Question: "Hair described as ""bouffant"" is what?"

Bouffant

Bouffant A bouffant is a type of hairstyle characterized by hair raised high on the head and usually covering the ears or hanging down on the sides. The English word "bouffant" comes from the French "bouffante", from the present participle of "bouffer": "to puff, puff out". The modern bouffant, considered by one source to have been invented by British celebrity hairdresser Raymond Bessone was noted by "Life" in the summer of 1956 as being "already a common sight in fashion magazines." The style became popular at the beginning of the 1960s when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy was often photographed with

Bouffant

Bouffant

straight "ironed hair" as early as 1965. Hair on the top of the head was raised by backcombing or "teasing" it with a comb to create a pile of tangled, loosely knotted hair on the top and upper sides of the head. Then, unteased hair from the front of the head was lightly combed over the pile to give a smooth, sleek look, and the ends of the outer hair may be combed, cut, curled, or flipped in many distinctive ways. In some cases, a small wiglet or a cushion of nylon mesh might be used instead of or in

Bouffant

her hair in a bouffant, and her style was widely imitated. Generally speaking, by the mid-1960s, many well-dressed women and girls were wearing some form of bouffant hairdo, which in one variation or another remained the fashionable norm until supplanted by the geometric bob cut at the end of the decade and the looser shag or feathered styles of the early 1970s. Middle-aged women who dressed conservatively clung to the style a little longer, while their teenaged daughters, imitating the look of popular folk-rock singers such as Joan Baez, Mary Travers, and Cher, began abandoning bouffants in favor of long,

Beehive (hairstyle)

early 1960s sometimes overlapped with bouffant styles, which also employed teasing to create hair volume; but generally speaking, the beehive effect was a rounded cone piled upwards from the top of the head, while the simple bouffant was a wider, puffier shape covering the ears at the sides. Both of these can be distinguished from the pompadour style, the basic type of which is swept upwards from the forehead. Beehive (hairstyle) The beehive is a hairstyle in which long hair is piled up in a conical shape on the top of the head and slightly backwards pointing, giving some resemblance

Bouffant

addition to teasing, to add height at the crown of the head. Bangs might be worn over the forehead, or a long switch or "fall" of artificial hair, matching the wearer's own hair color, might be added at the back. Usually, hair spray or hair lacquer was applied as a finishing touch to stiffen the hairdo and hold it in place without the need for hairpins. Since the hair could not be brushed without ruining the style, women needing to make small adjustments used the long, pointed end of a "rattail" comb to gently lift the hair back into place.

Raymond Bessone

1970s Bessone made a cameo appearance in the television soap opera "Crossroads". Except for girls under 20, Bessone considered that women should avoid having long hair because he considered it ageing. He was also of the opinion that, except for women with very regular features, a central parting should be avoided. The modern bouffant is considered to be a Bessone invention. He also innovated by dyeing hair with bold colours, including pink, orange and purple. Bessone was the part-owner of 1963 Grand National winner Ayala. He was also part-owner of 1976 Grand National winner Rag Trade. Although Bessone had bought

Léonard Autié

the "managing editor". Needless to say, the very first issue was highly laudatory of the Dauphine's dress and hair styles. It also featured a new hairstyle invented by Mademoiselle Bertin, the "ques-a-co" ("What is it?"), consisting of three feathers at the back of the head, forming something similar to a question mark. Soon it was worn by all the princesses at court, and even by the king's mistress Madame du Barry. Although Léonard and Rose were "like two good sisters", Léonard could not help feeling a bit jealous, and before long he invented the pouf, which was first worn in

Pouf

came along for hair and the "pouf", after the execution of Marie Antoinette, became history. The pouf returned in both the 20th and 21st century with the more modern name "beehive", revived by stars such as Dusty Springfield, Cilla Black, and Amy Winehouse. The pouf was a very elaborate and time consuming hairstyle, hours were needed to create it. To create the base, a very thin metal frame was used to structure the shape. Also a triangular pillow ("pouf, toque") was used as support. The frame was then padded and intertwined with pomaded false hair 'postiches', and one's own hair

Hairstyles in the 1950s

bouffant style was favored by female movie stars, paving the way for the long hair trend of the 1960s. Very short cropped hairstyles were fashionable in the early 1950s. By mid-decade, hats were worn less frequently, especially as fuller hairstyles like the short, curly “elfin cut" or the "Italian cut" or "poodle cut” and later the bouffant and the beehive became fashionable (sometimes nicknamed B-52s for their similarity to the bulbous noses of the B-52 Stratofortress bomber). Stars such as Marilyn Monroe, Connie Francis, Elizabeth Taylor and Audrey Hepburn usually wore their hair short with high volume. In the poodle

Hairstyles in the 1950s

hairstyle, the hair is permed into tight curls, similar to the poodle’s curly hair (curling the hair involves time and effort). This style was popularized by Hollywood actresses like Peggy Garner, Lucille Ball, Ann Sothern and Faye Emerson. In the post-war prosperous 1950s, in particular, the bouffant hair style was the most dramatic and considered an ideal style in which aerosol hairspray facilitated keeping large quantities of “backcombed or teased and frozen hair” in place. This necessitated a regimen of daily hair care to keep the bouffant in place; curlers were worn to bed and frequent visits were made to

Jean Baptiste Prosper Bressant

de Musset's "Les Caprices de Marianne", and his appearance in de Musset's "Il faut qu'une porte soit ouverte ou fermée" and "Un caprice" were followed by "Tartuffe", "Le Misanthrope" and "Don Juan". Bressant retired in 1875, and died on 23 January 1886. During his professorship at the Conservatoire, Jean Mounet-Sully was one of his pupils. He introduced a new hairstyle; a magazine of the period described it as follows: "The Bressant hairstyle is this: the hair is left long on both sides and raised, a little bouffant, above the ears; on the top of the head it is cut short,

Hairstyles in the 1950s

as a “gamine-style” pixie cut, which accentuated her long neck, and which was copied by many women. In the film "Sabrina", her character appears initially in long plain hair while attending culinary school, but returns to her Paris home with a chic, short, face-framing "Paris hairstyle", which again was copied by many women. When the rage among women was for the “blond bombshell” hair style, Hepburn stuck to her dark brown hair color and refused to dye her hair for any film. Jacqueline Kennedy wore a short hair style for her wedding in 1953, while later she sported a “bouffant”;

Hair (musical)

mentioned above, the characters' lifestyle acts as a sexually and politically charged updating of "La bohème"; as Rado explained, "The love element of the peace movement was palpable." In the song "Sodomy", Woof exhorts everyone to "join the holy orgy Kama Sutra". Toward the end of Act 2, the tribe members reveal their free love tendencies when they banter back and forth about who will sleep with whom that night. Woof has a crush on Mick Jagger, and a three-way embrace between Claude, Berger and Sheila turns into a Claude–Berger kiss. Various illegal drugs are taken by the characters during

Pouf

seen, which is meant to partially shape the hair and give it lift by means of a plastic base. Television personality Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi sported a pouf in 2009 in the first season of "Jersey Shore". The film "Marie Antoinette" in 2006 by Sophie Coppola also saw a modern adaption to the pouf hairstyle as well as in the film "The Duchess" in 2008, both movies portrayed a pouf decorated with plumes of feathers. Amy Winehouse was famed until 2011 for her "Beehive" pouf hairstyle, with other singers such as British artist Adele also following the trend. “The Pouf” is

Pouf

"Marie Antoinette's Head: The Royal Hairdresser, the Queen, and the Revolution" the author Will Bashor does not give contemporary evidence or reference of this. However, there are contemporary caricatures of women riding in carriages with enormous hair-dresses. The hairstyle would remain in the wearer's hair for about a week or two, until it was no longer hygienic (due to the "pomade") or it could no longer keep its shape, and it was then simply washed and redone. Coated with animal fat and a powder mixed from wheat flour, the hair would become rancid and would often attract vermin - ostensibly

Grace Black

Wall is supplied with an additional hair piece which is applied to her head each morning. It takes the make-up department two hours daily to wash, dress and curl it and an additional forty minutes to style it onto Wall's head. Grace's hair is very big and is often seen with differing styles, but always with plenty of volume in the roots to achieve her signature look. The hair style became known as "Beryl Bouffant" on the "Hollyoaks" set. The hair got so big that directors would sometimes complain that it was blocking views of other characters during filming. In

Hairstyles in the 1950s

was specially designed for Brigitte Bardot. Compact coiffures were popular in the 1950s as less importance was given to hairstyling, although a new look was stylized by Christian Dior’s fashion revolution after the war. In the 1950s, lotion shampoos with conditioning ingredients became popular precursors of the shampoo/conditioner rinse pairing of two decades later. The Clairol ad campaign, "Does she ... or doesn't she?" boosted hair color product sales not just for their company, but across the hair dye industry. The bouffant style relied on the liberal use of hairspray to hold hair in place for a week. Hairspray lacquers

Pouf

Pouf The pouf or pouffe also "toque" (literally a thick cushion) is a hairstyle and a hairstyling support deriving from 18th century France. It was made popular by the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette (1755–1793), when she wore it in June 1775 at the coronation of her husband Louis XVI, triggering a wave of young French women to wear their hair in the same manner. Marie Antoinette acquired the hairstyle which was a creation from the famed hairdresser of the day Léonard Autié. In April 1774, it was first sported as "Le Pouf Sentimental" by Duchess de Chartres at the

