Question: What is the more common name for the disease variola?

Smallpox virus
Poxvirus variolae
smallpocks
small pox
Variola virus
Variola
Eradication of smallpox
variola minor
eradication of smallpox
Lagaisse
poxvirus variolae
Variola maior
Smallpox eradication
Smallpox survivors
Variola vera
Variola Minor
smallpox virus
Smallpocks
Small pox
variola major
variola virus
Variola Major
Smallpox
Variole
Eradicate smallpox
lagaisse
variola maior
smallpox eradication
variola major virus
eradicate smallpox
smallpox
variolla
Small Pox
Variola major virus
Variola minor
variola
variola vera
Variolla
Small-pox
smallpox survivors
variole
Variola major

Smallpox

monster, and red plague. There were two clinical forms of smallpox. Variola major was the severe and most common form, with a more extensive rash and higher fever. Variola minor was a less common presentation, and a much less severe disease, with historical death rates of 1 percent or less. Subclinical (asymptomatic) infections with variola virus were noted but were not common. In addition, a form called "variola sine eruptione" (smallpox without rash) was seen generally in vaccinated persons. This form was marked by a fever that occurred after the usual incubation period and could be confirmed only by antibody

Alastrim

Alastrim Alastrim, also known as variola minor, was the milder strain of the variola virus that caused smallpox. The last known case of variola minor was in Somalia, Africa in 1977. Smallpox was formally declared eradicated in May 1980. Variola minor is of the genus orthopoxvirus, which are DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of the affected cell, rather than in its nucleus. Like variola major, alastrim was spread through inhalation of the virus in the air, which could occur through face-to-face contact or through fomites. Infection with variola minor conferred immunity against the more dangerous variola major. Variola

Eradication of infectious diseases

humans with material from cowpox lesions. Smallpox (variola) occurred in two clinical varieties: "variola major", with a mortality rate of up to 40 percent, and "variola minor", also known as alastrim, with a mortality rate less than one percent. The last naturally occurring case of "Variola major" was diagnosed in October 1975 in Bangladesh. The last naturally occurring case of smallpox ("Variola minor") was diagnosed on 26 October 1977, on Ali Maow Maalin, in the Merca District, of Somalia. The source of this case was a known outbreak in the nearby district of Kurtuware. All 211 contacts were traced, revaccinated,

Smallpox

the United States and South Africa a much milder form of smallpox, "variola minor", was recognized just before the close of the 19th century. By the mid-20th century "variola minor" occurred along with "variola major", in varying proportions, in many parts of Africa. Patients with "variola minor" experience only a mild systemic illness, are often ambulant throughout the course of the disease, and are therefore able to more easily spread disease. Infection with "v. minor" induces immunity against the more deadly "variola major" form. Thus as "v. minor" spread all over the USA, into Canada, the South American countries and

Variola caprina

Variola caprina Variola caprina (goat pox) is a contagious viral disease caused by Goatpox virus, a pox virus that affects goats. The virus usually spreads via the respiratory system, and sometimes spreads through abraded skin. It is most likely to occur in crowded stock. Sources of the virus include cutaneous lesions, saliva, nasal secretions and faeces. There are two types of the disease: the papulo-vesicular form and the nodular form (stone pox). The incubation period is usually 8–13 days, but it may be as short as four days. It is thought the same virus spreads sheep pox, to which European

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus) which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) certified the global eradication of the disease in 1980, making it the only human disease to be eradicated.

The initial symptoms of the disease included fever and vomiting. The disease was spread between people or via contaminated objects. Prevention was achieved mainly through the smallpox vaccine. The risk of death was about 30%, with higher rates among babies. Often, those who survived had extensive scarring of their skin, and some were left blind.<ref name=CDC2016What/>

The earliest evidence of the disease dates to around 1500 BCE in Egyptian mummies. The disease historically occurred in outbreaks. Smallpox is estimated to have killed up to 300 million people in the 20th century and around 500 million people in the last 100 years of its existence. Earlier deaths included six European monarchs.<ref name="WHO2007Fact" /><ref name="Hays2005" /> As recently as 1967, 15 million cases occurred a year.<ref name=WHO2007Fact/>

Inoculation for smallpox appears to have started in China around the 1500s. Europe adopted this practice from Asia in the first half of the 18th century. In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced the modern smallpox vaccine. In 1967, the WHO intensified efforts to eliminate the disease. The term "smallpox" was first used in Britain in the early 16th century to distinguish the disease from syphilis, which was then known as the "great pox". Other historical names for the disease include pox, speckled monster, and red plague.<ref name=Bar1997/>

Smallpox vaccine

Smallpox vaccine

The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to be developed against a contagious disease. In 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrated that an infection with the relatively mild cowpox virus conferred immunity against the deadly smallpox virus. Cowpox served as a natural vaccine until the modern smallpox vaccine emerged in the 20th century. From 1958 to 1977, the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a global vaccination campaign that eradicated smallpox, making it the only human disease to be eradicated. Although routine smallpox vaccination is no longer performed on the general public, the vaccine is still being produced to guard against bioterrorism, biological warfare, and monkeypox.

The term "vaccine" derives from the Latin word for cow, reflecting the origins of smallpox vaccination. Edward Jenner referred to cowpox as "variolae vaccinae" (smallpox of the cow). The origins of the smallpox vaccine became murky over time, especially after Louis Pasteur developed laboratory techniques for creating vaccines in the 19th century. Allan Watt Downie demonstrated in 1939 that the modern smallpox vaccine was serologically distinct from cowpox,

History of smallpox

History of smallpox

The history of smallpox extends into pre-history. Genetic evidence suggests that the smallpox virus emerged 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. The earliest physical evidence of smallpox is found in the Egyptian mummies of people who died some 3,000 years ago. Smallpox has had a major impact on world history, not least because indigenous populations of regions where smallpox was non-native, such as the Americas and Australia, were rapidly and greatly reduced by smallpox (along with other introduced diseases) during periods of initial foreign contact, which helped pave the way for conquest and colonization. During the 18th century the disease killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year, including five reigning monarchs, and was responsible for a third of all blindness. Between 20 and 60% of all those infected—and over 80% of infected children—died from the disease.

During the 20th century, it is estimated that smallpox was responsible for 300–500 million deaths. In the early 1950s an estimated 50 million cases of smallpox occurred in the world each year. After successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the WHO certified the global eradication of smallpox in December 1979.

Cowpox

Cowpox

Cowpox is an infectious disease caused by the "cowpox virus" (CPXV). It presents with large blisters in the skin, a fever and swollen glands, historically typically following contact with an infected cow, though in the last several decades more often (though overall rarely) from infected cats. The hands and face are most frequently affected and the spots are generally very painful.

The virus, part of the genus "Orthopoxvirus", is closely related to the "vaccinia" virus. The virus is zoonotic, meaning that it is transferable between species, such as from cat to human. The transferral of the disease was first observed in dairy workers who touched the udders of infected cows and consequently developed the signature pustules on their hands. Cowpox is more commonly found in animals other than bovines, such as rodents. Cowpox is similar to, but much milder than, the highly contagious and often deadly smallpox disease. were immune to smallpox inspired the modern smallpox vaccine, created and administered by English physician Edward Jenner.

