars affordable by the masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the US, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts. In Europe and other parts of the world, demand for automobiles did not increase until after World War II. The car is considered an essential part of the developed economy.

Cars have controls for driving, parking, passenger comfort, and a variety of lights. Over the decades, additional features and controls have been added to vehicles, making them progressively more complex. These include rear-reversing cameras, air conditioning, navigation systems, and in-car entertainment. Most cars in use in the early 2020s are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fuelled by the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric cars, which were invented early in the history of the car, became commercially available in the 2000s and are predicted to cost less to buy than gasoline cars before 2025. The transition from fossil fuels to electric cars features prominently in most climate change mitigation scenarios, such as Project Drawdown's 100 actionable solutions for climate change.

There are costs and benefits to car use. The costs to the individual include acquiring the vehicle, interest payments (if the car is financed), repairs and maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance. The costs to society include maintaining roads, land use, road congestion, air pollution, public health, healthcare, and disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life. Traffic collisions are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide.

Personal benefits include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence, and convenience. There are around one billion cars in use worldwide. Car usage is increasing rapidly, especially in China, India, and other newly industrialized countries.

List of automobiles known for negative reception

This is a list of automobiles known for negative reception. There are no objective quantifiable standards. Cars on this list may have been judged by poor critical reception, poor customer reception, safety defects, and/or poor workmanship. Different sources use a variety of criteria for including negative reception that includes the worst cars for the environment, meeting criteria that includes the worst crash test scores, the lowest projected reliability, and the lowest projected residual values, earning a "not acceptable" rating after thorough testing, determining if a car has performed to expectations using owner satisfaction surveys whether they "would definitely buy the same car again if given the choice," as well as "lemon lists" of unreliable cars with bad service support, and the opinionated writing with humorous tongue-in-cheek descriptions by "self pro-claimed voice of reason."

For inclusion, these automobiles have either been referred to in popular publications as the worst of all time, or have received negative reviews across multiple publications. Some of these cars were popular on the marketplace or were critically praised at their launch, but have earned a negative retroactive reception, while others are not considered to be intrinsically "bad", but have acquired infamy for safety or emissions defects that damaged the car's reputation. Conversely, some vehicles which were poorly received at the time ended up being reevaluated by collectors and became cult classics.

Decrepit car

Decrepit car

A decrepit car is a car that is often old and damaged and is in a barely functional state. There are many slang terms used to describe such cars, the more popular including junk car, beater, clunker, hooptie, jalopy, shitbox, junker, and banger.

Age, neglect, and damage tend to increase the expense of maintaining a vehicle. The vehicle may reach a point where this expense would be considered to outweigh the value of keeping it. Such vehicles are generally stripped for parts or abandoned. However, abandoning a vehicle on the road as a parked car is illegal in many jurisdictions and if a vehicle remains parked, the local authority commonly tows it to the scrapyard. Some owners choose to keep the vehicle. These old, neglected, and oftentimes barely functional cars have been used not only for transport, but also as racing vehicles. Their use has earned them a place in popular culture.

Antique car

Antique car An antique car is an automobile that is an antique. Narrower definitions vary based on how old a car must be to qualify. The Antique Automobile Club of America defines an antique car as over 25 years of age. However, the legal definitions for the purpose of antique vehicle registration vary widely. The antique car era includes the Veteran era, the Brass era, and the Vintage era, which range from the beginning of the automobile up to the 1930s. Later cars are often described as classic cars. In original or originally restored condition antiques are very valuable and

Classic car

"classic cars" are not precisely defined and the term is often applied to any older vehicle. Cars 100 years and older typically fall into the antique class and this includes the "Brass Era car" that are defined by the Horseless Carriage Club of America (HCCA) as "any pioneer gas, steam and electric motor vehicle built or manufactured prior to January 1, 1916." The "classic" term is often applied loosely by owners to any car. Legally, most states have time-based rules for the definition of "historic" or "classic" for purposes such as antique vehicle registration. For example, Maryland defines historic vehicles

Classic car

for prestige model with high running costs that impacts its value, but is not yet old enough to be regarded as a classic, could be a good buy, for example. There was a worldwide change in styling trends in the immediate years after the end of World War II. The 1946 Crosley and Kaiser-Frazer, for example, changed the traditional discrete replaceable-fender treatment. From this point on, automobiles of all kinds became envelope bodies in basic plan. The CCCA term, "antique car" has been confined to "the functionally traditional designs of the earlier period" (mostly pre-war). They tended to have removable

Classic car

Classic car A classic car is an older automobile; the exact definition varies around the world. The common theme is of an older car with enough historical interest to be collectable and worth preserving or restoring rather than scrapping. Cars 20 years and older typically fall into the classic class. Organizations such as the Classic Car Club of America (CCCA) and the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) maintain a list of eligible unmodified cars that are called "classic". These are described as "fine" or "distinctive" automobile, either American or foreign built, produced between 1915 and 1998. Post–World War II

Vintage car

1919 as still something of a rarity, and ended up, in 1930, well on the way towards ubiquity. In fact, automobile production at the end of this period was not matched again until the 1950s. In the intervening years, most industrialized countries built nationwide road systems with the result that, towards the end of the period, the ability to negotiate unpaved roads was no longer a prime consideration of automotive design. Cars became much more practical, convenient and comfortable during this period. Car heating was introduced (progressing from hot bricks via double-skinned exhaust manifolds to the heater radiator matrix), as

