Question: What was the fastest aeroplane used in the Falkland's War?

Falkland Islands Government Air Service

from 1956 to 1979, with a total of seven Beavers, all floatplanes, purchased, although only two were ever operated at any one time. In 1979, it chose the Britten-Norman Islander, to be flown as landplanes from the numerous grass airstrips on the Islands to replace the Beaver, purchasing its first Islander that year. In April 1982, the Falkland Islands were invaded by Argentina. FIGAS's aircraft were seized by Argentine forces, and were damaged beyond repair by British air and artillery bombardment during the campaign to retake the Falklands, leaving FIGAS without aircraft. An ex-Argentine Army Aviation Bell UH-1 Huey helicopter

Battle of San Carlos (1982)

"Brilliant", HMS "Ardent", HMS "Brilliant". Sorties of MIIIEA aircraft were used as diversions as-well. While many of the bombs did not explode, HMS "Ardent" and HMS "Argonaut" were hit, sustaining damage and casualties. Sea Harriers intercepted some of the attackers, destroying 8 FAA aircraft. Bad weather over the Patagonia airfields prevented the Argentines from carrying out most of their air missions; only a few Skyhawks managed to reach the islands. The British completed their surface-to-air Rapier battery launcher deployments. On 23 May Argentine aircraft resumed attacking, striking HMS "Antelope", HMS "Broadsword", HMS "Yarmouth", and HMS "Antelope". Only HMS "Antelope" was

Argentine Naval Aviation

of the Argentines towards the Falkland Islands () the "Junta" ordered an invasion and triggered the ten-week-long Falklands War (). The naval aviation, suffering an arms embargo since 1978 by US President Jimmy Carter for human rights abuses, was in the middle of the process of replacing their A-4Q Skyhawks with French-built Dassault-Breguet Super Étendards. Although only five aircraft were delivered by the time of the conflict, the service became famous worldwide when they used their AM39 Exocet anti-shipping missiles, also purchased from France, to sink the Royal Navy's and the support ship . The older A-4Qs also had a

Aftermath of the Falklands War

factors, including limited fighter control that was provided by British warships in San Carlos Water, the then almost unparalleled Blue Fox radar, and the extreme manoeuvrability of the Sea Harrier. Additionally the British had the latest AIM-9L Sidewinder missiles, while the only Argentine planes with air-to-air missiles for self-defence were the Mirages. The AIM-9Ls had a much wider angle of engagement than the earlier versions employed by the Argentines, which could only effectively engage the rear quarter of an enemy aircraft. The only advantage of the Argentine jets was their higher maximum speed, but Argentine pilots could not benefit from

Hawker Siddeley Nimrod

passed within 60 miles (97 km) of the Argentine coast to confirm that Argentine surface vessels were not at sea. Another long-range flight was carried out by an MR2 on the night of 20/21 May, covering a total of 8,453 miles (13,609 km), the longest distance flight carried out during the Falklands War. In all, Nimrods flew 111 missions from Ascension in support of British operations during the Falklands War. A detachment of three Nimrod MR2s was deployed to Seeb in Oman in August 1990 as a result of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, carrying out patrols over the Gulf

Argentine air forces in the Falklands War

This article describes the composition and actions of the Argentine air forces in the Falklands War (), which comprised units of the Air Force, Army, Navy and other services.
For a description of air forces of the United Kingdom, see British air services in the Falklands War.

Exocet

Exocet

The Exocet () is a French-built anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels, submarines, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.

British logistics in the Falklands War

British logistics in the Falklands War

The 1982 British military campaign to recapture the Falkland Islands
depended on complex logistical arrangements. The logistical difficulties of operating from home were formidable. The Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands came at a time when the Royal Navy was experiencing a reduction in its amphibious capability, but it still possessed the aircraft carriers and , the landing platform dock (LPD) ships and , and six landing ship logistics (LSL) ships. To provide the necessary logistic support, the Royal Navy's ships were augmented by ships taken up from trade (STUFT).

The British Army and Royal Navy developed a base at Ascension Island, a British territory in the mid-Atlantic from the UK and from the Falkland Islands. Although it had an airfield with an excellent runway, there was only a small hardstand area for parking aircraft and no parallel taxiways. There was an anchorage, but no port facilities—just a lone jetty. Ascension was used as a convenient place for the amphibious ships to re-stow their equipment, and as a base for Hercules transport aircraft, which were modified by the addition of auxiliary fuel tanks and aerial refuelling probes. With the support of Victor tankers, these modifications allowed the transports to deliver priority supplies to the South Atlantic.

The 3rd Commando Brigade landed at Ajax Bay, Port San Carlos and San Carlos on East Falkland, but struggled to build up its supplies as the Argentine air forces made repeated attacks on ships in Falkland Sound. was struck by two Exocet AM39 missiles, and sank with three Chinook and six Wessex helicopters still on board, along with their tools and spare parts, and other vital stores including tent accommodation. The loss of the helicopters on "Atlantic Conveyor" was a serious blow; it forced the 3rd Commando Brigade to make a loaded march across East Falkland. The Brigade Maintenance Area (BMA) was struck by an Argentine air attack on 27 May that destroyed hundreds of rounds of mortar and artillery ammunition. Forward Brigade Maintenance Areas (FBMAs) were established at Teal Inlet for the 3rd Commando Brigade and Fitzroy for the 5th Infantry Brigade. Some 500 rounds per gun were delivered to gun positions by helicopters to enable the artillery to support the attacks on the mountains ringing Port Stanley. The successful conclusion of these battles resulted in the surrender of the Argentine forces in the Falklands on 14 June.

Dogfight

Dogfight

A dogfight, or dog fight, is an aerial battle between fighter aircraft conducted at close range. Dogfighting first occurred in Mexico in 1913, shortly after the invention of the airplane. Until at least 1992, it was a component in every major war, though with steadily declining frequency. Since then, longer-range weapons have made dogfighting largely obsolete.

Modern terminology for air-to-air combat is air combat maneuvering (ACM), which refers to tactical situations requiring the use of individual basic fighter maneuvers (BFM) to attack or evade one or more opponents. This differs from aerial warfare, which deals with the strategy involved in planning and executing various missions.

Harrier jump jet

Harrier jump jet

The Harrier, informally referred to as the Harrier jump jet, is a family of jet-powered attack aircraft capable of vertical/short takeoff and landing operations (V/STOL). Named after a bird of prey, it was originally developed by British manufacturer Hawker Siddeley in the 1960s. The Harrier emerged as the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many attempted during that era. It was conceived to operate from improvised bases, such as car parks or forest clearings, without requiring large and vulnerable air bases. Later, the design was adapted for use from aircraft carriers.

There are two generations and four main variants of the Harrier family, developed by both UK and US manufacturers:

The Hawker Siddeley Harrier is the first generation-version and is also known as the AV-8A or AV-8C Harrier; it was used by multiple air forces, including the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Marine Corps (USMC). The Sea Harrier is a naval strike/air defence fighter derived from the Hawker Siddeley Harrier; it was operated by both the Royal Navy and the Indian Navy. During the 1980s, a second generation Harrier emerged, manufactured in the United States as the AV-8B and in Britain as the British Aerospace Harrier II respectively. By the start of the 21st century, the majority of the first generation Harriers had been withdrawn, many operators having chosen to procure the second generation as a replacement. In the long term, several operators have announced their intention to supplement or replace their Harrier fleets with the STOVL variant of the F-35 Lightning II, designated as the F-35B.

1966 Aerolineas Argentinas DC-4 hijacking

Louis on the Falkland Islands in 1833. The original plan was to storm Government House (which was next to the racecourse) immediately after landing and compel the Governor of the Falkland Islands (who was actually absent on that day) to recognise Argentine sovereignty over the islands. The hope was that this would lead to a nationalist wave in Argentina which would force Argentina's government into ordering a full invasion and takeover of the islands. However, the aircraft had come to a stop on the wrong end of the race track and was unable to move, meaning the hijackers couldn't get

HMS Ardent (F184)

by local farmer Tony Blake during the night he rejoined Argentine forces. Lt. Arca, with his A-4Q also struck by 30 mm rounds, bailed out safely after an unsuccessful attempt to land at Stanley. The pilot was rescued from the water by the Argentine Army Huey UH-1H of Captain Svendsen. Arca ejected at Cape Pembroke, two miles (3 km) from Stanley airstrip. HMS Ardent (F184) HMS "Ardent" was a Royal Navy Type 21 frigate. Built by Yarrow Shipbuilders Ltd, Glasgow, Scotland. She was completed with Exocet launchers in 'B' position. "Ardent" took part in the Falklands War, where she was

Argentine Naval Aviation

only combat aircraft based on the islands and an MB-339 was the first aircraft to engage the British landing force during the Battle of San Carlos. During the war the last two SP-2H Neptunes were retired due to airframe attrition and replaced with two leased Brazilian EMB 111 Bandeirantes. Four naval aviators died in the war. Fourteen aircraft were lost, to various causes. In 1983, Democracy was restored in Argentina and despite stricter military budgets, COAN was able to modernize with the lifting of arms embargoes. P-3 Orions and modified Beechcraft Super King Air were incorporated and Eurocopter Fennecs were

