Question: What is the capital city of Colombia?

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Bogotá

and during the formation of present-day Colombia, Bogotá has remained the capital of this territory. The city is located in the center of Colombia, on a high plateau known as the Bogotá savanna, part of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense located in the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes. It is the third-highest capital in South America (after Quito and La Paz), at an average of above sea level. Subdivided into 20 localities, Bogotá has an area of and a relatively cool climate that is constant through the year. The city is home to central offices of the executive branch (Office of the

Bogotá

of street addresses account for 99 percent of homicides. Bogotá is the capital of the Republic of Colombia, and houses the Congress, Supreme Court of Justice and the center of the executive administration as well as the residence of the President (Casa de Nariño). These buildings, along with the Office of the Mayor, the Lievano Palace (Palacio Liévano), are located within a few meters from each other on the Bolívar Square (Plaza de Bolívar). The square is located in the city's historical center, La Candelaria, which features architecture in Spanish Colonial and Spanish Baroque styles. The Mayor of Bogotá and

Bogotá

Bogotá Bogotá (, , ; ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé/Santa Fé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often erroneously thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country. Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on August 6, 1538, by Spanish conquistador

Bogotá

programmes exist: Bogotá Bogotá (, , ; ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santafé/Santa Fé de Bogotá between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, administered as the Capital District, although often erroneously thought of as part of Cundinamarca. Bogotá is a territorial entity of the first order, with the same administrative status as the departments of Colombia. It is the political, economic, administrative, industrial, artistic, cultural, and sports center of the country. Bogotá was founded as the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada on August 6, 1538, by

Bogotá

President), the legislative branch (Congress of Colombia) and the judicial branch (Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional Court, Council of State and the Superior Council of Judicature) of the Colombian government. Bogotá stands out for its economic strength and associated financial maturity, its attractiveness to global companies and the quality of human capital. It is the financial and commercial heart of Colombia, with the most business activity of any city in the country. The capital hosts the main financial market in Colombia and the Andean natural region, and is the leading destination for new foreign direct investment projects coming into Latin

Bogotá

Colombia

Colombia

Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments and the Capital District of Bogotá, the country's largest city. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of 52 million. Colombia's cultural heritage—including language, religion, cuisine, and art—reflects its history as a Spanish colony, fusing cultural elements brought by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those brought by enslaved Africans, as well as with those of the various Indigenous civilizations that predate colonization. Spanish is the official state language, although English and 64 other languages are recognized regional languages.

Colombia has been home to many indigenous peoples and cultures since at least 12,000 BCE. The Spanish first landed in La Guajira in 1499, and by the mid-16th century they had explored and colonized much of present-day Colombia, and established the New Kingdom of Granada, with Santa Fé de Bogotá as its capital. Independence from the Spanish Empire was achieved in 1819, with what is now Colombia emerging as the United Provinces of New Granada. The new polity experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858) and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before becoming a republic—the current Republic of Colombia—in 1886. With the backing of the United States and France, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903, resulting in Colombia's present borders. Beginning in the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict and political violence, both of which escalated in the 1990s. Since 2005, there has been significant improvement in security, stability and rule of law, as well as unprecedented economic growth and development.<ref name="Enough Already!" /><ref name="Colombia's GDP growth" />

Colombia is one of the world's seventeen megadiverse countries; it has the second-highest level of biodiversity in the world. Its diversified economy is the third-largest in South America, with macroeconomic stability and favorable long-term growth prospects.<ref name = "GDP"/><ref name="strongmacroeconomicmanagement"/>

List of cities and towns in Colombia

List of cities and towns in Colombia

This article lists cities and towns in Colombia by population, according to the 2005 census. A city is displayed in bold if it is a capital city of a department.

Medellín

Quito

Quito

Quito (; ), formally San Francisco de Quito, is the capital and largest city of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its urban area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha. Quito is located in a valley on the eastern slopes of Pichincha, an active stratovolcano in the Andes, at an elevation of , making it the second-highest capital city in the world.

Quito is the political and cultural center of Ecuador as the country's major governmental, administrative, and cultural institutions are located within the city. The majority of transnational companies with a presence in Ecuador are headquartered there. It is also one of the country's two major industrial centers—the port city of Guayaquil being the other one.

The date of its first habitation is unknown, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was first settled by sedentary populations between 4400 and 1600 BC. In the late fifteenth century, the Inca Emperor Huayna Capac defeated the Quitu, the region's original inhabitants, and incorporated Quito into the Inca Empire, designating it into the capital of the Inca Empire's northern region. The Spanish conquest of the city in 1534 is the date most frequently cited as the city's official founding, making Quito the oldest capital in South America.

Quito's historic center is among the largest and best-preserved in the Americas. In 1978, Quito and Kraków were the first World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO.<ref name="unesco" /> Quito is the capital city closest to the Equator, with its northern limits ending about 1 km (0.62 miles) south of the line.

In 2008, the city was designated as the headquarters of the Union of South American Nations.

Montería

1952, it was designated as capital of the new Department of Córdoba. Montería was located within the boundaries of the Colombian Department of Bolívar until 1952 when it separated from Bolívar and became the capital of the new Department of Córdoba. With a population of approximately 400,000, the city is considered to be one of the ten most important cities in Colombia and is locally known as La Perla del Sinú (The Pearl of the River Sinú). The city, which lies in the Sinú valley, is divided by the Sinu river and surrounded and sparsely populated by tropical flora and

Armenia, Colombia

in the world, many of whom compete internationally in events such as the Tour de France. The Quimbaya museum designed by Rogelio Salmona, offers a permanent display of precolumbian handcrafts, ceramic and gold artpieces. Colombia: Armenia, Colombia Armenia () is the capital of Quindio Department. It is one of the main centers of the national economy and of the Colombian coffee growing axis. Armenia is a medium-sized city and part of the "coffee triangle" with Pereira and Manizales. The city was founded on October 14, 1889, by Jesús María Ocampo, also known as "Tigrero" (translates to "tiger killer") due to

Colombia

Colombia Colombia ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia (), is a sovereign state largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Colombia is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments, with the capital in Bogota. Colombia has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since 12,000 BCE, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and the

Pereira, Colombia

neighboring cities of Dosquebradas and La Virginia. As the capital of the department of Risaralda, Pereira houses the headquarters of the Government of Risaralda, the Departmental Assembly, the Departmental Court, the Metropolitan Area Authority and the Attorney General. It also serves as the headquarters for numerous public companies and institutions of the Colombian state. Being in the center of the Golden Triangle (which consists of the cities of Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali), Pereira has become especially important in the fields of trade and commerce. Pereira owes its name to the lawyer Francisco Pereira Martínez, a man who was close to

Popayán

Popayán Popayán () is the capital of the Colombian department of Cauca. It is located in southwestern Colombia between Colombia's Western Mountain Range and Central Mountain Range. It has a population of 258,653 people, an area of 512 km, is located 1760 meters above sea level, and has an average temperature of 18 °C. This town is well-known for its colonial architecture and its contributions to Colombian cultural and political life. It is also known as the "white city" due to the color of most of the colonial buildings in the city center, where several churches are located, such as

Bogotá

respective administrative board. Bogotá is the main economic and industrial center of Colombia. The Colombian government fosters the import of capital goods, Bogotá being one of the main destinations of these imports. In 2016 the World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) from the United Kingdom ranked Bogotá as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory, a high-ranking. Alpha and Alpha- cities are important world cities that link major economic regions into the world economy. Travel & Tourism's share of the city's overall GDP stands at 2.5%. Bogotá is responsible for 56% of the tourism that arrives

Ibagué

Ibagué Ibagué () is the capital of Tolima, one of the 32 departments that make up the Republic of Colombia. The city is located in the center of the country, on the central mountain range of the Colombian Andes, near Nevado del Tolima. It is one of the most populous cities in the country, with about 498,401 (according to the 2005 census) inhabitants, making it the seventh (7th) most populous in Colombia. It was founded on October 14, 1550, by the Spanish captain Andrés López de Galarza. The city of Ibagué is divided into 13 communes and the rural area

Tourism in Colombia

department of San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina; and Santa Marta and the surrounding area. The coffee region is also a very popular destination, especially the city of Armenia and its surroundings. Fairly recently, Bogotá, the nation's capital, has become Colombia's major tourist destination because of its improved museums and entertainment facilities and its major urban renovations, including the rehabilitation of public areas, the development of parks, and the creation of an extensive network of cycling routes. With its very rich and varied geography, which includes the Amazon and Andean regions, the llanos, the Caribbean and Pacific coasts, and the

Congress of Cúcuta

this congress, with the title of Vice President. "ARTICLE 7. A new city which will be named after "El Libertador" Simon Bolivar will be the capital of the Republic of Colombia. Its plan and situation will be determined by the First General Congress under the principle of proportioning it with the necessities of the three departments, and the greatness of these large country is destined by nature. "ARTICLE 8. The General Congress of Colombia will meet on January 1, 1821 in Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta which is central to the country and will facilitate the reunion. its convocation will