The first description of cowpox was given by Jenner in 1798. "Vaccination" is derived from the Latin adjective "vaccinus", meaning "of or from the cow". Once vaccinated, a patient develops antibodies that make them immune to cowpox, but they also develop immunity to the smallpox virus, or "Variola virus". The cowpox vaccinations and later incarnations proved so successful that in 1980, the World Health Organization announced that smallpox was the first disease to be eradicated by vaccination efforts worldwide.<ref name="Abbas2003" /> Other orthopox viruses remain prevalent in certain communities and continue to infect humans, such as the cowpox virus in Europe, vaccinia in Brazil, and monkeypox virus in Central and West Africa.

Variolation

Variolation

Variolation was the method of inoculation first used to immunize individuals against smallpox ("Variola") with material taken from a patient or a recently variolated individual, in the hope that a mild, but protective, infection would result. Variolation is no longer used today. It was replaced by the smallpox vaccine, a safer alternative. This in turn led to the development of the many vaccines now available against other diseases.

The procedure was most commonly carried out by inserting/rubbing powdered smallpox scabs or fluid from pustules into superficial scratches made in the skin. The virus was normally spread through the air, infecting first the mouth, nose, or respiratory tract, before spreading throughout the body via the lymphatic system. In contrast, infection of the skin usually led to a milder, localized infection, but, crucially, still induced immunity to the virus. The patient would develop pustules like those caused by naturally acquired smallpox. Eventually, after about two to four weeks, these symptoms would subside, indicating successful recovery and immunity.

The method was first used in China, India, parts of Africa and the Middle East before it was introduced into England and North America in the 1720s in the face of some opposition. However, inoculation had been reported in Wales since the early 17th century.

Alastrim

was also called white pox, kaffir pox, Cuban itch, West Indian pox, milk pox, and pseudovariola. Like smallpox, alastrim has now been totally eradicated from the globe thanks to the 1960s Global Smallpox Eradication campaign. The last case of indigenous variola minor was reported in a Somali cook, Ali Maow Maalin, in October 1977, and smallpox was officially declared eradicated worldwide in May 1980. Alastrim Alastrim, also known as variola minor, was the milder strain of the variola virus that caused smallpox. The last known case of variola minor was in Somalia, Africa in 1977. Smallpox was formally declared eradicated

Globalization and disease

the most common being variola major and variola minor. Symptoms of the disease including hemorrhaging, blindness, back ache, vomiting, which generally occur shortly after the 12- to 17-day incubation period. The virus begins to attack skin cells, and eventually leads to an eruption of pimples that cover the whole body. As the disease progresses, the pimples fill up with pus or merge. This merging results in a sheet that can detach the bottom layer from the top layer of skin. The disease is easily transmitted through airborne pathways (coughing, sneezing, and breathing), as well as through contaminated bedding, clothing or

Sheeppox

Sheeppox Sheeppox (or sheep pox, known as "variola ovina" in Latin, "clavelée" in French, "Pockenseuche" in German) is a highly contagious disease of sheep caused by a poxvirus different from the benign orf (or contagious ecthyma). This virus is in the family Poxviridae and genus Capripoxvirus. Sheeppox virus (SPV) is the most severe of all the animal pox diseases and can result in some of the most significant economic consequences due to poor wool and leather quality. Goatpox is a similar disease of goats, caused by a virus antigenically distinct from sheeppox virus. Sheeppox virus is approximately 150 kbp and

known as Mucha–Habermann disease. It is named for Rudolf Habermann (1884–1941), a German dermatologist, and Viktor Mucha, an Austrian dermatologist. Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) is a disease of the immune system. It is the more severe version of pityriasis lichenoides chronica. The disease is characterized by rashes and small lesions on the skin. The disease is more common in males and usually occurs in young adulthood, although it has been seen in every age group and every race. It is possible for the disease to go into remission for short periods of time

Variola Vera

of illness and is transported to the city's "General Hospital". His disease is initially misdiagnosed and the smallpox virus starts spreading through the hospital very quickly. Once the disease is correctly identified, the authorities attempt to subdue the outbreak by declaring martial law, enforcing quarantine and enlisting the help of the World Health Organization. Eventually, these measures prove to be effective in subduing the epidemic. Variola Vera Variola Vera is a 1982 Yugoslav film directed by Goran Marković. The subject of the film is the 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia, more specifically the events related to the epidemic and

Variola Vera

Variola Vera Variola Vera is a 1982 Yugoslav film directed by Goran Marković. The subject of the film is the 1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia, more specifically the events related to the epidemic and the subsequent quarantine at Belgrade's "General Hospital". Although inspired by the real events, the movie features elements of horror. The film follows the journey of a Kosovar pilgrim on his way back to Belgrade from the Middle East. While at a bazaar, the pilgrim buys a flute from a man who is visibly ill. Upon his return to Belgrade, the pilgrim starts to show signs

Inoculation

a 20% incidence of severe scarring), many parents felt that the benefits of inoculation outweighed the risks and so inoculated their children. Two forms of the disease of smallpox were recognised, now known to be due to two strains of the Variola virus. Those contracting "Variola minor" had a greatly reduced risk of death – 1–2% – compared to those contracting "Variola major" with 30% mortality. Infection via inhaled viral particles in droplets spread the infection more widely than the deliberate infection through a small skin wound. The smaller, localised infection is adequate to stimulate the immune system to produce

Diseases and epidemics of the 19th century

Hamburg killed 8,600 people. Smallpox is caused by either of the two viruses, Variola major and Variola minor. Smallpox vaccine was available in Europe, the United States, and the Spanish Colonies during the last part of the century. The Latin names of this disease are Variola Vera. The words come from varius (spotted) or varus (pimple). In England this disease was first known as the "pox" or the "red plague". Smallpox settles itself in small blood vessels of the skin and in the mouth and throat. The symptoms of smallpox are rash on the skin and blisters filled with raised

Alastrim

minor was a less common form of the virus, and much less deadly. Although alastrim had the same incubation period and pathogenetic stages as smallpox, alastrim is believed to have had a mortality rate of less than 1%, as compared to smallpox's 30%. Because alastrim was a less debilitating disease than smallpox, patients were more frequently ambulant and thus able to infect others more rapidly. As such, variola minor swept through the USA, Great Britain, and South Africa in the early 20th century, becoming the dominant form of the disease in those areas and thus rapidly decreasing mortality rates. Alastrim

Fasciolosis

Fasciolosis Fasciolosis is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke "Fasciola hepatica" as well as by "Fasciola gigantica". The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later

History of syphilis

sailors and soldiers during their frequent sexual contact with local prostitutes. During the 16th century, it was called "great pox" in order to distinguish it from smallpox. In its early stages, the great pox produced a rash similar to smallpox (also known as variola). However, the name is misleading, as smallpox was a far more deadly disease. The terms "lues" (or "Lues venerea", Latin for "venereal plague") and "Cupid's disease" have also been used to refer to syphilis. In Scotland, syphilis was referred to as the "Grandgore" or "Spanyie Pockis". The ulcers suffered by British soldiers in Portugal were termed

Ali Maow Maalin

subsequently involved in the successful poliomyelitis eradication campaign in Somalia, and he died of malaria while carrying out polio vaccinations after the re-emergence of the poliovirus in 2013. Smallpox is an infectious disease caused by two strains of virus, "Variola major" and "V. minor". "V. minor" is the rarer of the two strains, and causes a much less severe disease (sometimes called alastrim), with a fatality rate of around 1%. No treatment is available, and the only protection is vaccination. The virus is usually transmitted by prolonged face-to-face contact with a person showing symptoms. The incubation period averages 12–14 days.