Argentine Army Aviation

Agusta A109 utility and the Boeing CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters. The dictatorship that took power in 1976 increased tensions with Chile which reached their highest point during the 1978 Operation Soberanía where the Army Aviation performed major deployments. In 1982, the "Military Junta" invaded the Falkland Islands () triggering a ten-week-long war against the United Kingdom. The Argentine Army Aviation deployed 2 CH-47 Chinooks, 3 Agusta A109, 6 SA330 Pumas and 9 UH-1Hs to the islands, where they performed 796 general support flights under harsh operating conditions. Their helicopters were also extensively used in Patagonia and the Army also took

HMS Antelope (F170)

part in the Falklands War arriving in the area of operations on 21 May 1982. On 23 May 1982, while on air defence duty at the entrance to San Carlos Water, protecting the beachhead established two days before, she came under attack by four Argentine A-4B Skyhawks of Grupo 5. The first pair attacked from astern, with the flight leader breaking off his attack after one of "Antelope"'s Sea Cat SAMs exploded under the port wing of his aircraft. The pilot, Capitán Pablo Carballo, managed to nurse his aircraft back to Rio Gallegos. The second aircraft on this flight pressed

1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident

had not notified anyone of the helicopter's flight. The navy had not informed the land forces that "Cardiff" had changed position to set up an ambush for Argentine aircraft travelling over the area. The helicopter's identification friend or foe (IFF) transmitter was turned off, because it caused interference with the army's Rapier anti-aircraft missile system. The board of inquiry's findings prompted criticism of the MoD's initial response to the incident. On 2 April 1982, the British overseas territory of the Falkland Islands was invaded by neighbouring Argentina. The United Kingdom, nearly away, assembled and dispatched a naval task force of

Falklands War

the UK had not yet decided to commit itself to armed force. On 23 April, a Brazilian commercial Douglas DC-10 from VARIG Airlines en route to South Africa was intercepted by British Harriers who visually identified the civilian plane. The South Georgia force, "Operation Paraquet", under the command of Major Guy Sheridan RM, consisted of Marines from 42 Commando, a troop of the Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service (SBS) troops who were intended to land as reconnaissance forces for an invasion by the Royal Marines. All were embarked on . First to arrive was the HMS "Conqueror"

Raid on Pebble Island

African Campaign of World War II. Immediately after the Argentinians had seized the Falkland Islands they established a small airbase, Aeródromo Auxiliar Calderón, on Pebble Island (Argentine name: isla Borbón) using the local airstrip on which were based Argentine Air Force's FMA IA 58 Pucará and some Argentine Naval Aviation's T-34 Mentor light ground attack aircraft. Reconnaissance by these aircraft could have compromised the Royal Navy's manoeuvres before its intended landing on East Falkland. SAS elements, then embarked on HMS "Hermes", were tasked with eliminating the threat, with naval support from the Type 22 frigate HMS "Broadsword" as "Hermes"' defensive

Argentine Naval Prefecture

12.7 mm machine gun at the British jet. The ship ran aground, but most of its cargo -among them two 105 mm howitzers- was recovered later. The crew of the patrol boat claimed the shooting down of the aircraft, but this was later proved to be unfounded. The sortie was actually carried out by two Sea Harriers of 800 Naval Air Squadron, Nº XZ460 and XZ499, which strafed the vessel with 30 mm cannon fire. The patrol vessel "Islas Malvinas" was captured and operated by the Royal Navy, as . The Prefecture is constantly battling illegal fishing vessels in the

Sharkey Ward

and with a strength of eight aircraft they embarked in HMS "Invincible" on 4 April 1982. Ward, flying Sea Harrier XZ451/006, was one of three aircraft launched to carry out a combat air patrol at the northern end of the Falkland Sound. Two Pucaras operating from Goose Green were seen by controllers on HMS "Brilliant" and the three Sea Harriers were vectored towards them. One of the Pucaras was attacked by the first two Sea Harriers but evaded, and Ward made a passing cannon attack on Major Carlos Tomba's aircraft and damaged the port aileron. After slowing down and turning

Hawker Siddeley Nimrod

took on operations initially performed by older Nimrod MR1s. Aviation author Chris Chant has claimed that the Nimrod R1 also conducted electronic intelligence missions operating from Punta Arenas in neutral Chile. The addition of air-to-air refuelling probes allowed operations to be carried out in the vicinity of the Falklands, while the aircraft's armament was supplemented by the addition of 1,000 lb (450 kg) general purpose bombs, BL755 cluster bombs and AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. The use of air-to-air refuelling allowed extremely long reconnaissance missions to be mounted, one example being a 19-hour 15-minute patrol conducted on 15 May 1982, which

Douglas A-4 Skyhawk

under Carlos Menem's presidency when Argentina became a major non-NATO ally). Ejection seats did not work and there were many other mechanical faults. In spite of this, A-4s still served well in the 1982 Falklands War. During the 1982 Falklands War, Argentina deployed 48 Skyhawk warplanes (26 A-4B, 12 A-4C and 10 A-4Q aircraft). Armed with unguided bombs and lacking any electronic or missile self-defense, Argentine Air Force Skyhawks sank the Type 42 destroyer and the Type 21 frigate as well as inflicting heavy damage on several others: RFA "Sir Galahad" (which was subsequently scuttled as a war grave), the

Falklands War

and a Canberra were shot down. Combat broke out between Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1 fighters of No. 801 Naval Air Squadron and Mirage III fighters of Grupo 8. Both sides refused to fight at the other's best altitude, until two Mirages finally descended to engage. One was shot down by an AIM-9L Sidewinder air-to-air missile (AAM), while the other escaped but was damaged and without enough fuel to return to its mainland air base. The plane made for Stanley, where it fell victim to friendly fire from the Argentine defenders. As a result of this experience, Argentine Air Force

claim. To coincide with Ruda's address, on 8 September 1964 Argentine civil pilot Miguel Lawler Fitzgerald flew his Cessna 185 from Río Gallegos to Stanley, in the Falkland Islands, and landed on the racecourse. He hoisted the Argentine ensign and asked to speak with the Governor. When his request was refused, he left a written message claiming Argentine sovereignty before taking off and returning to Río Gallegos. As a result of this incident, the UK sent a permanent detachment of Royal Marines to the Falklands. In the early 1960s the Tacuara Nationalist Movement (an Argentine far right militant group) conducted

Argentine Army Aviation

over police MBB Bo 105s during the conflict. Six Army aviation members died in the war. Two army helicopters were shot down, six destroyed on the ground, and ten were captured. Some of these captured were used by British Army and other used as targets for RAF ground attack training. After the war, the Aerospatiale Super Puma was incorporated, mainly for Antarctica support duties operating from Navy's icebreaker ARA "Almirante Irizar". In 1998, Argentina was granted Major Non-NATO ally status by United States President Bill Clinton and the Army Aviation began an expansive program that included the reception of OV-1


Question: fifteen 'bob' in old money is worth what in our current currency?

Decimal Day

pronounce the new coins as "pee". Shortenings such as "tuppence" are now rarely heard, and terms such as "tanner" (the silver sixpence), which previously designated amounts of money, are no longer used. However, some slang terms, such as "quid" and "bob", survived from pre-decimal times. Amounts denominated in guineas (21s or £1.05) are reserved for specialist transactions, such as the sale of horses and some auctions. The public information campaign over the preceding two years helped, as did the trick of getting a rough conversion of new pence into old shillings and pence by simply doubling the number of new

Shilling

and had the same value, and inherited the shilling's slang name of a "bob". Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991. Between 1701 and the unification of the currencies in 1825, the Irish shilling was valued at 13 pence and known as the "black hog", as opposed to the 12-pence English shillings which were known as "white hogs". In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland the shilling coin was issued as "scilling" in Irish. It was worth 1/20th of an Irish pound, and was interchangeable at the same value to

Slang terms for money

"threepenny bit" (, or ); a sixpence was a "tanner", the two-shilling coin or florin was a "two-bob bit", the two shillings and sixpence coin or half-crown was a "half dollar" and the crown was a "dollar". Slang terms are not generally used for the decimal coins that replaced them but in some parts of the country, "bob" continues to represent one-twentieth of a pound, that is five new pence, and two bob is 10p. For all denominations "p" is used for pence. In the United Kingdom the term "shrapnel" may be used for an inconvenient pocketful of loose change

Coins of the pound sterling

"e" down to complete omission); a sixpence was a "tanner", the two-shilling coin or florin was a "two-bob bit". Bob is still used in phrases such as "earn/worth a bob or two", and "bob‐a‐job week". The two shillings and sixpence coin or half-crown was a "half dollar", also sometimes referred to as "two and a kick". A value of two pence was universally pronounced "tuppence", a usage which is still heard today, especially among older people. The unaccented suffix "-pence", pronounced , was similarly appended to the other numbers up to twelve; thus "fourpence", "sixpence-three-farthings", "twelvepence-ha'penny", but "eighteen pence" would

£sd

coins (with a value of five shillings) were latterly issued only as commemorative pieces. A two-shilling piece known as a florin (an early attempt at decimalisation, being , and equal to 10 new pence after decimalisation) was in everyday use; it was referred to as "two bob", a "two-shilling bit", or a "two-bob-bit". The currency of Lancre, a kingdom in the fictional world of Discworld, is a parody of the £sd system. The currency of knuts, sickles and galleons in the Harry Potter books is also a parody of the £sd system, with 29 knuts to a sickle and 17

Decimal Day

Decimal Day

Decimal Day in the United Kingdom and in Ireland was Monday 15 February 1971, the day on which each country decimalised its respective £sd currency of pounds, shillings, and pence.