Hair (musical)

and energy of the company ... is irresistible." Michael Coveney of "The Independent" wrote that "Hair" is "one of the great musicals of all time, and a phenomenon that, I'm relieved to discover, stands up as a period piece". In "The Times", Benedict Nightingale commented that "it's exhilarating, as well as oddly poignant, when a multihued cast dressed in everything from billowing kaftans to Ruritanian army jackets race downstage while delivering that tuneful salute to an age of Aquarius that still refuses to dawn." Quentin Letts was a dissenting voice in the "Daily Mail". Though praising the performances and the


Question: Music in Australia could be found for thousands of years at a what?

corroborees corroboree Corroboree Corroborree Caribberie corroborree Corroborees caribberie

Indigenous Australians

Aboriginal music in Arnhem Land. Hip hop music is helping preserve indigenous languages. At the Sydney 2000 Olympics, Christine Anu sang the song "My Island Home" at the Closing Ceremony. Australia has a tradition of Aboriginal art which is thousands of years old, the best known forms being rock art and bark painting. Evidence of Aboriginal art in Australia can be traced back at least 30,000 years. Examples of ancient Aboriginal rock artworks can be found throughout the continent – notably in national parks such as those of the UNESCO listed sites at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the

Music of Australia

examples of this. See: Major organisations involved in providing music funding or in receipt of music funding are: Funding agencies Music not-for-profit organisations Symphony orchestras Orchestras (pit) Orchestras (youth) Chamber orchestras Chamber ensembles Music competitions Choirs Opera companies Music of Australia The music of Australia has an extensive history made of music societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of the unique heritage of a 40,000 to 60,000 year history which produced the iconic didgeridoo. Contemporary fusions of indigenous and Western styles (exemplified in the works of No Fixed Address, Yothu Yindi, Christine Anu and Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu) mark distinctly

Music of Australia

the social, cultural and ceremonial observances of these peoples, and has been so for over 60,000 years. Traditional Indigenous music is best characterised by the didgeridoo, the best-known instrument, which is considered by some to be the world's oldest. Archaeological studies of rock art in the Northern Territory suggest people of the Kakadu region were playing the instrument 15,000 years ago. Contemporary indigenous Australian music has covered numerous styles, including rock and roll, country, hip hop, and reggae. Jimmy Little is regarded as the first Aboriginal performer to achieve mainstream success, with his debut 1964 song "The Royal Telephone" highly

Australian art

areas such as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney. The Sydney rock engravings are approximately 5000 to 200 years old. Murujuga in Western Australia has the Friends of Australian Rock Art advocating its preservation, and the numerous engravings there were heritage listed in 2007. In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe, and Aboriginal art is believed to be the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world. There are three major regional styles: the geometric style found in Central Australia, Tasmania, the Kimberley and Victoria known for

Music of Australia

Music of Australia The music of Australia has an extensive history made of music societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of the unique heritage of a 40,000 to 60,000 year history which produced the iconic didgeridoo. Contemporary fusions of indigenous and Western styles (exemplified in the works of No Fixed Address, Yothu Yindi, Christine Anu and Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu) mark distinctly Australian contributions to world music. During its early western history, Australia was a collection of British colonies, and Australian folk music and bush ballads such as Waltzing Matilda were heavily influenced by Anglo-Celtic traditions, while classical forms were

A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song)

A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song)

"A Thousand Years" is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Christina Perri, and written by Perri and David Hodges, for "". The song was released as a digital download on October 18, 2011, worldwide, and serves as the second single for the movie. Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for "".

Australian Aboriginal culture

Australian Aboriginal culture

Australian Aboriginal culture includes a number of practices and ceremonies centered on a belief in the Dreamtime and other mythology. Reverence and respect for the land and oral traditions are emphasised. Over 300 languages and other groupings have developed a wide range of individual cultures. Due the colonization of Australia under terra nullius concept these cultures were treated as one monoculture. Australian Aboriginal art has existed for thousands of years and ranges from ancient rock art to modern watercolour landscapes. Aboriginal music has developed a number of unique instruments. Contemporary Australian Aboriginal music spans many genres. Aboriginal peoples did not develop a system of writing before colonisation, but there was a huge variety of languages, including sign languages.

Entertainment

Prehistoric music

Prehistoric music

Prehistoric music (previously called primitive music) is a term in the history of music for all music produced in preliterate cultures (prehistory), beginning somewhere in very late geological history. Prehistoric music is followed by ancient music in different parts of the world, but still exists in isolated areas. However, it is more common to refer to the "prehistoric" music which still survives as folk, indigenous or traditional music. Prehistoric music is studied alongside other periods within music archaeology.

Findings from Paleolithic archaeology sites suggest that prehistoric people used carving and piercing tools to create instruments. Archeologists have found Paleolithic flutes carved from bones in which lateral holes have been pierced. The disputed Divje Babe flute, carved from a cave bear femur, is thought to be at least 40,000 years old. Instruments such as the seven-holed flute and various types of stringed instruments, such as the Ravanahatha, have been recovered from the Indus Valley civilization archaeological sites. India has one of the oldest musical traditions in the world—references to Indian classical music ("marga") are found in the Vedas, ancient Hindu scriptures.

Three Thousand Years of Longing

Three Thousand Years of Longing

Three Thousand Years of Longing is a 2022 fantasy romantic drama film directed and produced by George Miller. Written by Miller and Augusta Gore, it is based on the short story "The Djinn in the Nightingale's Eye" by A. S. Byatt and stars Idris Elba as a djinn who is unleashed from a bottle by a professor (Tilda Swinton) and tells her stories from his thousands of years-long existence. The film is dedicated to Miller's mother Angela, as well as Rena Mitchell, relative of producer Doug Mitchell.

The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 20, 2022. It was released theatrically in the United States on August 26, 2022, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (via United Artists Releasing), and in Australia on September 1, 2022, by Roadshow Entertainment. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised its visuals and performances, but was a box-office bomb, grossing $19 million on a budget of $60 million.

Music Australia

When the first ideas for a service were floated in 2001, Australia’s music was scattered across many different institutions, libraries, archives, museums and arts and specialists music organisations, and there was no way for users or researchers to find and access them. There were no collections of digitised printed music and although some national institutions had been digitally preserving their sound collections, none were available online. As part of the content generation the National Library developed a cooperative plan with the state libraries to digitize Australian sheet music within their emerging digitisation programs. Some state libraries, such as Queensland and

Indigenous Australians

Northern Territory, but also within protected parks in urban areas such as at Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney. The Sydney rock engravings are approximately 5000 to 200 years old. Murujuga in Western Australia has the Friends of Australian Rock Art have advocated its preservation, and the numerous engravings there were heritage listed in 2007. In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe, and Aboriginal art is believed to be the oldest continuing tradition of art in the world. There are three major regional styles: the geometric style

Music Australia

Music Australia Music Australia is a free national online service hosted by the National Library of Australia in conjunction with over 50 cultural organisations across Australia. It was launched on 14 March 2005. It covers all types, styles and genres of Australian music, and showcases Australia’s musical culture across contemporary and historical periods, from the 19th century. Music Australia operates with a broad definition of 'Australian music', and covers music published in Australia or music composed or performed by Australians or about Australia or Australians. Music Australia provides a ‘virtual’ Australian national music collection, with metadata aggregated centrally by the

Aboriginal sites of New South Wales

years ago. Sites over 22,000 years old have been found in the Blue Mountains area west of Sydney, while sites going back 40,000 years exist at Lake Mungo. There are some thousands of known sites, many but not all located in national parks. Some sites are also found in more suburban settings; rock carvings can be seen in the Sydney suburbs of Bondi and Tamarama. Their art was part of day-to-day life and would normally have had a purpose. One such purpose is thought to have been what some people call "wish fulfilment magic"—or sympathetic magic—in which the act of

Music therapy

1,000 years, based on the dating of paintings on cave walls and shelters from this period. A clear rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, from the freshwater period (that had begun 1500 years ago) shows a didgeridoo player and two songmen participating in an Ubarr Ceremony. Australia in 1949, music therapy (not clinical music therapy as understood today) was started through concerts organized by the Australian Red Cross along with a Red Cross Music Therapy Committee. The key Australian body, the Australian Music Therapy Association (AMTA), was founded in 1975. In 1956,

Classical music in Australia

Classical music in Australia The earliest western musical influences in Australia can be traced to two distinct sources: in the first settlements, the large body of convicts, soldiers and sailors who brought the traditional folk music of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland; and the first free settlers, some of whom had been exposed to the European classical music tradition in their upbringing. An example of original music by a convict would be an 1861 tune dedicated to settler James Gordon by fiddler constable Alexander Laing. Very little music has survived from this early period, although there are samples of music

Music Australia

held in libraries, archives, museums, universities, and specialist music and research organisations in Australia. The service contains information about Australian music, including books and theses, information created by Australians about non-Australian music, and biographical entries for Australian musicians, performers, composers, groups and ensembles, festivals and organisations. Music Australia uses various permalinks to ensure permanent links and access to its resources. These permalinks can be used from any browser and do not require the Music Australia website to be open. Developing and delivering the systems to make the service possible posed enormous challenges to music librarians and information professionals across Australia.