Colombia–Spain relations

Spanish Royal Audiencia made Bogotá the capital of New Granada, which comprised in large part what is now territory of Colombia. In 1717, the Viceroyalty of New Granada was originally created, with Santa Fé de Bogotá as its capital. This Viceroyalty included some other provinces of northwestern South America which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalties of New Spain or Peru and correspond mainly to today's Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama. Bogotá thus became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World. A movement initiated by Antonio Nariño, who opposed Spain's centralism

Colombia

population and the location of the major port cities of Barranquilla and Cartagena, generally consists of low-lying plains, but it also contains the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, which includes the country's tallest peaks (Pico Cristóbal Colón and Pico Simón Bolívar), and the La Guajira Desert. By contrast the narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, backed by the Serranía de Baudó mountains, are sparsely populated and covered in dense vegetation. The principal Pacific port is Buenaventura. The main rivers of Colombia are Magdalena, Cauca, Guaviare, Atrato, Meta, Putumayo and Caquetá. Colombia has four main drainage systems: the Pacific

Administrative divisions of Colombia

Administrative divisions of Colombia Colombia is a unitary republic conformed by thirty-two departments (Spanish: "departamentos", sing. "departamento") and a Capital District ("Distrito Capital"). Each department has a Governor ("gobernador") and a Department Assembly ("Asamblea Departamental"), elected by popular vote for a four-year period. The governor cannot be re-elected consecutively (just once) Departments are formed by a grouping of municipalities (Spanish: "municipios", sing. "municipio"). Municipal government is composed by a mayor ("alcalde") and a Municipal Council ("concejo municipal"), both of them elected by the people for a four-year period or maybe more. The Capital District is the country's capital, Bogotá has

Bogotá

Jeronimo de Inzar. Bogotá became the capital of the later Viceroyalty of New Granada. With independence, Bogotá became capital of Gran Colombia and later the capital of the Republic of Colombia. From 1533, a belief persisted that the Río Grande de la Magdalena was the trail to the South Sea, to Perú, legendary "El Dorado". Such was the target of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the Granadanian conquistador who left Santa Marta on 6 April 1536 with 800 soldiers, heading towards the interior of current Colombia. The expedition divided into two groups, one under Quesada's command to move on land, and

Bogotá Province

Bogotá Province Bogotá Province was one of the provinces of Gran Colombia and later of the Republic of New Granada. Bogotá is located high in the Andes at 2620 m. (8646 ft) and is a city full of skyscrapers and is right next to colonial churches, a city of universities, and theaters. It contains a mixture of influences and cultures which include: Spanish, English and Indian. The city's distribution of wealth is mainly with the rich. There are people that are very well-off but also those who live in extreme poverty. It is a modern city with futuristic architecture, graffiti

Cartagena, Colombia

in the Caribbean. It is the capital of the Bolívar Department, and had a population 971,592 as of 2016. It is the fifth-largest city in Colombia and the second largest in the region, after Barranquilla. The urban area of Cartagena is also the fifth-largest urban area in the country. Economic activities include the maritime and petrochemicals industries, as well as tourism. The city was founded on June 1, 1533, and named after Cartagena, Spain, which in turn was named after Carthage in Tunisia. Settlement in the region around Cartagena Bay by various indigenous people dates back to 4000 BC. During


Question: Which world war 2 German SS captain and Gestapo member was known as ‘The Butcher of Lyon”?

Nikolaus Barbie
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Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation

in public school education, publication of memoirs as well as academic studies which helped promote public awareness of the Holocaust. Eichmann was sentenced to capital punishment, and the sentence was carried out on 1 April 1962. Klaus Barbie was a Gestapo member, known as the "Butcher of Lyon" for having personally sadistically tortured French prisoners including men, women, and children, in Lyon, France. He was responsible for arresting French Resistance member Jean Moulin, and for signing the deportation order for the children from the orphanage at Izieu. He was wanted for crimes committed in Lyon between 1942 and 1944. After

Beate Klarsfeld

condemned SS war criminal Klaus Barbie(known as the Butcher of Lyon). Barbie was charged with crimes against humanity. He was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment. This success credited Klarsfeld as the "main result" of their actions. As early as 1972 they had uncovered his whereabouts in Bolivia. Her gift was the foundation of the memorial Maison d'Izieu (Children of Izieu), is reminiscent of the victims of the crimes committed by Barbie crimes. In 1991, she fought for the extradition of Eichmann's deputy Alois Brunner, then living in Syria, for the murder of 130,000 Jews in German concentration camps.

Josef Albert Meisinger

sentenced Meisinger to death, and on 7 March he was executed in Warsaw's Mokotów Prison. Josef Albert Meisinger Josef Albert Meisinger (14 September 1899 – 7 March 1947), also known as the "Butcher of Warsaw", was a SS functionary in Nazi Germany. He held a position in the Gestapo and was a member of the Nazi Party. During World War II Meisinger served as commander of "Einsatzgruppe" IV on Poland. From 1941 to 1945 he worked as liaison for the Gestapo at the German embassy in Tokyo. He was arrested in Japan in 1945, convicted of war crimes and was

Killing the SS

Mengele, the physician who conducted medical experiments at Auschwitz concentration camp; Martin Bormann, Adolf Hitler's personal secretary; Klaus Barbie, known as the "Butcher of Lyon"; and Adolf Eichmann, one of the major organizers of the Holocaust. Other former SS members include, Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny and Elfriede Rinkel, who was a guard at Ravensbrück, the Nazis' largest concentration camp for women. "USA Today" gave the book two out of four stars and said, "There’s nothing particularly new here about the search for Adolf Hitler’s most notorious henchmen and women," but, it'll "no doubt, be a welcome addition to the best-selling series."

Josef Albert Meisinger

Josef Albert Meisinger Josef Albert Meisinger (14 September 1899 – 7 March 1947), also known as the "Butcher of Warsaw", was a SS functionary in Nazi Germany. He held a position in the Gestapo and was a member of the Nazi Party. During World War II Meisinger served as commander of "Einsatzgruppe" IV on Poland. From 1941 to 1945 he worked as liaison for the Gestapo at the German embassy in Tokyo. He was arrested in Japan in 1945, convicted of war crimes and was executed in Warsaw, Poland. Meisinger was born in Munich, the son of Josef and Berta

Klaus Barbie

Klaus Barbie

Nikolaus "Klaus" Barbie (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was a German operative of the SS and SD who worked in Vichy France during World War II. He became known as the "Butcher of Lyon" for having personally tortured prisoners—primarily Jews and members of the French Resistance—as the head of the Gestapo in Lyon. After the war, United States intelligence services, which employed him for his anti-communist efforts, aided his escape to Bolivia, where he advised the regime on how to repress opposition through torture. The United States later offered France a formal apology for aiding Barbie's escape from an outstanding arrest warrant.<ref name="criminaltospy"/>

In Bolivia, West German Intelligence Service recruited him. Barbie is suspected of having had a role in the Bolivian coup d'état orchestrated by Luis García Meza in 1980. After the fall of the dictatorship, Barbie no longer had the protection of the government in La Paz. In 1983, he was extradited to France, where he was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life in prison. Although he had been sentenced to death in absentia twice earlier, in 1947 and 1954, capital punishment was abolished in France in 1981. Barbie died of cancer in prison in 1991, at age 77.

List of Nazi Party leaders and officials

This is a list of Nazi Party (NSDAP) leaders and officials. It is not meant to be an all inclusive list.

French Resistance

French Resistance

The French Resistance () was a collection of organisations that fought the Nazi occupation of France and the collaborationist Vichy régime during the Second World War. Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women (called the Maquis in rural areas) who, in addition to their guerrilla warfare activities, were also publishers of underground newspapers, providers of first-hand intelligence information, and maintainers of escape networks that helped Allied soldiers and airmen trapped behind enemy lines. The Resistance's men and women came from all economic levels and political leanings of French society, including émigrés, academics, students, aristocrats, conservative Roman Catholics (including priests and nuns), Protestants, Jews, Muslims, liberals, anarchists and communists.

The French Resistance played a significant role in facilitating the Allies' rapid advance through France following the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944. Members provided military intelligence on the German defenses known as the Atlantic Wall, and on Wehrmacht deployments and orders of battle for the invasion of Provence on 15 August. The Resistance also planned, coordinated, and executed sabotage acts on the Nazi electrical power grid, transport facilities, and telecommunications networks. The Resistance's work was politically and morally important to France both during the German occupation and decades that followed. The actions of the Resistance stood in marked contrast to the collaborationism of the Vichy régime.

After the Allied landings in Normandy and Provence, the paramilitary components of the Resistance were organized more formally, into a hierarchy of operational units known, collectively, as the French Forces of the Interior (FFI). Estimated at 100,000 fighters in June 1944, the FFI grew rapidly and reached approximately 400,000 by October. Although the amalgamation of the FFI was, in some cases, fraught with political difficulties, it was ultimately successful, and it allowed France to rebuild the fourth-largest army in the European theatre (1.2 million men) by VE Day in May 1945.

