Question: In electronics, what is a PCB?

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PCB (software)

PCB (software) PCB is a free and open-source software suite for electronic design automation (EDA) - for printed circuit boards (PCB) layout. It uses GTK+ for its GUI widgets. PCB was first written by Thomas Nau for an Atari ST in 1990 and ported to UNIX and X11 in 1994. Initially PCB was not intended to be a professional layout system but as a tool for individuals to do small-scale development of hardware. The second release 1.2 introduced user menus. This made PCB easier to use and increased its popularity. Harry Eaton took over PCB development beginning with Release 1.5,

Printed circuit board

technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors. This invention also represents a step in the development of integrated circuit technology, as not only wiring but also passive components were fabricated on the ceramic substrate. Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and a PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The component leads were then inserted through the holes and soldered to the copper PCB traces. This method of assembly is called "through-hole" construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the "Auto-Sembly" process in

Printed circuit board

failure of one minor and inexpensive part such as a resistor or capacitor. This practice is a significant contributor to the problem of e-waste. A basic PCB consists of a flat sheet of insulating material and a layer of copper foil, laminated to the substrate. Chemical etching divides the copper into separate conducting lines called tracks or "circuit traces", pads for connections, vias to pass connections between layers of copper, and features such as solid conductive areas for EM shielding or other purposes. The tracks function as wires fixed in place, and are insulated from each other by air and

Printed circuit board

Printed circuit board A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They are also used in some electrical products, such as passive switch boxes. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but now

Printed circuit board

for surface-mount components or any components with fine lead pitch. Advanced PCBs may contain components embedded in the substrate. The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an unplated component side, or more compact double-sided boards, with components soldered on both sides. Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads (such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes) is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction, inserting the part in the

Printed circuit board

Printed circuit board

A printed circuit board (PCB; also printed wiring board or PWB) is a medium used in electrical and electronic engineering to connect electronic components to one another in a controlled manner. It takes the form of a laminated sandwich structure of conductive and insulating layers: each of the conductive layers is designed with an artwork pattern of traces, planes and other features (similar to wires on a flat surface) etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers of a non-conductive substrate. Electrical components may be fixed to conductive pads on the outer layers in the shape designed to accept the component's terminals, generally by means of soldering, to both electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it. Another manufacturing process adds vias: plated-through holes that allow interconnections between layers.

Printed circuit boards are used in nearly all electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction, both once popular but now rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Electronic design automation software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout has to be done only once. PCBs can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits.

PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with layers of substrate). Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density, because circuit traces on the inner layers would otherwise take up surface space between components. The rise in popularity of multilayer PCBs with more than two, and especially with more than four, copper planes was concurrent with the adoption of surface mount technology. However, multilayer PCBs make repair, analysis, and field modification of circuits much more difficult and usually impractical.

The world market for bare PCBs exceeded $60.2 billion in 2014 and is estimated to reach $79 billion by 2024.

Via (electronics)

Via (electronics)

A via (Latin for "path" or "way") is an electrical connection between copper layers in a printed circuit board. Essentially a via is a small drilled hole that goes through two or more adjacent layers; the hole is plated with copper that forms electrical connection through the insulation that separates the copper layers.

Vias are important for PCB manufacturing.<ref name="Epiccolo"/> This is because the vias are drilled with certain tolerances and may be fabricated off their designated locations, so some allowance for errors in drill position must be made prior to manufacturing or else the manufacturing yield can decrease due to non-conforming boards (according to some reference standard) or even due to failing boards. In addition, regular through hole vias are considered fragile structures as they are long and narrow; the manufacturer must ensure that the vias are plated properly throughout the barrel and this in turn causes several processing steps.

Reference designator

Reference designator

A reference designator unambiguously identifies the location of an component within an electrical schematic or on a printed circuit board. The reference designator usually consists of one or two letters followed by a number, e.g. R13, C1002. The number is sometimes followed by a letter, indicating that components are grouped or matched with each other, e.g. R17A, R17B.
IEEE 315 contains a list of Class Designation Letters to use for electrical and electronic assemblies. For example, the letter R is a reference prefix for the resistors of an assembly, C for capacitors, K for relays.

Through-hole technology

Through-hole technology

In electronics, through-hole technology (also spelled "thru-hole") is a manufacturing scheme in which leads on the components are inserted through holes drilled in printed circuit boards (PCB) and soldered to pads on the opposite side, either by manual assembly (hand placement) or by the use of automated insertion mount machines.<ref name="Buschow_2001"/><ref name="Horowitz-Hill_1989"/>

Surface-mount technology

Surface-mount technology

Surface-mount technology (SMT), originally called planar mounting, is a method in which the electrical components are mounted directly onto the surface of a printed circuit board (PCB). An electrical component mounted in this manner is referred to as a surface-mount device (SMD). In industry, this approach has largely replaced the through-hole technology construction method of fitting components, in large part because SMT allows for increased manufacturing automation which reduces cost and improves quality. It also allows for more components to fit on a given area of substrate. Both technologies can be used on the same board, with the through-hole technology often used for components not suitable for surface mounting such as large transformers and heat-sinked power semiconductors.

An SMT component is usually smaller than its through-hole counterpart because it has either smaller leads or no leads at all. It may have short pins or leads of various styles, flat contacts, a matrix of solder balls (BGAs), or terminations on the body of the component.

29 September 2008 western India bombings

it was reported that clues may be emerging. The origin of a readymade Printed Circuit Board (PCB) used in the timer circuit of the bomb may yield greater clues and lead to arrests. Unlike assembled PCBs, the manufacture of a readymade PCB can be tracked with the help of its specific manufacturing design and serial number. Experts in the Physics Department of the Directorate of Forensic Sciences (DFS) in the Gujarat capital of Gandhinagar say the readymade PCB consists of two Philips Integrated Circuits (ICs), and some capacitors and resistors mounted on a circuit board in a particular order. An

Printed circuit board

rarely used. PCBs require additional design effort to lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Specialized CAD software is available to do much of the work of layout. Mass-producing circuits with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods, as components are mounted and wired in one operation. Large numbers of PCBs can be fabricated at the same time, and the layout only has to be done once. PCBs can also be made manually in small quantities, with reduced benefits. PCBs can be single-sided (one copper layer), double-sided (two copper layers on both sides

PCB (software)

although he contributed some code from Release 1.4.3. PCB includes a topological autorouter named Toporouter, developed by Anthony Blake in a Google-funded open source project mentored by DJ Delorie in 2008. It is mostly based on an implementation of the algorithms described in Tal Dayan's 1997 PhD thesis, "Rubberband based topological router". This router has meanwhile been adapted for use with the open-source KiCad project as well. PCB (software) PCB is a free and open-source software suite for electronic design automation (EDA) - for printed circuit boards (PCB) layout. It uses GTK+ for its GUI widgets. PCB was first written

Printed circuit board

the board substrate material. The surface of a PCB may have a coating that protects the copper from corrosion and reduces the chances of solder shorts between traces or undesired electrical contact with stray bare wires. For its function in helping to prevent solder shorts, the coating is called solder resist. A printed circuit board can have multiple copper layers. A two-layer board has copper on both sides; multi layer boards sandwich additional copper layers between layers of insulating material. Conductors on different layers are connected with vias, which are copper-plated holes that function as electrical tunnels through the insulating

Printed circuit board

various types of stimuli and sophisticated algorithms, not only to detect the failing nets, but also to isolate the faults to specific nets, devices, and pins. When boards fail the test, technicians may desolder and replace failed components, a task known as "rework". PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber, polyurethane, acrylic, or epoxy.

Integrated circuit packaging

mounting and interconnecting of integrated circuits (and other components) onto printed-circuit boards. The current-carrying traces that run out of the die, through the package, and into the printed circuit board (PCB) have very different electrical properties compared to on-chip signals. They require special design techniques and need much more electric power than signals confined to the chip itself. Therefore, it is important that the materials used as electrical contacts exhibit characteristics like low resistance, low capacitance and low inductance. Both the structure and materials must prioritize signal transmission properties, while minimizing any parasitic elements that could negatively affect the signal.

Printed circuit board

When a PCB has no components installed, it is less ambiguously called a "printed wiring board" ("PWB") or "etched wiring board". However, the term "printed wiring board" has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a "printed circuit assembly" ("PCA"), "printed circuit board assembly" or "PCB assembly" ("PCBA"). In informal usage, the term "printed circuit board" most commonly means "printed circuit assembly" (with components). The IPC preferred term for assembled boards is "circuit card assembly" ("CCA"), and for assembled backplanes it is "backplane assemblies". "Card" is another widely used informal term for a "printed circuit assembly".