Arts in Australia

extent, other major cities, to work for a period of time. As of February 2015, Arts and recreation services was the strongest industry in Australia by total number of employed persons growing by 20.59% since the same time in 2013. The visual arts have a long history in Australia, dating back around 30,000 years, and examples of ancient Aboriginal rock art can be found throughout the continent, notably in national parks such as the UNESCO-listed sites at Uluru and Kakadu National Park in the Northern Territory, and also within protected parks in urban areas such as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park

Sydney rock engravings

in Sydney, more than half of which contain rock art, and around 1,500 caves or shelters which contain cultural deposit. They are comparable with the petroglyphs of Native Americans and the rock art found elsewhere in Australia, but have their own distinctive style which is quite unlike rock art found anywhere else in Australia. Dating to around 5,000 years, with some possibly as old as 7,000 years, Sydney rock art is predominantly found in Ku-ring-gai Council, Sydney Harbour and the Blue Mountains. The engravings were made by the Aboriginal Australians who have lived in the Sydney region from about 30,000

Christianity in Australia

settlers in 1788 and has grown to include all genres from traditional Hymns of Praise to Christian Rock and Country Music. St Mary's Cathedral Choir, Sydney is the oldest musical institution in Australia, from origins in 1817. Major recording artists from Johnny O'Keefe (the first Australian Rock and Roll star) to Paul Kelly (folk rock), Nick Cave (the critically acclaimed brooding rocker) and Slim Dusty (the "King of Australian country music") have all recorded Christian themed songs. Other performing artists such as Catholic nun Sister Janet Mead, Aboriginal crooner Jimmy Little and Australian Idol contestant Guy Sebastian have held Christianity

Music Australia

National Library but access to the resources being through the holding institution. Music Australia functions as a top-layer, federated discovery service to metadata with digital content created, archived and delivered by contributing organisations. It uses two linked databases, one for resources and one for people and organisation information. A search will find music and music-related resources physically scattered across Australia, where vast geographical distances, remote locations, dispersed collections and low level of community funding mitigates against easy access to music resources. Items referenced include music scores, sound recordings, websites, pictures, films, multimedia, kits, objects, archival collections and other music-related material

Music of Australia

people largely responsible for promoting and developing the Australian music 'business' during those formative years. Clubs and venues catering for the demand of live band entertainment flourished in capital cities all over the country, however, the central development of the Australian Music Industry during these years was in Sydney and Melbourne. Clubs such as Chequers, the Bondi Lifesaver and the Coogee Bay Hotel in Sydney, and the Thumpin Tum, Catcher, Berties, Sebastian's, the Hard Rock Cafe and the Q Club in Melbourne were synonymous with the biggest names in Australian rock & roll. In 1970 the first ever outdoor music

Music of Melbourne

to the rear of the site became an important jazz venue and dance venue in St Kilda, one of the main entertainment districts in Melbourne at the time. In the 1970s, the Hotel's Gershwin Room, a grand dining room, was turned into a disco, complete with flashing Saturday Night Fever-style dance floor. Since the 1970s, it has hosted primarily rock-related acts and is currently the longest continuously running live music venue in Australia. The Little Band scene is the name given to an experimental post-punk scene which flourished in Melbourne from 1978 until early 1981. The "Keep The Vineyard Live"

Rock music in Australia

Rock music in Australia Australian rock, also called Oz rock, is rock music from Australia. The nation has a rich history of rock music and an appreciation of the roots of various rock genres, usually originating in the United States or Britain, but also continental Europe, and more recently the musical styles of Africa. Australian rock has also contributed to the development of some of these genres, as well as having its own unique Australiana sound with pub rock and its indigenous music. From 1955 to 1975 three distinct "waves" of Australian rock occurred. The first wave was from 1955

Music of immigrant communities in Australia Australia is home to several large immigrant communities from every continent in the world. "See music of Indonesia" Gamelan has been part of the music of Sydney since at least 1985, when gamelan instruments were purchased by the Centre for Performance Studies at the University of Sydney and the Australian Museum. The Sydney University Gamelan Society was founded the following year; this was followed by a student group in 1992, Kyai Kebo Giro. "See music of Vietnam" Vietnamese-Australian music includes tân nhạc, a form of popular music that has been part of the music


Question: What object was unveiled outside John Lennon Airport, Liverpool, in 2005?

Yellow Submarine (disambiguation)
yello sub
yellow submarine disambiguation
Yellow submarine
yellow submarine
Yello Sub
The Yellow Submarine
Yellow Submarine

Liverpool John Lennon Airport

island at the entrance to the airport. A permanent exhibition of The Beatles in India's photographs made in 1968 at the Ashram of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, (founder of the Transcendental Meditation technique), by Paul Saltzman can be seen above the retail units in the departure lounge. In 2005 a brand-new apron exclusively for EasyJet was constructed to the east of the terminal with six stands and a pier with six boarding gates. In September 2006 reconstruction started on the main runway and taxiways. This was the first time the runway had been reconstructed (as opposed to resurfaced) since it was

Liverpool John Lennon Airport

to and from passenger aircraft. Destinations served are throughout Europe, the 2007 scheduled services to the United States and Canada having been withdrawn. 2001 saw the airport being renamed in honour of John Lennon, a founding member of The Beatles, 21 years after Lennon's death - the first airport in the UK to be named after an individual. A tall bronze statue stands overlooking the check-in hall. On the roof is painted the airport's motto, a line from Lennon's song "Imagine": "Above us, only sky". In 2005 the "Yellow Submarine", a large-scale work of art, was installed on a traffic

Liverpool 08 Collection

Liverpool 08 Collection The Liverpool 08 Collection was the Public art collection exhibited by Liverpool John Lennon Airport in conjunction with the Liverpool Culture Company for the duration of 2008, the year when Liverpool was the European Capital of Culture. Exhibits were launched before and during the year by various celebreties including Yoko Ono and Phil Redmond and much of the exhibition remains in place today. As well as the iconic sculptures, The Yellow Submarine (sculpture) and the John Lennon Statue, the different pieces of artwork situated around the public areas of the terminal included; two rare suits worn by

Transport in Liverpool

for scrap. Opened in the 1930s, Liverpool Airport, is situated near Speke in the south of the city. It was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport in 2001, in honour of the late musician and founding member of The Beatles, John Lennon. The airport's logo consists of a sketch that John Lennon had drawn of himself, and the words "Above us only sky", lyrics from his song "Imagine". The sensitivity surrounding the airport's name change meant that the logo had to be designed in secret before it could be unveiled by John Lennon's widow Yoko Ono. The airport was the starting

Liverpool 08 Collection

local artists inviting them to display their work at the Airport... JLA received many applications and as a consequence formed an Art Panel which consisted of representatives from JLA, Liverpool Culture Company, Liverpool Biennial and a local artist to review all the submissions and make a selection. The first Public art exhibit in the recently opened airport terminal in 2002 was of John Lennon's portraits. opened by Yoko Ono. Public Arts Exhibits in the Collection ‘08 included:- The Liverpool 08 Collection also extended to the world of geology, perhaps more by chance than by design. On 25 July 2002 Liverpool

Yellow Submarine (sculpture)

Yellow Submarine (sculpture)

The Yellow Submarine in Liverpool is a large model representation of the submarine featured in the 1968 animated film "Yellow Submarine", inspired by the 1966 song of the same name on The Beatles' album "Revolver". It was built by a group of about 80 apprentices from Cammell Laird's shipyard, designed in part by Mr L Pinch, a draughtsman at the yard, for exhibition at the International Garden Festival in Liverpool in 1984. The Submarine was in a garden themed around the Beatles, one of 60 such themed gardens, and was highly popular. The garden took the form of an apple-shaped labyrinth, containing symbolic references to the group, and included a bronze statue of John Lennon, which now stands at Liverpool John Lennon Airport.

The Submarine itself is some 51 feet long (15.62 m) and 15 feet (4.57 m) high, and weighed 18 tons. Built of steel, it has a replica control cabin containing genuine submarine equipment, and twin spiral staircases leading to the bridge, which gave a panoramic view of the garden. These were accessible via doorways at the side. Painted in vivid yellow, the hull was tilted as if about to submerge.

After the Festival site closed, the Submarine found a home for several years in Chavasse Park, an open space in the city centre, where it was readily visible to traffic entering the city centre from the south. It was retired from public view when its condition deteriorated, but was renovated to find a new home at Liverpool John Lennon Airport in 2005, with airport boss Neil Pakey stating 'Other airports have the Concorde, we have the Yellow Submarine'.

Airport

Airport

An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport. Airports usually consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off and to land or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars and terminals, to maintain and monitor aircraft. Larger airports may have airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. In some countries, the US in particular, airports also typically have one or more fixed-base operators, serving general aviation.

Operating airports is extremely complicated, with a complex system of aircraft support services, passenger services, and aircraft control services contained within the operation. Thus airports can be major employers, as well as important hubs for tourism and other kinds of transit. Because they are sites of operation for heavy machinery, a number of regulations and safety measures have been implemented in airports, in order to reduce hazards. Additionally, airports have major local environmental impacts, as both large sources of air pollution, noise pollution and other environmental impacts, making them sites that acutely experience the environmental effects of aviation. Airports are also vulnerable infrastructure to extreme weather, climate change caused sea level rise and other disasters.