Before this date, the British pound sterling (symbol "£") was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 (old) pence, a total of 240 pence. With decimalisation, the pound kept its old value and name, but the shilling was abolished, and the penny was revalued, such that the pound was subdivided into 100 of what were originally called "new pence" ("NP"), and later just pence ("p") when confusion was no longer likely. Each new penny was worth 2.4 old pence (abbreviated "d"). A coin of half a new penny was introduced to maintain the granularity of the old penny, but was dropped in 1984 as inflation reduced its value. An old value of 7 pounds, 10 shillings, and sixpence, typically abbreviated £7/10/6 or became Amounts with a number of old pence which was not 0 or 6 did not convert into a round number of new pence. The Irish pound had the same £sd currency structure, and the same decimalisation was carried out.

Coins of the pound sterling

Coins of the pound sterling

The standard circulating coinage of the United Kingdom, British Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories is denominated in pennies and pounds sterling (symbol "£", commercial GBP), and ranges in value from one penny sterling to two pounds. Since decimalisation, on 15 February 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 (new) pence. Before decimalisation, twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound.

British coins are minted by the Royal Mint in Llantrisant, Wales. The Royal Mint also commissions the coins' designs.

In addition to the circulating coinage, the UK also mints commemorative decimal coins (crowns) in the denomination of five pounds. Ceremonial Maundy money and bullion coinage of gold sovereigns, half sovereigns, and gold and silver Britannia coins are also produced. Some territories outside the United Kingdom, which use the pound sterling, produce their own coinage, with the same denominations and specifications as the UK coinage but with local designs.

Pound sterling

Pound sterling

Sterling (abbreviation: stg; ISO code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. The pound (sign: £) is the main unit of sterling, often qualified in international contexts as the British pound or the pound sterling.<ref name="HbIFT" />

Sterling is the world's oldest currency that is still in use and that has been in continuous use since its inception. It is currently the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro, and the Japanese yen. Together with those three currencies and Renminbi, it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights. As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held reserve currency in global reserves.

The Bank of England is the central bank for sterling, issuing its own banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments guarantee convertibility at par. Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the British Empire.

List of British banknotes and coins

List of British banknotes and coins

List of British banknotes and coins, with commonly used terms.

Coins of the United States dollar

Coins of the United States dollar

Coins of the United States dollar (aside from those of the earlier Continental currency) were first minted in 1792. New coins have been produced annually and they make up a valuable aspect of the United States currency system. Today, circulating coins exist in denominations of 1¢ (i.e. 1 cent or $0.01), 5¢, 10¢, 25¢, 50¢, and $1.00. Also minted are bullion (including gold, silver and platinum) and commemorative coins. All of these are produced by the United States Mint. The coins are then sold to Federal Reserve Banks which in turn are responsible for putting coins into circulation and withdrawing them as demanded by the country's economy.

Shilling (British coin)

Shilling (British coin) The shilling (1/-) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or twelve pence. It was first minted in the reign of Henry VII as the testoon, and became known as the shilling from the Old English scilling, sometime in the mid-sixteenth century, circulating until 1990. The word "bob" was sometimes used for a monetary value of several shillings, e.g. "ten bob note". Following decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the coin had a value of five new pence. It was made from silver from its introduction in or around 1503 until 1947, and thereafter in

Large denominations of United States currency

laundering, it is unlikely that the U.S. government will reissue large denomination currency in the near future, despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 (a $100 bill is now worth less, in real terms, than a $20 bill was worth in 1969). According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website, "The present denominations of our currency in production are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal. Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the

Connecticut pound

a second series of paper money was introduced, known as the "New Tenor" issue. These were worth 3½ times as much as the same denomination of Old Tenor notes. A further issue of 1755, known as "Lawful Money", replaced the Old and New Tenor issues at the rates of 1 Lawful Money shilling = 2.1 New Tenor shillings = 7.33 Old Tenor shillings. The State of Connecticut issued Continental currency denominated in both £sd and Spanish dollars, with 1 Spanish dollar = 6 shillings. The Continental currency was replaced by the U.S. dollar at the rate of 1000 Continental dollars

Real bills doctrine

of $500 newly printed dollars on loan, thus multiplying the original $100 six times, what is the value of a paper dollar? One paper dollar is still worth one ounce of silver. If the bank had issued only $100 against 100 ounces of silver, then each dollar would be worth 1 ounce. If the bank issued the additional $500 without taking any additional assets in return, then the public would hold $600 against only 100 ounces of silver in the bank, and each dollar would be worth only 1/6 ounce of silver. But the banker did receive one dollar's worth

Shilling

earliest recorded Germanic law codes, those of Æthelberht of Kent. Slang terms for the old shilling coins include "bob" and "hog". While the derivation of "bob" is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was "bobstick" and wonders if it is connected with Sir Robert Walpole. One abbreviation for shilling is s (for "solidus", see £sd). Often it was represented by a solidus symbol ("/"), which may have originally stood for a long s or ſ, thus "1/9" would be one shilling and ninepence (and equivalent to 21d; the shilling itself was equal to

Massachusetts pound

of notes declined relative to silver coins and, in 1704, the "Old Tenor" notes were introduced, again at a value of 1 Massachusetts shilling = 9 pence sterling. The value of these notes also declined and they were followed, in 1737, by the "Middle Tenor" issue, worth 3 times the Old Tenor notes, and, in 1741, by the "New Tenor" issue, worth 4 times the Old Tenor notes. In 1759, all previous issues were replaced by the "Colonial" issue, worth 10 times the Old Tenor notes. Massachusetts pound The pound was the currency of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and its

Old money

not adjusted for inflation. In 60 years, four of the richest families in the United States increased their combined $2–4 billion in 1937 to $38 billion without holding large shares in emerging industries. When adjusted for inflation, the actual dollar wealth of many of these families has shrunk since the 30s. From a private wealth manager's perspective, "old money" can be classified into two: active "old money" and passive "old money". The former includes inheritors who, despite the inherited wealth at their disposal or that which they can access in the future, choose to pursue their own career or set

Banknotes of Demerary and Essequibo

1797 valued the Portuguese Johannes at $16 (the Spanish doubloon at $14.93, and the English silver shilling at $0.22). Due to clipping and boring (replaced with brass or copper) these coins (colloquially referred to as a "Joe") began to lose their intrinsic value. An initial attempt was made to counterstamp or chop mark valid coins. Eventually (1809) the coins were recalled by the authorities and paper currency, denominated in both Guilders and "Joes" were issued. The new paper issue of 1809 introduced 50,000 "Joes" equivalent to 1,100,000 guilders. This was followed by an additional 25,807 "Joes" in 1815–16, and 24,193

French franc

before the Bretton Woods system was replaced by free-floating exchange rates. When the euro replaced the franc on 1 January 1999, the franc was worth less than an eighth of its original 1960 purchasing power. After revaluation and the introduction of the new franc, many French people continued to use old francs ("anciens francs"), to describe large sums (throughout the 1980s and well in to the 1990s and virtually until the introduction of the euro, many people, old and young – even those who had never used the old franc – were still referring to the old franc, confusing people).