List of SS personnel

List of SS personnel

Between 1925 and 1945, the German "Schutzstaffel" (SS) grew from eight members to over a quarter of a million "Waffen-SS" and over a million "Allgemeine-SS" members. Other members included the "SS-Totenkopfverbände" (SS-TV), which ran the Nazi concentration and extermination camps. The following list of SS personnel gives the names of notable persons who are counted among the organization's most famous, influential or notorious members. Women were not allowed to join the SS but were allowed into the SS-Gefolge and many served within the concentration camps.

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of the Holocaust.

As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I, Himmler did not see active service, and did not fight. He studied agriculture in university, and joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925. In 1929, he was appointed by Adolf Hitler. Over the next 16 years, he developed the SS from a 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary group, and set up and controlled the Nazi concentration camps. He was known for good organisational skills and for selecting highly competent subordinates, such as Reinhard Heydrich in 1931. From 1943 onwards, he was both Chief of German Police and Minister of the Interior, overseeing all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo (Secret State Police). He controlled the Waffen-SS, the military branch of the SS. Himmler held an interest in varieties of occultism and "Völkisch" topics, and he employed elements of these beliefs to develop the racial policy of Nazi Germany and incorporated esoteric symbolism and rituals into the SS.

Himmler formed the "Einsatzgruppen" and built extermination camps. As overseer of the Nazi genocidal programs, Himmler directed the killing of some 6 million Jews, between 200,000 and 500,000 Romanis, and other victims. The total number of civilians killed by the regime is estimated at eleven to fourteen million people. Most of them were Polish and Soviet citizens.

Late in World War II, Hitler briefly appointed him a military commander and later Commander of the Replacement (Home) Army and General Plenipotentiary for the administration of the entire Third Reich ("Generalbevollmächtigter für die Verwaltung"). Specifically, he was given command of the Army Group Upper Rhine and the Army Group Vistula. After Himmler failed to achieve his assigned objectives, Hitler replaced him in these posts. Realising the war was lost, Himmler attempted to open peace talks with the western Allies without Hitler's knowledge, shortly before the end of the war. Hearing of this, Hitler dismissed him from all his posts in April 1945 and ordered his arrest. Himmler attempted to go into hiding, but was detained and then arrested by British forces once his identity became known. While in British custody, he committed suicide on 23 May 1945.

Heinrich Hannibal

died on 9 May 1971 in Hamburg. Heinrich Hannibal Heinrich Hannibal (19 November 1889 – 9 May 1971) was an SS commander in the Orpo of Nazi Germany during World War II whose police units perpetrated mass murder in the occupied Soviet Union. At the start of World War II Hannibal was the commander of the police recruit Battalion 303 in Bremen. During this time he also joined the NSDAP and the SS. During Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, his battalion participated in the mass murder of Jewish civilians at Babyi Yar in Kiev in

Hans Krueger

Hans Krueger "SS-Hauptsturmführer" Hans Krueger (1 July 1909 – 8 February 1988) was a German captain of the Gestapo in occupied Poland during World War II, involved in organizing the string of massacres after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa behind the Curzon Line. His murderous rampage in the General Government territory against the ethnic Poles and the Polish Jews began with the massacre of Lviv professors in July 1941, which was followed by the Czarny Las massacre near Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) in August 1941, as well as the notorious Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000–12,000 Jews: men, women and children

F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas

and infamous Nazis, such as Klaus Barbie who was known as the 'Butcher of Lyon', to gather vital information, returning again to France on 17 September 1943. He was appalled by the lack of logistical and material support which the French resistance movements such as the "maquis" were receiving, to the extent that he begged five minutes with Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister. Churchill, reluctant at first, but fascinated by what Yeo-Thomas told him, agreed to help him obtain resources for the resistance. In February 1944, Yeo-Thomas was parachuted into France after flying from RAF Tempsford. However, he was

Benno Martin

to chief of police in Nuremberg. After World War II ended in Europe, he was indicted and tried for complicity in the deportation of French Jews to Auschwitz. Martin was acquitted of the charges. Benno Martin Benno Martin (12 February 1893 – 2 July 1975) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. He served as Gestapo chief and Higher SS and Police Leader in Nuremberg. Martin was a member of the Nazi Party, joining in 1933. Martin fought in the German Imperial Army in the First World War in which he was awarded Iron Cross first and second

Heinrich Hannibal

Heinrich Hannibal Heinrich Hannibal (19 November 1889 – 9 May 1971) was an SS commander in the Orpo of Nazi Germany during World War II whose police units perpetrated mass murder in the occupied Soviet Union. At the start of World War II Hannibal was the commander of the police recruit Battalion 303 in Bremen. During this time he also joined the NSDAP and the SS. During Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, his battalion participated in the mass murder of Jewish civilians at Babyi Yar in Kiev in September 1941. In January 1942, he took

Walter Hauck

these requests were rejected by the Stuttgart court. In 2005, the Czech Republic again asked for his extradition. Walter Hauck Walter Hauck (4 June 1918 – 6 November 2006) was a German SS officer infamous for the atrocities committed under his command during the Second World War. Before the war, he worked in the German police. By 1944, he had the rank of SS-Obersturmführer in the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend and led the 2nd company of the 12th SS Reconnaissance Battalion. In April 1944, he was responsible for the Ascq massacre in which 86 civilians were shot and the

Josef Spacil

supermarkets", but there is no independent confirmation of this. Dates of Rank Awards Josef Spacil Josef Spacil (3 January 1907, Munich – 13 February 1967) was a Nazi "SS-Standartenführer" (Colonel), a "Befehlshaber der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD Niederlande" (Commander of the Security Police and Security Service Netherlands), an "SS-Wirtschafter beim Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer Russland-Süd" (SS economist at the Higher SS and Police Leader office for southern Russia) and the "Chef der Amtsgruppe II" (Chief of Section II) in RSHA. In 1945 he was involved with the disposal of Nazi gold in the Bavarian Alps. According to the American authors

Jürgen Stroop

his lifetime, was translated and published in English as "Conversations with an Executioner" by Prentice-Hall in 1981, hardcover. It has since been translated into several languages. Jürgen Stroop Jürgen Stroop (born Josef Stroop, 26 September 1895 – 6 March 1952) was a German SS commander during the Nazi era, who served as SS and Police Leader in occupied Poland. He led the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943 and wrote the Stroop Report, a book-length account of the operation. Following the defeat of Germany, Stroop was prosecuted during the Dachau Trials and convicted of murdering nine American POWs.

Carl Oberg

René Coty, and later reduced to 20 years hard labor. Oberg was pardoned by President Charles de Gaulle and released on 28 November 1962. Carl Oberg Carl Oberg (27 January 1897 – 3 June 1965) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era. He served as the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) of France during the Second World War. Oberg deported over 40,000 Jews from France. After the war, he was twice sentenced to death by two different courts. However, in 1958 the death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment and later reduced to 20 years hard labour.

Heinrich Schwarz

tried and convicted of war crimes by French occupation authorities in Rastatt; in connection with atrocities committed during his brief tenure as commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof. He was sentenced to death and subsequently shot by firing squad near Baden-Baden on 20 March 1947. Heinrich Schwarz Heinrich Schwarz (14 June 1906 – 20 March 1947) was an SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and concentration camp officer who served as commandant of Auschwitz III-Monowitz in Nazi-occupied Poland and Natzweiler-Struthof in Alsace-Lorraine. Schwarz was born in Munich on 14 June 1906 and originally worked as a book printer. He joined both the Nazi Party and the SS

Carl Oberg

"Frankreich" (France) over all German police forces in France, including the SD and the Gestapo. He was the supreme authority in France for managing anti-Jewish policy and the battle against the French Resistance. He thus drove the rounding up of Jews in the Paris Vélodrome d'Hiver (Vel' d'Hiv Roundup) in 1942. By that time he had been condemned as the "Butcher of Paris". On Heydrich's orders, Oberg deported over 40,000 Jews from the country with the assistance of the Vichy France police force headed by René Bousquet. By 1943, however, he was resisting some of the orders issued by Himmler

Constant Chevillon

he left the University. He went to work at the Société Générale, a bank in Lyon and worked there until 1913. Later he went to work for the Banque Nationale de Crédit in Lyon and continued his work there until his death. During World War II, he was shot and killed by the Milice (French police submitted to the Gestapo) in a brutal hostage murder on 23 March 1944 in Lyon. Constant Chevillon Constant Chevillon (born 26 October 1880 in Annoire (Jura); died 23 March 1944 in Lyon) was Grand Master of the Freemasonry Rite of Memphis-Misraïm and head of