Yoko Ono

Yoko Ono

Yoko Ono ( ; , ; born February 18, 1933) is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist. Her work also encompasses performance art and filmmaking.

Ono grew up in Tokyo and moved to New York City in 1953 with her family. She became involved with New York City's downtown artists scene in the early 1960s, which included the Fluxus group, and became well known in 1969 when she married English musician John Lennon of the Beatles. The couple used their honeymoon as a stage for public protests against the Vietnam War. She and Lennon remained married until he was murdered in front of the couple's apartment building, the Dakota, on 8 December 1980. Together they had one son, Sean, who later also became a musician.

Ono began a career in popular music in 1969, forming the Plastic Ono Band with Lennon and producing a number of avant-garde music albums in the 1970s. She achieved commercial and critical success in 1980 with the chart-topping album "Double Fantasy", a collaboration with Lennon that was released three weeks before his murder, winning the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. To date, she has had twelve number one singles on the US Dance charts, and in 2016 was named the 11th most successful dance club artist of all time by Billboard magazine. Many musicians have paid tribute to Ono as an artist in her own right and as a muse and icon, including Elvis Costello, the B-52's, and Meredith Monk.

As Lennon's widow, Ono works to preserve his legacy. She funded the Strawberry Fields memorial in Manhattan's Central Park, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland, and the John Lennon Museum in Saitama, Japan (which closed in 2010). She has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts, peace, disaster relief in Japan and the Philippines, and other such causes. In 2002, she inaugurated a biennial $50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace. In 2012, she received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award and co-founded the group Artists Against Fracking.

List of unsolved deaths

List of unsolved deaths

This list of unsolved deaths includes well-known cases where:

Cases where there are unofficial alternative theories about deaths – the most common theory being that the death was a homicide – can be found under: .

List of solved missing person cases: post-2000

This is a list of solved missing person cases of people who went missing in unknown locations or unknown circumstances that were eventually explained by their reappearance or the recovery of their bodies, or the conviction of the perpetrator(s) responsible for their disappearances.

Liverpool 08 Collection

sense that the airport was something owned by the locality." Following the rebranding, the growth of passenger traffic increased by some 4 million passengers in the lead up to 2008. Neil Pakey, managing director of Liverpool Airport, said: 'Putting the [art] on display helps to cement our commitment to the Capital of Culture year and to public arts in general. We hope passengers take the opportunity to arrive at the airport early to enjoy the exhibits on display.' At the beginning of the year, John Lennon Airport (JLA) worked alongside the Liverpool Culture Company and issued an ‘art call' to

John Lennon

In 2002, the airport in Lennon's home town was renamed the Liverpool John Lennon Airport. On what would have been Lennon's 70th birthday in 2010, the John Lennon Peace Monument was unveiled in Chavasse Park, Liverpool, by Cynthia and Julian Lennon. The sculpture, entitled "Peace & Harmony", exhibits peace symbols and carries the inscription "Peace on Earth for the Conservation of Life · In Honour of John Lennon 1940–1980". In December 2013, the International Astronomical Union named one of the craters on Mercury after Lennon. The Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership is regarded as one of the most influential and successful of

Liverpool 08 Collection

John Lennon, photographs by Harry Goodwin and Paul Saltzman, mosaics from Debbie Ryan, graphic designs by John McFaul, a film by Nick Jordan, a performance of Brian Eno's 'Music for Airports' and artwork from 50 schoolchildren at St Ambrose Primary School in Speke Liverpool Airport's passenger numbers grew from 700,000 passengers to 5.5 million per annum in just a few years leading up to the Liverpool's European Capital of Culture year in 2008. This growth was unprecedented for a regional airport. The airport had been renamed after Liverpool’s famous son John Lennon, a move described at the time as ‘utter

Tom Murphy (artist)

well as in Chorley, Lancashire, Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside, Germany and New York City. He has also sold many smaller works around the world. In 2003, he was voted by Radio Merseyside listeners and "Liverpool Echo" readers as the 76th Greatest Merseysider. Now his work is known all over the world since creating the iconic statue of John Lennon at Liverpool John Lennon Airport which was unveiled jointly on 15 March 2002, by Cherie Blair and Lennon's widow, Yoko Ono. His sculptures of Ken Dodd and Bessie Braddock, commissioned by Merseytravel are sited at Liverpool Lime Street railway station.

Yoko Ono

Sean. On October 9 of that year, the Imagine Peace Tower on Viðey Island in Iceland, dedicated to peace and to Lennon, was turned on with her, Sean, Ringo, George Harrison's widow Olivia in attendance. Ono returned to Liverpool for the 2008 Liverpool Biennial, where she unveiled "Sky Ladders" in the ruins of Church of St Luke (which was largely destroyed during World War II and now stands roofless as a memorial to those killed in the Liverpool Blitz). Two years later, on March 31, 2009, she went to the inauguration of the exhibition "Imagine: The Peace Ballad of John

Yoko Ono

the timing was perfect, considering the escalating conflicts in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Germany. In 2000, she founded the John Lennon Museum in Saitama, Japan. In March 2002, she was present with Cherie Blair at the unveiling of a seven-foot statue of Lennon, to mark the renaming of Liverpool airport to Liverpool John Lennon Airport. (Julian and Cynthia Lennon were present at the unveiling of the John Lennon Peace Monument next to ACC Liverpool in the same city eight years later.) On October 9, 2007, she dedicated a new memorial called the Imagine Peace Tower, located on the

greet the Beatles on their return from tour. The airport terminal was moved to a more modern building at Liverpool John Lennon Airport in 1986, and the original building was left derelict for over a decade. During this time, the building was featured on the cover art of the single Don't Go Away, by Oasis. However it has since been renovated and adapted to become a hotel, opening for business in 2001. The adaption involved adding two new bedroom wings on the frontage of the hotel, but the airside aspect has been preserved intact. The former apron of the terminal

Liverpool 08 Collection

John Lennon Airport unveiled its new airport terminal building. Although technically JLA is a modern airport, inside is constructed of limestone slabs that have fossils trapped inside of creatures that lived up to 250 million years ago. The limestone at JLA is from near the small town of Solnhofen in South Germany. Although the slabs of the Airport contain millions of fossils, including each of the fossil types: Ammonites, Belemnites (Belemnitida) and Trace fossil. Featured on the BBC programme, 'Fossil Detectives', the airport has become popular for school tours both as a busy airport and for its unique fossils. Liverpool

Yellow Submarine (sculpture)

Liverpool John Lennon Airport

opened in 1966. This work was completed in 2007. In addition to runway and shoulder work was the upgrade of the 40-year-old airfield group lighting with a new system, intended to upgrade the runway to ILS Category III standards. In 2007 construction of a multi-level car park and a budget Hampton by Hilton Liverpool/John Lennon Airport started. The hotel opened in October 2009. In June 2010 Vancouver Airport Services announced that it reached an agreement with The Peel Group to acquire 65% share in its airports, including Liverpool. Airside improvements include additional retail units and a more advanced security area

Liverpool John Lennon Airport

annual air display in aid of the Soldiers, Sailors, and Air Force Association, a charity for veterans. The displays were immensely popular and attracted a huge crowd. On one such occasion on 21 May 1956 sadly tragedy struck with the death of Léon Alfred Nicolas "Léo" Valentin billed as the Birdman when his balsa wood wings struck the opening of the aircraft from which he was exiting and he was hurtled into an uncontrollable spin. He attempted to deploy his emergency parachute but it became entangled and 'roman candled' leaving Leo to fall to his death. The local newspaper headlined

Liverpool John Lennon Airport

Council from Liverpool Corporation in the mid-1970s and then, ten years later, to the five Merseyside councils following the abolition of Merseyside County Council. In 1982, Pope John Paul II visited and met crowds at the old Liverpool airport. A modern passenger terminal adjacent to the new runway opened in 1986 followed by the closure of the original 1930s building. The original terminal building dating from the late 1930s, famously seen on early television footage with its terraces packed with Beatles fans, was left derelict until converted into a hotel, opening in 2001, preserving its Grade II listed Art Deco

Liverpool John Lennon Airport

become a hotel, opened for business in 2001, preserving its Grade II listed Art Deco style. It was part of the Marriott chain of hotels, but is currently the Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Hotel after a renovation in August 2008. The Hampton by Hilton Liverpool/John Lennon Airport is one of four Hilton Worldwide hotels in Liverpool. It is situated directly opposite the main terminal building, and is the second largest hotel serving the complex after the Crowne Plaza. The hotel was constructed as part of a £37 million development by Peel Holdings at John Lennon Airport (which also

Liverpool 08 Collection

genius’ by Locum Destination Review. In their book The Themed Space, editor Scott Lukas and co-author Peter Adey describe how the rebranding to John Lennon Airport changed market perceptions, loyalty and ultimately the passenger numbers using the airport. "The rebranding exercise helped the airport mediate between and collapse the geographical scales and distances. The airport was able to force its way into the global audience that John Lennon and The Beatles had fostered and entertained. By connecting these scales the airport did not only raise awareness but it helped stimulate a sense of belonging and ownership. The rebranding reinforced the