Poxviridae

a human disease which suggests a relatively recent origin. However, if the mutation rate is assumed to be similar to that of the herpesviruses the divergence date between variola from Taterapox has been estimated to be 50,000 years ago. While this is consistent with the other published estimates it suggests that the archaeological and historical evidence is very incomplete. Better estimates of mutation rates in these viruses are needed. Group: dsDNA The name of the family, "Poxviridae", is a legacy of the original grouping of viruses associated with diseases that produced poxes in the skin. Modern viral classification is based

Smallpox

fatal. This form of variola major was more easily confused with chickenpox. In malignant-type smallpox (also called flat smallpox) the lesions remained almost flush with the skin at the time when raised vesicles would have formed in the ordinary type. It is unknown why some people developed this type. Historically, it accounted for 5–10 percent of cases, and the majority (72 percent) were children. Malignant smallpox was accompanied by a severe prodromal phase that lasted 3–4 days, prolonged high fever, and severe symptoms of toxemia. The rash on the tongue and palate was extensive. Skin lesions matured slowly and by

Variolite

Variolite Variolites are mafic, igneous, and typically volcanic rocks, e.g. tholeiite, basalt or komatiite, that contain centimeter-scale spherical or globular structures, called "varioles", in a fine-grained matrix. These structures are lighter colored than the host rock and typically range in diameter from 0.05mm to over 5 cm. In 1648, Aldrovandi created the term "variolite" for aphanitic or fine-grained igneous rocks containing varioles. The weathering of varioles often cause variolites to have a pock-marked appearance. In allusion to the pock-marked appearance of weathered surfaces of variolite, this term is derived from the Latin word, "variola", for smallpox. "Blatterstein" is a local


Question: Give a year in the life of Miguel Cervantes, Spanish novelist, poet and playwright?

Miguel de Cervantes

18th century, first by the deluxe edition of Tonson, for which the first biographical sketch was written (1738), and then by the scholarly editor John Bowle (writer), who was the first to call Cervantes a "classic" author. This began his influence on other novelists and then an intense interest by the German romantics in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The tricentenial, 1905, saw a great wave of celebrations in Spain. The year 2016, the 400th anniversary of Cervantes' death, saw the production of "Cervantina", a celebration of the author's plays by the Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico in

Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (; ; ; 29 September 1547 (assumed)22 April 1616 NS) was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. His novel "Don Quixote" has been translated into over 140 languages and dialects; it is, after the Bible, the most-translated book in the world. "Don Quixote", a classic of Western literature, is sometimes considered both the first modern novel and the best work of fiction ever written. Cervantes' influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language

Miguel de Cervantes

his reputation as a writer, publishing "Novelas ejemplares" ("Exemplary Novels") in 1613, "Viaje del Parnaso" ("Journey to Parnassus") in 1614, and "Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses" and the second part of "Don Quixote" in 1615. His last work, "Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda" ("The Travails of Persiles and Sigismunda"), was published posthumously in 1617. It is assumed that Cervantes was born in Alcalá de Henares, a Castilian city about north-east from Madrid, probably on 29 September (the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel) 1547. The probable date of his birth was determined from records in the church register,

Miguel de Cervantes

in Madrid. In 1585, Cervantes published "La Galatea", a pastoral novel. He worked as a purchasing agent for the Spanish Armada and later as a tax collector for the government. In 1597, discrepancies in his accounts for three years previous landed him in the Crown Jail of Seville. In 1605, Cervantes was in Valladolid when the immediate success of the first part of his "Don Quixote", published in Madrid, signalled his return to the literary world. In 1607, he settled in Madrid, where he lived and worked until his death. During the last nine years of his life, Cervantes solidified

The Dialogue of the Dogs

The Dialogue of the Dogs The Dialogue of the Dogs (El Coloquio de los Perros) is <nowiki>"short story"</nowiki> coming from the fantasy world of Ensign Campuzano, a character from another short story The Deceitful Marriage ("El casamiento engañoso) written" by the same author Miguel de Cervantes. It was originally published in 1613 in a collection called "Exemplary Stories" ("Novelas ejemplares" ). Miguel de Cervantes (Saavedra) was born in Alcalá de Henares, a community of Madrid, on September 29, 1547. He was a novelist, a poet, a playwright and a soldier. One of the greatest authors of the Spanish literature, he

Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (; 29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616 NS) was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. He is best known for his novel "Don Quixote", a work often cited as both the first modern novel and one of the pinnacles of world literature.

Much of his life was spent in poverty and obscurity, which led to many of his early works being lost. Despite this, his influence and literary contribution are reflected by the fact that Spanish is often referred to as "the language of Cervantes".

In 1569, Cervantes was forced to leave Spain and move to Rome, where he worked in the household of a cardinal. In 1570, he enlisted in a Spanish Navy infantry regiment, and was badly wounded at the Battle of Lepanto in October 1571. He served as a soldier until 1575, when he was captured by Barbary pirates; after five years in captivity, he was ransomed, and returned to Madrid.

His first significant novel, titled "La Galatea", was published in 1585, but he continued to work as a purchasing agent, and later as government tax collector. Part One of "Don Quixote" was published in 1605, and Part Two in 1615. Other works include the 12 "Novelas ejemplares" ("Exemplary Novels"); a long poem, the "Viaje del Parnaso" ("Journey to Parnassus"); and "Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses" ("Eight Plays and Eight Interludes"). "Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda" ("The Travails of Persiles and Sigismunda"), was published posthumously in 1616.

Miguel de Unamuno

Miguel de Unamuno

Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo (29 September 1864 – 31 December 1936) was a Spanish essayist, novelist, poet, playwright, philosopher, professor of Greek and Classics, and later rector at the University of Salamanca.

His major philosophical essay was "The Tragic Sense of Life" (1912), and his most famous novel was "" (1917), a modern exploration of the Cain and Abel story.

Lope de Vega

Lope de Vega

Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio ( , ; 25 November 156227 August 1635) was a Spanish playwright, poet, and novelist. He was one of the key figures in the Spanish Golden Age of Baroque literature. His reputation in the world of Spanish literature is second only to that of Miguel de Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled, making him one of the most prolific authors in the history of literature. He was nicknamed "The Phoenix of Wits" and "Monster of Nature" (in , ) by Cervantes because of his prolific nature.

Lope de Vega renewed the Spanish theatre at a time when it was starting to become a mass cultural phenomenon. He defined its key characteristics, and along with Pedro Calderón de la Barca and Tirso de Molina, took Spanish Baroque theatre to its greatest heights. Because of the insight, depth and ease of his plays, he is regarded as one of the greatest dramatists in Western literature, his plays still being produced worldwide. He was also considered one of the best lyric poets in the Spanish language and wrote several novels. Although not well known in the English-speaking world, his plays were presented in England as early as the 1660s, when diarist Samuel Pepys recorded having attended some adaptations and translations of them, although he omits to mention the author.