Allan Ryan (attorney)

he died of natural causes. In 1983, near the end of Ryan's Directorship at OSI, he was asked to investigate the relationship between Klaus Barbie and the U.S. government following World War II. As Gestapo chief in Lyon, France, Barbie personally beat and tortured men, women, and children, reportedly laughing as he did so. His methods included whipping, electric shocks, breaking arms and legs, and sexual abuse, earning him the title "Butcher of Lyon." He also deported Jewish children to Auschwitz concentration camp, where they were murdered. The question was, as America's focus shifted from the threat from Nazis to

Alois Hudal

Nazi war criminals allegedly helped by the Hudal network were SS Captain Eduard Roschmann, known as the "Butcher of Riga", Josef Mengele, the "Angel of Death" at Auschwitz, Gustav Wagner, SS Sergeant at Sobibor, Alois Brunner, organizer of deportations from France and Slovakia to German concentration camps, and Adolf Eichmann, the man in charge of running the murder of European Jewry. In 1994, Erich Priebke, a former SS Captain, told Italian journalist Emanuela Audisio, "La Repubblica", that Hudal helped him reach Buenos Aires, verified by church historian Robert Graham, a Jesuit priest from the United States. In 1945, Hudal gave

Counterintelligence Corps

by CIC. However, in 1983 the arrest of former SS officer Klaus Barbie in Bolivia raised questions as to how the "Butcher of Lyon" had escaped. It was then revealed that Barbie had worked for CIC from 1947, and in 1951 had been provided with the means of escape in return for his services as an agent and informant. A Department of Justice investigation also uncovered the CIC's dealings with Father Krunoslav Draganović, a Croatian cleric based in Rome, who while working for CIC, also operated his own clandestine rat-line to transport Ustaše war criminals to Latin America. A further


Question: What is the common name for the species of large cattle, Bos primigenius, once prevalent in Europe, that was hunted to extinction in 1627?

auroch
bos primigenius mauritanicus
european aurochs
orox
Bos primigenius mauretanicus
Aurocks
bos primigenius
aurochs
Eurasian Aurochs
Bos primigenius
Aurochs
eurasian auroch
Uri (animal)
aurocks
bos primigenius mauretanicus
Bos primigenius mauritanicus
bos taurus primigenius
Indian Auroch
north african aurochs
african aurochs
European Aurochs
AUROCHS
bos primigenius primigenius
Eurasian Auroch
African Aurochs
uri animal
North African aurochs
North African Auroch
north african auroch
Bos primigenius primigenius
Auroch
eurasian aurochs
indian auroch
Bos taurus primigenius
North African Aurochs
Orox

Bos

which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming "Bos primigenius" for the aurochs and "Bos gaurus" for the gaur. If domesticated cattle and gayal are considered separate species, they are to be named "Bos taurus" and "Bos frontalis"; however, if they are considered part of the same species as their wild relatives, the common species are to be named "Bos primigenius" and "Bos gaurus". Bos Bos (from Latin "bōs: cow, ox, bull") is the genus of wild and domestic cattle. "Bos" can be divided into four subgenera: "Bos", "Bibos", "Novibos", and "Poephagus", but these divisions

Aurochs

"conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming "Bos primigenius" for the aurochs. Taxonomists who consider domesticated cattle a subspecies of the wild aurochs should use "B. primigenius taurus"; those who consider domesticated cattle to be a separate species may use the name "B. taurus", which the Commission has kept available for that purpose. The words aurochs, urus, and wisent have all been used synonymously in English. But the extinct aurochs/urus is a completely separate species from the still-extant wisent, also known as European

Cattle

originally identified as three separate species: "Bos taurus", the European or "taurine" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); "Bos indicus", the zebu; and the extinct "Bos primigenius", the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle. These have been reclassified as one species, "Bos taurus", with three subspecies: "Bos taurus primigenius", "Bos taurus indicus", and "Bos taurus taurus". Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, "Bos taurus africanus"), but

Bos

Bos Bos (from Latin "bōs: cow, ox, bull") is the genus of wild and domestic cattle. "Bos" can be divided into four subgenera: "Bos", "Bibos", "Novibos", and "Poephagus", but these divisions are controversial. The genus has five extant species. However, this may rise to seven if the domesticated varieties are counted as separate species, and nine if the closely related genus "Bison" is also included. Most modern breeds of domesticated cattle are believed to have originated from the extinct aurochs. Most species are grazers, with long tongues to twist the plant material they favor and large teeth to break up

Heck cattle

their ancestral form: the aurochs ("Bos primigenius primigenius"). In the first years of the Weimar Republic, the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck independently started their extensive breeding-back programmes. Their motivation behind that was to rescue the aurochs from oblivion because it was constantly confused with the wisent, the other large bovine of Holocene Europe. The Heck brothers believed that creating a look-alike and showing both species next to each other would help to show the difference between the two species to a broader public. Apart from that, they believed they were able to reconstruct the species and therefore to correct

Aurochs

Aurochs

The aurochs (Bos primigenius) ( or ) is an extinct cattle species, considered to be the wild ancestor of modern domestic cattle. With a shoulder height of up to in bulls and in cows, it was one of the largest herbivores in the Holocene; it had massive elongated and broad horns that reached in length.

The aurochs was part of the Pleistocene megafauna. It probably evolved in Asia and migrated west and north during warm interglacial periods. The oldest known aurochs fossils found in India and North Africa date to the Middle Pleistocene and in Europe to the Holstein interglacial. As indicated by fossil remains in Northern Europe, it reached Denmark and southern Sweden during the Holocene. The aurochs declined during the late Holocene due to habitat loss and hunting, and became extinct when the last individual died in 1627 in Jaktorów forest in Poland.

The aurochs is depicted in Paleolithic cave paintings, Neolithic petroglyphs, Ancient Egyptian reliefs and Bronze Age figurines. It symbolised power, sexual potency and prowess in religions of the ancient Near East. Its horns were used in votive offerings, as trophies and drinking horns.

Two aurochs domestication events occurred during the Neolithic Revolution. One gave rise to the domestic cattle ("Bos taurus") in the Fertile Crescent in the Near East that was introduced to Europe via the Balkans and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Hybridisation between aurochs and early domestic cattle occurred during the early Holocene. Domestication of the Indian aurochs led to the zebu cattle ("Bos indicus") that hybridised with early taurine cattle in the Near East about 4,000 years ago. Some modern cattle breeds exhibit features reminiscent of the aurochs, such as the dark colour and light eel stripe along the back of bulls, the lighter colour of cows, or an aurochs-like horn shape.

List of European species extinct in the Holocene

Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene

Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene

This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene, the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.

The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present ( BCE). It is characterized by a general trend towards global warming, the expansion of anatomically modern humans ("Homo sapiens") to all emerged land masses, the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry, and a reduction in global biodiversity. The latter, dubbed the sixth mass extinction in Earth history, is largely attributed to increased human population and activity, and may have started already during the preceding Pleistocene epoch with the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna.

The following list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.

De-extinction

De-extinction

De-extinction (also known as resurrection biology, or species revivalism) is the process of generating an organism that either resembles or "is" an extinct species. There are several ways to carry out the process of de-extinction. Cloning is the most widely proposed method, although genome editing and selective breeding have also been considered. Similar techniques have been applied to certain endangered species, in hopes to boost their genetic diversity. The only method of the three that would provide an animal with the same genetic identity is cloning. There are benefits and malefits to the process of de-extinction ranging from technological advancements to ethical issues.

Wikipedia:Good articles in other languages/French

Uruz Project

combines genomics and classic Mendelian rules of inheritance to develop the most effective breeding strategy. Primitive founder cattle breeds are carefully selected and the number of cattle breeds used is kept to a minimum. Ecological restoration projects cannot be complete without bringing back those key elements that help shape and reshape wild landscapes. The European aurochs ("Bos p. primigenius") was a large and long-horned wild bovine herbivore that existed from the most western tip of Europe until Siberia in present-day Russia. Aurochs have played a major role in human history. They are often depicted in rock-art, including the famous, well-conserved

Amsterdam Island cattle

colour patterns, including one that was reminiscent of the aurochs. Adult male cattle had an average weight of about 390 kg, while adult females weighed about 290 kg. Amsterdam Island cattle Amsterdam Island cattle were a rare feral breed of cattle ("Bos taurus") that were introduced in 1871 and existed in isolation on Amsterdam Island, a small French territory in the southern Indian Ocean. The population was eradicated in 2010 in the course of an environmental restoration program. A party led by Heurtin, a French farmer (sometimes described as a peasant) from Réunion island, on 18 January 1871 attempted to

Bos

the plant material they ingest. They are ruminants, having a four-chambered stomach that allows them to break down plant material. There are about 1.3 billion domestic cattle alive today, making them one of the world's most numerous mammals. Members of this genus are currently found in Africa, Asia, eastern and western Europe, parts of North America, South America and also in Oceania. Their habitats vary greatly depending on the particular species; they can be found in prairies, rain forests, wetlands, savannas and temperate forests. Most "Bos" species have a lifespan of 18–25 years in the wild, with up to 36