John Lennon Peace Monument

glass is inscribed with the words "Peace on Earth for the Conservation of Life – In Honour of John Lennon 1940–1980". Fans of John Lennon and The Beatles made their way to Liverpool on 8 December 2010 to mark the 30th anniversary of John Lennon's death with a candlelit vigil that took place at the city's European Peace Monument dedicated to John. Those attending the 2010 unveiling of the monument were led in song on the occasion by local singers and musicians. Since being unveiled by Julian and Cynthia Lennon on Lennon's birth date, 9 October, the peace monument has


Question: What animal other than a cat is an integral part of the musical Cats?

possum possom Possom phalangeriformes Phalangeriformes Possum possums Possums

Nora (cat)

Prelude for Paws and Hands", incorporating Nora's music. A CD of music with one song incorporating Nora's playing has been released by the Laurel Canyon Animal Company. Nora (cat) Nora The Piano Cat (born 2004) is a gray tabby cat, rescued from the streets of Camden, New Jersey, by the Furrever Friends animal shelter. Nora gained international prominence after a YouTube video of her playing the piano went viral in 2007. "The Times" of London, in its online edition, characterized her music as being "something halfway between Philip Glass and free jazz". Nora was adopted as a kitten by artists

Cats (musical)

is completely told through music with virtually no spoken dialogue in between the songs. Dance is also a key element in the musical especially during the 10-minute Jellicle Ball dance sequence. The set, consisting of an oversized junkyard, remains the same throughout the show without any scene changes. Lloyd Webber's eclecticism is very strong here; musical genres range from classical to pop, music hall, jazz, rock, and electro-acoustic music as well as hymn-like songs such as "The Addressing of Cats". "Cats" premiered in the West End at the New London Theatre on 11 May 1981. There was trouble initially as

Nora (cat)

Nora (cat) Nora The Piano Cat (born 2004) is a gray tabby cat, rescued from the streets of Camden, New Jersey, by the Furrever Friends animal shelter. Nora gained international prominence after a YouTube video of her playing the piano went viral in 2007. "The Times" of London, in its online edition, characterized her music as being "something halfway between Philip Glass and free jazz". Nora was adopted as a kitten by artists and musicians, Burnell Yow! and Betsy Alexander of the Fitler Square area of Center City Philadelphia, PA. She was given the name Nora after the surrealist artist

The Amazing Acro-Cats

to free jazz; ""an unpredictable assortment of instrument clanging, and rarely does it sound like the cats are playing the same song, let alone an actual, fully realized piece of music."" Nevertheless, the reviewer found that ""white-haired diva"" band leader Tuna ""has the perfect demeanor for a rock star of any species."" Another reviewer of the Seattle show said it was a "really, really fun way to spend an afternoon", and listened politely to the band while realizing that Oz was a better guitar player than she was. A reviewer of a 2013 show in New Orleans was critical of

Jingle Cats

produced a "Jingle Babies" album for which Billboard described the series as having hit a "brick wall". Jingle Cats Jingle Cats is a series of Christmas novelty recordings from producer Mike Spalla. The songs are created by Spalla who mixes actual animal sounds to match tones of the songs. He started with a version of "Jingle Bells" that was released to radio stations a few years before the full album came out. In all, it took more than 1,000 meows, screeches and growls to assemble 20 melodies. In 1995, "Here Comes Santa Claws" won a "Billie" award from Billboard for

Cat

Cat

The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. Cats are commonly kept as house pets but can also be farm cats or feral cats; the feral cat ranges freely and avoids human contact. Domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to kill rodents. About 60 cat breeds are recognized by various cat registries.

The cat is similar in anatomy to the other felid species: it has a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp teeth, and retractable claws adapted to killing small prey. Its night vision and sense of smell are well developed. Cat communication includes vocalizations like meowing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, and grunting as well as cat-specific body language. Although the cat is a social species, it is a solitary hunter. As a predator, it is crepuscular, i.e. most active at dawn and dusk. It can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small mammals. It also secretes and perceives pheromones.

Female domestic cats can have kittens from spring to late autumn, with litter sizes often ranging from two to five kittens. Domestic cats are bred and shown at events as registered pedigreed cats, a hobby known as cat fancy. Population control of cats may be effected by spaying and neutering, but their proliferation and the abandonment of pets has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, contributing to the extinction of entire bird, mammal, and reptile species.

It was long thought that cat domestication began in ancient Egypt, where cats were venerated from around 3100 BC, but recent advances in archaeology and genetics have shown that their domestication occurred in Western Asia around 7500 BC.

Life of Pi

Life of Pi

Life of Pi is a Canadian philosophical novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor "Pi" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry, India who explores issues of spirituality and metaphysics from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger which raises questions about the nature of reality and how it is perceived and told.

The novel has sold more than ten million copies worldwide. It was rejected by at least 5 London publishing houses before being accepted by Knopf Canada, which published it in September 2001. The UK edition won the Man Booker Prize the following year. It was also chosen for CBC Radio's "Canada Reads" 2003, where it was championed by author Nancy Lee.

The French translation "L'Histoire de Pi" was chosen in the French CBC version of the contest "Le Combat des livres", where it was championed by Louise Forestier. The novel won the 2003 Boeke Prize, a South African novel award. In 2004, it won the Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature in Best Adult Fiction for years 2001–2003. In 2012 it was adapted into a feature film directed by Ang Lee with a screenplay by David Magee.

In 2022, the novel was included on the "Big Jubilee Read" list of 70 books by Commonwealth authors, selected to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.

Cats Don't Dance

Cats Don't Dance

Cats Don't Dance is a 1997 American animated musical comedy-drama film directed by Mark Dindal (in his feature directorial debut). It is the only fully animated feature produced by Turner Feature Animation, which was merged during the post-production of "Cats Don't Dance" into Warner Bros. Feature Animation after the merger of Time Warner with Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. Turner Feature Animation had previously produced the animated portions of "The Pagemaster" (1994).

The film features the voices of Scott Bakula, Jasmine Guy, Matthew Herried, Ashley Peldon, John Rhys-Davies, Kathy Najimy, Don Knotts, Hal Holbrook, Betty Lou Gerson (in her final film role), René Auberjonois, George Kennedy, and Dindal. Its musical numbers were written by Randy Newman and includes Gene Kelly's contributions as choreographer, before his death in 1996. The film was Kelly's final film project and is dedicated to his memory.

"Cats Don't Dance" was released theatrically in the United States on March 26, 1997, by distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures under its Warner Bros. Family Entertainment label. Similar to other Warner Bros. films at the time, it was a box office bomb, grossing $3.5 million domestically due to lack of marketing and promotion. Despite this, the film received generally positive reviews, with praise for its animation, humor, characters, voice performances, and musical numbers.

Hearing range

Hearing range

Hearing range describes the range of frequencies that can be heard by humans or other animals, though it can also refer to the range of levels. The human range is commonly given as 20 to 20,000 Hz, although there is considerable variation between individuals, especially at high frequencies, and a gradual loss of sensitivity to higher frequencies with age is considered normal. Sensitivity also varies with frequency, as shown by equal-loudness contours. Routine investigation for hearing loss usually involves an audiogram which shows threshold levels relative to a normal.

Several animal species are able to hear frequencies well beyond the human hearing range. Some dolphins and bats, for example, can hear frequencies over 100 kHz. Elephants can hear sounds at 14–16 Hz, while some whales can hear infrasonic sounds as low as 7 Hz.

List of Disney's Cinderella characters

List of Disney's Cinderella characters

Disney's Cinderella is an animated feature film based on the fairy tale story of the same name released in 1950. Two sequels released on DVD over 50 years later: "" (2002) and "" (2007). Main characters introduced in the first film include the titular Cinderella, her stepmother, two stepsisters, fairy godmother, and her love interest Prince Charming. Both the first sequel and the live action 2015 film introduced new characters into the story.

African Cats

is a song performed by American recording artist Jordin Sparks, and serves as the theme song of African Cats. The song was written by Ryan Tedder and inflo who also produced the song. It was released by Walt Disney Records as a digital download on the 12th of April, 2011, on iTunes and amazon.com. The film also features music by composer Nicholas Hooper; Hooper's soundtrack to the film was chosen as one of the 97 Original Scores eligible for a nomination at the 84th Academy Awards in 2011. Jordin describes the song as being about "everybody having a path they

Black Cat, White Cat

He later changed his mind, deciding to come back with a project on Gypsy music which he originally envisioned as a documentary with a working title "Musika Akrobatika". The idea further evolved and Kusturica decided to add narrative flourishes of his own, so "Musika Akrobatika" got transformed into a fictional feature "Black Cat, White Cat". There are many recurring motifs throughout the film, for example a scene where a pig is devouring an old run-down Trabant, and the appearance of the titular two cats (a black one and a white one), who end up as the only witnesses to Zare

The Amazing Acro-Cats

and kittens. She brings her fosters on tour, training them and featuring them in the show. Over the years, over 140 foster cats or kittens have been adopted to new homes as a result of these efforts. A portion of show proceeds is typically given to cat rescue organizations, and on occasion the show itself is a benefit to promote a rescue organization. Each show closes with a performance by the Rock-Cats, billed as the ""only cat band in existence"". A review of a Seattle show in 2014 said "these cats are capable of anarchic musical compositions" that Martin likens