Some 3,000 sonnets, three novels, four novellas, nine epic poems, and about 500 plays are attributed to him. Although he has been criticised for putting quantity ahead of quality, nevertheless at least 80 of his plays are considered masterpieces. He was a friend of the writer Francisco de Quevedo and an arch-enemy of the dramatist Juan Ruiz de Alarcón. The volume of his lifework made him envied by not only contemporary authors such as Cervantes and Luis de Góngora, but also by many others: for instance, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe once wished he had been able to produce such a vast and colourful oeuvre.

Miguel de Cervantes - Wikiquote

Don Quixote

Don Quixote

' is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha or, in Spanish, ' (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of Western literature, it is often labelled as the first modern novel and one of the greatest works ever written. "Don Quixote" is also one of the most-translated books in the world.

The plot revolves around the adventures of a member of the lowest nobility, an hidalgo from La Mancha named Alonso Quijano, who reads so many chivalric romances that he either loses or pretends to have lost his mind in order to become a knight-errant () to revive chivalry and serve his nation, under the name . He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire, who often employs a unique, earthy wit in dealing with Don Quixote's rhetorical monologues on knighthood, already considered old-fashioned at the time, and representing the most droll realism in contrast to his master's idealism. In the first part of the book, Don Quixote does not see the world for what it is and prefers to imagine that he is living out a knightly story that's meant for the annals of all time.

The book had a major influence on the literary community, as evidenced by direct references in Alexandre Dumas' "The Three Musketeers" (1844), Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1884), and Edmond Rostand's "Cyrano de Bergerac" (1897), as well as the word "quixotic".

When first published, "Don Quixote" was usually interpreted as a comic novel. After the successful French Revolution, it was better known for its presumed central ethic that in some ways individuals can be intelligent while their society is quite fanciful and was seen as a fascinating, enchanting or disenchanting book in this dynamic (and for among books). In the 19th century, it was seen as social commentary, but no one could easily tell "whose side Cervantes was on". Many critics came to view the work as a tragedy in which Don Quixote's idealism and nobility are viewed by the post-chivalric world as insane, and are defeated and rendered useless by common reality; by the 20th century, the novel had come to occupy a canonical space as one of the foundations of letters in literature.

José Manuel Caballero

also won the Queen Sofía Latin American Poetry Award. In 2012, he was awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize for his achievements in Spanish literature. José Manuel Caballero José Manuel Caballero Bonald (born November 11, 1926) is a Spanish novelist, lecturer and poet. He was born in calle Caballeros, Jerez, Spain. His father was Plácido Caballero, a Cuban whose mother was of European descent and whose father was from Cantabria. His mother was Julia Bonald, a descendant of Viscount Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, a traditional French philosopher who settled in Andalucia in the middle of the 19th century. Between

Miguel de Cervantes

He suffered bankruptcy and was imprisoned at least twice (1597 and 1602) for irregularities in his accounts. Between 1596 and 1600, he lived primarily in Seville. In 1606, Cervantes settled in Madrid, where he remained for the rest of his life. In 1585 Cervantes published his first major work, "La Galatea", a pastoral romance, at the same time that some of his plays, now lostexcept for "El trato de Argel" (where he dealt with the life of Christian slaves in Algiers) and "El cerco de Numancia"were playing on the stages of Madrid. "La Galatea" received little contemporary notice; and Cervantes

Federico Jeanmaire

1990 novel "Miguel", a fictional biography of Cervantes, was nominated for the Premio Herralde, as was the later novel "Amores enanos". His book "Una lectura del Quijote" (Seix-Barral, 2004) is regarded as a major contribution to the field of Cervantes scholarship. Federico Jeanmaire Federico Jeanmaire (born 1957) is an Argentine writer. He was born in the town of Baradero. He studied at the University of Buenos Aires, and later became a professor at the same institution. He specializes in the literature of the Siglo de Oro, including the life and work of Cervantes. He has published more than 20 books

Miguel de Cervantes

supplied subject matter for several of his literary works, notably the Captive's tale in "Don Quixote" and the two plays set in Algiers"El trato de Argel" ("Life in Algiers") and "Los baños de Argel" ("The Dungeons of Algiers")as well as episodes in a number of other writings, although never in straight autobiographical form. Cervantes led a middle-class life after his return to Spain. Like almost all authors of his day, he was unable to support himself through his writings. Two periods of his life that are very well documented are his years of work in Andalucía as a purchasing agent

Juan Goytisolo

Juan Goytisolo Juan Goytisolo Gay (5 January 1931 – 4 June 2017) was a Spanish poet, essayist, and novelist. He lived in Marrakech from 1997 until his death in 2017. He was considered Spain's greatest living writer at the beginning of the 21st century, yet he had lived abroad since the 1950s. On 24 November 2014 he was awarded the Cervantes Prize, the most prestigious literary award in the Spanish-speaking world. Juan Goytisolo was born to an upper class family. He claimed that this level of status, accompanied by the cruelties of his great-grandfather and the miserliness of his grandfather

Miguel de Cervantes

he knew people within El Greco's circle of friends. The 1859 portrait by Luis de Madrazo, which the painter himself stated is based on his own imagination, is currently at the Biblioteca Nacional de España. The Spanish euro coins of €0.10, €0.20, and €0.50 bear an image of a bust of Cervantes. Miguel de Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (; ; ; 29 September 1547 (assumed)22 April 1616 NS) was a Spanish writer who is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists. His novel "Don Quixote" has been translated into

Miguel de Cervantes

lifetime consists of 16 dramatic works including eight full-length plays (Spanish links to plays included): He also wrote 8 short farces ("entremeses"): These plays and entremeses made up "Ocho Comedias y ocho entire messes nuevos, nunca representados" ("Eight Comedies and Eight New Interludes, Never Before Performed") which appeared in 1615. The dates and order of composition of Cervantes' entremeses are unknown. Faithful to the spirit of Lope de Rueda, Cervantes endowed them with novelistic elements, such as simplified plot, the type of descriptions normally associated with a novel, and character development. Cervantes included some of his dramas among the works

Miguel de Cervantes Prize

Miguel de Cervantes Prize The Miguel de Cervantes Prize () is awarded annually to honour the lifetime achievement of an outstanding writer in the Spanish language. The prize was established in 1975 by the Ministry of Culture of Spain and first awarded the following year. The "Encyclopædia Britannica" calls it "most prestigious and remunerative award given for Spanish-language literature". The winner receives a monetary award of 125,000 euros, which makes it one of the richest literary prizes in the world. The prize rewards authors from any Spanish-speaking nation and recognizes the recipient's overall body of work. The award is named