Perfboard

Perfboard Perfboard is a material for prototyping electronic circuits (also called DOT PCB). It is a thin, rigid sheet with holes pre-drilled at standard intervals across a grid, usually a square grid of spacing. These holes are ringed by round or square copper pads, though bare boards are also available. Inexpensive perfboard may have pads on only one side of the board, while better quality perfboard can have pads on both sides (plate-through holes). Since each pad is electrically isolated, the builder makes all connections with either wire wrap or miniature point to point wiring techniques. Discrete components are soldered

PCB Piezotronics

PCB Piezotronics PCB Piezotronics is a manufacturer of piezoelectric sensors. The name ""PCB"" is abbreviation for "PicoCoulomB" which is technical terminology defining an electrical charge of the type generated by the piezoelectric sensors they manufacture. It is also a registered trademark of the company. "Piezotronics" combines the science of Piezoelectricity and electronics. PCB® manufactures sensors and related instrumentation. Sensors are small electromechanical instruments for the measurement of acceleration, dynamic pressure, force, acoustics, torque, load, strain, shock, vibration and sound. Founded by Robert W. Lally and James (Jim) F. Lally in 1967, PCB Piezotronics has evolved from a family business to

Printed circuit board

grids on the mylar assisted in layout. The finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards. Modern PCBs are designed with dedicated layout software, generally in the following steps: PCB manufacturing consists of many steps. Manufacturing starts from the fabrication data generated by computer aided design, and component information. The fabrication data is read into the CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) software. CAM performs the following functions: Several small printed circuit boards can be grouped together for processing as a panel. A panel consisting of a design duplicated "n"-times is also called an "n"-panel, whereas

DIY audio

can be free, and a trial version may also be used. PCB vendors are more accessible than ever, and can manufacture PCBs in small quantities for the do-it-yourselfer. In fact, kits and chemicals for self-manufacturing one's own PCB can be obtained. Electronic parts and components are accessible online or in specialty shops, and various "high-end" parts vendors exist. On the other hand, a wide variety of kits, designs and premanufactured PCBs are available for almost any type of audio component. To construct a device takes more than knowledge of circuits, many would urge that the mechanical aspects of cabinets, cases

Printed circuit board

Single Sided Printed Circuit Board Market Analysis Report estimated that the PCB market would reach $79 billion by 2024. Before the development of printed circuit boards electrical and electronic circuits were wired point-to-point on a chassis. Typically, the chassis was a sheet metal frame or pan, sometimes with a wooden bottom. Components were attached to the chassis, usually by insulators when the connecting point on the chassis was metal, and then their leads were connected directly or with jumper wires by soldering, or sometimes using crimp connectors, wire connector lugs on screw terminals, or other methods. Circuits were large, bulky,

Printed circuit board

A PCB may be "silkscreen" printed with a legend identifying the components, test points, or identifying text. Originally, an actual silkscreen printing process was used for this purpose, but today other, finer quality printing methods are usually used instead. Normally the screen printing is not significant to the function of the PCBA. A minimal PCB for a single component, used for prototyping, is called a "breakout board". The purpose of a breakout board is to "break out" the leads of a component on separate terminals so that manual connections to them can be made easily. Breakout boards are especially used

Printed circuit board

of the board with the digital image generated from the original design data. Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide. Coated tungsten carbide is used because board materials are abrasive. High-speed-steel bits would dull quickly, tearing the copper and ruining the board. Drilling is done by computer-controlled drilling machines, using a "drill file" or Excellon file that describes the location and size of each drilled hole. Holes may be made conductive, by electroplating or inserting hollow metal eyelets, to connect board layers. Some conductive holes are intended for the insertion of

Printed circuit board

mounting is used for transistors, diodes, IC chips, resistors and capacitors. Through-hole mounting may be used for some large components such as electrolytic capacitors and connectors. The pattern to be etched into each copper layer of a PCB is called the "artwork". The etching is usually done using photoresist which is coated onto the PCB, then exposed to light projected in the pattern of the artwork. The resist material protects the copper from dissolution into the etching solution. The etched board is then cleaned. A PCB design can be mass-reproduced in a way similar to the way photographs can be


Question: How many grooves are there on a 45rpm record?

Highway Hi-Fi

music or an hour of speech per side. This was accomplished by the use of a slower rotation speed of 16⅔ rpm—versus 33 rpm for conventional long-playing records and 45 rpm for singles—in conjunction with an extremely tight groove pitch of 550 grooves per inch (216.5 grooves per centimeter, over four times that of a standard monaural LP of the period). The recording surface extended to an unusually small diameter of , which constrained the label to for long-playing titles, but demonstration discs with brief contents not requiring an extended playing time were manufactured with standard 3 inch (76 mm)

Twelve-inch single

fewer grooves per inch. This extra space permits a broader dynamic range or louder recording level as the grooves' excursions (i.e., the width of the groove waves and distance traveled from side to side by the turntable stylus) can be much greater in amplitude, especially in the bass frequencies so important for dance music. Many record companies began producing 12-inch (30 cm) singles at rpm, although 45 rpm gives better treble response and was used on many twelve-inch singles, especially in the UK. The gramophone records cut especially for dance-floor DJs came into existence with the advent of recorded Jamaican

Unusual types of gramophone records

grooves. Each groove can contain a different recording, so the record "magically" plays one of several different recordings. Victor marketed a couple of 10-inch 78s with two concentric grooves (called "Puzzle Record"). Columbia also issued a few 10-inch 78s in 1931 with concentric grooves for their cheap Harmony, Clarion, and Velvet Tone labels. In the blank edge of the record, there was a stamp 'A' and 'B', which indicated where each of the concentric grooves started. A 1950s RCA Victor 45 rpm single by The Fontane Sisters, "The Fortune Teller Song" offered a song with four different "fortunes" as endings.

Single (music)

cm, etc.). The most common form of the vinyl single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its play speed, 45 rpm, and the standard diameter, 7 inches (18 cm). The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable and higher-fidelity replacement for the 78 rpm shellac discs. The first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s. Columbia Records, which had

Phonograph record

see new turntable models with a 16 rpm speed setting produced as late as the 1970s. Seeburg Corporation introduced the Seeburg Background Music System in 1959, using a rpm 9-inch record with 2-inch center hole. Each record held 40 minutes of music per side, recorded at 420 grooves per inch. The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these

Phonograph record

Phonograph record

A phonograph record (also known as a gramophone record, especially in British English), a long-playing record, a vinyl record, or simply a record, is an analog sound storage medium in the form of a flat disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. At first, the discs were commonly made from shellac, with earlier records having a fine abrasive filler mixed in. Starting in the 1940s polyvinyl chloride became common, hence the name vinyl.

The phonograph record was the primary medium used for music reproduction throughout the 20th century. It had co-existed with the phonograph cylinder from the late 1880s and had effectively superseded it by around 1912. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as the compact cassette were mass-marketed. By the 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the record left the mainstream in 1991. Since the 1990s, records continue to be manufactured and sold on a smaller scale, and during the 1990s and early 2000s were commonly used by disc jockeys (DJs), especially in dance music genres. They were also listened to by a growing number of audiophiles. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence as a format for rock music in the early 21st century—9.2 million records were sold in the US in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. Likewise, sales in the UK increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014.

, 48 record pressing facilities exist worldwide, 18 in the US and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of the record has led to the investment in new and modern record-pressing machines. Only one producer of lacquers (acetate discs or master discs) remains: MDC in Japan. On 6 February 2020, a fire destroyed the Apollo Masters plant, which was the last remaining lacquers plant in the US. According to the Apollo Masters website, their future is still uncertain.

Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12-inch, 10-inch, 7-inch) (although they were designed in millimeters), the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm) at which they are played (, , , 45, 78), and their time capacity, determined by their diameter and speed (LP [long playing], 12-inch disc,  rpm; SP [single], 10-inch disc, 78 rpm, or 7-inch disc, 45 rpm; EP [extended play], 12-inch disc or 7-inch disc, or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality, or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.); and the number of audio channels (mono, stereo, quad, etc.).

The phrase "broken record" refers to a malfunction when the needle skips/jumps back to the previous groove and plays the same section over and over again indefinitely.<ref>
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Twelve-inch single

Twelve-inch single

The twelve-inch single (often written as 12-inch or 12″) is a type of vinyl (polyvinyl chloride or PVC) gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time with a 'single' or a few related sound tracks on each surface, compared to LPs (long play) which have several songs on each side. This allows for louder levels to be cut on the disc by the mastering engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range, and thus better sound quality. This record type is commonly used in disco and dance music genres, where DJs use them to play in clubs. They are played at either or 45 . The conventional 7‐inch single usually holds three or four minutes of music at full volume. The 12‐inch LP sacrifices volume for extended playing time.