Jingle Cats

Jingle Cats Jingle Cats is a series of Christmas novelty recordings from producer Mike Spalla. The songs are created by Spalla who mixes actual animal sounds to match tones of the songs. He started with a version of "Jingle Bells" that was released to radio stations a few years before the full album came out. In all, it took more than 1,000 meows, screeches and growls to assemble 20 melodies. In 1995, "Here Comes Santa Claws" won a "Billie" award from Billboard for point-of-purchase category. After following up what Billboard called "excellent" "Jingle Cats" and "Jingle Dogs" albums, Spalla also

Nora (cat)

"The Daily Show", Public Radio International, "The Today Show" and "The Philadelphia Inquirer". Nora was featured on the syndicated television show, "Wild About Animals", episode #332, in September 2010. Nora has attracted the interest of both musicians and scientists, who are fascinated by her rare behavior. It appears that she likes the attention it brings her, but she also plays when alone. She does express a preference for playing with students, when they play Bach, and for playing a specific piano, a Yamaha Disklavier. In addition, she gravitates toward the D-E-F range on the keyboard and includes the black keys

The Cat Piano

The Cat Piano The Cat Piano is an animated short film directed by Eddie White and Ari Gibson and narrated by Nick Cave, not to be confused with Keyboard Cat. "The Cat Piano" is narrated by the main character of the animated short, an anthropomorphic cat. It is clear that the narration is a poem, which the poet is typing on a typewriter. In the beginning, we are introduced to his city's love of music and musical prowess. The poet singles out one female singer of whom he is clearly enamored, quoting her singing as "A voice that made all

Els Pets

an added component of political and social commentary, as well as a richer variety of instruments. More recently, the band have taken part in the film Rock&Cat (2006) a docummentary on Catalan Rock. Els Pets have also continued touring extensively, and in a recent tour they chose to play only theaters and small venues throughout Catalonia, for a more intimate sound. Com Anar al Cel i Tornar ("Like Going to Heaven and Coming Back", DiscMedi, 2007) is the ninth album of the group. With it, the band refined its sound by moving further away from their once-trademark rock style and

The Amazing Acro-Cats

the band's musicality, and complained that the advertised "seasonal carol selections such as 'A Cat in a Manger' and 'Catnip Roasting on an Open Fire'" never materialized." A review of a Los Angeles show in 2012 stated that although the band was unlikely to win any Grammy Awards anytime soon, ""what they lacked in technical skill, they certainly made up for in rock 'n' roll catitude"". The circus performances involve demonstrations of feline agility. In 2014, Alley, a calico domestic short-haired cat, broke the Guinness World Record for the longest jump by a domestic cat at six feet or 182.88

The Cat Piano

the angels of eternity sound ... tone deaf". Shortly afterwards we are introduced to an overbearing structure beyond the sea, appearing to be a lighthouse. Its light quickly goes out, foreshadowing malevolence. Singers and musicians begin to disappear into thin air, "Like sailors lost at sea". As police investigate the missing cats, they find human shoeprints. The main character begins to explain the Cat Piano and its terrible function. We are informed that the Cat Piano is an instrument, much like any ordinary piano or harpsichord. The terrible reality is that instead of using strings and hammers to produce the

Top Cats

Top Cats Top Cats is a Swedish rockabilly band formed in 2001. The earliest line-up was made up of Jon Kleppenes (as lead singer), Daniel Kjellberg (drummer), Henrik Törnevik (contrabass), Fredrik Lilja (guitar), Olle Sätterström (guitar, trumpet, piano), Erica Larsson and Sandra Zackrisson (both backing vocals). When in 2004 drummer Daniel Kjellberg left, he was replaced by Robert Jansson. In 2007, double bassist Henrik Törnevik left and was replaced by Martin Lindahl. The band took part in Melodifestivalen 2012 with "Baby Doll" written by Mårten Eriksson, Lina Eriksson and Susie Päivärinta and made it to the final after winning a

Top Cats

Els Pets

"2003") is the biography about the rock band which is a phenomenon in the Catalan rock history. Els Pets Els Pets is a Catalan pop rock band with lead singer, composer and guitarist Lluís Gavaldà from the village of Constantí (province of Tarragona, Catalonia). Joan Reig plays drums and Falin Cáceres bass. At present, the band has the collaboration of the musicians Joan-Pau Chaves (keyboard, bass and singer), David Muñoz (guitar, singer) and Brad Jones (bass, guitar, keyboard, singer). In Catalan, "Els Pets" means "The Farts". In spite of the differential characteristics between this band and the rest of the

Cats (musical)

most current version, licensed by The Rodgers and Hammerstein Organization, is based on the recent UK tour. This score contains several small cuts, transpositions, additions, reassignment of vocal lines, and a reduced orchestration. The original London production's version of Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer is slower (in 12/8 time) and has a more jazzy sound, while the more common, newer version is faster and more upbeat (4/4 time, with the middle verse in 7/8 time). In the original London production, Mungojerrie and Rumpleteazer were characters in their own right and sang their own song; this was later changed in the Broadway production,

Piganino

those instruments were deemed rural and not appropriate for music on academic level. Athanasius Kircher's Katzenklavier uses a similar concept with cats. This sort of caricature was often used when new music styles came around or were adopted in musical realms that had not dealt with them previously. The cat organ, a similar instrument using cats, is used in stories which criticize the cruelty of royalty. Monty Python's "Musical Mice" uses mice instead. Piganino The Piganino, a portmanteau of "pig" and piano, is a conjectural musical instrument using a keyboard as to produce sound from pigs by poking them. Satirical

Ufomammut

Supernatural Cat for the vinyl release in Europe. It is a continuous flux of music (its title symbolizing infinity), a single stream divided in 8 songs, recorded live together with no overdubs with the exception of vocals and synths. Ufomammut have made continual appearances at festivals like Roadburn, Hellfest, Asymmetry, Dour Festival, Ieper Fest, Stoned from the Underground, South of Mainstream, Festival d'Affaire, Metalride fest, Le Guess who festival, Maryland Death Fest, Brutal Assault Festival, FIMAV and more and have been touring several times around Europe, reaching the USA and Canada in 2015, New Zealand and Australia in 2016 and


Question: "Under what name are the participants in the UK TV series ""QI"" currently known?"

QI

have been released, and international versions of "QI" have been made in other countries. The panel consists of four participants: three rotating guests and one regular, Alan Davies, who has the seat to the immediate right of the host. Davies has appeared in every episode, although in "Divination" he was not able to appear at the studio but was still able to play "from beyond". Despite frequent wins, Davies often finishes last due to incurring forfeits. Questions posed to the panellists are often misleading, obscure, or very difficult. Providing an "obvious but wrong" answer (referred to as a "forfeit") results

QI

van Luyn taking the role of regular panellist. Japin also appeared (in the audience) in a British "QI" episode, "Gothic", explaining how the name Vincent van Gogh should be pronounced. The Dutch series was discontinued after six episodes. A Swedish version of "QI" started airing on SVT1 8 September 2012, and is called "Intresseklubben". Comedian Johan Wester hosts "Intresseklubben", and Anders Jansson is featured as the regular panellist. A second series covering the letter B started airing in September 2013; Series C was recorded in June 2014 and aired in late 2014, while season D was recorded in June 2015

QI

on set during filming who is able to communicate with the host during the show to provide and correct information. Other people involved in researching questions and compiling the scripts are John Mitchinson and Piers Fletcher, known (along with Justin Pollard, Molly Oldfield, and James Harkin) as the "Question Wranglers", whose research uses both "Encyclopædia Britannica" and "Wikipedia". The "QI" website also has a forum. A QI Elves podcast, "No Such Thing As A Fish" began on 8 March 2014. The title is taken from an entry into the "Oxford Dictionary of Underwater Life", which was used on the show.

QI

beginning with Series J, on 19 February 2015. Davies has criticised "QI" being repeated so often, saying ""QI" being in a soup of shows on one of these repeat channels ... completely devalues the brand". Davies thought the show would gain more viewers when a new series aired if channels "[made] an audience wait for a couple of months". In 2008, the "QI" format was sold to the Dutch broadcaster VARA. Also called "QI", the Dutch version of the show aired for the first time on 27 December and was hosted by the writer Arthur Japin with the comedian Thomas

QI

I'll make sure that person is given a list from another programme because they don't need them." Following this comment people asked Fry to come out and say who it was, with several people posting their suggestions as to who it was. Fry later posted on his Twitter account that it was neither Davies nor Rob Brydon. The research for the show is mostly carried out by seven people called the ""QI" Elves", a team which has included Justin Pollard, Vitali Vitaliev, and Molly Oldfield (daughter of Mike Oldfield). The "elves" devise the questions for the show, and one is

QI

and started airing in August 2015. A Danish version of QI, called "Quiz i en hornlygte" aired on DR2 between 2012 and 2013. The show was hosted by Danish comedian Carsten Eskelund. While not directly branded as a Danish version of QI, it maintained some recognizable elements, such as the difficulty of some questions and awarding points for interesting answers as well as negative points for wrong, but widely believed, answers. The Czech version of "QI" was first broadcast on TV Prima on 14 August 2013. The programme is hosted by Leoš Mareš, with Patrik Hezucký appearing as a guest

QI

have been broadcast during the daytime schedules. The pilot was not hosted by Fry and was recorded in November 2009, but a series has yet to be broadcast. QI QI (Quite Interesting) is a British comedy panel game television quiz show created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. Stephen Fry was host of the show from its initial pilot, before departing after the final episode of the M series in 2016, with frequent "QI" panellist Sandi Toksvig replacing him prior to the beginning of the N series in 2016. The format of the show focuses

QI

QI QI (Quite Interesting) is a British comedy panel game television quiz show created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. Stephen Fry was host of the show from its initial pilot, before departing after the final episode of the M series in 2016, with frequent "QI" panellist Sandi Toksvig replacing him prior to the beginning of the N series in 2016. The format of the show focuses on Davies and three other guest panellists answering questions that are extremely obscure, making it unlikely that the correct answer will be given. To compensate, the panellists are

John Lloyd (producer)

appeared as a panellist in one of the episodes. All episodes of "QI" (including the pilot) have been directed by Ian Lorimer. Lloyd currently presents the radio series "The Museum of Curiosity" (2011), which he co-created with producers Richard Turner and Dan Schreiber and former co-host Bill Bailey. In December 2011, Lloyd appeared as captain of the winning Trinity College, Cambridge, team on the "Christmas University Challenge". Lloyd was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to broadcasting. Lloyd was also awarded an honorary degree from Southampton Solent University.