Jaime Manrique

novel, is a fabulous tale of the life of Miguel de Cervantes, an extraordinary portrait of a writer's life created from fact and imagination. I read it in bed over two or three days, never wanting the tale to end. Manrique is our Scheherazade."" Manrique novels, poemas and essays have been translated into English, Spanish, Hebrew, Polish, Turkish, Japanese, Chinese, German, Russian, Portuguese, Italian, Dutch, and other languages. He has taught at The New School for Social Research, 1978-1980 (Writer in Residence); Mount Holyoke College, 1995 (Writer in Residence in the Spanish Department); Columbia University, 2002 – 2008 (Associate Professor

Camilo José Cela

(Secret Dictionary, 1969–1971), a dictionary of slang and taboo words. He described the Spanish Cervantes Prize for lifetime achievement as a writer as being "covered with shit" but when he was offered it in 1995 he didn't turn it down. In 1998, he expressed discomfort towards the presence of homosexual groups at the commemoration of Federico García Lorca's centenary, stating that, "For me, I would prefer a more straightforward and less anecdotal commemoration without the support of gay groups. I have nothing against gays, I just do not take it up the ass". Cela died from heart disease on 17

Philip Cummings

remarkable (positive) character, the sort of man you never forget. Cummings sometimes wrote to important people, including the eminent Spanish scholar Miguel de Unamuno, "cold" and was able to meet them. He was introduced to Alfonso XIII, King of Spain at court and got to know the Spanish Royal Family and the Duke of Alba. One of the most important episodes in Cummings's life was the ten days he spent with his friend and lover, Spanish poet and playwright Federico García Lorca, in August 1929. The two met in Madrid in 1928 and spent another brief time together when Lorca

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez

and Cervantes, were created. He gave conferences on historical events and Spanish literature. Tired and disgusted with government failures and inaction, Vicente Blasco Ibáñez moved to Paris at the beginning of World War I. When living in Paris, Ibáñez had been introduced to the poet and writer Robert W. Service by their mutual publisher Fisher Unwin, who asked Robert W. Service to act as an interpreter in the deal of a contract concerning Ibáñez. He was a supporter of the Allies in World War I. He died in Menton, France in 1928, the day before his 61st birthday, in the

Antonio Gamoneda

Antonio Gamoneda Antonio Gamoneda (born 30 May 1931) is a Spanish poet, winner of the Cervantes Prize in 2006. Antonio Gamoneda was born in Oviedo, Asturias, on 30 May 1931. His father, also named Antonio, was a modernist poet who published only one book, "Otra más alta vida" ("Another higher life") in 1919. In 1934, already an orphan, he moved with his mother, Amelia Lobon, to León. The presence of his mother as a refuge from the horror and misery of war is seen in all his poetry. In 1936, with schools closed due to the Spanish Civil War, he

Concha Méndez

and together founded the printing press "Verónica" which edited the publication, "Héroe" (for which Juan Ramón Jiménez contributed lyrical character portraits of Spanish heroes) and "1616". The name "1616" commemorates the year of the deaths of Miguel de Cervantes and William Shakespeare and to foster literary relations between England and Spain the poems were published in their original language as well as the translation. Federico García Lorca, Luis Cernuda, Jorge Guillén, Pablo Neruda, Miguel de Unamuno and Moreno Villa were collaborators. From 1933 to 1935 Concha and Manuel lived in London where their first child died in infancy and their

John Gibson Lockhart

"Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk" appeared, and in 1822 he edited Peter Motteux's edition of "Don Quixote", to which he prefixed a life of author Miguel de Cervantes. Four novels followed: "Valerius" in 1821, "Some Passages in the Life of Mr. Adam Blair Minister of Gospel at Cross Meikle" in 1822, "Reginald Dalton" in 1823 and "Matthew Wald" in 1824. However, his strength did not lie in novel writing. He also contributed to "Blackwood" translations of Spanish ballads, which in 1823 were published separately. In 1825 Lockhart accepted the editorship of the "Quarterly Review", which had been in the hands


Question: How many Copa de America winners medals did Pele and Maradona win between them?

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

players). Pelé was elected Best Player of the Century for Ballon d'Or winners and Maradona was the runner-up. In the South American Championship 1937 (currently Copa América), the rivalry between both teams was already something of national pride. There were verbal confrontations between both parties, and Argentine fans often taunted the Brazilians by calling them "macaquitos" and making monkey sounds. The final match, held in Buenos Aires, was played between the two sides and was goalless after 90 minutes. In extra time, Argentina scored two goals. Questioning one of the goals and fearful for their own safety, the Brazilian players

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

Argentina, that suspected Pelé was rewarded for his constant support of FIFA, in contrast to Maradona's frequent criticism. Others believe that FIFA was considering issues other than football, notably Maradona's drug problem. Maradona left the ceremony right after receiving his award and before Pelé was given his. In another internet poll that took place in 2002, Maradona received another award from FIFA, as one of his goals was selected as the World Cup Goal of the Century. One of Pelé's goals received third place, while Maradona had a second goal selected as fourth. In spite of their frequent confrontations, usually

Timeline of association football

by Sport Club Corinthians Paulista. FIFA Player of the Century, a one-off award created by FIFA to decide the greatest football player of the 20th century, is awarded to Pelé and Diego Maradona, shared: both men are officially considered winners of the award. Real Madrid sign playmaker Zinedine Zidane of Juventus in a world record transfer fee of 72 million euros. Colombia wins the 40th edition of Copa América, as hosts. Australia beats American Samoa 31–0 in 2002 World Cup qualification, the world record in an international match. Brazil sets up a record fifth title in World Cup competition, the

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

"Football Player of the Century", by IFFHS International Federation of Football History and Statistics, 1999, "South America Football Player of the Century", by IFFHS International Federation of Football History and Statistics. Pelé's 1281 goals are recognized by FIFA as the highest total achieved by a professional footballer, although the Soccer Statistic Foundation (rssf) recognizes only 767 goals in official mode, occupying the third place after Josef Bican (805) and Romario (772). For his part, Maradona has been named the best soccer player in World Cup history both by The Times and FourFourTwo, publication that also rewarded him as the "Best

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

Football Player of All Time". He was also elected as the "Greatest Athlete in History" by Corriere dello Sport – Stadio. The controversy reached a climax during the "FIFA century awards" in 2000, in which Maradona was voted "Player of the Century" in an official internet poll, garnering 53.6% of the votes against 18.53% for Pelé. Shortly before the ceremony, FIFA unexpectedly decided to add a second award and appointed a "Football Family" committee composed of football journalists that gave to Pelé the title of best player of the century to make it a draw. This move was criticized in

Diego Maradona

Diego Maradona

Diego Armando Maradona (; 30 October 196025 November 2020) was an Argentine professional football player and manager. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of the sport, he was one of the two joint winners of the FIFA Player of the 20th Century award. Maradona's vision, passing, ball control, and dribbling skills were combined with his small stature, which gave him a low centre of gravity allowing him to manoeuvre better than most other players. His presence and leadership on the field had a great effect on his team's general performance, while he would often be singled out by the opposition. In addition to his creative abilities, he possessed an eye for goal and was known to be a free kick specialist. A precocious talent, Maradona was given the nickname "El Pibe de Oro" ("The Golden Boy"), a name that stuck with him throughout his career. He also had a troubled off-field life and was banned in both 1991 and 1994 for abusing drugs.