Coins of the pound sterling

usually be said "one-and-six". "Quid" remains as popular slang for one or more pounds to this day in Britain in the form "a quid" and then "two quid", and so on. Similarly, in some parts of the country, "bob" continued to represent one-twentieth of a pound, that is five new pence, and "two bob" is 10p. The introduction of decimal currency caused a new casual usage to emerge, where any value in pence is spoken using the suffix "pee": e.g. "twenty-three pee" or, in the early years, "two-and-a-half pee" rather than the previous "tuppence-ha'penny". Amounts over a pound are normally

Tables of historical exchange rates to the United States dollar

The magnitude of the numbers in the list does not indicate, by themselves, the strength or weakness of a particular currency. For example, the U.S. dollar could be rebased tomorrow so that 1 new dollar was worth 100 old dollars. Then all the numbers in the table would be multiplied by one hundred, but it does not mean all the world's currencies just got weaker. However, it is useful to look at the variation over time of a particular exchange rate. If the number consistently increases through time, then it is a strong indication that the economy of the country

Twenty pence (British coin)

are legal tender only up to the sum of £10; this means that it is permissible to refuse payment of sums greater than this amount in 20p coins in order to settle a debt. As of March 2014 there were an estimated 2,765 million 20p coins in circulation, with an estimated face value of £553.025 million. Of this estimated number, between 50,000 and 200,000 of these coins are undated mule coins minted in 2008 after the dies for the old and new designs were accidentally mixed up during the minting process. The original reverse of the coin, designed by William

Pound sterling

goods and services that, in a particular year, could be purchased with £1. The table shows that from 1971 to 2015 the British pound lost about 92% of its buying power. The smallest coin in 1971 was the p, worth about 6.4p in 2015 prices. The pound is freely bought and sold on the foreign exchange markets around the world, and its value relative to other currencies therefore fluctuates. , £1 was worth US$1.289, €1.0808, ¥141, CHF 1.22329, A$1.6247, C$1.6083 or INR 82.50. Sterling is used as a reserve currency around the world and is currently ranked fourth in value

Chronic inflation

1,000 old meticals. Though the North Korean Won, officially called the Korean People's won (KPW) never technically failed it had been steadily devalued since 2002 when the dollar peg was removed. During a 2009 revaluation, the government gave citizens seven days to turn in their old won for new won – with 1,000 old worth 10 of the new – but allowed a maximum exchange of only 150,000 of the old won. That meant each adult could legally exchange about US$740-worth of won. The exchange cap wiped out the savings of many North Koreans, and reportedly caused unrest in parts

New Zealand five-cent coin

at a rate of two dollars to a pound, with six pence in the old pound currency equaling five cents in the new one. The new five cent coin was the same size and composition as the old sixpence coin it replaced to ease the transition. The coin was made of cupronickel, 19.43 mm in diameter, and weighed 2.83 grams. By the early 2000s, the five-cent coin had become of little value due to inflation. The coin was subsequently demonetised effective 1 November 2006. Counting proofs and coins in mint sets, a total of 617,508,200 (618 million) coins of the


Question: Who famously described England as “a nation of shopkeepers”?

smith
Adam Smith
vile maxim
Vile maxim
adam smith
Adam smith
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Nation of shopkeepers

occasion was by M. BARRERE [sic], in which, after describing our beautiful country as one "on which the sun scarce designs to shed its light", he described England as a nation of shopkeepers. In any case the phrase did not originate with Napoleon, or even Barère. It first appears in a non-pejorative sense in "The Wealth of Nations" (1776) by Adam Smith, who wrote: Smith is also quoted as saying that Britain was "a nation that is governed by shopkeepers", which is how he put it in the first (1776) edition. It is unlikely that either Adam Smith or Napoleon

Nation of shopkeepers

benefitted from the Bank of England's issuance of inconvertible banknotes, a "temporary" measure which remained from the 1790s until 1821. Nation of shopkeepers The phrase "a nation of shopkeepers", commonly attributed to Napoleon, is a reference to England or the United Kingdom. There is reason to doubt that Napoleon ever used it. No contemporaneous French newspaper mentions that he did. The phrase was first used in an offensive sense by the French revolutionary Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac on June 11, 1794 in a speech to the National Convention: “Let Pitt then boast of his victory to his nation of shopkeepers”.

Nation of shopkeepers

Nation of shopkeepers The phrase "a nation of shopkeepers", commonly attributed to Napoleon, is a reference to England or the United Kingdom. There is reason to doubt that Napoleon ever used it. No contemporaneous French newspaper mentions that he did. The phrase was first used in an offensive sense by the French revolutionary Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac on June 11, 1794 in a speech to the National Convention: “Let Pitt then boast of his victory to his nation of shopkeepers”. Later, during the Napoleonic wars, the British press mentioned the phrase, attributing it either to “the French” or to Napoleon

Nation of shopkeepers

himself. A later, explicit source is Barry Edward O'Meara, who was surgeon to Napoleon during his exile in St. Helena. If O'Meara is to be believed, Napoleon said: The supposed French original as uttered by Napoleon ("une nation de boutiquiers") is frequently cited, but it has no attestation. O'Meara conversed with Napoleon in Italian, not French. There is no other source. After the war English newspapers sometimes tried to correct the impression. For example the following article appeared in the "Morning Post" of 28 May 1832: ENGLAND A NATION OF SHOPKEEPERS This complimentary term, for so we must consider it,

Nation of shopkeepers

been correct in seeing the United Kingdom as essentially a commercial and naval rather than a land based power, but during his lifetime it was fast being transformed from a mercantile to an industrial nation, a process which laid the basis for a century of British hegemony after the Battle of Waterloo. Although the UK had half the population of France during the Napoleonic Wars, there was a higher per capita income and, consequently, a greater tax base, necessary to conduct a prolonged war of attrition. The United Kingdom's economy and its ability to finance the war against Napoleon also

Nation of shopkeepers

Royal African Company

Royal African Company

The Royal African Company (RAC) was an English mercantile (trading) company set up in 1660 by the royal Stuart family and City of London merchants to trade along the west coast of Africa. It was led by the Duke of York, who was the brother of King Charles II and in 1685, York took the throne as James II.

It was established after Charles II gained the English throne in the Restoration of 1660. While its original purpose was to exploit the gold fields up the Gambia River, which were identified by Prince Rupert during the Interregnum, it soon developed and led a brutal and sustained slave trade. It also extracted other commodities, mainly from the Gold Coast. After becoming insolvent in 1708, it survived in a state of much reduced activity until 1752 when its assets were transferred to the new African Company of Merchants, which lasted until 1821.

Economy of England

Economy of England

The economy of England is the largest economy of the four countries of the United Kingdom.

England is a highly industrialised country. It is an important producer of textiles and chemical products. Although automobiles, locomotives, and aircraft are among England's other important industrial products, a significant proportion of the country's income comes from the City of London. Since the 1990s, the financial services sector has played an increasingly significant role in the English economy and the City of London is one of the world's largest financial centres. Banks, insurance companies, commodity and futures exchanges are heavily concentrated in the City. The British pound sterling is the official currency of England and the central bank of the United Kingdom, the Bank of England, is located in London.

The service sector of the economy as a whole is now the largest in England, with manufacturing and primary industries in decline. The only major secondary industry that is growing is the construction industry, fueled by economic growth provided mainly by the growing services, administrative and financial sector.

Bespoke tailoring

Bespoke tailoring

Bespoke tailoring or custom tailoring is clothing made to an individual buyer's specifications by a tailor.

Consumer revolution

Consumer revolution

The consumer revolution refers to the period from approximately 1600 to 1750 in England in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds. The consumer revolution marked a departure from the traditional mode of life that was dominated by frugality and scarcity to one of increasingly mass consumption in society.

England Your England

series edited by T. R. Fyvel and Orwell, in the Searchlight Books published by Secker & Warburg. Orwell also describes England as one of the most democratic nations on the earth at the time, but that it lacked a true and correct worldview and replaced it with a level of fervent patriotism. He exemplifies this with reference to the fact that English gentry and businessmen thought Fascism was a system that was compatible with the English economy. The gentry believed that simply because Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler were staunchly opposed to communism that their views were "England-friendly" and thus

Retail

trading hours were beginning to supplant markets and fairs as the main retail outlet. Provincial shopkeepers were active in almost every English market town. These shopkeepers sold general merchandise, much like a contemporary convenience store or a general store. For example, William Allen, a mercer in Tamworth who died in 1604, sold spices alongside furs and fabrics. William Stout of Lancaster retailed sugar, tobacco, nails and prunes at both his shop and at the central markets. His autobiography reveals that he spent most of his time preparing products for sale at the central market, which brought an influx of customers

Nation of shopkeepers

as applied to a Nation which has derived its principal prosperity from its commercial greatness, has been erroneously attributed, from time to time, to all the leading Revolutionists of France. To our astonishment we now find it applied exclusively to BONAPARTE. Than this nothing can be further from the fact. NAPOLEON was scarcely known at the time, he being merely an Officer of inferior rank, totally unconnected with politics. The occasion on which that splenetic, but at the same time, complimentary observation was made was that of the ever-memorable battle of the 1st of June. The oration delivered on that

London Labour and the London Poor

with the British Empire's continued growth, people from all over the world gradually began arriving in the city as well to seek their fortune. Items of commerce, such as food, drink, textiles and household goods, were distributed by an army of carts and wagons. While goods were sold from storefronts, there were also thousands upon thousands of street-traders generally lumped together as costermongers. Alongside these relatively familiar forms of trade in consumer goods and services, Mayhew's work describes lesser-known trades driven by now-obsolete markets and by sheer poverty, such as gathering of snails for food, and the extreme forms of