Classic car

systems, and safety glass. Despite these concerns, classic cars are involved in significantly fewer accidents. Classic car A classic car is an older automobile; the exact definition varies around the world. The common theme is of an older car with enough historical interest to be collectable and worth preserving or restoring rather than scrapping. Cars 20 years and older typically fall into the classic class. Organizations such as the Classic Car Club of America (CCCA) and the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) maintain a list of eligible unmodified cars that are called "classic". These are described as "fine" or

Vintage car

Cars that were made in small numbers or often have a higher value but can be more difficult to maintain. Certain year and model cars became popular to turn into hot rods thus destroying their original condition. Other models were produced in such quantities that the price is still not inflated. Market trend is an important part in the price of a vintage car. An "almost" original and in perfect shape model A that was abundantly produced can be purchased for $20,000.00. A collector as an investor would have to know the potential market and have a belief that the

Classic car

as 20 calendar years old or older and they "must not have been substantially altered, remodeled or remanufactured from the manufacturers original design" while West Virginia defines motor vehicles manufactured at least 25 years prior to the current year as eligible for "classic" car license plates. Despite this, at many American classic car shows, automobiles typically range from the 1920s to the 1970s. Recently, many 1980s and even early 1990s cars are considered being "classic automobiles". Examples of cars at such shows include the Chevrolet Bel-Air, Ford Model T, Dodge Charger, Ford Deuce Coupe, and 1949 Ford. Meanwhile, the Concours

Vintage car

General Motors Vauxhall. A similar boom-and-bust cycle was seen in mainland Europe. Antique automobiles and early to middle era classic cars do not have the safety features that are standard on modern cars. The most rudimentary of safety features, front wheel brakes and hydraulic brakes, began appearing on cars in the 1920s and 1930s respectively. For the average person car collecting is a hobby. A person can have a fascination with a certain vehicle, make or a history with one so seeks a particular make or model. Finding such a car at an affordable price is not always hard but

Michel Dovaz

of prewar and postwar cars of the most luxurious brands (nine Bugatti, nine Lancia, four Alfa Romeo, four Lincoln, two Ferrari, two Lotus, two Rolls Royce, two Bentley...). The collection became famous when a German photographer was allowed to take photos of the neglected cars in 1983 in the savaged garden south of Paris. Most of the cars have been sold since then and many have been restored, but some are still asleep. Two books have been written about the Dovaz car collection. The first was 'Sleeping Beauties' (1986 / 2007/2013) which showed the collection in its dilapidated 'as found'

Classic car

use on public roadways and highways." Judging by the AACA evaluates such vehicles to be in historic or that have "been restored to the same state as the dealer could have prepared the vehicle for delivery to the customer." Specified AACA classic vehicles include "fine or unusual domestic or foreign automobiles primarily built between and including the years 1925 and 1942." There is no fixed definition of a classic car. Two taxation issues do impact however, leading to some people using them as cutoff dates. All cars built over 40 years ago are exempted from paying the annual road tax

Vintage car

future market will bring a return on an investment. Determining the value of a vintage car can be difficult, as there are many different factors that can potentially influence the price. The age, condition, rarity, modifications, vehicle history and mileage can all drastically change a car's value, among other factors. In recent years, services have begun providing classic and vintage car valuation data to the public, by establishing baseline prices for vehicles in various conditions and publishing marketing trends and forecasts collectors can use to monitor the state of the market. As a result of the variability in car values,

Sports car

became sporters after tuning by H.M. and W. O. Bentley) and Delage, the Italian Isotta Fraschini, and the Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. In the U.S., where the type was variously called roadster, speedster, runabout, or raceabout, there was Apperson, Kissel, Marion, Midland, National, Overland, Stoddard-Dayton, and Thomas among small models, while Chadwick, Mercer, Stutz, and Simplex were among large models. After the Great War, Europe returned to manufacturing automobiles from around 1920, the following decade becoming known as the Vintage era and featuring rapid technical advances over the Edwardian traditions. The vintage decade witnessed the adoption of more modern and higher-speed

Classic car

fenders, trunk, headlights, and a usual vertical grill treatment. In a large vehicle, such as a Duesenberg, Pierce-Arrow, or in a smaller form, the MG TC, with traditional lines, might typify the CCCA term. Another vehicle might be a classic example of a later period but not a car from the "classic period of design", in the opinion of the CCCA. These vehicles are generally older, ranging from 15 to 25 years, but are usually not accepted as classics according to the Antique Automobile Club of America. The German term "youngtimer" describes older vehicles which have not yet become "old

Antique car

are usually either protected and stored or exhibited in car shows but are very rarely driven. The Veteran car era, Brass car era, and the Vintage car era, are part of the Antique car classification as all automobiles produced prior to World War I are considered to be antiques. On Christmas Eve in 1801 Richard Trevithick of England demonstrated a steam-powered carriage, the Puffing Devil, that is considered the first horseless carriage, but Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot has the claim of the first steam-powered vehicle with the "fardier à vapeur" in 1770. The first production of automobiles was by Karl Benz in