QI

the regular show's broadcast under the title of "QI XL". Series G and H saw the regular show broadcast in a pre-watershed slot with the extended edition remaining within a post-watershed slot. Beginning with the I series, the regular show returned to a post-watershed slot on BBC Two. Syndicated episodes of previous series are regularly shown on UKTV G2/Dave. The show has received very positive ratings from critics and has been nominated for multiple awards; "QI" itself has the highest viewing figures for any show broadcast on BBC Four and Dave. Several books, DVDs and other tie-ins to the show

QI

background of the show are only cleared for UK usage, so until the show is bought by a Stateside TV company and the rights cleared for World, the programme (is) unaffordable by smaller countries." Amongst the famous names also to express anger over "QI" not being shown in the US include comedian John Hodgman, who appeared as a "fifth guest" in the second episode of Series G. In 2013, "QI" was picked up in the US by the streaming video service Hulu. On 30 January 2015 BBC America announced that they had acquired "QI" and planned on airing the show,

QI

episodes from previous series were retroactively given titles. A video podcast (featuring the best moments with some out-takes) was planned to accompany Series E, but this was instead turned into a set of "Quickies" featured on the "QI" homepage of the BBC's website. As this decision was not reached until after recording, the videos are still referred to as "vodcasts" by whoever is introducing them (usually Fry but occasionally a panellist or even the audience.) Points may be given to (or taken from) the audience, and five episodes have the distinction of being won by the audience: "Death", the 5th

QI

the live Comic Relief episode. c. Also made an additional appearance in the live Sport Relief episode. d. Excluding Series N onwards. Toksvig took over hosting duties from Fry from the start of Series N. As of 2011, "QI" is distributed by FremantleMedia. In Australia, "QI" is broadcast on the ABC. The programme was first broadcast on 20 October 2009 after the surprise ratings success of "Stephen Fry in America". The ABC aired "QI" Series F first, but subsequently, in July 2010, ABC1 began broadcasting "QI" from the very beginning with Series A. The show was regularly repeated and screened

John Mitchinson (researcher)

Fellow of the RSA and one of Trustees of the London Centre for International Storytelling. Mitchinson lives in the Oxfordshire village of Great Tew where his spare time spent with his wife and children, raising pigs, chickens, and sheep. John Mitchinson (researcher) John Mitchinson is the head of research for the British television panel game "QI", and is also the managing director of Quite Interesting Limited. He is co-writer of the "QI" series of books with the show's creator John Lloyd. The two men are normally referred to as "The Two Johns" and are seen as the main controllers of

QI

March 2011 as part of Comic Relief's special "24 Hour Panel People" featuring David Walliams, who appeared in various old and new panel game shows throughout a 24-hour period. The shows were streamed live on the Red Nose Day website, and parts of each show were shown during five half-hour specials on Comic Relief. The "QI" episode featured panellists Sue Perkins, Jo Brand, Russell Tovey and David Walliams. Davies admitted through Twitter that he was asked to host the episode when it was not certain if Fry would be available, but Davies declined. Once Fry confirmed his participation, Davies did

QI

given a list of questions about an hour before the show, for preparatory purposes, but the guests are forbidden to ask for preparatory materials or other help. Alan Davies never does any preparation. In an interview with the "Radio Times" regarding the current state of the BBC, Fry revealed one of the regular panellists insists on seeing the questions before they appear in the show. "There's only one regular guest who always insists on seeing the questions beforehand and prepares for them. I won't tell you his or her name," he said. "It really annoys me. In fact, one day,

QI News

contributions were sometimes provided by correspondent Graham Prince (Robert Meakin). Off-screen, the Producer (Voice of Alexander McConnell) tried to keep Squire and Langton in order. Each programme ended with one of the characters mentioning a final fact. The other would say, "Is that news?" to which the first responded, "It's news to me". As the credits roll, a disclaimer appeared which read, "All the information in this programme is believed to be true", followed by humorous comments swearing that it is true. The script for "QI News" was written by Meakin and Justin Gayner. The research for the show was

Eden (2016 TV series)

from for the duration of the experiment. Once filming had begun, the identities of participants were initially withheld by Channel 4 until they had decided when the series would be broadcast. Participants were selected to provide a broad cross section of skills deemed to be needed in the community. On the day of the first broadcast, the "Radio Times" identified six participants as "ones to watch": Jack, Katie, Lloyd, Jane, Jasmine and Raphael. The show was first broadcast weekly on Channel 4, in the 9pm-10pm Monday slot (episode one being an extended 80 minutes). Due to strong language and the

John Mitchinson (researcher)

John Mitchinson (researcher) John Mitchinson is the head of research for the British television panel game "QI", and is also the managing director of Quite Interesting Limited. He is co-writer of the "QI" series of books with the show's creator John Lloyd. The two men are normally referred to as "The Two Johns" and are seen as the main controllers of "QI", as they do most of the research of the show. His most recent work, "1,411 Quite Interesting Facts to Knock You Sideways", a collaboration with John Lloyd and James Harkin, will be released in 2015 with W.W. Norton

QI

digitally altered picture of Thatcher, showcasing the Thatcher effect optical illusion, was shown on-screen. Several Conservative politicians condemned the remarks; and Lord Tebbit complained that "Lady Thatcher has been treated like this by the BBC for the past 30 years". A spokesperson for the BBC said that the episode was filmed in June 2010 and had no relation to current events. In 2011, an episode of "QI" featuring Jeremy Clarkson was withdrawn due to controversial comments Clarkson had recently made about people committing suicide by jumping in front of trains. The "QI" episode did not contain any such statements, but


Question: What is not usually a phrase for which the acronym PDF is used?

Platform Divers Float
platform divers float

PDF/A

PDF/A, text/font usage is specified uniquely enough to ensure that it cannot be incorrect. If viewers or printers do not offer complete support for encoding systems, this can result in problems with regard to PDF/A." Meaning that for a document to be completely compliant with the standard, it will be correct internally, while the system used for viewing or printing the document may produce undesired results. A document produced with OCR conversion into PDF/A-2 or PDF/A-3 doesn't support the notdefglyph flag. Therefore, this type of conversion can result in unrendered content. PDF/A PDF/A is an ISO-standardized version of the Portable

PDF/A

when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document beyond what is needed to print it. PDF/A was originally a new joint activity between the Association for Suppliers of Printing, Publishing and Converting Technologies (NPES) and the Association for Information and Image Management to develop an international standard defining the use of the Portable Document Format (PDF) for archiving documents. The goal was to address the growing need to electronically archive documents in a way that would ensure

PDF

"tagged" PDF (see clause 14.8 in ISO 32000) includes document structure and semantics information to enable reliable text extraction and accessibility. Technically speaking, tagged PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes. Tagged PDF is not required in situations where a PDF file is intended only for print. Since the feature is optional, and since the rules for Tagged PDF were relatively

PDF

30, 2010 security researcher Didier Stevens reported an Adobe Reader and Foxit Reader exploit that runs a malicious executable if the user allows it to launch when asked. A PDF file is often a combination of vector graphics, text, and bitmap graphics. The basic types of content in a PDF are: In later PDF revisions, a PDF document can also support links (inside document or web page), forms, JavaScript (initially available as plugin for Acrobat 3.0), or any other types of embedded contents that can be handled using plug-ins. PDF 1.6 supports interactive 3D documents embedded in the PDF –

PDF/A

PDF/A PDF/A is an ISO-standardized version of the Portable Document Format (PDF) specialized for use in the archiving and long-term preservation of electronic documents. PDF/A differs from PDF by prohibiting features unsuitable for long-term archiving, such as font linking (as opposed to font embedding) and encryption. The ISO requirements for PDF/A file viewers include color management guidelines, support for embedded fonts, and a user interface for reading embedded annotations. PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an "as printed" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen

Acronym

Acronym

An acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a longer name or phrase. Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words, as in "NATO" ("North Atlantic Treaty Organization"), but sometimes use syllables, as in "Benelux" (short for "Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg"). They can also be a mixture, as in "radar" ("Radio Detection And Ranging").

Acronyms can be pronounced as words, like "NASA" and "UNESCO"; as individual letters, like "FBI", "TNT", and "ATM"; or as both letters and words, like "JPEG" (pronounced "") and "IUPAC". Some are not universally pronounced one way or the other and it depends on the speaker's preference or the context in which it is being used, such as "SQL" (either "sequel" or "ess-cue-el").