Consumer revolution

& Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain", Oxford: OUP 2005 Berry, Helen, ‘Polite Consumption: Shopping in Eighteenth-Century England’, "TRHS 6thSer. "12, 2002, pp. 375-394 Cox, Nancy, "The complete Tradesman. A Study of Retailing, 1550-1820", Aldershot: Ashgate 2000 Lemire, Beverley, "Fashion’s Favourite: The Cotton Trade and the Consumer in Britain, 1660-1800," Oxford: OUP 1991 McKendrick, Neil, Brewer, John, Plumb, J.H., "The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England," London: Europa Publications 1982 Mui, Hoh-Chueng, Mui, Lorna H., "Shops and Shopkeeping in Eighteenth-Century England", Kingston: McGill-Queen’s UP 1989 Shammas, Carole, "The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America", Oxford: Clarendon1990 Spufford, Margaret,

Britain's Bourse

queen, Anne of Denmark, his son, later Charles I of England and daughter Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia. It primarily catered for women providing not only fashionable clothes and millinery, but also ornaments and items of furniture. However it also included several bookshops. Along with the Royal Exchange it provided one of the major shopping centres in London, particularly after the Fire of London. Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany visited the premises during his visit to England in 1669 and described the building: Britain's Bourse Britain's Bourse, also known as the New Exchange, was a shopping arcade

Joshua Gee

1713-1714, where he postulated a mercantile system that emphasized the necessity of governmental direction and encouragement of the nation's commerce. In 1729, "The Trade and Navigation of Great Britain Consider’d", was published in London, which made Gee famous. This book gives an overview of British trade both historically and by national areas, and also comments on distinct problems of trade (for example devoting chapter 12 to “French fashions pernicious to England”). Nevertheless, the great extent of his work focused on resolving the problems regarding the colonial labour. One solution he offered was the transport of domestic convicts, the poor and

Consumer revolution

"The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their Wares in the Seventeenth Century", London: Hambledon 1984 Blondé, Bruno et al. (eds.), "Retail circuits and practices in medieval and early modern Europe" (Studies in European Urban History (1100-1800) 9), Turnhout: Brepols 2006 Stobart, Jon ‘Shopping streets as social space: leisure, consumerism and improvement in an eighteenth-century county town’, "Urban History" 25:1, 1998, pp. 3-21 Stobart, Jon, Hann, Andrew, ‘Retailing Revolution in the Eighteenth Century? Evidence from North-West England’, "Business History" 46:2, 2004, pp. 171-194 Stobart, Jon, ‘Leisure and Shopping in the Small Towns of Georgian England. A Regional Approach’,

Personal selling

century, especially in the more populous cities. By the 17th century, permanent shops with more regular trading hours were beginning to supplant markets and fairs as the main retail outlet. Provincial shopkeepers were active in almost every English market town. These shopkeepers sold a very broad range of general merchandise, much like a contemporary general store. Large business houses involved in import and export often offered additional services including finance, bulk-breaking, sorting and risk-taking. In the 17th century, the public began to make mental distinctions between two types of trader; local traders (Dutch: "meerseniers") which referred to local merchants including

English nationalism

that England cannot be described as a nation until the late nineteenth century. The idea of the Norman yoke became increasingly popular amongst English radicals in the seventeenth century. They believed that Anglo-Saxon England was a land of liberty but that this liberty was extinguished by the Norman conquest and the imposition of feudalism. John Milton, writing in the 1640s, used nationalist rhetoric: "Lords and Commons of England, consider what nation it is whereoff ye are" and on another occasion: "Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation raising herself like a strong man after sleep". It

Consumer revolution

and the Display of Goods in Eighteenth-Century London’, "Journal of Design History" 8:3, 1995, pp. 157-176 Walsh, Claire, ‘The design of London goldsmiths’ shops in the early eighteenth century’, in: David Mitchell, ed., "Goldsmiths, Silversmiths and Bankers: Innovation and the Transfer of Skill, 1550 to 1750" (Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Series 2), Stroud/Gloucs, 1995, pp. 96-111 Walsh, Claire, ‘Social Meaning and Social Space in the Shopping Galleries of Early Modern London’, in: John Benson, Laura Ugolini, (eds.), "A Nation of Shopkeepers: Five Centuries of British Retailing", London: I.B. Tauris, 2003, pp. 52-79 Consumer revolution The term Consumer revolution

Retail

England, a network of chartered markets sprang up between the 12th and 16th centuries, giving consumers reasonable choice in the markets they preferred to patronise. A study on the purchasing habits of the monks and other individuals in medieval England, suggests that consumers of the period were relatively discerning. Purchase decisions were based on purchase criteria such as consumers' perceptions of the range, quality, and price of goods. This informed decisions about where to make their purchases and which markets were superior. Today, traders and showmen jealously guard the reputation of these historic market charters. Braudel and Reynold have made

The Great British Story: A People's History (TV series)

had become Christian. Laws of the land became based on Christian values with books such as the Textus Roffensis. UK viewing figures: 1.29 million 11th century England was one of the wealthiest countries in Europe. This made it ripe for conquest by the Normans who wiped out almost all English nobility, thus forcing the ordinary people under the control of French speaking Barons. They maintained rule from hundreds of Motte-and-bailey castles making no attempt to mix with the English for three or four generations. Under this new rule England prospered, trading from new cities such as Bristol that traded in

Anglophile

popular, with the English being praised for their "spontaneous" nature, which allowed people to be themselves. The Osnabrück historian Justus Möser wrote that England was everything that a unified Germany should be, as Britain was a land of "organic" natural order where the aristocracy respected the liberties of the people and had a sense of duty to the nation. In 19th century France, Anglophilia was popular amongst certain elements, though not with the French people in general. The popular Catholic royalist intellectual Charles Maurras took a virulently Anglophobic viewpoint that Britain was the "cancer" of the world, rotting out everything

Society of the Friends of the People

subscription rates than the English Society, attracting a wider membership which made it more like the London Corresponding Society. It soon had imitators in towns and villages throughout Scotland. The rank and file were usually described as "shopkeepers and artisans", and included most prominently weavers as well as tailors, cobblers, brewers, bakers, tanners, butchers and hairdressers. The membership generally did not include general labourers, agricultural workers, colliers, spinners, foundrymen, masons and the like. The government feared such wider support and outbreaks of rioting in many places in the summer and autumn of 1792 were officially attributed to "an almost universal


Question: What radio station do you find at 1090 on your local AM dial?

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Oakland County International Airport
Oakland County Airport
Oakland County Int'L Airport
oakland county international airport
kptk
KPTK
oakland county airport

WCAR

WCAR WCAR (1090 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Livonia, Michigan and serving the Metro Detroit radio market. It airs a sports radio format and is owned by the Birach Broadcasting Corporation. Most of the programming comes from the SB Nation Radio Network. Because AM 1090 is a clear channel frequency reserved for Class A stations in Little Rock, Baltimore and Tijuana, Mexico, WCAR must broadcast at a low power and with a directional antenna to avoid interference. By day it is powered at 250 watts and at night with 500 watts. By contrast, other Detroit AM

KULF

in Little Rock, Arkansas, it only broadcasts during daytime hours. 1090 signed on the air in 1974 as Austin County's first and only licensed radio station. It was owned by Mr. and Mrs. J. Lee Dittert. 1090 was granted the calls of KACO, representing not just service to its community of license Bellville, but to the entire Austin County population. KACO started as a 250-watt daytimer featuring a country & western format. In 1990, the Dittert family sold the facility to Roy Henderson, with the original KACO call letters being retired in 1993, as 1090 changed its callsign to KFRD,

KAAY

was shifting from AM to FM. The station tried moving to adult contemporary music and some country music. Eventually the station switched to an oldies sound, calling itself "Oldies 1090." At night, when the station's 50,000-watt signal could be heard over a large territory, the station aired nine hours of paid religious programming. In April 1985, KAAY was sold to the Beasley Broadcasting Group, which switched to a format of Southern Gospel music and brokered religion. (The FM station was sold to Signal Media, which owned 1010 KLRA.) In 1998, KAAY was bought by Citadel Broadcasting for $5 million. In

1180 AM

1180 in North America may experience interference at night from the jamming stations of Cuba. Stations in bold are clear-channel stations. 1180 AM The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1180 kHz: 1180 AM is United States clear-channel frequency; Class A status is held by WHAM in Rochester, New York. 1180 AM is the frequency used by Radio Martí, reportedly operating at 100,000 watts from a transmitter in Marathon in the Florida Keys. Because it is owned and operated by the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors, Radio Martí is not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission, and has no

WFCV (AM)

changed to easy listening music, which continued until 1980, when Bott Broadcasting purchased WFWR and changed the calls to WFCV. The 1090 kHz frequency in Fort Wayne was previously assigned to WFTW, which was a 1 KW daytime AM station owned by Fort Wayne Broadcasting, Incorporated. It began broadcasting August 10, 1947, with studios in the Purdue University Building, 220 E. Jefferson Street in Fort Wayne. WFCV (AM) WFCV (1090 AM) is a radio station located in Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States. It is one of a network of stations owned and operated by the Bott Broadcasting Company. WFCV broadcasts

WTSB

WTSB

WTSB (1090 AM) is a radio station licensed by the FCC to serve the community of Selma, North Carolina. The station is owned by Truth Broadcasting Corporation. The station is daytime and "critical hours" only on AM station and all day on W288DH-FM 105.5 MHz, providing local news, obituaries and typical small town full service programming along with Southern gospel, bluegrass gospel, and classic gospel music.