An advanced playmaker who operated in the classic number 10 position, Maradona was the first player to set the world record transfer fee twice: in 1982 when he transferred to Barcelona for £5 million, and in 1984 when he moved to Napoli for a fee of £6.9 million. He played for Argentinos Juniors, Boca Juniors, Barcelona, Napoli, Sevilla, and Newell's Old Boys during his club career, and is most famous for his time at Napoli where he won numerous accolades.

In his international career with Argentina, he earned 91 caps and scored 34 goals. Maradona played in four FIFA World Cups, including the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, where he captained Argentina and led them to victory over West Germany in the final, and won the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player. In the 1986 World Cup quarter final, he scored both goals in a 2–1 victory over England that entered football history for two different reasons. The first goal was an unpenalized handling foul known as the "Hand of God", while the second goal followed a dribble past five England players, voted "Goal of the Century" by FIFA.com voters in 2002.

Maradona became the coach of Argentina's national football team in November 2008. He was in charge of the team at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa before leaving at the end of the tournament. He then coached Dubai-based club Al Wasl in the UAE Pro-League for the 2011–12 season. In 2017, Maradona became the coach of Fujairah before leaving at the end of the season. In May 2018, Maradona was announced as the new chairman of Belarusian club Dynamo Brest. He arrived in Brest and was presented by the club to start his duties in July. From September 2018 to June 2019, Maradona was coach of Mexican club Dorados. He was the coach of Argentine Primera División club Gimnasia de La Plata from September 2019 until his death in November 2020.

Pelé

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

The Brazil-Argentina football rivalry (; ) is a sports rivalry between the national football teams of the two countries and their respective sets of fans. Games between the two teams, even those that are only friendly matches, are often marked by notable and controversial incidents. The rivalry has also been referred to as the "Battle of the Americas." FIFA has described it as the "essence of football rivalry". CNN ranked it second on their top 10 list of international football rivalries—only below the older England–Scotland football rivalry.

Brazil-Argentina matches are often known for the high level of competitiveness and talent between the two teams. Brazil and Argentina are the two teams with the highest "average" football Elo Rating calculated over the entire team history, with 1994 and 1984 points respectively. Both are also routinely ranked among the top ten national teams in the world in both the FIFA World Rankings and the World Football Elo Ratings. Both countries have produced players considered at the time the best in the world, such as Alfredo Di Stéfano, Diego Maradona and Lionel Messi for Argentina, and Pelé, Ronaldo and Ronaldinho for Brazil.

Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)

Alfredo Di Stéfano

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

which of Pelé and Maradona is the greater has proved to be never-ending. Even though most consider them as the best players of their own times, many consider the comparison between them useless, as they played during incomparable eras and in different leagues. The debate between the pair has been described as "the rivalry of their countries in microcosm". Pelé was given the title "Athlete of the Century" by the International Olympic Committee. In 1999, "Time" magazine named Pelé one of the . Also, he was elected "Football Player of the Century", by France Football's Golden Ball Winners in 1999,

2010 Copa Libertadores Finals

press that normally accompanies the finals of this competition, football legend Pelé, two-times winner of the Copa Libertadores in 1962 and 1963 with Santos (as well as being three-times winner of the FIFA World Cup), handed the trophy to the winner. The "Colorados" won their second title of the tournament, beating Guadalajara 6–0 on points. The refereeing team came from Colombia and Argentina, being represented by Héctor Baldassi and Óscar Ruiz,respectively. Internacional, as the champions, played the winners of the 2010 Copa Sudamericana in the 2011 Recopa Sudamericana. Internacional, by virtue of being the last South American team in the

Copa Libertadores

their second title. Particular mockery was used from Argentinian teams to Chilean teams for never having obtained the Copa Libertadores, so after Colo-Colo's triumph in 1991 a new phrase saying "la copa se mira y se toca" () was implemented in Chile. Pelé, regarded by many football historians, former players and fans to be the best footballer in the game's history, is the ambassador of the Copa Libertadores, having won the competition with Santos twice. In 1999, he was voted as the "Football Player of the Century" by the IFFHS International Federation of Football History and Statistics. In the same

Diego Maradona

was to be decided by votes on their official website, their official magazine and a grand jury. Maradona won the Internet-based poll, garnering 53.6% of the votes against 18.53% for Pelé. In spite of this, and shortly before the ceremony, FIFA added a second award and appointed a "Football Family" committee composed of football journalists that also gave to Pelé the title of best player of the century to make it a draw. Maradona also came fifth in the vote of the IFFHS (International Federation of Football History and Statistics). In 2001, the Argentine Football Association (AFA) asked FIFA for

Copa Libertadores

year, French weekly magazine France-Football consulted their former "Ballon D'Or" winners to elect the Football Player of the Century. Pelé came in first place. In 1999 the International Olympic Committee named Pelé the "Athlete of the Century". The tournament attracts television audiences beyond South America, Mexico, and Spain. Matches are broadcast in over 135 countries, with commentary in more than 30 languages, and thus the Copa is often considered as one of the most watched sports events on TV; Fox Sports, for example, reaches more than 25 million households in the Americas. Movistar+ broadcasts live Copa Libertadores matches in Spain

Ballon d'Or

place, Platini a first and second place, and George Weah two players for fifth place. Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters, receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner-up, Diego Maradona. To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016, "France Football" published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995, when only European players were eligible to win the award. 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona, Garrincha, Mario Kempes, and

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

5–4 and advanced to the quarter-finals. Argentina finally won the Copa América title after defeating Mexico in the final. Held in Uruguay, the two nations met at the quarter-finals stage on 17 July 1995. The Brazilian Túlio became famous for scoring a late equalizer five minutes from time after controlling the ball with his left arm. Despite the obvious foul, the referee, Alberto Tejada Noriega of Peru, claimed he did not see the incident and the goal therefore stood. The game finished with a 2–2 draw and Brazil went on to win on penalties. The Argentine media labeled the incident

FIFA World Cup

have won three World Cup winners' medals (1958, 1962, and 1970, although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury), with 20 other players who have won two winners' medals. Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals (winners', runner- ups', and third-place); five players were from West Germany's squad of 1966–1974 including Franz Beckenbauer, Jürgen Grabowski, Horst-Dieter Höttges, Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath (1966–1974), Italy's Franco Baresi (1982, 1990, 1994) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany (2002–2014) with four consecutive medals. Brazil's Mário Zagallo, West Germany's Franz Beckenbauer and

Pelé

many observers complained that the Internet nature of the poll would have meant a skewed demographic of younger fans who would have seen Maradona play, but not Pelé. FIFA then appointed a "Family of Football" committee of FIFA members to decide the winner of the award together with the votes of the readers of the FIFA magazine. The committee chose Pelé. Since Maradona was winning the Internet poll, however, it was decided he and Pelé should share the award. Pelé's goalscoring record is often reported by FIFA as being 1281 goals in 1363 games. This figure includes goals scored by