European bison

further post-speciation gene flow (ancient hybridization between "Bos" and "Bison"). But they agree that limited gene flow from "Bos primigenius taurus" could account for the affiliation between wisent and cattle nuclear genomes (in contrast to mitochondrial ones). Alternatively, genome sequencing completed on the Pleistocene woodland bison ("B. schoetensaki"), and published in 2017, posit that genetic similarities between the Pleistocene woodland bison and the wisent suggest that "B. schoetensaki" was the ancestor of the European wisent. Although superficially similar, a number of physical and behavioural differences are seen between the European bison and the American bison. The European bison has 14

Bovini

Bovini The tribe Bovini, or wild cattle are medium to massive bovines that are native to North America, Eurasia, and Africa. These include the enigmatic, antelope-like saola, the African and Asiatic buffalos, and a clade that consists of bison and the wild cattle of the genus "Bos". Not only are they the largest members of the subfamily Bovinae, they are the largest species of their family Bovidae. The largest species is either the gaur ("Bos gaurus") and wild water buffalo ("Bubalus arnee"), both weighing between 700 and 1,200 kilograms. In addition to their massive size, they can be differentiated from

Bovini

Chillingham cattle

periphery of Chillingham Park (http://countrywalks.defra.gov.uk). According to earlier publicity material produced by the Chillingham Wild Cattle Association, Chillingham cattle bear some similarities to the extinct ancestral species aurochs, "Bos primigenius primigenius", based upon cranial geometrics and the positioning of their horns relative to the skull formation. They further claim that Chillingham cattle may be direct descendants of the primordial ox ""which roamed these islands before the dawn of history""; moreover, according to Tankerville, these characteristics differed from the cattle brought into England by the Romans. It is now considered much more likely that they are descended from medieval husbanded cattle

Bos

nocturnal. Some species are also migratory, moving with food and water availability. Modern species of "Bos" are thought to have evolved from a single ancestor, the aurochs ("B. primigenius"). This particular species survived until the early 17th century when it was hunted to extinction as the last aurochs, a female, died in Poland. Scientific classification : In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature resolved a long-standing dispute about the naming of those species (or pairs of species) of "Bos" that contain both wild and domesticated forms. The commission "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species,

Hinterwald

Hinterwald The Hinterwald () is an old local breed of cattle from the Black Forest. There is a breed association in Germany and one in Switzerland. The scientific name is "Bos primigenius f. taurus". The cows are small, only tall and weighing , making them the smallest breed of cattle still extant in Central Europe. The head is mostly white, the remainder of the coat being pied light yellow to dark red-brown. Having been bred to cope with extreme conditions, such as cold winters, steep pastures and a frugal diet, they are well adapted to the Alpine climate. They are

Indian aurochs

Indian aurochs The Indian aurochs ("Bos primigenius namadicus") was a subspecies of the extinct aurochs. It is considered as the ancestor of the zebu cattle, which is mainly found in the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced in many other parts of the world, like Africa and South America. In contrast, the taurine cattle breeds, which are native to Europe, the Near East, and other parts of the world, are descendants of the Eurasian aurochs ("Bos primigenuis primigenius"). According to IUCN, the Indian aurochs disappeared sometime until the 13th century AD, when the only subspecies standing was the "Bos primigenius

Pelorovis

Pelorovis Pelorovis ("prodigious/monstrous sheep") is an extinct genus of African wild cattle, which first appeared in the Pliocene, 2.5 million years ago, and became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene about 12,000 years ago or even during the Holocene, some 4,000 years ago. Recent detailed anatomical and morphometric studies come to the conclusion that "Pelorovis" is probably not monophyletic. According to these findings, the early forms of the genus ("P. turkanensis" and "P. oldowayensis") are close relatives, and possibly the first members, of the genus "Bos". In contrast, the late Pleistocene form ("Pelorovis antiquus") seems to be a

Bovini

well as unregulated hunting. Some are already extinct like the aurochs, two subspecies of European bison and perhaps the kouprey. In 1821 British zoologist John Edward Gray described the family, subfamily and tribe Bovidae, Bovinae, and Bovini respectively. The word "Bovini" is the combination of the Latin prefix "bos" (written as "bov-", which is Late Latin from "bovinus") and the suffix "-ini" refers to their ranking as a tribe. The wild cattle belong to the subfamily Bovinae, which also includes spiral-horned antelope of the tribe Tragelaphini and two aberrant species of Asian antelope, four-horned antelope and nilgai, which belong to

Amsterdam Island cattle

Amsterdam Island cattle Amsterdam Island cattle were a rare feral breed of cattle ("Bos taurus") that were introduced in 1871 and existed in isolation on Amsterdam Island, a small French territory in the southern Indian Ocean. The population was eradicated in 2010 in the course of an environmental restoration program. A party led by Heurtin, a French farmer (sometimes described as a peasant) from Réunion island, on 18 January 1871 attempted to settle the uninhabited 55 km island. After seven months, their attempts to raise sheep and cattle and grow crops had been unfruitful and they departed on 19 August,

European bison

discontinued. Currently, the only surviving żubroń herd consists of just a few animals in Białowieża Forest, Poland and Belarus. In 2016, the first whole genome sequencing data from two European bison bulls from the Bialowieza Forest revealed that the bison and bovine species diverged from about 1.7 to 0.85 Mya through a speciation process involving limited gene flow. These data further support the occurrence of more recent secondary contacts, posterior to the divergence between "Bos primigenius primigenius" and "Bos p. namadicus" (ca. 150,000 years ago), between the wisent and (European) taurine cattle lineages. An independent study of mitochondrial DNA and

Bovini

other bovines and bovids with their short, thick legs and smooth horns presented in both sexes. Bovins and humans have had a long and complex relationship. Five of seven species have been successfully domesticated, with one species (cattle) being the most successful member of their lineage. Domesticated shortly after the last Ice Age, there are at least 1.4 billion cattle in the world. Domestic bovins have been selectively bred for beef, dairy products, leather and serve as working animals. However many species of wild cattle are threatened by extinction due to habitat loss to make room for cattle farming as


Question: The childhood disease 'Rickets' is caused by a lack of which vitamin?

Vitamin-D
vitamen d
List of foods containing Vitamin D
Dvion
dvion
Vitamin D1
Calciferol
Vitamin D Excess
list of foods containing vitamin d
Vitamin D
VITAMIN D
sunshine vitamin
Vitamen d
Vitamin d
calciferol
vitamin d1
vitamin d excess
vitamin d
Sunshine vitamin

Rickets

as tuna, herring, and salmon. A rare X-linked dominant form exists called vitamin D-resistant rickets or X-linked hypophosphatemia. Cases have been reported in Britain in recent years of rickets in children of many social backgrounds caused by insufficient production in the body of vitamin D because the sun's ultraviolet light was not reaching the skin due to use of strong sunblock, too much "covering up" in sunlight, or not getting out into the sun. Other cases have been reported among the children of some ethnic groups in which mothers avoid exposure to the sun for religious or cultural reasons, leading

Vitamin D deficiency in Australia

deformities, hypocalcemia, tetany and seizures. During the late 19th century autopsies conducted in the Netherlands concluded that 80-90% of children were suffering from Rickets. The incidents of rickets observed within Sydney hospitals during the years of 2003 – 2004 have doubled. This major spike can be attributed to the growing population of migrants in Australia, many of whom are considered high risk of vitamin D deficiency. As shown in the image the skeletal deformities such as knock knees and bow legs in these young children as a result of rickets. Because of the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, conditions

Vitamin D

phosphorus deficiency, as well as a lack of vitamin D; today, it is largely found in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, or the Middle East and in those with genetic disorders such as pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets. Maternal vitamin D deficiency may cause overt bone disease from before birth and impairment of bone quality after birth. Nutritional rickets exists in countries with intense year-round sunlight such as Nigeria and can occur without vitamin D deficiency. Although rickets and osteomalacia are now rare in Britain, outbreaks have happened in some immigrant communities in which osteomalacia sufferers included women with seemingly adequate

Vitamin D

among older toddlers and children, it has been attributed to low dietary calcium intakes, which are characteristic of cereal-based diets with limited access to dairy products. Rickets was formerly a major public health problem among the US population; in Denver, where ultraviolet rays are about 20% stronger than at sea level on the same latitude, almost two-thirds of 500 children had mild rickets in the late 1920s. An increase in the proportion of animal protein in the 20th century American diet coupled with increased consumption of milk fortified with relatively small quantities of vitamin D coincided with a dramatic decline

Rickets

Rickets Rickets is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children. Symptoms include bowed legs, stunted growth, bone pain, large forehead, and trouble sleeping. Complications may include bone fractures, muscle spasms, an abnormally curved spine, or intellectual disability. The most common cause is vitamin D deficiency. This can result from eating a diet without enough vitamin D, dark skin, too little sun exposure, exclusive breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation, celiac disease, and certain genetic conditions. Other factors may include not enough calcium or phosphorus. The underlying mechanism involves insufficient calcification of the growth plate. Diagnosis is generally

Rickets

Rickets

Rickets is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children, and is caused by either dietary deficiency or genetic causes. Symptoms include bowed legs, stunted growth, bone pain, large forehead, and trouble sleeping.<ref name=NIH2013/><ref name=NORD2005/> Complications may include bone deformities, bone pseudofractures and fractures, muscle spasms, or an abnormally curved spine.<ref name=NIH2013/><ref name=NORD2005/>
The most common cause of rickets is a vitamin D deficiency, although hereditary genetic forms also exist. The underlying mechanism involves insufficient calcification of the growth plate. Diagnosis is generally based on blood tests finding a low calcium, low phosphorus, and a high alkaline phosphatase together with X-rays.<ref name=NIH2013/>
Prevention for exclusively breastfed babies is vitamin D supplements.<ref name=NORD2005/> Genetic forms of the disease typically require specialized treatment.<ref name=AO2010/>
Rickets occurs relatively commonly in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The disease was common into the 20th century. Early treatments included the use of cod liver oil.<ref name="History"/>

Vitamin D

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and many other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D (ergocalciferol).