List of radio stations in Wisconsin

List of radio stations in Wisconsin

The following is a list of FCC-licensed radio stations in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, which can be sorted by their call signs, frequencies, cities of license, licensees, and programming formats.

KTGO

KTGO

KTGO (1090 AM, "AM 1090 The Flag") is a radio station licensed to Tioga, North Dakota, United States. The station mainly serves Williston, along with oil field workers in the nearby Bakken Formation.

The station is owned by Bakken Beacon Media LLC. It airs a conservative talk radio format drawn primarily from syndicated programs, including "What's On Your Mind" (syndicated from KFYR/Bismarck), "The Hugh Hewitt Show", "The Charlie Kirk Show", "Fox Across America", "The Chris Berg Show", and "The Mark Levin Show". The station's local programming is limited to the one-hour "Morning Lowdown with Dennis Lindahl", and local church services on Sunday mornings.

KTGO is a member of the North Dakota Broadcasters Association.

WCBM

WCBM

WCBM (680 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Baltimore, Maryland. It is owned by WCBM Maryland, Inc., and broadcasts a talk radio format, calling itself "Talk Radio 680 WCBM." The radio studios and offices are on York Road in Lutherville, off the Baltimore Beltway (Interstate 695).

By day, WCBM is powered at 50,000 watts, the maximum for commercial AM stations. But to protect other stations on 680 AM, at night it reduces power to 20,000 watts. It uses a directional antenna at all times, with a six-tower array. The transmitter is off Marriottsville Road in Randallstown. Programming is also heard on 220 watt FM translator W260BV at 99.9 MHz in Aberdeen, Maryland.

List of radio stations in Ontario

List of radio stations in Ontario

The following is a list of radio stations in the Canadian province of Ontario, .

Note that stations are listed by their legal community of license, which in some cases may not be the city where studios and/or transmitter are. (For instance, some stations which target Toronto, such as CFNY-FM and CIDC-FM, are officially licensed to outlying communities in the Greater Toronto Area rather than the city itself.)

WGLC-FM

AM 1090, and simulcast its programming during the daytime hours its sister station was on the air. It originally broadcast on 100.9 MHz with an ERP of 3,000 watts and a tower height of 98 feet. The station's studios were originally inside the First State Bank Building in downtown Mendota, with its tower atop the building. The station was originally owned by Jeanne Morgan. In 1967, the station was sold to Jel-Co Radio. In 1970, the station's frequency was changed to 100.1 MHz, and the station was sold to Agri-Voice, along with WGLC 1090, for $145,000, effective January 1, 1971.

KULF

for a period of over a month, 1090 remained on air both day and night, running 1,000 watts of dead air. As of May 2016, KULF has returned to the air at full power, resuming brokered Mandarin language programming from China Radio International. KULF KULF (1090 kHz) is a terrestrial AM daytimer radio station, paired with an FM relay translator, based in Bellville, Texas. Licensed to Bellville, Texas, United States, it serves the Victoria and Houston regional area. The station is owned by Jerome Friemel, through licensee JLF Communications, LLC. The station operates on a Class D daytime license on

WJMZ-FM

transmitter is located off Massey Road in Pendleton. 107.3 began as WANS-FM on October 24, 1967, the FM sister station to 1280 WANS. They broadcast out of studios in Anderson on Clemson Boulevard. WANS-AM-FM were highly rated Top 40 radio stations through the 1960s and 70s, with the AM station eventually switching to oldies music, while the FM continued playing the hits. After being a top 40 powerhouse for many years, owner Radio Anderson sold them to Degree Communications, another local owner, in 1988. The new owner cut staff, promotions and other costs. The AM once again simulcast the FM

1180 AM

1180 AM The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1180 kHz: 1180 AM is United States clear-channel frequency; Class A status is held by WHAM in Rochester, New York. 1180 AM is the frequency used by Radio Martí, reportedly operating at 100,000 watts from a transmitter in Marathon in the Florida Keys. Because it is owned and operated by the U.S. Broadcasting Board of Governors, Radio Martí is not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission, and has no call letters. It is subject to jamming from Cuba where its directional antenna is pointed. As a consequence, other stations on

WQKL

at WQKL consists of: Martin Bandyke 6-10 a.m., John Bommarito 10 a.m.-3 p.m., Chris Ammel 3-7 p.m., and Kelly Brown 7 p.m.-12 midnight. WQKL WQKL (107.1 MHz), known on the air as ann arbor's 107one, is a commercial FM radio station in Ann Arbor, Michigan. WQKL is owned by Cumulus Media, airing an adult album alternative radio format. It is co-owned with Country WWWW-FM 102.9, Sports Talk WTKA 1050, and Talk Radio WLBY 1290. Although WQKL broadcasts with only 3,000 watts of power, it can be heard in many of the western Detroit suburbs. WSAQ in Port Huron and WTLZ

WOAP

after the application was received, the FCC chose to dismiss the application, presumably under the likelihood that granting the station nighttime power would cause interference to WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut and KRLD in Dallas, Texas; also broadcasting on this same frequency. In January 2006, WOAP dropped its full-service news/talk format and adopted Catholic-based Religious programming. Three months later, 1090 Investments requested a Special Temporary Authority (STA) for silent station from the FCC, citing financial difficulties. The station remained off the air for almost a year. Four months after going dark, the station applied for reinstatement to move its facilities to

WOAP

format in favor of talk. The weaker WOAP, with its daytime-only signal, was then sold the following year to Hartman Broadcasting, which continued to operate WOAP as a local service, retaining the standards format and imaging it as "Great American Classics". Less than two years later, Hartman Broadcasting sold WOAP to 1090 Investments, which immediately applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for a construction permit to move the station's operations to Waverly, located in Lansing's suburbs. The move would allow WOAP to increase its daytime power to 50,000 watts and add nighttime power authorization at 4500 watts. Three years

WILD (AM)

signed on at sunrise on October 20, it was reborn as a new urban contemporary gospel formatted station, ""Praise 1090"", based on the success of WPZE-FM in Atlanta and WPPZ in Philadelphia. The "Praise 1090" format was short-lived. On January 30, 2006, the 1090 frequency changed formats again. WILD became the Boston affiliate for the company's African American-targeted news/talk network, featuring Michael Eric Dyson and 2 Live Stews. Other talent that were heard on WILD during this period included "The Truthfighters Show" with Warren Ballentine, and "Keeping It Real" with The Reverend Al Sharpton. A local morning program was also

KEXS (AM)

KEXS (AM) KEXS (1090 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to Excelsior Springs, Missouri, and serving the Kansas City metropolitan area. The station is owned by the Catholic Radio Network, and airs a Roman Catholic religious radio format. The call letters stand for its city of license, EXcelsior Springs. To support the station, KEXS periodically holds on-air pledge drives. KEXS broadcasts at 8000 watts by day. But because AM 1090 is a clear-channel frequency, reserved for Class A stations KAAY Little Rock, WBAL Baltimore and XEPRS Rosarito-Tijuana, the station must reduce power to 4000 watts during critical hours and

WDDV

WDDV WDDV (1320 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station broadcasting a talk and business news radio format. Licensed to Venice, Florida, United States, the station serves the Sarasota metropolitan area. WDDV is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and calls itself "News Radio 1320 AM." On weekdays, WDDV simulcasts the morning drive time show, "AM Tampa Bay," from sister station AM 970 WFLA Tampa. The rest of the schedule is made up of syndicated talk shows and business news from Bloomberg Radio. Some hours are paid brokered programming. The station signed on as WAMR on February 1, 1960. It was owned

WBXR

format continues with Urban Gospel music, preaching and talk programming. WBXR WBXR (1140 AM) is a radio station licensed to Hazel Green, Alabama, that serves the greater Tennessee Valley area. WBXR is licensed to New England Communications, Inc. It airs a Christian ministry format. 1140 AM is a United States & Mexican clear-channel frequency, on which WRVA in Richmond, Virginia and XEMR-AM are the dominant Class A stations. WBXR must leave the air during nighttime hours to protect the nighttime skywave signals of the Class A stations, but 24 hour programming of WBXR is available on an FM translator in

WOOD-FM

FM signals switched roles, with the 50,000-watt stereo FM signal becoming the primary station and AM 1090 becoming the simulcast. The simulcast ended in April 2001 when AM 1090 changed to a news/talk format, eventually taking the calls WKBZ (which one belonged to one of WMUS' biggest competitor stations). At Noon on January 5, 2011, 106.9 WMUS-FM became 106.9 WOOD-FM. 106.9 WOOD-FM is now an FM simulcaster for sister station WOOD 1300 in Grand Rapids, Michigan and now broadcasts in mono. At the same time the WMUS calls and format were moved to 107.9 FM. It acts primarily to fill