Extended play

Extended play

An extended play record, usually referred to as an EP, is a musical recording that contains more tracks than a single but fewer than an album or LP record. Contemporary EPs generally contain four or five tracks, and are considered "less expensive and time-consuming" for an artist to produce than an album. but it is now applied to mid-length CDs and downloads as well.

Ricardo Baca of "The Denver Post" said, "EPs—originally extended-play 'single' releases that are shorter than traditional albums—have long been popular with punk and indie bands." In the United Kingdom, the Official Chart Company defines a boundary between EP and album classification at 25 minutes of maximum length and no more than four tracks (not counting alternative versions of featured songs, if present).

Unusual types of gramophone records

Unusual types of gramophone records

The overwhelming majority of records manufactured have been of certain sizes (7, 10, or 12 inches), playback speeds (33, 45, or 78 RPM), and appearance (round black discs). However, since the commercial adoption of the gramophone record (called a phonograph record in the U.S., where both cylinder records and disc records were invented), a wide variety of records have also been produced that do not fall into these categories, and they have served a variety of purposes.

Single (music)

Single (music)

In music, a single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record<ref name=":0" /> or an album. One can be released for sale to the public in a variety of formats. In most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. In other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album.

Despite being referred to as a single, in the era of music downloads, singles can include up to as many as three tracks. The biggest digital music distributor, the iTunes Store, accepts as many as three tracks that are less than ten minutes each as a single. Any more than three tracks on a musical release or thirty minutes in total running time is an extended play (EP) or, if over six tracks long, an album.

Historically, when mainstream music was purchased via vinyl records, singles would be released double-sided, i.e. there was an A-side and a B-side, on which two songs would appear, one on each side.

Unusual types of gramophone records

side of the album has four grooves. In the 1980s, the band Pink Slip Daddy released a 10-inch single called "LSD" on clear pink vinyl with pink glitter inside the vinyl. One side of the single had one song that played from inside out and, on the other side, there were two songs that were pressed as concentric grooves. Many of The Shins' 7-inch records have parallel grooves (such as their 2007 single "Phantom Limb," which has "Nothing at All" and "Split Needles (Alt. Version)" on the b-side.) The band None of Your Fucking Business released a one-sided 7-inch called

Phonograph record

45 rpm discs typically emulated the playing time of the former 78 rpm discs, while the 12-inch LP discs eventually provided up to one half-hour of recorded material per side. The 45 rpm discs also came in a variety known as extended play (EP), which achieved up to 10–15 minutes play at the expense of attenuating (and possibly compressing) the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were cheaper to produce, and were used in cases where unit sales were likely to be more limited or to reissue LP albums on the smaller format for those

Phonograph record

be inaudible or inconsequential. Early 45 rpm records were made from either vinyl or polystyrene. They had a playing time of eight minutes. Another size and format was that of radio transcription discs beginning in the 1940s. These records were usually vinyl, 33 rpm, and 16 inches in diameter. No home record player could accommodate such large records, and they were used mainly by radio stations. They were on average 15 minutes per side and contained several songs or radio program material. These records became less common in the United States when tape recorders began being used for radio transcriptions

LP record

vinyl record playing at 45 rpm. It was introduced by RCA Victor in 1949. To compete with the LP, boxed albums of 45s were issued, along with EP (Extended Play) 45s, which squeezed two or even three selections onto each side. Despite these efforts, the 45 succeeded only in replacing the 78 as the format for singles. The "last hurrah" for the 78 rpm record in the US was the microgroove 78 series pressed for the Audiophile label (Ewing Nunn, Saukville, Wis.) in the early 1950s. This series was labeled AP-1 through about AP-40, pressed on grainless red vinyl. Today

Phonograph record

the grooves are spaced, in addition to the record diameter. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Because the standard 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side, most popular recordings were limited to that duration. For example, when King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, including Louis Armstrong on his first recordings, recorded 13 sides at Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, in 1923, one side was

Phonograph record

at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the side. At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200–210 mm of vinyl per second — less than half the linear resolution. Distortion towards the end of the side is likely to become more apparent as record wear increases. Another problem arises because of the geometry of the tonearm. Master recordings are cut on a recording lathe where a sapphire stylus moves

Unusual types of gramophone records

"NOYFB Escapes from Hell" (side 2 has a groove, but there is no audio encoded in the groove), with 2 grooves that started from the center and ended on the outside of the disc. One groove ran at 45 RPM, while the other ran at 33 RPM. UK punk rocker Johnny Moped's debut album "Cycledelic" has a lead track with a parallel groove listed on the label as "0. Mystery Track," which runs parallel to the track. The 12-inch single for rap group De La Soul's 1989 song "Me Myself and I" has two different tracks in a parallel groove

Unusual types of gramophone records

quality sound than 33 RPM by virtue of their faster rotation speed combined while also providing significantly longer playing time than standard groove 78 RPM records. LP records rarely exceeded 45 minutes per disc (both sides), with a limit in the early years of 52 minutes, due to mastering issues. By the 1960s–1970s, some records began to exceed the 52-minute limitation, with single albums going to as long as 90 minutes in some cases. However, such records had to be cut with much narrower spacing between the grooves, which allowed for a much smaller amount of dynamic range on the

Phonograph record

few months later, which became the standard. Unwilling to accept and license Columbia's system, in February 1949, RCA Victor released the first 45 rpm single, 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole. The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked, much as a conventional changer handled 78s. The short playing time of a single 45 rpm side meant that long works, such as symphonies, had to be released on multiple 45s instead of a single LP, but RCA claimed that the new high-speed changer rendered side breaks so brief as to

LP record

an abrasive (and therefore noisy) shellac compound, employed a much larger groove, and played at approximately 78 revolutions per minute (rpm), limiting the playing time of a 12-inch diameter record to less than five minutes per side. The new product was a 12- or 10-inch (30 or 25 cm) fine-grooved disc made of PVC ("vinyl") and played with a smaller-tipped "microgroove" stylus at a speed of rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for about 22 minutes. Only the microgroove standard was new, as both vinyl and the rpm speed had been used for special purposes for many

Ribs (recordings)

and clinics were used to create the recordings. The X-rays were cut into 7-inch discs and the center hole was made by burning it with a cigarette. According to Russian musicologist Artemy Troitsky, "grooves were cut [at 78rpm] with the help of special machines (made, they say, from old phonographs by skilled conspiratorial hands)"; he added that the "quality was awful, but the price was low, a ruble or a ruble and a half." The disks could really only be played five to ten times. The clandestine approach to circulating banned popular foreign music eventually led to a law being

45 rpm adapter

a sought after rarity among pro DJs. 45 rpm adapter A 45 rpm adapter (also 45 rpm record insert, 45 rpm spindle adapter, or 7 inch adapter, the common size of 45 RPM records) is a small plastic or metal insert that goes in the middle of a 45-rpm record so it can be played on the LP or 78 rpm size spindle of a turntable. The adapter could be a small solid circle that fits onto the bottom of the spindle (meaning only one 45 could be played at a time) or a larger adapter that fits over the

Phonograph record

rpm), and the 45 rpm. Columbia and RCA Victor each pursued their R&D secretly. Both types of new disc used narrower grooves, intended to be played with smaller stylus—typically 0.001 inches ("1 mil", 25 µm) wide, compared to 0.003 inches (76 µm) for a 78—so the new records were sometimes called "Microgroove". In the mid-1950s all record companies agreed to a common frequency response standard called RIAA equalization. Prior to the establishment of the standard each company used its own preferred equalization, requiring discriminating listeners to use pre-amplifiers with selectable equalization curves. Some recordings, such as books for the blind,

Phonograph record

size. The record diameters are typically nominally 300 mm, 250 mm and 175 mm. There is an area about 3 mm (0.12 in) wide at the outer edge of the disk, called the "lead-in" or "run-in", where the groove is widely spaced and silent. The stylus is lowered onto the lead-in, without damaging the recorded section of the groove. Between tracks on the recorded section of an LP record there is usually a short gap of around 1 mm (0.04 in) where the groove is widely spaced. This space is clearly visible, making it easy to find a particular track.

Phonograph record

by their diameter in inches (12-inch, 10-inch, 7-inch), the rotational speed in revolutions per minute (rpm) at which they are played (, , , 45, 78), and their time capacity, determined by their diameter and speed (LP [long playing], 12-inch disc, rpm; SP [single], 10-inch disc, 78 rpm, or 7-inch disc, 45 rpm; EP [extended play], 12-inch disc, or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality, or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.); and the number of audio channels (mono, stereo, quad, etc.). Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to high


Question: Richard Burton was nominated 7 times for an Oscar. How many did he win?