The broader sense of "acronym"—the meaning of which includes terms pronounced as letters—is sometimes criticized, but it is the term's original meaning Dictionary and style-guide editors are not in universal agreement on the naming for such abbreviations, and it is a matter of some dispute whether the term "acronym" can be legitimately applied to abbreviations which are not pronounced "as words", nor do these language authorities agree on the correct use of spacing, casing, and punctuation.

Abbreviations formed from a string of initials and usually pronounced as individual letters are sometimes more specifically called initialisms or alphabetisms; examples are "FBI" from "Federal Bureau of Investigation", and "e.g." from Latin .

List of Latin abbreviations

List of Latin abbreviations

This is a list of common Latin abbreviations. Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted by Modern English. However, with some exceptions (for example, "versus" or "modus operandi"), most of the Latin referent words and phrases are perceived as foreign to English. In a few cases, English referents have replaced the original Latin ones (e.g., "rest in peace" for RIP and "postscript" for PS).

Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe. From the 18th century, authors started using their mother tongues to write books, papers or proceedings. Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbreviations continued to be used due to their precise simplicity and Latin's status as a learned language.

List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions ...

Doctor (title)

Doctor (title)

Doctor is an academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. The word is originally an agentive noun of the Latin verb 'to teach'. It has been used as an academic title in Europe since the 13th century, when the first doctorates were awarded at the University of Bologna and the University of Paris.

Having become established in European universities, this usage spread around the world. Contracted "Dr" or "Dr.", it is used as a designation for a person who has obtained a doctorate (commonly a PhD/DPhil). In many parts of the world it is also used by medical practitioners, regardless of whether they hold a doctoral-level degree.

Abbreviation

Abbreviation

An abbreviation (from Latin "brevis", meaning "short") is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word "abbreviation" can itself be represented by the abbreviation "abbr.", "abbrv.", or "abbrev."; "NPO", for nil (or nothing) per (by) os (mouth) is an abbreviated medical instruction. It may also consist of initials only, a mixture of initials and words, or words or letters representing words in another language (for example, e.g., i.e. or RSVP). Some types of abbreviations are acronyms (some pronounceable, some initialisms) or grammatical contractions or crasis.

An abbreviation is a shortening by any of these or other methods.

PDF/A

in use; accordingly, a PDF/A file will often be larger than an equivalent PDF file that does not include embedded fonts. The use of transparency is forbidden in PDF/A-1. The majority of PDF generation tools that allow for PDF/A document compliance, such as the PDF export in OpenOffice.org or PDF export tool in Microsoft Office 2007 suites, will also make any transparent images in a given document non-transparent. That restriction was removed in PDF/A-2. Some archivists have voiced concerns that PDF/A-3, which allows arbitrary files to be embedded in PDF/A documents, could result in circumvention of memory institution procedures and

PDF/A

is the requirement for PDF/A documents to be 100% self-contained. All of the information necessary for displaying the document in the same manner is embedded in the file. This includes, but is not limited to, all content (text, raster images and vector graphics), fonts, and color information. A PDF/A document is not permitted to be reliant on information from external sources (e.g. font programs and data streams), but may include annotations (e.g. hypertext links) that link to external documents. Other key elements to PDF/A conformance include: Part 1 of the standard was first published on September 28, 2005, and specifies

PDF

of information rights management. Not only can they restrict document access but they also reliably enforce permissions in ways that the standard security handler does not. Beginning with PDF 1.5, Usage rights (UR) signatures are used to enable additional interactive features that are not available by default in a particular PDF viewer application. The signature is used to validate that the permissions have been granted by a bona fide granting authority. For example, it can be used to allow a user: For example, Adobe Systems grants permissions to enable additional features in Adobe Reader, using public-key cryptography. Adobe Reader verifies

PDF

PDF The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format developed by Adobe in the 1990s to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Based on the PostScript language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, vector graphics, raster images and other information needed to display it. PDF was standardized as an open format, ISO 32000, in 2008, and no longer requires any royalties for its implementation. Today, PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and

PDF Association

PDF Association The PDF Association promotes the adoption and use of International Standards related to PDF technology by assisting enterprise content management (ECM), document management system (DMS) and advanced PDF users with the implementation of PDF technology on an organizational level. In order to assist companies in making the most of PDF technology, the PDF Association provides organizations with information and resources on the variety of International Standards available for PDF. The PDF Association's stated mission is to promote Open Standards-based electronic document implementations using PDF technology through education, expertise and shared experience for stakeholders worldwide. Established in 2006 as

PDF

Adobe XML Forms Architecture (XFA) and JavaScript extension for Acrobat, which are referenced by ISO 32000-1 as normative and indispensable for the full implementation of the ISO 32000-1 specification. These proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are also not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. On July 28, 2017, ISO 32000-2:2017 (PDF 2.0) was published. ISO 32000-2 does not include any proprietary technologies as normative references. The PDF combines three technologies: PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring

Digital dark age

digital form, there have been several measures to standardize electronic file formats so software to read them is widely available and can be re-implemented on new platforms if necessary. PDF/A is an open standard based on Adobe Systems PDF format. It has been widely adopted by governments and archives around the world, such as the United Kingdom. The Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) has been standardized by OASIS in 2005, and by ISO in 2006. Since then, support for OpenDocument has been implemented in a large number of open source and proprietary software. Therefore, using OpenDocument is one

PDF/A

restrictions on archived formats. The PDF Association had addressed various misconceptions regarding PDF/A in its publication "PDF/A in a Nutshell 2.0". Converting a PDF (up to version 1.4) into a PDF/A-2 usually works as expected, except for problems with glyphs. According to the PDF Association, "Problems can occur before and/or during the generation of PDFs. A PDF/A file can be formally correct yet still have incorrect glyphs. Only a careful visual check can uncover this problem. Because generation problems also affect Unicode mapping, the problem attracts the attention when a visual check is carried out on the extracted text. In

PDF

including some free online services. Thus, the use restrictions that a document author places on a PDF document are not secure, and cannot be assured once the file is distributed; this warning is displayed when applying such restrictions using Adobe Acrobat software to create or edit PDF files. Even without removing the password, most freeware or open source PDF readers ignore the permission "protections" and allow the user to print or make copy of excerpts of the text as if the document were not limited by password protection. There are a number of commercial solutions that offer more robust means

Portable Document Format security

to defend. For example, most PDF related tools allow their users to copy or print without paying attention to password or protection. Vulnerabilities are quite common in Adobe Reader's long history with Adobe Systems providing appropriate solutions. Most PDF security concerns arise around the use of the full version of Adobe Acrobat whereas PDF documents are only the object of security analysis that is restricted to attacks and vulnerabilities. Like HTML files, PDF files are also vulnerable. Here, vulnerability of a PDF document means its susceptibility to flaw, attackers access to the flaw, and their capability to exploit the flaw.

PDF

by the use of "external streams" or "Alternate Images". Standardized subsets of PDF, including PDF/A and PDF/X, prohibit these features. Text in PDF is represented by "text elements" in page content streams. A text element specifies that "characters" should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the "encoding" of a selected "font resource". A font object in PDF is a description of a digital typeface. It may either describe the characteristics of a typeface, or it may include an embedded "font file". The latter case is called an "embedded font" while the former is called an "unembedded

PDF

a proprietary format controlled by Adobe until it was released as an open standard on July 1, 2008, and published by the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 32000-1:2008, at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting royalty-free rights for all patents owned by Adobe that are necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF compliant implementations. PDF 1.7, the sixth edition of the PDF specification that became ISO 32000-1, includes some proprietary technologies defined only by Adobe, such as

Comparison of e-book formats

is an XML-based e-book format created by E-Book Systems; it has been superseded by the EPUB electronic publication standard. Invented by Adobe Systems, and first released in 1993, PDF became ISO 32000 in 2008. The format was developed to provide a platform-independent means of exchanging fixed-layout documents. Derived from PostScript, but without language features like loops, PDF adds support for features such as compression, passwords, semantic structures and DRM. Because PDF documents can easily be viewed and printed by users on a variety of computer platforms, they are very common on the World Wide Web and in document management systems

History of the Portable Document Format (PDF)

required longer download times over the slower modems common at the time; and rendering PDF files was slow on the less powerful machines of the day. Adobe distributed its Adobe Reader (now Acrobat Reader) program free of charge from version 2.0 onwards, and continued supporting the original PDF, which eventually became the "de facto" standard for fixed-format electronic documents. In 2008 Adobe Systems' PDF Reference 1.7 became ISO 32000:1:2008. Thereafter, further development of PDF (including PDF 2.0) is conducted by ISO's TC 171 SC 2 WG 8 with the participation of Adobe Systems and other subject matter experts. From 1993-2006

PDF

to scale, rotate, or skew graphical elements. A key concept in PDF is that of the "graphics state", which is a collection of graphical parameters that may be changed, saved, and restored by a "page description". PDF has (as of version 1.6) 24 graphics state properties, of which some of the most important are: As in PostScript, vector graphics in PDF are constructed with "paths". Paths are usually composed of lines and cubic Bézier curves, but can also be constructed from the outlines of text. Unlike PostScript, PDF does not allow a single path to mix text outlines with lines