Radio Sausalito

Its top of the hour ID includes FCC certification ID of NWXAM1000. Radio Sausalito Radio Sausalito is a "Part 15" AM radio station broadcasting a Big Band Jazz format on 1610 & 1710 kHz. The station is noncommercial and serves the Southern Marin County, California area. The station has partnerships with the local paper, the local library, and local businesses which host its programs. Its programming is also made available online via podcasts. The station has an agreement with the city of Sausalito to provide information to residents in the event of an emergency. In 2009 the station was selected

WCAR

DJ, playing easy listening music. Cathy Thiessen was an intern at WERB. Following a sale to Wolpin Broadcasting in 1969, WTAK changed to WIID and went back to a suburban-oriented MOR format. It switched to Latin music programming by the mid 1970s. For years afterward, the bulk of AM 1090's programming, as WIID and later (starting in 1979) WCAR, consisted of paid brokered programming, in foreign languages and some English-language talk. During the mid 1990s, WCAR 1090 was also briefly the Detroit network affiliate station for Radio AAHS, a now-defunct nationwide radio network featuring programming for children. Then, after Radio

KFNQ

later in September; Infinity would be renamed CBS Radio in December 2005.) The simulcasting stopped on February 1, 1999, and 1090 flipped to a locally programmed Classic Country station (with a simulcast of KMPS's morning show). 1090 also carried the call letters KMPS, and then KYCW. The station began broadcasting in AM Stereo in March 2001. Beginning August 4, 2001, the station ran promos promoting a new format that advised listeners to "listen at their own risk". At 5 a.m. on Monday, August 6, the station flipped to hot talk as "Extreme Radio 1090" featuring Bob Rivers' "Twisted Radio" in


Question: Which is the longest length below?

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R.O.D (disambiguation)
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wooden wire
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Wooden wire
Rod (disambiguation)

Nemertea

is very slim in proportion to its length. The smallest are a few millimeters long, most are less than , and several exceed . The longest animal ever found, at long, may be a specimen of "Lineus longissimus", although "L. longissimus" is usually only a few millimeters wide. The bodies of most nemerteans can stretch a lot, up to 10 times their resting length in some species, but reduce their length to 50% and increase their width to 300% when disturbed. A few have relatively short but wide bodies, for example "Malacobdella grossa" is up to long and wide, and

Lake Maggiore

those of the Borromean and Brissago Islands, that of the Villa Taranto in Verbania, and the Alpinia Botanical Garden above Stresa. Lake Maggiore is long, and wide, except at the bay opening westward between Pallanza and Stresa, where it is wide. It is the longest Italian lake, although Lake Garda has a greater area. Its mean height above the sea level is 193 metres; a deep lake, its bottom is almost everywhere below sea-level: at its deepest, 179 metres below. Its form is very sinuous, so that there are few points from which any considerable part of its surface can

Timeline of three longest spans

certain figures are allowed to appear in the timeline. This is a top-three list of existing longest spans "per day". When several structures of the same length exist, the oldest is counted as the longest. Some more rules for this timeline follow as: Only the length of the horizontal projection of the span, that is, the distance that can be measured on a map, counts. When the two supports have different heights above the sea level, the distance between them is longer than the horizontal projection of the distance, but this longer distance isn't counted. This is because it is

Length

Length In geometric measurements, length is the most extended dimension of an object. In the International System of Quantities, length is any quantity with dimension distance. In other contexts, length is a measured dimension of an object. Length may be distinguished from height, which is vertical extent, and width or breadth, which are the distance from side to side, measuring across the object at right angles to the length. For example, it is possible to cut a length of wire shorter than the wire's width. In most systems of measurement, the unit of length is a base unit, from which

Lineus longissimus

iron or sewage. This toxic mucus has been shown to kill crabs and cockroaches, and could have applications as an agricultural insecticide. In 1864 a specimen washed ashore in the aftermath of a severe storm by St Andrews, Scotland, which was more than long, longer than the longest known Lion's mane jellyfish, the animal which is often considered to be the longest in the world. However records of extreme length should be taken with caution, because the bodies of nemerteans are flexible and can easily stretch to much more than their usual length. Like other nemerteans, "Lineus longissimus" feeds using

Seikan Tunnel

Seikan Tunnel

The Seikan Tunnel (, or , ), is a dual-gauge railway tunnel in Japan, with a portion under the seabed of the Tsugaru Strait, which separates Aomori Prefecture on the main Japanese island of Honshu from the northern island of Hokkaido. The track level is about below the seabed and below sea level. The tunnel is part of the standard-gauge Hokkaido Shinkansen and the narrow-gauge Kaikyō Line of the Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido)'s Tsugaru-Kaikyō Line. The name "Seikan" comes from combining the "on'yomi" readings of the first characters of , the nearest major city on the Honshu side of the strait, and , the nearest major city on the Hokkaido side.

The Seikan Tunnel is the world's longest undersea tunnel by overall length (the Channel Tunnel, while shorter, has a longer undersea segment). It is also the second-deepest transport tunnel below the sea level after the Ryfylke Tunnel, a road tunnel in Norway which opened in 2019, and the second longest main-line railway tunnel after the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, opened in 2016.

Gotthard Road Tunnel

Gotthard Road Tunnel

The Gotthard Road Tunnel in Switzerland runs from Göschenen in the canton of Uri at its northern portal, to Airolo in Ticino to the south, and is in length below the St Gotthard Pass, a major pass of the Alps. At time of construction, in 1980, it was the longest road tunnel in the world; it is currently the fifth-longest. Although it is a motorway tunnel, part of the A2 from Basel to Chiasso, it consists of only one bidirectional tube with two lanes. With a maximum elevation of  at the tunnel's highest point, the A2 motorway has the lowest maximum elevation of any direct north-south road through the Alps.

The tunnel rises from the northern portal at Göschenen () and the culminating point is reached after approximately . After from the northern portal there is the border between the cantons of Uri and Ticino; after another , the tunnel ends at the southern portal near Airolo (). The journey takes about 13 minutes by car, the maximum speed being .

The Gotthard Road Tunnel is one of the three tunnels that connect the Swiss Plateau to southern Switzerland and run under the Gotthard Massif, the two other being railway tunnels, the Gotthard Tunnel (1882) and the Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016). All three tunnels bypass the Gotthard Pass, an important trade route since the 13th century. The pass road culminates about above the tunnel, at a height of , and is only passable in summer.

Gotthard Base Tunnel

Gotthard Base Tunnel

The Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT; , , ) is a railway tunnel through the Alps in Switzerland. It opened on 1 June 2016 and full service began on 11 December 2016. With a route length of , it is the world's longest railway and deepest traffic tunnel and the first flat, low-level route through the Alps. It lies at the heart of the Gotthard axis and constitutes the third tunnel connecting the cantons of Uri and Ticino, after the Gotthard Tunnel and the Gotthard Road Tunnel.

The GBT consists of a huge complex with, at its core, two single-track tunnels connecting Erstfeld (Uri) with Bodio (Ticino) and passing below Sedrun (Grisons). It is part of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA) project, which also includes the Ceneri Base Tunnel further south (opened on 3 September 2020) and the Lötschberg Base Tunnel on the other main north–south axis. It is referred to as a "base tunnel" since it bypasses most of the existing Gotthard railway line, a winding mountain route opened in 1882 across the Saint-Gotthard Massif, which was operating at its capacity before the opening of the GBT. The new base tunnel establishes a direct route usable by high-speed rail and heavy freight trains.

The main purpose of the Gotthard Base Tunnel is to increase local transport capacity through the Alpine barrier, especially for freight, notably on the Rotterdam–Basel–Genoa corridor, and more specifically to shift freight volumes from trucks to freight trains. This both significantly reduces the danger of fatal road crashes involving trucks, and reduces the environmental damage caused by heavy trucks. The tunnel provides a faster connection between the canton of Ticino and the rest of Switzerland, as well as between northern and southern Europe, cutting the Basel/Zürich–Lugano–Milan journey time for passenger trains by one hour (and from Lucerne to Bellinzona by 45 minutes).

After 64 percent of Swiss voters accepted the NRLA project in a 1992 referendum; the first preparatory and exploratory work began in 1996. The official start of construction began on 4 November 1999 at Amsteg. Drilling operations in the eastern tunnel were completed on 15 October 2010 in a breakthrough ceremony broadcast live on Swiss TV, and in the western tunnel on 23 March 2011. The tunnel's constructor, AlpTransit Gotthard AG, originally planned to hand over the tunnel to Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS) in operating condition in December 2016 but, on 4 February 2014, the handover date was changed to 5 June 2016 with the start of an 850-day opening countdown calendar on the AlpTransit homepage. Nine people died during construction.

List of largest extant lizards

List of largest extant lizards

Currently there are about 40 extant families of Lacertilia. These vary considerably, e.g. in shades, colours, and sizes. For example, the largest representative among Geckos, the New Caledonian giant gecko ("Rhacodactylus leachianus"), has a length of up to 36 cm (14 in), while the largest species in the family Varanidae, Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis"), has a length up to 3 metres (10 ft), and a body mass of 70 kg (154 lbs).