Willie D. Burton

same award in 1978 for The Buddy Holly Story, in 1980 for Altered States, in 1983 for WarGames, in 1994 for The Shawshank Redemption, and in 1999 for Green Mile. He won a British Academy Award in 1983 for his work on the film War Games. Burton has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound or Best Achievement in Sound Mixing a total of seven times, winning twice. He has been nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards for Best Sound, winning once. He was nominated for one Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Mixing for his

Richard Burton

served as "a reminder of how fine an actor Burton was". The film received twelve Oscar nominations, including Best Actor for both Burton and O'Toole; they lost to Harrison for "My Fair Lady" (1964). Burton and O'Toole also received nominations for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 22nd Golden Globe Awards, with O'Toole emerging victorious. Burton's triumph at the box office continued with his next appearance as the defrocked clergyman Dr. T. Lawrence Shannon in Tennessee Williams' "The Night of the Iguana" (1964) directed by John Huston; the film was also critically well received. Alpert believed Burton's success

Richard Burton

Movie Reviews who wrote, "Burton is served a death sentence to be in such a turgid film, one that ranges from being creaky to silly to just plain vulgar." The film was a commercial success, grossing $17 million against a $5 million budget, and Burton received his second Best Actor nomination at the 26th Academy Awards. Bolstered by "The Robe"s box office collections, Zanuck offered Burton a seven-year, seven-picture $1 million contract, but he politely turned it down as he was planning to head home to portray "Hamlet" at The Old Vic. Zanuck threatened to force Burton into cutting the

Richard D. Zanuck

Express" (1974) and "Jaws" (1975). They subsequently produced such box office hits as "Cocoon" (1985) and "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989) before dissolving their partnership in 1988. They were jointly awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1990. He worked with Tim Burton six times, producing Burton's adaptation of "Planet of the Apes" (2001), "Big Fish" (2003), "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (2005), "" (2007), "Alice in Wonderland" (2010), and "Dark Shadows" (2012). He and Burton connected immediately, and Zanuck was Burton's producer of choice. In a May 2012 interview, Zanuck

Jack Nicholson

and Laurence Olivier (1930s–1970s) have been nominated for an acting (lead or supporting) Academy Award in five different decades. With three Oscar wins, he also ties with Walter Brennan, Daniel Day-Lewis, Ingrid Bergman, and Meryl Streep for the second-most Oscar wins in acting categories. Only Katharine Hepburn, with four Oscars, won more. In 2012, Nicholson co-presented the Academy Award for Best Picture with First Lady Michelle Obama. This ceremony marked the eighth time he has presented the Academy Award for Best Picture (1972, 1977, 1978, 1990, 1993, 2006, 2007, and 2012). Nicholson is an active and voting member of the

Richard Burton

Richard Burton

Richard Burton (; born Richard Walter Jenkins Jr.; 10 November 1925 – 5 August 1984) was a Welsh actor. Noted for his mellifluous baritone voice, disappointed some critics and colleagues and added to his image as a great performer who had wasted his talent. Nevertheless, he is widely regarded as one of the finest actors of his generation.

Burton was nominated for an Academy Award seven times, but never won. He received BAFTAs, Golden Globes, and Tony Awards for Best Actor. In the mid-1960s, Burton became a top box office star. By the late 1960s, he was one of the highest-paid actors in the world, receiving fees of $1 million or more plus a share of the gross receipts. Burton remained closely associated in the public mind with his second wife, Elizabeth Taylor. The couple's turbulent relationship, married twice and divorced twice, was rarely out of the news.

List of actors with three or more Academy Award nominations in ...

Cleopatra (1963 film)

Cleopatra (1963 film)

Cleopatra is a 1963 American epic historical drama film directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, with a screenplay adapted by Mankiewicz, Ranald MacDougall and Sidney Buchman from the 1957 book "The Life and Times of Cleopatra" by Carlo Maria Franzero, and from histories by Plutarch, Suetonius, and Appian. The film stars Elizabeth Taylor in the eponymous role. Richard Burton, Rex Harrison, Roddy McDowall, and Martin Landau are featured in supporting roles. It chronicles the struggles of Cleopatra, the young queen of Egypt, to resist the imperial ambitions of Rome.

Walter Wanger had long contemplated producing a biographical film about Cleopatra. In 1958, his production company partnered with Twentieth Century Fox to produce the film. Following an extensive casting search, Elizabeth Taylor signed on to portray the title role for a record-setting salary of $1 million. Rouben Mamoulian was hired as director, and the script underwent numerous revisions from Nigel Balchin, Dale Wasserman, Lawrence Durrell, and Nunnally Johnson. Principal photography began at Pinewood Studios on September 28, 1960, but Taylor's health problems delayed further filming. Production was suspended in November after it had gone overbudget with only ten minutes of usable footage.

Mamoulian resigned as director, and was subsequently replaced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who had previously directed Taylor in "Suddenly, Last Summer" (1959). Production was re-located to Cinecittà, where filming resumed on September 25, 1961, without a finished shooting script. During filming, a personal scandal made worldwide headlines when it was reported that co-stars Taylor and Richard Burton had an adulterous affair. Filming wrapped on July 28, 1962, and further reshoots were made from February to March 1963. With the estimated production costs totaling $31 million, the film became the most expensive film ever made up to that point and nearly bankrupted the studio.

"Cleopatra" premiered at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City on June 12, 1963. It received a generally favorable response from film critics, and became the highest-grossing film of 1963, earning box-office receipts of $57.7 million in the United States and Canada, and one of the highest-grossing films of the decade at a worldwide level. However, the film initially lost money because of its production and marketing costs of $44 million. It received nine nominations at the 36th Academy Awards, including for Best Picture, and won four: Best Art Direction (Color), Best Cinematography (Color), Best Visual Effects and Best Costume Design (Color).

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a 1966 American drama film directed by Mike Nichols in his directorial debut. The screenplay by Ernest Lehman is an adaptation of Edward Albee's 1962 play of the same name. It stars Elizabeth Taylor as Martha, Richard Burton as George, George Segal as Nick, and Sandy Dennis as Honey. The film depicts a late-night gathering at the home of George, a college history professor, and his wife Martha, the daughter of the university's president. The guests are Nick, a new biology professor at the school, and his wife, Honey.

The film was nominated for 13 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Mike Nichols. It is one of only two films to be nominated in every eligible category at the Academy Awards (the other is "Cimarron"). All four main actors were nominated in their respective acting categories, the first time a film's entire credited cast was nominated. The film won five Oscars, including a second Academy Award for Best Actress for Taylor and Best Supporting Actress for Dennis.

In 2013, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Anthony Hopkins

Anthony Hopkins

Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh actor, director, and producer. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his services to drama in 1993.

After graduating from the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in 1957, Hopkins trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. He was then spotted by Laurence Olivier who invited him to join the Royal National Theatre in 1965. Productions at the National included "King Lear" (his favourite Shakespeare play), "Coriolanus", "Macbeth", and "Antony and Cleopatra". In 1985, he received great acclaim and a Laurence Olivier Award for his performance in the David Hare play "Pravda". His last stage play was a West End production of "M. Butterfly" in 1989.

Hopkins' early films include "The Lion in Winter" (1968), "A Bridge Too Far" (1977), and "The Elephant Man" (1980). He received two Academy Awards for Best Actor for "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991) and "The Father" (2020), becoming the oldest Best Actor Oscar winner to date. His other Oscar-nominated films include "The Remains of the Day" (1993), "Nixon" (1995), "Amistad" (1997) and "The Two Popes" (2019). Other notable films include "84 Charing Cross Road" (1987), "Howards End" (1992), "Bram Stoker's Dracula" (1992), "Shadowlands" (1993), "Legends of the Fall" (1994), "The Mask of Zorro" (1998), and MCU's "Thor" franchise (2011–2017). He reprised the role as Hannibal Lecter in "Hannibal" (2001) and "Red Dragon" (2002).

Since making his television debut with the BBC in 1967, Hopkins has continued to appear on television. In 1973, he received a British Academy Television Award for Best Actor for his performance in "War and Peace". He received two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series for "The Lindbergh Kidnapping Case" (1976) and "The Bunker" (1981). Other notable projects include the BBC film "The Dresser" (2015), PBS's "King Lear" (2018) and the HBO series "Westworld" (2016-2018), for which he received another Primetime Emmy nomination.<ref name="Telegraph 2015"/>
Section::::Early life and education.
Philip Anthony Hopkins was born in the Margam district of Port Talbot on 31 December 1937, the son of Annie Muriel (née Yeates) and baker Richard Arthur Hopkins. One of his grandfathers was from Wiltshire, England. He stated his father's working-class values have always underscored his life, "Whenever I get a feeling that I may be special or different, I think of my father and I remember his hands – his hardened, broken hands."