The major natural source of the vitamin is synthesis of cholecalciferol in the lower layers of epidermis of the skin through a chemical reaction that is dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation). In the U.S. and other countries, cow's milk and plant-derived milk substitutes are fortified with vitamin D, as are many breakfast cereals.<ref name=lpi/> Mushrooms exposed to ultraviolet light contribute useful amounts of vitamin D.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" /> Dietary recommendations typically assume that all of a person's vitamin D is taken by mouth, because sun exposure in the population is variable and recommendations about the amount of sun exposure that is safe are uncertain in view of the skin cancer risk.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" />

Vitamin D from the diet, or from skin synthesis, is biologically inactive. It is activated by two protein enzyme hydroxylation steps, the first in the liver and the second in the kidneys.<ref name=lpi/><ref name=Bikle /> Because vitamin D can be synthesized in adequate amounts by most mammals if they get enough sunlight, it is not essential and therefore is technically not a vitamin.<ref name="Norman_2008"/> Instead it can be considered a hormone, with activation of the vitamin D pro-hormone resulting in the active form, calcitriol, which then produces effects via a nuclear receptor in multiple locations.<ref name="Norman_2008"/>

Cholecalciferol is converted in the liver to calcifediol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol); ergocalciferol is converted to 25-hydroxyergocalciferol. Calcifediol is further hydroxylated by the kidneys and some of the immune system cells to form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), the biologically active form of vitamin D.<ref name="pmid4323790" /><ref name="pmid4325863" /> Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood, having a major role regulating the concentration of calcium and phosphate, and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone.<ref name=lpi/> Calcitriol also has other effects, including some on cell growth, neuromuscular and immune functions, and reduction of inflammation.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" />

Vitamin D has a significant role in calcium homeostasis and metabolism. Vitamin D supplements are given to treat or to prevent osteomalacia and rickets.

Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency or hypovitaminosis D is a vitamin D level that is below normal. It most commonly occurs in people when they have inadequate exposure to sunlight, particularly sunlight with adequate ultraviolet B rays (UVB). Vitamin D deficiency can also be caused by inadequate nutritional intake of vitamin D; disorders that limit vitamin D absorption; and disorders that impair the conversion of vitamin D to active metabolites, including certain liver, kidney, and hereditary disorders. Deficiency impairs bone mineralization, leading to bone-softening diseases, such as rickets in children. It can also worsen osteomalacia and osteoporosis in adults, increasing the risk of bone fractures.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" /><ref name="Merck2" /> Muscle weakness is also a common symptom of vitamin D deficiency, further increasing the risk of fall and bone fractures in adults.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" /> Vitamin D deficiency is associated with the development of schizophrenia.<ref name="Chiang"/>

Vitamin D can be synthesized in the skin under the exposure of UVB from sunlight. Oily fish, such as salmon, herring, and mackerel, are also sources of vitamin D, as are mushrooms. Milk is often fortified with vitamin D; sometimes bread, juices, and other dairy products are fortified with vitamin D.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" /> Many multivitamins contain vitamin D in different amounts.<ref name="NIH-ODS-2020" />

Malnutrition

Malnutrition

Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems. Specifically, it is "a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients" which adversely affects the body's tissues and form. Malnutrition is not receiving the correct amount of nutrition. Malnutrition is increasing in children under the age of five due to providers who cannot afford or do not have access to adequate nutrition.

Malnutrition is a category of diseases that includes undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition is a lack of nutrients, which can result in stunted growth, wasting, and underweight. A surplus of nutrients causes overnutrition, which can result in obesity. In some developing countries, overnutrition in the form of obesity is beginning to appear within the same communities as undernutrition.

Most clinical studies use the term 'malnutrition' to refer to undernutrition. However, the use of 'malnutrition' instead of 'undernutrition' makes it impossible to distinguish between undernutrition and overnutrition, a less acknowledged form of malnutrition. Accordingly, a 2019 report by The Lancet Commission suggested expanding the definition of malnutrition to include "all its forms, including obesity, undernutrition, and other dietary risks." The World Health Organization and The Lancet Commission have also identified "[t]he double burden of malnutrition," which occurs from "the coexistence of overnutrition (overweight and obesity) alongside undernutrition (stunted growth and wasting)."

Scurvy

Scurvy

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Early symptoms of deficiency include weakness, feeling tired and sore arms and legs. As scurvy worsens there can be poor wound healing, personality changes, and finally death from infection or bleeding.<ref name=Ag2015/>
It takes at least a month of little to no vitamin C in the diet before symptoms occur.<ref name=GARD2016/><ref name=Ag2015/> In modern times, scurvy occurs most commonly in people with mental disorders, unusual eating habits, alcoholism, and older people who live alone.<ref name=Ag2015/> Other risk factors include intestinal malabsorption and dialysis.<ref name=Ag2015/> While many animals produce their own vitamin C, humans and a few others do not.<ref name=Ag2015/> Vitamin C is required to make the building blocks for collagen.<ref name=Ag2015/> Diagnosis is typically based on physical signs, X-rays, and improvement after treatment.<ref name=Ag2015/>
Treatment is with vitamin C supplements taken by mouth.
Scurvy is rare compared to other nutritional deficiencies. Scurvy was described as early as the time of ancient Egypt. During the Age of Sail, it was assumed that 50 percent of the sailors would die of scurvy on a major trip. A Scottish surgeon in the Royal Navy, James Lind, is generally credited with proving that scurvy can be successfully treated with citrus fruit in 1753.

Dark skin

infectious diseases. Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing tuberculosis fivefold and also contributes to the development of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer. The most prevalent disease to follow vitamin D deficiency is rickets, the softening of bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Rickets is caused by reduced vitamin D synthesis that causes an absence of vitamin D, which then causes the dietary calcium to not be properly absorbed. This disease in the past was commonly found among dark-skinned Americans of the southern part of the United States who migrated north into low sunlight environments. The

Dark skin

popularity of sugary drinks and decreased time spent outside have contributed to significant rise of developing rickets. Deformities of the female pelvis related to severe rickets impair normal childbirth, which leads to higher mortality of the infant, mother, or both. Vitamin D deficiency is most common in regions with low sunlight, especially in the winter. Chronic deficiencies in vitamin D may also be linked with breast, prostate, colon, ovarian, and possibly other types of cancers. The relationship between cardiovascular disease and vitamin D deficiency also suggest link between health of cardiac and smooth muscle. Low vitamin D levels have also

Rickets

into adult life if not treated. Long-term consequences include permanent curvatures or disfiguration of the long bones, and a curved back. Maternal deficiencies may be the cause of overt bone disease from before birth and impairment of bone quality after birth. The primary cause of congenital rickets is vitamin D deficiency in the mother's blood, which the baby shares. Vitamin D ensures that serum phosphate and calcium levels are sufficient to facilitate the mineralization of bone. Congenital rickets may also be caused by other maternal diseases, including severe osteomalacia, untreated celiac disease, malabsorption, pre-eclampsia, and premature birth. Rickets in children

Vitamin D deficiency

dietary calcium intakes. This is characteristic of cereal-based diets with limited access to dairy products. Rickets was formerly a major public health problem among the US population; in Denver, where ultraviolet rays are about 20% stronger than at sea level on the same latitude, almost two-thirds of 500 children had mild rickets in the late 1920s. An increase in the proportion of animal protein in the 20th-century American diet coupled with increased consumption of milk fortified with relatively small quantities of vitamin D coincided with a dramatic decline in the number of rickets cases. One study of children in a

Rickets

based on blood tests finding a low calcium, low phosphorus, and a high alkaline phosphatase together with X-rays. Prevention includes vitamin D supplements for exclusively breastfed babies. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. If due to a lack of vitamin D, treatment is usually with vitamin D and calcium. This generally results in improvements within a few weeks. Bone deformities may also improve over time. Occasionally surgery may be done to fix bone deformities. Genetic forms of the disease typically require specialized treatment. Rickets occurs relatively commonly in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. It is generally uncommon in the