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

in 1914: Among the elite group of players football fans consider as contenders for the title, "best player of all time", Brazil's Pelé and Argentina's Diego Maradona are probably the most famous, and generally dominate polls on the subject. Some of their fellow countrymen also feature regularly in such debates. The next most notable pair are perhaps Garrincha (Brazilian) and Alfredo Di Stéfano (Argentine). The most dominant figures from the two countries in the modern game are Neymar (Brazilian) and Lionel Messi (Argentine). Both Pelé and Maradona have declared Neymar and Messi their respective "successors". However, the over-riding discussion about

South American nations at the FIFA World Cup

second for the South Americans in the 55th minute, Argentina looked to be strolling to victory. West Germany then staged a spirited comeback. Karl-Heinz Rummenigge pulled one back in the 74th minute, and six minutes later Rudi Völler hit the equaliser. With seven minutes remaining, a pass from Maradona gave Jorge Burruchaga the chance to score the winner for Argentina. Eight years on from their home triumph, Argentina regained the world title and 30 million people in Argentina celebrated in the streets after the final victory. Maradona was the Golden Ball winner as the best player of the tournament. Four

1986 FIFA World Cup

Germany then staged a spirited comeback. Karl-Heinz Rummenigge pulled one back in the 74th minute, and six minutes later Rudi Völler hit the equaliser. With seven minutes remaining, a pass from Maradona gave Jorge Burruchaga the chance to score the winner for Argentina. Eight years on from their home triumph, Argentina regained the world title and 30 million people in Argentina celebrated in the streets after the final victory. Maradona was the Golden Ball winner as the best player of the tournament, while Gary Lineker of England won the Golden Boot as the leading scorer of the World Cup with

Argentina–Brazil football rivalry

through quotations by the media, Pelé was the guest star of Maradona's TV show "La Noche del 10" (""The Night of the #10""), where they had a friendly chat and played a bout of headers. Famous players and football figures often give their opinion on the Maradona and Pelé rivalry, sometimes choosing one over the other. Others prefer not to compare them, as they played in very different times. Perhaps one of the most reliable comparisons available is that by the Ballon d'Or winners (elected since 1956 by voters of several countries, and arguably greatest ones to properly appreciate both

Brazil national football team

and Brazil in Yokohama, where Ronaldo scored two goals in Brazil's 2–0 triumph. Ronaldo also won the Golden Shoe as the tournament's leading scorer with 8 goals. Brazil's success saw them receive the Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year. Brazil won the 2004 Copa América, their third win in four competitions since 1997 Brazil also won the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup for the second time. Manager Carlos Alberto Parreira built his side through a 4–2–2–2 formation. Nicknamed the "Magic quartet", the attack was built around four players: Ronaldo, Adriano, Kaká and Ronaldinho. In the 2006 World Cup,

Diego Maradona

a 3–0 win over Bolivia in which he scored his side's third goal. Maradona and his compatriot and heir apparent, Lionel Messi, are the only players to win the Golden Ball at both the FIFA U-20 World Cup and FIFA World Cup. Maradona did so in 1979 and 1986, which Messi emulated in 2005 and 2014. Maradona played his first World Cup tournament in 1982 in his new country of residence, Spain. Argentina played Belgium in the opening game of the 1982 Cup at the Camp Nou in Barcelona. The Catalan crowd was eager to see their new world-record signing


Question: How many fences do horses need to encounter at the Grand National?

Grand National

Parts of the course were widened in 2009 to allow runners to bypass fences if required. This was utilised for the first time during the 2011 race as casualties at fences 4 and 6 (Becher's Brook) resulted in marshals diverting the remaining contenders around those fences on the final lap. Welfare groups have suggested a reduction in the size of the field (currently limited to a maximum of 40 horses) should be implemented. Opponents point to previous unhappy experience with smaller fields such as only 29 runners at the 1954 Grand National, only 31 runners in 1975, and a fatality

Grand National

have been made stricter. Screening at the Canal Turn now prevents horses being able to see the sharp left turn and encourages jockeys to spread out along the fence, rather than take the tight left-side route. Additionally, work has been carried out to smooth the core post infrastructure of the fences with protective padding to reduce impact upon contact, and the height of the toe-boards on all fences has been increased to . These orange-coloured boards are positioned at the base of each fence and provide a clear ground line to assist horses in determining the base of the fence.

National Hunt racing

is run over a distance of more than 4 miles, there are up to 40 runners, the course at Aintree is essentially flat, and the horses are handicapped (the best horses carry the most weight). Perhaps the most fundamental difference is that the Grand National fences are far bigger than the fences at Cheltenham, and a number of fences incorporate significant drops. The most famous fence is Becher's Brook which is 5ft high, but has a 7ft drop on landing and is widely regarded as the biggest challenge on the course. Famous winners of the Grand National include Red Rum

Grand National

approximately halfway between the first to second and second to third jumps. The second became known as The Fan, after a mare who refused the obstacle three years in succession. The name fell out of favour with the relocation of the fences. Height: ; fronted by a ditch The first big test in the race as horses are still adapting to the obstacles. Height: A testing obstacle that often leads to falls and unseated riders. In 2011 the 20th became the first fence in Grand National history to be bypassed on the final lap, following an equine fatality. Height: A

1844 Grand National

An artificial hurdle at the distance chair in front of the stands [replaced the stone wall]. Fence 15 An artificial brook thirteen feet span with a rail. Fence 16 A bank into the Melling Road. Fence 29 An artificial hurdle adjacent to the distance chair on the run in. On jumping fence twelve the runners would continue onto the widest part of the course, known as the training ground, making the straight along the stands as long as possible a run before starting the second circuit. After jumping fence twenty-eight the runners would turn towards the racecourse at an earlier

Grand National

Grand National

The Grand National is a National Hunt horse race held annually at Aintree Racecourse in Liverpool, England. First run in 1839, it is a handicap steeplechase over an official distance of about 4 miles and 2½ furlongs (), with horses jumping 30 fences over two laps. It is the most valuable jump race in Europe, with a prize fund of £1 million in 2017. An event that is prominent in British culture, the race is popular amongst many people who do not normally watch or bet on horse racing at other times of the year.

The course over which the race is run features much larger fences than those found on conventional National Hunt tracks. Many of these fences, particularly Becher's Brook, The Chair and the Canal Turn, have become famous in their own right and, combined with the distance of the event, create what has been called "the ultimate test of horse and rider".

The Grand National has been broadcast live on free-to-air terrestrial television in the United Kingdom since 1960. From then until 2012 it was broadcast by the BBC. Channel 4 broadcast the event between 2013 and 2016: UK broadcasting rights were transferred to ITV from 2017. An estimated 500 to 600 million people watch the Grand National in over 140 countries. The race has also been broadcast on radio since 1927; BBC Radio held exclusive rights until 2013. Talksport acquired radio commentary rights in 2014: Both the BBC and Talksport currently broadcast the race in full.

The most recent running of the race, in 2022, was won by Noble Yeats. Since 2017, the race and accompanying festival have been sponsored by Randox.

List of equine fatalities in the Grand National

Modern steeplechase races have an average of just over 4 equine fatalities for every 1,000 horses taking part, according to the British Horseracing Authority. However, the Grand National, a popular steeplechase held annually in England, yielded 7 fatalities out of 439 horses taking part between 2000 and 2010.