Hopkins was inspired by fellow Welsh actor Richard Burton, whom he met at the age of 15. He later called Burton "very gracious, very nice" He enrolled at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in Cardiff, from which he graduated in 1957. After two years of his national service between 1958 and 1960, which he served in the British Army, Hopkins moved to London to study at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.<ref name="NY Times"/>

Willie D. Burton

work on Roots. With his seventh Oscar nomination for Dreamgirls (2006) in 2007, Burton tied composer/producer Quincy Jones for the most Academy Award nominations by an African-American. As of 2010, Burton, sound engineer Russell Williams II and actor Denzel Washington are the only African-Americans that have won two Oscars. Willie D. Burton Willie D. Burton is an American production sound mixer. His career has spanned four decades and has included films such as "The Shawshank Redemption", "Se7en", and "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Burton has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound or Best Achievement in Sound

Richard Hymns

Richard Hymns Richard Hymns (born July 18, 1947) is a sound editor. He had won 3 Academy Awards in his work on "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", "Jurassic Park" and "Saving Private Ryan". On January 24, 2012, he was nominated for an Academy Award for the film "War Horse". He has 9 nominations for Best Sound Editing, making him the most nominated sound editor. https://web.archive.org/web/20090208011732/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/BasicSearchInput.jsp SOUND EDITING FACTS MOST NOMINATIONS AND AWARDS [Note: Special Achievement (Sound Effects Editing) Awards count as both a nomination and award. Prior to the 1963 (36th) Academy Awards, sound editing was honored along with

Thomas Newman

Sea". He was nominated consecutively for a further three Academy Awards, for "Road to Perdition" (2002), "Finding Nemo" (2003), and "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events" (2004). However, he lost on each occasion to Elliot Goldenthal (for "Frida"), Howard Shore (for ""), and Jan A. P. Kaczmarek (for "Finding Neverland") respectively. He was again nominated for an Oscar for scoring Steven Soderbergh's "The Good German" (2006). At the Oscar ceremony, he appeared in the opening segment by Errol Morris, who jokingly stated that Newman had been nominated for and failed to win an Oscar eight times. Newman replied: "No,

Laurence Olivier on stage and screen

to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. He later received Oscar nominations for roles in "Richard III" (1955), "The Entertainer" (1960), "Othello" (1965), "Sleuth" (1972), "Marathon Man" (1976) and "The Boys from Brazil" (1978). In 1979 he was also presented with an Honorary Award, at the Academy Awards, to recognise his lifetime of contribution to the art of film. He was nominated for nine other acting Oscars and one each for production and direction. Throughout his career Olivier appeared in radio dramas and poetry readings, and made his television debut in 1956. During the making of the 1983 movie

Richard Burton

finally win the award, but he lost to Richard Dreyfuss in "The Goodbye Girl". In 1976 Burton received a Grammy Award in the category of Best Recording for Children for his narration of "The Little Prince" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. His narration of "Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds" became such a necessary part of the concept album that a hologram of Burton was used to narrate the live stage show (touring in 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010) of the musical. In 2011, however, Liam Neeson was cast in the part for a "New Generation" re-recording,

Richard H. Kline

the Academy Award for Best Cinematography on two occasions. Much of his work was in the realm of genre cinema, and he collaborated with directors like Michael Winner, Richard Fleischer, Robert Wise, and Brian De Palma. Kline also worked alongside other cinematographers such as Charles Lawton Jr., Burnett Guffey, James Wong Howe, and Philip H. Lathrop. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his work on Camelot in 1967, and for another Oscar for his work on King Kong in 1976, and was the recipient for the 20th annual ASC Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006. He died from natural

Saturn Award for Best Actor

Indiana Jones) and Robert Downey, Jr. (three of which for playing Iron Man) being tied for third with six nominations. Arnold Schwarzenegger also holds the record for most nominations without a victory. Anthony Hopkins and Martin Landau are the only actors to have won the Saturn Award for Best Actor and an Academy Award for the same role; however, Landau won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and not Best Actor. Hamill is the only actor to have won the award several times for the same role, doing so three times. "†" indicates an Academy Award-winning actor on the

The Night of the Iguana (film)

Burton's performance, calling him spectacularly gross, a figure of wild disarrangement, but without a shred of real sincerity. You see a pot-bellied scarecrow flapping erratically. And in his ridiculous early fumbling with the Lolitaish Sue Lyon (whose acting is painfully awkward), he is farcical when he isn't grotesque. Like many other Tennessee Williams plays, it also contains a repressed gay character. 'Miss Fellowes', perpetual spinster. Of the film's four Oscar nominations, it won one, for Best Costume Design in a black-and-white film (Dorothy Jeakins). Also nominated were Grayson Hall (for Best Supporting Actress), Stephen B. Grimes (for Best Art Direction

77th Academy Awards

United States. The nominees for the 77th Academy Awards were announced on January 25, 2005 at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Frank Pierson, president of the Academy, and actor Adrien Brody. "The Aviator" received the most nominations with eleven; "Finding Neverland" and "Million Dollar Baby" tied for second with seven nominations each. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on February 27, 2005. At age 74, Clint Eastwood became the oldest winner for Best Director in Oscar history. With his latest unsuccessful nomination for directing "The Aviator", nominee Martin Scorsese joined Robert Altman, Clarence Brown,

Charles Lang

Marlon Brando, "How the West Was Won" (1962) in Cinerama, "Charade" (1963) with Cary Grant and Audrey Hepburn, "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice" (1969), and "Butterflies Are Free" (1972). Lang received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Cinematographers in 1991, for a career which included at least 114 feature films. Lang won an Academy Award the second time he was nominated, early in his career; he received a total of 18 nominations, tying with Leon Shamroy for the most Academy Award for Best Cinematography nominations ever. According to IMDb, Lang also received Oscar nominations for

72nd Academy Awards

year, 37 nominations went to 11 films on the list. Only "The Sixth Sense" (2nd), "The Green Mile" (13th), "The Talented Mr. Ripley" (26th), and "American Beauty" (27th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture. The other top 50 box office hits that earned the nominations were "Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Mence" (1st), "Toy Story 2" (3rd), "The Matrix" (5th), "Tarzan" (6th), "The Mummy" (8th), "Stuart Little" (11th), and "Sleepy Hollow" (20th). Nearly two weeks before Oscar voting was finished, AMPAS reported that 4,000 of the ballots mailed to Academy members were missing. The bags that

31st Academy Awards

It would be short-lived, however, as "Ben-Hur" broke the record with eleven Oscars the following year. "Gigi" was the last film until "The Last Emperor" (1987) to win Best Picture without any acting nominations. It also had the biggest clean sweep at the time, winning all nine of its nominations, a record that would be tied by "The Last Emperor". This record was broken in 2003 when "" won all 11 of its nominations. The ceremony was hosted by an ensemble of actors: Jerry Lewis, Mort Sahl, Tony Randall, Bob Hope, David Niven, and Laurence Olivier. Niven won Best Actor

25th Academy Awards

nominated for Best Picture received more nominations than the winner ("The Bad and the Beautiful" and "Hans Christian Andersen", both with six). This occurred again at the 79th Academy Awards. Shirley Booth became the last person born in the 19th century to win an Oscar in a Leading Role. She is also the first woman in her 50s to win the award, at the age of 54 (the second woman in her 50s to win, Julianne Moore, was 54 when awarded at the 87th Academy Awards). John Ford's fourth win for Best Director set a record for the most wins

Harold Hecht

the year and was nominated and won a ton of awards. At the 38th Academy Awards ceremony in 1966 it was nominated for five Oscars including one for Lee Marvin who won for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Other nominated categories included Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium, Best Editing, Best Music, Original Song and Best Music, Scoring of Music, Adaptation or Treatment. At the Golden Globe Awards, Marvin won for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the film was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actress – Motion

Michael Kahn (film editor)

most wins (three) in the category of the Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, tied with Thelma Schoonmaker, Daniel Mandell, and Ralph Dawson. All of the films for which he won Oscars were directed by Steven Spielberg: "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981), "Schindler's List" (1993), and "Saving Private Ryan" (1998). He has also received six BAFTA nominations for Best Editing, winning two for "Schindler's List" and "Fatal Attraction". Kahn has been selected for membership in the American Cinema Editors (ACE). In 2011, he received the Career Achievement Award of the American Cinema Editors. At the ceremony, Steven Spielberg said


Question: What is the nickname of the New Zealand women's cricket team?