Rickets

to a maternal shortage of vitamin D; and people with darker skins need more sunlight to maintain vitamin D levels. Rickets had historically been a problem in London, especially during the Industrial Revolution. Persistent thick fog and heavy industrial smog permeating the city blocked out significant amounts of sunlight to such an extent that up to 80 percent of children at one time had varying degrees of rickets in one form or the other. It is sometimes known in German as "the English Disease" (Die englische Krankheit) Vitamin D natural selection hypotheses: Rickets is often a result of vitamin D3

Vitamin D deficiency

was awarded to Adolf Windaus, who discovered the steroid 7-dehydrocholesterol, the precursor of vitamin D. Prior to the fortification of milk products with vitamin D, rickets was a major public health problem. In the United States, milk has been fortified with 10 micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D per quart since the 1930s, leading to a dramatic decline in the number of rickets cases. A great deal of research has been conducted to understand whether low levels of vitamin D may cause or be a result of other conditions. Some evidence suggests hypovitaminosis D may be associated with a worse

Food fortification

linked to curing rickets. This discovery led to the fortification of common foods such as milk, margarine, and breakfast cereals. This took the astonishing statistics of approximately 80–90% of children showing varying degrees of bone deformations due to vitamin D deficiency to being a very rare condition. The current RDA for infants aged 0–6 months is 10 µg (400 International Units (IU))/day and for adults over 19 years of age it is 15 µg (600 IU)/day. Diseases associated with a vitamin D deficiency include rickets, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer (breast, prostate, colon and ovaries). It has also been

Vitamin D

daylight outdoor exposure wearing Western clothing. Having darker skin and reduced exposure to sunshine did not produce rickets unless the diet deviated from a Western omnivore pattern characterized by high intakes of meat, fish, and eggs, and low intakes of high-extraction cereals. The dietary risk factors for rickets include abstaining from animal foods. Vitamin D deficiency remains the main cause of rickets among young infants in most countries, because breast milk is low in vitamin D and social customs and climatic conditions can prevent adequate sun exposure. In sunny countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Bangladesh, where rickets occurs

Rickets

supplement their nutritional intake with vitamin D enhanced beverages if they feel their child is at risk for vitamin D deficiency, Rickets may be diagnosed with the help of: Infants with rickets often have bone fractures. This sometimes leads to child abuse allegations. This issue appears to be more common for solely nursing infants of black mothers, in winter in temperate climates, suffering poor nutrition and no vitamin D supplementation. People with darker skin produce less vitamin D than those with lighter skin, for the same amount of sunlight. The most common treatment of rickets is the use of vitamin

Vitamin D

in the number of rickets cases. Also, in the United States and Canada, vitamin D-fortified milk, infant vitamin supplements, and vitamin supplements have helped to eradicate the majority of cases of rickets for children with fat malabsorption conditions. Osteomalacia is a disease in adults that results from vitamin D deficiency. Characteristics of this disease are softening of the bones, leading to bending of the spine, bowing of the legs, proximal muscle weakness, bone fragility, and increased risk for fractures. Osteomalacia reduces calcium absorption and increases calcium loss from bone, which increases the risk for bone fractures. Osteomalacia is usually present

Vitamin D deficiency in Australia

osteoporosis in the elderly populations. Low levels of Vitamin D have also been associated with other conditions such as heart disease, cancer and kidney disease but further research is required. Recent evidence suggests Vitamin D is also linked to many other health diseases such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis and some form of cancer. Rickets can be traced back to the 1600s, where a pandemic arose with children around the globe from Vitamin D deficiency. The inadequate intake of UV exposure consequently lead children to numerous health problems such as, growth retardation, muscle weakness, skeletal

Vitamin D

common in children and adults. Low blood calcifediol (25-hydroxy-vitamin D) can result from avoiding the sun. Deficiency results in impaired bone mineralization and bone damage which leads to bone-softening diseases, including rickets and osteomalacia. Being deficient in vitamin D can cause intestinal absorption of dietary calcium to fall to 15%. When not deficient, an individual usually absorbs between 60-80%. Rickets, a childhood disease, is characterized by impeded growth and soft, weak, deformed long bones that bend and bow under their weight as children start to walk. This condition is characterized by bow legs, which can be caused by calcium or

Rickets

45% for Mexican Americans, and 58% for non-Hispanic blacks. Among women, the prevalence was 28.5%, 55%, and 68%, respectively. A systematic review published in the Cochrane Library looked at children up to three years old in Turkey and China and found there was a beneficial association between vitamin D and rickets. In Turkey children getting vitamin D had only a 4% chance of developing rickets compared to children who received no medical intervention. In China, a combination of vitamin D, calcium and nutritional counseling was linked to a decreased risk of rickets. With this evolutionary perspective in mind, parents can

Vitamin D deficiency

in the diet, and decreased skin thickness which leads to further decreased absorption of vitamin D from sunlight. Although rickets and osteomalacia are now rare in Britain, osteomalacia outbreaks in some immigrant communities included women with seemingly adequate daylight outdoor exposure wearing typical Western clothing. Having darker skin and reduced exposure to sunshine did not produce rickets unless the diet deviated from a Western omnivore pattern characterized by high intakes of meat, fish, and eggs, and low intakes of high-extraction cereals. In sunny countries where rickets occurs among older toddlers and children, vitamin D deficiency has been attributed to low


Question: If the states of the US are listed alphabetically which is the last that does NOT contain the letter O?

counties and important towns in west virginia

counties and important towns in west virgina

Counties and Important Towns in West Virgina

Counties and Important Towns in West Virginia

Contiguous United States

and others, has been defined both as the continental United States, and as the 48 contiguous states. The District of Columbia is not always specifically mentioned as being part of "CONUS". "OCONUS" is derived from CONUS with "O" for outside added, thus referring to Outside of Continental United States (OCONUS). The term "lower 48" is also used to refer to the conterminous United States. The "National Geographic" style guide recommends the use of "contiguous" or "conterminous United States" instead of "lower 48" when the 48 states are meant, unless used in the context of Alaska. During World War II, the

U.S. state

a wide variety of languages. Twenty-four state names originate from Native American languages. Of these, eight are from Algonquian languages, seven are from Siouan languages, three are from Iroquoian languages, one is from Uto-Aztecan languages and five others are from other indigenous languages. Hawaii's name is derived from the Polynesian Hawaiian language. Of the remaining names, 22 are from European languages: Seven from Latin (mainly Latinized forms of English names), the rest are from English, Spanish and French. Eleven states are named after individual people, including seven named for royalty and one named after a President of the United States.

Naming in the United States

some find restrictive is California's ban on diacritical marks, such as in "José", a common Spanish name. The Office of Vital Records in California requires that names contain only the 26 alphabetical characters of the English language. Some states (for example, Alaska, Hawaii, Kansas, North Carolina, Oregon) allow accents and some (not always all) non-English letters in birth certificates and other documents. There can be problems for persons with such names when moving to a state where such characters are banned and they have to renew their documents. There is no law restricting the use of diacritical marks informally and

The States (TV series)

2010 a sister presentation and then series, "How the States Got Their Shapes" was aired. The States (TV series) The States is a 2007 American documentary television series about the history of each state in the United States of America, narrated by Edward Herrmann. The show documents each of the 50 states in the union. The show begins with an introduction to the five states to be documented within the episode. Each state's segment begins with the narrator giving a clue as to what that state might be, and then revealing the answer. ( e.g. "There is a North Dakota

Hawaii

the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length. In contrast, the National and State Parks Services, the University of Hawaii and some private enterprises implement these symbols. No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789. However, the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the "Province of Massachusetts Bay" to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780, and in 1819, the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to

Alphabetical order

Alphabetical order

Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is the generalization of the alphabetical order to other data types, such as sequences of numbers or other ordered mathematical objects.

When applied to strings or sequences that may contain digits, numbers or more elaborate types of elements, in addition to alphabetical characters, the alphabetical order is generally called a lexicographical order.

To determine which of two strings of characters comes first when arranging in alphabetical order, their first letters are compared. If they differ, then the string whose first letter comes earlier in the alphabet comes before the other string. If the first letters are the same, then the second letters are compared, and so on. If a position is reached where one string has no more letters to compare while the other does, then the first (shorter) string is deemed to come first in alphabetical order.

Capital letters (upper case) are generally considered to be identical to their corresponding lower case letters for the purposes of alphabetical ordering, although conventions may be adopted to handle situations where two strings differ "only" in capitalization. Various conventions also exist for the handling of strings containing spaces, modified letters (such as those with diacritics), and non-letter characters such as marks of punctuation.

The result of placing a set of words or strings in alphabetical order is that all of the strings beginning with the same letter are grouped together; within that grouping all words beginning with the same two-letter sequence are grouped together; and so on. The system thus tends to maximize the number of common initial letters between adjacent words.