Collatz conjecture

Collatz conjecture

The Collatz conjecture is one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics. The conjecture asks whether repeating two simple arithmetic operations will eventually transform every positive integer into 1. It concerns sequences of integers in which each term is obtained from the previous term as follows: if the previous term is even, the next term is one half of the previous term. If the previous term is odd, the next term is 3 times the previous term plus 1. The conjecture is that these sequences always reach 1, no matter which positive integer is chosen to start the sequence.

It is named after mathematician Lothar Collatz, who introduced the idea in 1937, two years after receiving his doctorate. It is also known as the problem, the conjecture, the Ulam conjecture (after Stanisław Ulam), Kakutani's problem (after Shizuo Kakutani), the Thwaites conjecture (after Sir Bryan Thwaites), Hasse's algorithm (after Helmut Hasse), or the Syracuse problem.
The sequence of numbers involved is sometimes referred to as the hailstone sequence, hailstone numbers or hailstone numerals (because the values are usually subject to multiple descents and ascents like hailstones in a cloud), or as wondrous numbers.

Paul Erdős said about the Collatz conjecture: "Mathematics may not be ready for such problems." Jeffrey Lagarias stated in 2010 that the Collatz conjecture "is an extraordinarily difficult problem, completely out of reach of present day mathematics".<ref name="Lagarias (2010)"/>

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway

the ends and an under-sea tunnel, stated that the Jiaozhou Bay Bridge is long. Following this controversy in July 2011, "Guinness World Records" created two categories for bridges over water: continuous and aggregate lengths over water. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway then became the "longest bridge over water (continuous)" while Jiaozhou Bay Bridge became the "longest bridge over water (aggregate)". Lake Pontchartrain Causeway The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, sometimes only the Causeway, is a fixed link composed of two parallel bridges crossing Lake Pontchartrain in southern Louisiana, United States. The longer of the two bridges is long. The southern terminus of the Causeway

Cephalopod size

TV documentary of Lynch (2013). For standard length (excluding the tentacles), Paxton (2016a:83) cited the of the "Three Arms specimen" documented by Verrill (1880a:192) as the "longest measured". Among specimens recovered from sperm whales, the longest "definitely measured" SL is the reported by Clarke (1956:257) and the longest "visually estimated" SL is the attributed to a photograph of a sperm whale with giant squid remains in its jaws (see Hansford, 2009), though Paxton conceded that it is "[n]ot clear how much/what portion of body was eaten". For the "longest visually estimated", more extreme supposed SLs of and are cited to

Timeline of three longest spans

second disk. Applying this method of measurement to Pantheon gives the previously stated result, 34.2 m. The method works for many types of structures. "Note: almost all information in this timeline has uncertainty." In the timeline above, some completion years are given which are known to be incorrect. The following guesses were used to generate the graphic, but should not be taken as definitive. Timeline of three longest spans This is the timeline of the three longest man-made spans in the world, all categories, that at least have the strength to carry some persons. It can be the span of

Slacklining

British Columbia on 24 August 2016 by Mia Noblet. The longest free solo highline was walked in Hunlen Falls, in Northern British Columbia August, 2016. At a length of 72m and 400m high, it was walked by Friedi Kühne. The longest free solo highline by a female is held by Faith Dickey, who walked a 28-meter-long highline in Ostrov, Czech Republic in August 2012. The line was 25 meters high. The highest slackline on record was walked by Christian Schou on August 3, 2006 at Kjerag in Rogaland, Norway. The slackline was high. The project was repeated by Aleksander Mork

Missouri River

long is one the world's shortest rivers. The table on the right lists the ten longest tributaries of the Missouri, along with their respective catchment areas and flows. Length is measured to the hydrologic source, regardless of naming convention. The main stem of the Kansas River, for example, is long. However, including the longest headwaters tributaries, the Republican River and the Arikaree River, brings the total length to . Similar naming issues are encountered with the Platte River, whose longest tributary, the North Platte River, is more than twice as long as its mainstream. The Missouri's headwaters above Three Forks

Longest palindromic substring

Longest palindromic substring In computer science, the longest palindromic substring or longest symmetric factor problem is the problem of finding a maximum-length contiguous substring of a given string that is also a palindrome. For example, the longest palindromic substring of "bananas" is "anana". The longest palindromic substring is not guaranteed to be unique; for example, in the string "abracadabra", there is no palindromic substring with length greater than three, but there are two palindromic substrings with length three, namely, "aca" and "ada". In some applications it may be necessary to return all maximal palindromic substrings (that is, all substrings that

Length

commonly used units of length are the inch, the foot, the yard, and the mile. Units used to denote distances in the vastness of space, as in astronomy, are much longer than those typically used on Earth and include the astronomical unit, the light-year, and the parsec. Length In geometric measurements, length is the most extended dimension of an object. In the International System of Quantities, length is any quantity with dimension distance. In other contexts, length is a measured dimension of an object. Length may be distinguished from height, which is vertical extent, and width or breadth, which are

Longest words

latter has 64 letters and means "a keychain ring for the outdoor key of road workers shed in a moor called Vaðlaheiði". Analysis of a corpus of contemporary Icelandic texts by Uwe Quasthoff, Sabine Fiedler and Erla Hallsteinsdóttir identified ("of the International Transport Workers' Federation"; 37 letters) and ("of the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries' Organization"; 45 letters) as the longest unhyphenated and hyphenated words. The longest word occurring at least twice in the University of Leipzig "isl-is_web_2015" corpus is (110 letters). The longest word in Italian is traditionally ", which is a 26-letter-long adverb. It is formed by subsequent addition of

Narrowboat

their slenderness, some narrowboats seem very long. The maximum length is about , which matches the length of the longest locks on the system. Modern narrowboats tend to be shorter, to permit cruising anywhere on the connected network of British canals — including on canals built for wider, but shorter, boats. The shortest lock on the main network is Salterhebble Middle Lock on the Calder and Hebble Navigation, at about long. However, the C&H is a wide canal, so the lock is about wide. This makes the largest "go-anywhere-on-the-network" narrowboat slightly longer (about ) than the straight length of the

Longest word in English

Latin name for 6560, is the name for 10 = 10. Under the long number scale, it would be 10 = 10. Jonathan Bowers has developed a system for even larger numbers (' for formula_1). "Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis" is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case. "Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides" is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of soldier fly. "Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic", at 52 letters, describing

The Path (album)

that remains the longest waymarked long-distance footpath (and one of the longest in the UK). It stretches for , running from Minehead in Somerset, along the coasts of Devon and Cornwall, to Poole Harbour in Dorset. It is also one of the more challenging trails as it rises and falls with every river mouth, and its total height climbed has been calculated to be 114,931 ft (35,031 m), almost four times the height of Mount Everest. It has been voted "Britain's Best Walking Route" twice in a row by readers of the Ramblers "Walk" magazine, and regularly features in lists

The Longest Line

The Longest Line The Longest Line is a 12" EP by the punk rock band NOFX, released in 1992. This was the first release on Fat Wreck Chords and the cover art was done by Dan Sites. The first 200 copies of this record were printed on dark-blue vinyl, some on grey vinyl, and all others on black vinyl. It was repressed in 2007 with 1,082 copies on "Peruvian" white vinyl. This coloured version sold out within a day. The band denied all suggestions that the title referred to cocaine. The pop punk band Blink (later Blink-182) covered "The Longest

Huey P. Long Bridge (Jefferson Parish)

and high that it seems to extend from one white, towering Gulf Coast cloud to the next." The widest clean span is long while each of the three additional spans are 530 feet (158 m) long making the total river crossing about 2,400 feet (732 m) long. The bridge sits above the water. There are three navigation channels below the bridge, the widest being . The distinctive rail structure is long and extends as a rail viaduct well into the city. It has sometimes been described as the longest rail bridge in the US, but the nearby Norfolk Southern Lake

Length (phonetics)

or German "long e" which is (as in "Beet" 'garden bed') vs. "short e" which is (as in "Bett" 'sleeping bed'). Also, tonal contour may reinforce the length, as in Estonian, where the over-long length is concomitant with a tonal variation resembling tonal stress marking. In transcription in the International Phonetic Alphabet, long vowels or consonants are notated with the length sign (Unicode U+02D0 MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON) after the letter. Diacritics may occur over either the base letter, the length sign, or both. For example, in some non-rhotic varieties of English the /t/ of the word "party" may be

Oarfish

markings quickly fade following death. The giant oarfish is by far the largest member of the family at a published total length of —with unconfirmed reports of specimens—and in weight. The streamer fish is known to reach 3 m (10 ft) in length, while the largest recorded specimen of "Regalecus russelii" measured 5.4 m (18 ft). Oarfish have the longest known length of any living species of bony fish. The oarfish is thought to inhabit the epipelagic to mesopelagic ocean layers, ranging from 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) and is rarely seen on the surface. A few have been found still