new zealand women s national cricket team

new zealand national women s cricket team

New Zealand national women's cricket team

New Zealand New Zealand women's national cricket team The New Zealand women's national cricket team, nicknamed the White Ferns, represents New Zealand in international women's cricket. One of eight teams competing in the ICC Women's Championship (the highest level of international women's cricket), the team is organised by New Zealand Cricket, a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). New Zealand made its Test debut in 1935, against England, becoming the third team to play at that level. With Australia and England, New Zealand is one of only three teams to have participated in all ten editions of the

2009 Women's Cricket World Cup Final

England team, was named player of the match after replacing the injured Jenny Gunn just minutes before the start of the match. New Zealand were drawn in Group A of the competition, along with the West Indies, South Africa and their "traditional rivals" Australia. They started their campaign against Australia. Haidee Tiffen scored a cautious half-century for New Zealand, but her dismissal triggered a collapse in which the team lost seven wickets for the addition of 34 runs. In their reply, Australia regularly lost wickets, and a six over bowling spell by Kate Pulford, in which she took three wickets

New Zealand women's cricket team in Australia in 2016–17 The New Zealand women cricket team toured Australia in February 2017. The tour consisted of a series of three Women's Twenty20 International (WT20Is). Immediately after completion of the T20 series both teams faced each other for the Rose bowl in New Zealand in a 3-match WODI series. New Zealand Women won the WT20I series by 2–1. Ahead of the tour, Sophie Devine was ruled out of New Zealand's squad due to injury and was replaced by Anna Peterson. Sarah Aley was added to Australia's squad as cover for Lauren Cheatle. Leigh

World Cup. The team has made the final of the tournament on four occasions, winning in 2000 and placing second in 1993, 1997, and 2009. At the Women's World Twenty20, New Zealand were runners-up in 2009 and 2010, but are yet to win the event. The ICC Women's Rankings incorporates results from Tests, ODIs and T20Is into a single ranking system. Head Coach: Haidee Tiffen
 Assistant Coach: Matthew Bell
 Team's Manager: Helen Mahon-Stroud
 Physiotherapist: Helen Littleworth Most Test runs for New Zealand Most Test wickets for New Zealand Most One-Day International runs for New Zealand Most One-Day International wickets for

New Zealand national cricket team

New Zealand national cricket team

The New Zealand national cricket team represents New Zealand in men's international cricket. Named the Black Caps, they played their first Test in 1930 against England in Christchurch, becoming the fifth country to play Test cricket. From 1930 New Zealand had to wait until 1956, more than 26 years, for its first Test victory, against the West Indies at Eden Park in Auckland. They played their first ODI in the 1972–73 season against Pakistan in Christchurch.

Kane Williamson is the current captain of the team in T20I's, Tim Southee is the current test captain as Kane Williamson stepped downs as captain in December 2022. The national team is organized by New Zealand Cricket.

The New Zealand cricket team became known as the Blackcaps in January 1998, after its sponsor at the time, Clear Communications, held a competition to choose a name for the team. This is one of many national team nicknames related to the All Blacks.

As of 25 November 2022, New Zealand have played 1429 international matches, out of which they have won 566, lost 635, tied 16 and drew 168 matches while 44 matches ended up as no result.
The team is ranked 5th in Tests, 1st in ODIs and 5th in T20Is by the ICC.

As of 2022, the team has participated in all the 29 ICC Men's events taking place from 1975 onwards and have made six final appearances out of which they won two titles. In October 2000 they won the Knockout Trophy by defeating India which was their maiden ICC Title. They defeated South Africa to reach their maiden CWC Final in 2015. In the next edition they reached their second successive Final by defeating India. Then in June 2021 they won the inaugural WTC by defeating India and five months later they reached their maiden T20 WC Final by defeating England.

New Zealand national team nomenclature based on the "All Blacks ...

New Zealand women's national cricket team

The New Zealand women's national cricket team, nicknamed the White Ferns, represents New Zealand in international women's cricket. One of eight teams competing in the ICC Women's Championship (the highest level of international women's cricket), the team is organised by New Zealand Cricket, a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).

New Zealand made its Test debut in 1935, against England, becoming the third team to play at that level. With Australia and England, New Zealand is one of only three teams to have participated in all ten editions of the Women's Cricket World Cup. The team has made the final of the tournament on four occasions, winning in 2000 and placing second in 1993, 1997, and 2009. At the Women's World Twenty20, New Zealand were runners-up in 2009 and 2010, but are yet to win the event.

List of nicknames used in cricket

List of nicknames used in cricket

Cricket has a rich tradition of using nicknames. This is a list of nicknames used in international cricket.

Bangladesh national cricket team</ref>

Australian national sports team nicknames

In Australia, the national representative team of many sports has a nickname, used informally when referring to the team in the media or in conversation. These nicknames are typically derived from well-known symbols of Australia. Often the nickname is combined with that of a commercial sponsor, such as the "Qantas Wallabies" or the "Telstra Dolphins". Some names are a portmanteau word with second element "-roo", from kangaroo; such as "Olyroos" for the Olympic association football team.

New Zealand national cricket team

by New Zealand Cricket. The New Zealand cricket team became known as the Black Caps in January 1998, after its sponsor at the time, Clear Communications, held a competition to choose a name for the team. Official New Zealand Cricket sources typeset the nickname as BLACKCAPS. This is one of many national team nicknames related to the All Blacks. As of 7 December 2018, New Zealand have played 429 Test matches, winning 94, losing 171 and drawing 164. The team is ranked 4th in Tests, 3rd in ODIs and 6th in T20Is by the ICC. New Zealand reached the final

1997 Women's Cricket World Cup

in Calcutta, in front of 80,000 spectators. New Zealand won the toss, with captain Maia Lewis choosing to bat first. New Zealand began poorly, losing Emily Drumm, Shelley Fruin and Katrina Keenan for six, eight and five respectively, reaching 49/3. Debbie Hockley, New Zealand's opener, scored 79 (48%) of her team score, as New Zealand eventually reached 164 all out from 49.3 overs. Hockley was one of only three New Zealand players to score in double figures, captain Lewis and wicket-keeper Rebecca Rolls scoring 10 and 18 respectively. Australia bowled well, Bronwyn Calver, Karen Rolton and Charmaine Mason taking two

New Zealand women's national softball team New Zealand women's national softball team, nicknamed the White Sox, is the women's national softball team for New Zealand. The "White Sox" name is one of many national team nicknames (indirectly) related to the All Blacks as well as to the famous Boston Red Sox and Chicago White Sox baseball teams. The team competed at the 1990 ISF Women's World Championship in Normal, Illinois where they finished with 8 wins and 1 loss. The team competed at the 1994 ISF Women's World Championship in St. John's, Newfoundland where they finished sixth. The team competed

Cricket in New Zealand

the Cricket World Cup once as runners up in 2015, but got caught short six times, the semi-finals of the Commonwealth Games and the semi-finals of the Pro20 World Championship, however they have won ICC Champions Trophy back in year 2000. Also New Zealand's Woman's Cricket Team has reached the World Cup finals. The New Zealand women's cricket team played their first Test match in 1935, when they lost to England. Since then they have only won two Tests, once against Australia, and once against South Africa. Their greatest success in one-day cricket was when they won the 2000 World

New Zealand women's national rugby union team The New Zealand national women's rugby union team, called the Black Ferns, represents New Zealand in women's rugby union, which is regarded as the country's national sport. The team has won five of the past six Women's Rugby World Cups. They have an 88% winning record in test match rugby, and are the only international side with a winning record against every opponent. Since their international debut in 1991, the Black Ferns have lost to only four of the 16 nations they have played in test matches. The team's nickname combines the colour

Kasperek was ruled out of the rest of the series after an injury in the first match. She was replaced by Amelia Kerr. New Zealand women's cricket team in Australia in 2016–17 The New Zealand women cricket team toured Australia in February 2017. The tour consisted of a series of three Women's Twenty20 International (WT20Is). Immediately after completion of the T20 series both teams faced each other for the Rose bowl in New Zealand in a 3-match WODI series. New Zealand Women won the WT20I series by 2–1. Ahead of the tour, Sophie Devine was ruled out of New Zealand's

New Zealand women's cricket team in Ireland in 2018 The New Zealand women's cricket team played the Ireland women's cricket team in June 2018. The tour consisted of one Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) and three Women's One Day Internationals (WODIs) matches. New Zealand won the one-off WT20I match by ten wickets. In the first WODI match of the series, New Zealand set a new record for the highest innings total, scoring 490/4 in their 50 overs. It was the highest score in either a men's or women's ODI match. This broke the previous record, also held by New Zealand, of