QWERTY

QWERTY

QWERTY () is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets. The name comes from the order of the first six keys on the top left letter row of the keyboard ( ). The QWERTY design is based on a layout created for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter and sold to E. Remington and Sons in 1873. It became popular with the success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878, and remains in ubiquitous use.

Letter frequency

Letter frequency

Letter frequency is the number of times letters of the alphabet appear on average in written language. Letter frequency analysis dates back to the Arab mathematician Al-Kindi (c. 801–873 AD), who formally developed the method to break ciphers. Letter frequency analysis gained importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform. Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it is particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllabic, or ideographic.

The use of letter frequencies and frequency analysis plays a fundamental role in cryptograms and several word puzzle games, including Hangman, "Scrabble", "Wordle" and the television game show "Wheel of Fortune". One of the earliest descriptions in classical literature of applying the knowledge of English letter frequency to solving a cryptogram is found in Edgar Allan Poe's famous story "The Gold-Bug", where the method is successfully applied to decipher a message giving the location of a treasure hidden by Captain Kidd.

Herbert S. Zim, in his classic introductory cryptography text "Codes and Secret Writing", gives the English letter frequency sequence as "ETAON RISHD LFCMU GYPWB VKJXZQ", the most common letter pairs as "TH HE AN RE ER IN ON AT ND ST ES EN OF TE ED OR TI HI AS TO", and the most common doubled letters as "LL EE SS OO TT FF RR NN PP CC". Different ways of counting can produce somewhat different orders.

Letter frequencies also have a strong effect on the design of some keyboard layouts. The most frequent letters are on the bottom row of the Blickensderfer typewriter, and the home row of the Dvorak keyboard layout.

United States license plate designs and serial formats

In the United States, the appearance of license plates is frequently chosen to contain symbols, colors, or slogans associated with the issuing jurisdiction, which are the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, the five inhabited U.S. territories, and Native American tribes, each of which independently registers motor vehicles. Regular-issue license plates for passenger vehicles typically have six or seven characters, with vanity plates having up to eight characters in a few states.

English alphabet

English alphabet

The alphabet for Modern English is a Latin-script alphabet consisting of 26 letters, each having an upper- and lower-case form. The word "alphabet" is a compound of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, "alpha" and "beta". The alphabet originated around the 7th century CE to write Old English from Latin script. Since then, letters have been added or removed to give the current letters:
The exact shape of printed letters varies depending on the typeface (and font), and the standard printed form may differ significantly from the shape of handwritten letters (which varies between individuals), especially cursive.

The English alphabet has 5 vowels and 21 consonants.

Written English has a large number of digraphs (e.g., "would", "beak", "moat"); it stands out (almost uniquely) as a European language without diacritics in native words. The only exceptions are:

The States (TV series)

The States (TV series) The States is a 2007 American documentary television series about the history of each state in the United States of America, narrated by Edward Herrmann. The show documents each of the 50 states in the union. The show begins with an introduction to the five states to be documented within the episode. Each state's segment begins with the narrator giving a clue as to what that state might be, and then revealing the answer. ( e.g. "There is a North Dakota and a South Dakota, a North Carolina and a South Carolina, but there's been one

related to visibility and readability, some states and territories exclude certain letters from use in their license plate serial formats. The most commonly skipped characters are I, O, and Q, with some states using only one or two of the three while others will skip all three of these letters. Other states, such as Colorado, Georgia and South Carolina have gradually adopted one or more of these letters over a course of years after previously skipping them in order to accommodate the demands of population growth and depletion of available serial combinations. The most common argument behind skipping I, O,

United States

is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico. The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries. Paleo-Indians migrated

Smithsonian trinomial

Hawaii was assigned number 50 after those states were admitted to the union. There are no Smithsonian trinomial numbers assigned for the District of Columbia or any United States territories. Most states use trinomials of the form "nnAAnnnn", but some specify a space or dash between parts of the identifier, i.e., "nn AA nnnn" or "nn-AA-nnnn". Some states use variations of the trinomial system. Arizona, California, Connecticut, Maine, Rhode Island and Vermont use two-letter abbreviations of the state name instead of the Smithsonian number. Alaska uses three-letter abbreviations for USGS map quadrangles in place of the county code. Arizona uses

APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet

for "E", or "Yesterday" for "Y". With the ultimate goal of clarity, especially in circumstances where signals can be garbled, the use of the word "Ocean" seems to be advantageous in the radio communication of the letter "O" because it begins with the long, clear vowel "O". The phonetic words "Ida" and "Union" feature this same advantage. However, spelling alphabets seem to rarely use initial long vowels. With the exception of "Uniform", none of the initial vowels in the NATO alphabet is like this. In an earlier U.S. military alphabet, "A" was indicated by "Able", which does start with a

United States

1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence. This draft of the document did not surface until June 21, 1776, and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation. The short form "United States" is also standard. Other common forms are the "U.S.", the "USA", and "America". Colloquial names are the "U.S. of A." and, internationally, the "States". "Columbia", a name popular in poetry and

United States

songs of the late 18th century, derives its origin from Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name "District of Columbia". The phrase "United States" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., "the United States are"—including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865. The singular form—e.g., "the United States is"—became popular after the end of the American Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom "these United States". The difference is more significant than usage; it is a difference between a collection of states

order, or some combination thereof. Other states like Indiana and Tennessee also once used the practice, with Tennessee discontinuing in the 1980s and Indiana in 2008. Only three places in the United States use letters to designate a residence where a vehicle was registered. In Hawaii, the license plates have a unique letter designation based on the island counties that residents purchased or registered the vehicles from; a vehicle with a registration number beginning with H or Z is registered in Hawai‘i County, one beginning with K is registered in Kaua‘i County, one beginning with M or L is registered

English-language vowel changes before historic /r/

while the majority of words are pronounced as in Canada, the four (sometimes five) words in the left-hand column are typically pronounced with ; and the East Coast regions seem to be slowly moving toward this system over time. Even in the East Coast accents of the United States without the split (Boston, New York City, Rhode Island, Philadelphia, and some coastal Southern), some of the words in the original short-"o" class often show influence from other American dialects and end up with anyway. For instance, some speakers from the Northeast pronounce "Florida", "orange", and "horrible" with , but "foreign"

Territorial evolution of the United States

Maine, Kentucky, Vermont, and West Virginia – have been created from land claimed by another state; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions. Four states – Louisiana, Missouri, Nevada, and Pennsylvania – have expanded significantly by acquiring additional federal territory after their initial admission to the Union. The last state of the contiguous United States, commonly called the "lower 48," was admitted in 1912; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959. The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course

Service number (United States Army)

specified an entry location outside the United States with 50 0 reserved for Hawaii, 50 1 reserved for Panama and Puerto Rico, and 50 2 reserved for Alaska. Within the United States, the geographical codes were: 51: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont 52: Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia 53: Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee 54: Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas 55: Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Wyoming 56: Arizona, California, Idaho, Georgia, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington

Danish and Norwegian alphabet

Swedish: "Å, Ä, Ö". "Æ" and "Ä" are sorted together in all Scandinavian languages, including Finnish, as are "Ø" and "Ö". In current Danish and Norwegian, "W" is recognized as a separate letter from "V". In Danish, the transition was made in 1980; before that, the "W" was merely considered to be a variation of the letter "V" and words using it were alphabetized accordingly (e.g.: "Wales, Vallø, Washington, Wedellsborg, Vendsyssel"). The Danish version of the Alphabet song still states that the alphabet has 28 letters; the last line reads "otte-og-tyve skal der stå", i.e. "that makes twenty-eight". However, today,

Naming in the United States

Gossmann; the letter ö becomes oe or o, the letter ß becomes ss), so people not familiar with the foreign orthography may get the impression the ID is fake. (In the passport, the name is already spelled in two different ways: in the non-machine-readable zone the correct way [Gößmann], but in the machine-readable zone, the non-English letters are mapped [GOESSMANN].) Although they are classical immigration countries, Australia and most regions of the United States ban the use of diacritics for example in passports. Canada allows French accents; other letters may be simplified or transcribed (õ → o, ö → oe

Geography of the United States

to the south and southwest, the Bering Strait to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean. Forty-eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico; this group is referred to, with varying precision and formality, as the "continental" or "contiguous United States", and as the "Lower 48". Alaska, which is not included in the term "contiguous United States", is at the northwestern end of North America, separated from the Lower 48 by Canada. The capital city, Washington, District of Columbia,

Geography of the United States

Geography of the United States The term "United States", when used in the geographical sense, is the contiguous United States, the state of Alaska, the island state of Hawaii, the five insular territories of Puerto Rico, Northern Mariana Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, and minor outlying possessions. The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime borders with Russia, Cuba, and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico. The United States's northern border with Canada is the world's longest bi-national land border. From 1989 through 1996, the total area of the US was