Sport in New Zealand

sport. The national men's rugby union team is known as the "All Blacks". The national women's netball team is known as the "Silver Ferns". Historically, rugby and netball dominated team sport in New Zealand, and the national teams of other sports have acquired names which have been formed with reference to these two (see: list below). The women's rugby team is known as the "Black Ferns", rather than the "All Silvers". Some of these names seem to have arisen as genuine nicknames (e.g. "Tall Blacks", "Wheel Blacks"), and some are neologisms developed as marketing devices (e.g. Black Sticks (hockey), Black

previous captain Chamari Atapattu. Sri Lankan women's cricket team in New Zealand in 2015–16 Sri Lankan women's cricket team toured New Zealand in November 2015. The tour included a series of 5 ODIs and 3 T20Is. The first 3 of the 5 ODIs matches were also part of the 2014–16 ICC Women's Championship. The Sri Lanka team was announced on 8 October 2015 and the captaincy was given back to all-rounder Shashikala Siriwardene. However, on the third WODI, Siriwardene suffered a thumb fracture injury which forced her to retire from the tour and the captaincy for the remaining matches was

1997 Women's Cricket World Cup

Chepauk, in Chennai. New Zealand won the toss, and captain Maia Lewis chose to bat first. New Zealand lost the early wicket of Emily Drumm for four, however they went on to a score of 93 before another wicker fell. Debbie Hockley top scored with 43, and Shelley Fruin (29), Katrina Keenan (35) and 28 extras took New Zealand to 175/6 from their 50 overs. England's bowlers bowled economically, with three going at economy rates of under 2.90, and medium-pacer Karen Smithies took 3/40. England, set 176 runs from 49 overs, having been fined one over for their own slow

New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2015 The New Zealand women's national cricket team toured India from 28 June to 15 July playing a series of five One Day Internationals (ODIs) and three Twenty20 Internationals (T20Is). All the tour matches (five ODIs, three T20I and one tour match against India A Women) were hosted at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore. Initially Alur (North Bangalore) was selected to host the three T20I, but eventually the matches were moved to M Chinnaswamy Stadium. The first three of five ODIs matches were part of the 2014–16 ICC Women's Championship. The

Australian women's cricket team in New Zealand in 2016–17 The Australia women's national cricket team toured New Zealand in the last week of February 2017. The tour took place immediately after the completion of the Australia-New Zealand WT20I series in Australia. The two teams competed in a series of three Women's One Day International cricket (WODIs) for the Rose Bowl. Australia women won the series 2–1. Ahead of the tour, Sophie Devine was ruled out of New Zealand's squad due to injury and was replaced by Samantha Curtis. Leigh Kasperek was ruled out of the series after an injury in

English women's cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1934–35

Library of Australia. These photographs show the cricketers playing the game on a long tour, which took in many matches apart from the international series. However, there are others showing the players relaxing on their vessel, the SS Rotorua, and on trips, such as to Melbourne Zoo or up New Zealand glaciers. The Test matches were dominated by Myrtle Maclagan, who made 279 runs and took 26 wickets. So much so that just after the men's team had lost the men's version of the Ashes, the "Morning Post" praised Maclagan's batting prowess with the quatrain: However, she was outscored by

Sri Lankan women's cricket team in New Zealand in 2015–16 Sri Lankan women's cricket team toured New Zealand in November 2015. The tour included a series of 5 ODIs and 3 T20Is. The first 3 of the 5 ODIs matches were also part of the 2014–16 ICC Women's Championship. The Sri Lanka team was announced on 8 October 2015 and the captaincy was given back to all-rounder Shashikala Siriwardene. However, on the third WODI, Siriwardene suffered a thumb fracture injury which forced her to retire from the tour and the captaincy for the remaining matches was given back to the

Sport in New Zealand

Caps (cricket)). New Zealand Badminton temporarily named their teams "Black Cocks". The men's national soccer team is called the "All Whites", as they play in an all-white strip. At the time the national soccer team was formed, an all-black strip would not have been allowed. Two notable exceptions to the "Black/Ferns" naming scheme are the "Kiwis" (men's Rugby League) and "SWANZ" (the name formerly used for women's soccer). https://www.stuff.co.nz/.../basketball/.../basketball-increasing-as-sport-of- choice-among-new-zealand-youth Retrieved July 19, 2017 Sport in New Zealand Sport in New Zealand largely reflects its British colonial heritage, with some of the most popular sports being rugby union, rugby league,


Question: A vicenarian is what age range?

Aging and society

adolescence), early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. More casual terms may include "teenagers," "tweens," "twentysomething", "thirtysomething", etc. as well as "vicenarian", "tricenarian", "quadragenarian", etc. The age of an adult human is commonly measured in whole years since the day of birth. Fractional years, months or even weeks may be used to describe the age of children and infants for finer resolution. The time of day the birth occurred is not commonly considered. In some cultures there are other ways to express age. For example, some cultures measure age by counting years including the current year, while others count years

Person (canon law)

Wednesday and Good Friday) from 18 till 59 years (canon 1252 CIC). The ancient discipline was neither universal nor fixed, but varied with circumstances of time and locality. The requisite age, according to Gratian, for tonsure and the first three minor orders, those of doorkeeper, reader, and exorcist, was seven, and for acolyte, twelve years. The Council of Trent fixed the ages of 21 years and 1 day for subdeaconship, 22 years and 1 day for deaconship, and 24 years and 1 day for priesthood. At present, the canon 1031 CIC fixed the ages of 23 for deaconship and 25

Ageing

is a research incentive prize to encourage teams from all over the world to compete in an all-out effort to "hack the code" that regulates our health and lifespan. It was founded by Joon Yun. Different cultures express age in different ways. The age of an adult human is commonly measured in whole years since the day of birth. Arbitrary divisions set to mark periods of life may include: juvenile (via infancy, childhood, preadolescence, adolescence), early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. More casual terms may include "teenagers," "tweens," "twentysomething", "thirtysomething", etc. as well as "denarian", "vicenarian", "tricenarian", "quadragenarian", etc.

Person (canon law)

for priesthood. The first day of the year in which the canonical age is to be reached is sufficiently timely for the reception of the order. Trent confirmed the Lateran age of thirty years for the episcopate. The age for cardinals (including cardinal-deacons) was fixed by the Council at thirty years of age. No age is fixed by law for election to the papacy. Generals, provincials, abbots, and other regular prelates having quasi-episcopal jurisdiction must, according to many, have completed their thirtieth year before election; according to others, their 25th year. Various orders and congregations, however, have their own rules

Vicenza

Vicenza, Veneto, of whom 47.6% were male and 52.4% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 17.17% of the population, compared to pensioners, who number 21.60%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06% (minors) and 19.94% (pensioners). The average age of Vicenza residents is 43 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Vicenza grew by 3.72%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85%. The current birth rate of Vicenza is 9.16 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. In 2010,

Aging and society

Aging and society

Aging has a significant impact on society. People of different ages and gender tend to differ in many aspects, such as legal and social responsibilities, outlooks on life, and self-perceptions. Young people tend to have fewer legal privileges (if they are below the age of majority), they are more likely to push for political and social change, to develop and adopt new technologies, and to need education. Older people have different requirements from society and government, and frequently have differing values as well, such as for property and pension rights. Older people are also more likely to vote, and in many countries the young are forbidden from voting. Thus, the aged have comparatively more, or at least different, political influence.

In different societies, age may be viewed or treated differently. For example, age may be measured starting from conception or from birth, and starting at either age zero or age one. Transitions such as reaching puberty, age of majority, or retirement are often socially significant. The concepts of successful aging and healthy aging refer to both social and physical aspects of the aging process.<ref name="Rowe1997"/><ref name='strawbridge'/>

Ageing

Ageing

Ageing (BE) or aging (AE) is the process of becoming older. The term refers mainly to humans, many other animals, and fungi, whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal. In a broader sense, ageing can refer to single cells within an organism which have ceased dividing, or to the population of a species.

In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time Reaction time, for example, may slow with age, while memories and general knowledge typically increase. Ageing increases the risk of human diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke and many more. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds die from age-related causes.

Current ageing theories are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as DNA oxidation) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed ageing concept, whereby the internal processes (epigenetic maintenance such as DNA methylation) inherently may cause ageing. Programmed ageing should not be confused with programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Obesity has been proposed to accelerate ageing, whereas dietary calorie restriction in non-primate animals slows ageing while maintaining good health and body functions. In primates (including humans), such life-extending effects remain uncertain.

Wikipedia:Userboxes/Life

All the world's a stage

All the world's a stage

"All the world's a stage" is the phrase that begins a monologue from William Shakespeare's pastoral comedy "As You Like It", spoken by the melancholy Jaques in Act II Scene VII Line 139. The speech compares the world to a stage and life to a play and catalogues the seven stages of a man's life, sometimes referred to as the seven ages of man.

Teenage rebellion

Teenage rebellion

Teenage rebellion is a part of social development in adolescents in order for them to develop an identity independent from their parents or family and a capacity for independent decision-making. They may experiment with different roles, behaviors, and ideologies as part of this process of developing an identity. Teenage rebellion has been recognized within psychology as a set of behavioral traits that supersede class, culture, or race; some psychologists, however, have disputed the universality of the phenomenon. According to Terror Management Theory, the child's allegiance to parental authority and worldviews can weaken after the discovery that parents, like themselves and everyone else, are mortal. This realization creates an unconscious need for security that is broader than what the parents alone provide. This can lead to new cultural allegiances, in the search for a more enduring sense of meaning. Teenagers seek to perceive themselves a valued contributor to aspects of culture that more convincingly outlive or transcend the mortal individual's lifespan. However, since the parents also instill their cultural beliefs onto the child, if the child does not come to associate their parents' mortality with their cultural beliefs, the chances of rebellion decrease.

American Aging Association

goal was to form a lay-scientific organization patterned after the American Heart Association to promote biomedical aging research. Dr. Harman served as the first president of AGE, and was executive director of AGE for 20 years (1973 to 1993). AGE has received research grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Ellison Medical Foundation. In 2016, AGE became a member of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. The vice-presidency of AGE is to be a layperson position focused on promoting the scientific goals of AGE to the general public. The primary activities of AGE are to: The

Lupercalia

usually between the ages of 20 and 40. They formed two religious "collegia" (associations) based on ancestry; the "Quinctiliani" (named after gens Quinctia) and the "Fabiani" (named after "gens" Fabia). Each college was headed by a "magister". In 44 BC, a third college, the "Juliani", was instituted in honor of Julius Caesar; its first "magister" was Mark Antony. The college of "Juliiani" disbanded or lapsed during Caesar's civil wars, and was not re-established in the reforms of his successor, Augustus. In the Imperial era, membership of the two traditional "collegia" was opened to "iuvenes" of equestrian status. At the Lupercal

Subboreal

Litt's pollen zone VIII. In the pollen scheme of Fritz Theodor Overbeck, it occupies pollen zone X. In paleoclimatology, it is divided into an Older Subboreal and a Younger Subboreal. Historically, the Subboreal is equivalent to most of the Neolithic and the entire Bronze Age, which started 4200 to 3800 years ago. The Subboreal is usually defined as 3710 to 5660 years BP. The lower limit is flexible, as some authors prefer to use 4400 BCE, or 6350 BP in northwestern Poland, even 4830 BC, or 6780 BP, And others use 5000 calendar years, or 3050 BCE. The upper limit

Sodder children disappearance

of this individual at death should have been 16 or 17 years", Newman's report said. "The top limit of age should be about 22 since the centra, which normally fuse at 23, are still unfused". Thus, given this age range, it was not very likely that these bones were from any of the five missing children, since the oldest, Maurice, had been 14 at the time (although the report allowed that vertebrae of a boy his age sometimes were advanced enough to appear to be at the lower end of the range). Newman added that the bone showed no sign

Old age

old age by defining sub-groups. One study distinguishes the young old (60 to 69), the middle old (70 to 79), and the very old (80+). Another study's sub-grouping is young-old (65 to 74), middle-old (75–84), and oldest-old (85+). A third sub-grouping is "young old" (65–74), "old" (74–84), and "old-old" (85+). Delineating sub-groups in the 65+ population enables a more accurate portrayal of significant life changes. Two British scholars, Paul Higgs and Chris Gilleard, have added a "fourth age" sub-group. In British English, the "third age" is "the period in life of active retirement, following middle age". Higgs and Gilleard describe

Mark Foley scandal

Exploited Children, was an expert on law concerning sex with minors. His pursuit of young former pages, in many cases, carefully avoided illegality. In the vast majority of states of the United States, the overall age of majority is either 18 years of age or higher. However, age of majority for sex is almost always lower than the overall age of majority, and varies by state (it is 16 in the District of Columbia and 16-17 in more than 40 other states). The email that first came to light was sent to a 16-year-old former page in Louisiana, where the

Supercentenarian

used the word in correspondence with age claims researcher A. Ross Eckler Jr. in 1976, and it was further popularised in 1991 by William Strauss and Neil Howe in their book "Generations". Meanwhile, "semisupercentenarian" has been used for the age range of 105–109 years. Early references to "supercentenarian" tend to mean simply "someone well over 100", but the 110-and-over cutoff is the accepted criterion of demographers. While claims of extreme age have persisted from the earliest times in history, the earliest supercentenarian accepted by Guinness World Records is Dutchman Thomas Peters (reportedly 1745–1857). Scholars such as French demographer Jean-Marie Robine,

Magdalenian Girl

significantly older than 18–21 years. However, some dentists disagree that Magdalenian Girl was an adult. An x-ray of her jaw shows that the roots of her wisdom teeth never formed and would mean that Magdalenian Girl is a subadult after all. There has been much debate over Magdalenian Girl's age due to her impacted wisdom teeth. According to Science Daily, impaction during the Stone Age was unknown because of the coarse diet of the period. This diet would have required more chewing and higher bite forces which could result in more growth of the jawbone and thereby creating more room

Late Roman army

in the Western army, the Illyricum and Gaul dioceses together provided 52% of total recruits. Overall, the Danubian regions provided nearly half of the whole army's recruits, despite containing only three of the 12 dioceses. This picture is much in line with the 2nd-century position. Prospective recruits had to undergo an examination. Recruits had to be 20–25 years of age, a range that was extended to 19–35 in the later 4th century. Recruits had to be physically fit and meet the traditional minimum height requirement of 6 Roman feet (5 ft 10in, 178 cm) until 367, when it was reduced

Fatoumata Tambajang

to take on the role. This was because section 62(1)(b) of the Constitution of the Gambia states that the Vice-President must meet the same age requirement as the President, establishing a maximum age of 65 at the time of entering the office – whereas Tambajang was reported to be 67 at the time of her selection. Following the reports, she was not sworn in immediately to the post, although she disputed the reported age – saying she was only 64 years old. Barrow challenged the public to show proof that she was above age 65. In February, she was appointed

Servian constitution

were subdivided into groups called "centuriae" (centuries), nominally of 100 men (Latin "centum" = 100) but in practice of variable number, further divided into "seniores" (men aged 46 – 60, of a suitable age to serve as "home guards" or city police) and "iuniores" (men aged 17 – 45, to serve as front-line troops when required). Adult male citizens were obliged, when called upon, to fulfill military service according to their means, which was supposedly assessed by "as", a monetary unit that in the archaic period represented a particular weight of bronze. A citizen's wealth and class would therefore have

Priest

of Hands"), or Holy Orders. In these traditions, only men who meet certain requirements may become priests. In Roman Catholicism the canonical minimum age is twenty-five. Bishops may dispense with this rule and ordain men up to one year younger. Dispensations of more than a year are reserved to the Holy See (Can. 1031 §§1, 4.) A Catholic priest must be incardinated by his bishop or his major religious superior in order to engage in public ministry. In Orthodoxy, the normal minimum age is thirty (Can. 9 of Neocaesarea) but a bishop may dispense with this if needed. In neither

Madeleine Cosman

specialize in nuns, some are exceedingly versatile and rape little girls age eleven and women up to age seventy-nine." Madeleine Cosman Madeleine Pelner Cosman (December 4, 1937 – March 2, 2006) was a scholar, a policy analyst, an advocate, a prolific author, and a faculty member at City College of New York. "As a medical lawyer, educator and health-care policy guru, she testified before Congress, wrote 15 books and buttressed conservative politicians' arguments against immigration""She was recruited by all these politicians to present ideas with coherence, logic and dramatic flair," her daughter said. "But before the political world took notice,

Person (canon law)

Trent prescribes sixteen years of age, with one year of novitiate. The latest enactment, prescribing simple vows for three continuous years after the novitiate before solemn profession, fixes the age for solemn profession at nineteen years for both men and women. Person (canon law) In the canon law of the Catholic Church, a person is a subject of certain legal rights and obligations. The age of reason is the age at which children attain the use of reason and begin to have moral responsibility. On completion of the seventh year a minor is presumed to have the use of reason,

Vice President of Brazil

article 14 of the Constitution, a candidate for the Vice Presidency must be a natural born citizen of Brazil (which under certain circumstances may include the offspring of one or two Brazilian parents living abroad) and be at least 35 years of age. The President and Vice President are elected on a single ticket for a four-year term and are inaugurated on 1 January of the year following that of the election. Both may be re-elected for a subsequent term. If the Vice President succeeds a sitting President, he or she may be reelected for an additional term. However, he