The Grand National is a National Hunt handicap race over a distance of 4 miles 3½ furlongs and over 30 fences at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool. The high number of equine deaths in the race has made it a target for animal rights activists. While course officials have repeatedly taken safety measures over the years, such as improving veterinary facilities and reducing the severity of fences, some have campaigned for further modifications or the abolition of the event that was inaugurated in 1839.

After the 1989 Grand National, in which two horses died in incidents at Becher's Brook (the sixth and 22nd fence on the course), Aintree began making significant changes to the fences that are jumped during the National. The brook on the landing-side of Becher's was filled in to prevent horses rolling back into it, and the incline on the landing-side has been mostly levelled out, whilst retaining a drop to slow the runners. Other fences have been reduced in height, toe-boards have been made taller, and the entry requirements for participating horses have been made stricter, such as the requirement for runners to have been placed fourth or better in a previous recognised steeplechase over a distance of at least three miles.

Some within the horseracing community, including some with notable achievements in the Grand National, such as Ginger McCain and Bob Champion, have argued that the lowering of fences and the narrowing of ditches, primarily designed to increase horse safety, has had the adverse effect by encouraging the runners to race faster. During the 1970s and 1980s the Grand National saw a total of 12 horses die (half of which were at Becher's Brook); in the next 20-year period from 1990 to 2010, when modifications to the course were most significant, there were 17 equine fatalities.

National Hunt racing

National Hunt racing

In horse racing in the United Kingdom, France and Republic of Ireland, National Hunt racing requires horses to jump fences and ditches. National Hunt racing in the UK is informally known as "jumps" and is divided into two major distinct branches: hurdles and steeplechases. Alongside these there are "bumpers", which are National Hunt flat races. In a hurdles race, the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles; in a steeplechase the horses jump over a variety of obstacles that can include plain fences, water jump or an open ditch. In the UK the biggest National Hunt events of the year are generally considered to be the Grand National and the Cheltenham Gold Cup.

1967 Grand National

Aintree Racecourse

Aintree Racecourse

Aintree Racecourse is a racecourse in Aintree, Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, Merseyside, England, bordering the city of Liverpool. The racecourse is the venue for the Grand National steeplechase, which takes place annually in April over three days. Aintree also holds meetings in May and June (both on Friday evenings), October (Sunday), November and December (both Saturdays).

Grand National

also flanked by hedges and the runners had to jump into the road and then back out of it. Height: A plain obstacle that comes at a point when the runners are usually in a good rhythm and thus rarely causes problems. Height: The last fence on the final lap and which has often seen very tired horses fall. Despite some tired runners falling at the 30th and appearing injured, no horse deaths have occurred at the 30th fence to date. On the first lap of the race, runners continue around the course to negotiate two fences which are only

1840 Grand National

fence on the course, a dry stone wall rising from 4 foot 6 inches to 4 foot 10 on the outside. The runners then set off to jump the first ten fences, along with other insignificant obstacles before bypassing the wall on the run to the finish post. The majority of the course was plough land with turf only on the racecourse proper and it was speculated by witnesses that the majority of the fences had been lowered slightly from last year in the wake of criticism. The competitors reached the newly named Becher's Brook without incident where Cruickshank stumbled

Grand National

to knock off. Some of the jumps carry names from the history of the race. All 16 are jumped on the first lap, but on the final lap the runners bear to the right onto the run-in for home, avoiding The Chair and the Water Jump. The following is a summary of all 16 fences on the course: Height: Often met at great speed, which can lead to several falls, the highest being 12 runners in 1951. The drop on the landing side was reduced after the 2011 Grand National. Height: Prior to 1888 the first two fences were located

1955 Grand National

Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret. Several fences had been reduced in severity following an outcry over four equine fatalities in the previous year's National. The heavy going meant the 16th fence (the Water Jump) was omitted — the first time in Grand National history that not all 30 fences were jumped. 1955 Grand National The 1955 Grand National was the 109th renewal of the Grand National horse race that took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool, England, on 26 March 1955. Thirty horses ran in the race, which was won by 100/9 shot Quare Times, who was ridden by

Grand National

in front of the stands. The majority of the race therefore took place not on the actual Aintree Racecourse but instead in the adjoining countryside. That countryside was incorporated into the modern course but commentators still often refer to it as "the country". There are 16 fences on the National Course topped with spruce from the Lake District. The cores of 12 fences were rebuilt in 2012 and they are now made of a flexible plastic material which is more forgiving compared to the traditional wooden core fences. They are still topped with at least of spruce for the horses

2002 Grand National

fall at the 20th fence, and The Last Fling broke his back falling at the second Canal Turn and had to be euthanised by vets. Seven riders made their Grand national debut but their openings were all on outsiders, and none completed the course. Ben Hichott parted company with his mount at the first fence and never took part in the race again. Mark Bradburne also fell at the first while the other rookies were Paul Moloney, Marcus Foley, Barry Cash, Gerry Supple and Philip O'Brien. Former winner Carl Llewellyn was the most experienced rider in the race, weighing out

1849 Grand National

the third fence on the second circuit, which resulted in several competitors being knocked out of the race. The custom among riders at the time would have been to continue in the race unless impossible to do so, regardless of how many times they had met with mishap. Therefore, many of the competitors would have been remounted once or more during the race, or put to fences again after refusing. Only those horses that had been injured, run loose after falling, persistently refused an obstacle or had riders too injured or fatigued to continue would not have completed the course.

Grand National

ambulances, under police escort, to the nearby Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital at the University of Liverpool at Leahurst. A mobile on-course X-ray machine assists in the prompt diagnosis of leg injuries when horses are pulled up, and oxygen and water are available by the final fence and finishing post. Five vets remain mobile on the course during the running of the race and can initiate treatment of injured fallers at the fence. Additional vets are stationed at the pull-up area, finishing post, and in the surgery. Some of the National's most challenging fences have also been modified, while still preserving

Grand National

plain obstacle which precedes the most famous fence on the course. It was bypassed on the final lap for the first time in 2012 so that medics could treat a jockey who fell from his mount on the first lap and had broken a leg. Height: , with the landing side to lower than the takeoff side The drop at this fence often catches runners by surprise. Becher's has always been a popular vantage point as it can present one of the most spectacular displays of jumping when the horse and rider meet the fence right. Jockeys must sit back

1845 Grand National

[reintroduced after having been removed the previous year for an artificial hurdle]. Fence 15 An artificial brook twelve feet wide with a three-foot rail [this description being a foot narrower than the previous reported description]. Fence 16 A bank into the Melling Road. Fence 29 An artificial hurdle adjacent to the distance chair on the run in. On jumping fence twelve the runners would continue onto the widest part of the course, known as the training ground, making the straight along the stands as long as possible a run before starting the second circuit. After jumping fence twenty-eight the runners

1844 Grand National

removed and replaced with an artificial hurdle. Another hurdle was added on the course between the training ground and the distance chair. The other fifteen fences were described as being unchanged from the description provided by the same newspaper the previous year. Start - Just beyond the Melling Road. Fence 1 [17] on the second circuit] Plain good fence. Fence 2 [18] Plain good fence. Fence 3 [19] Plain good fence. Fence 4 [20] Plain good fence. Fence 5 [21] The Upper Brook, where Captain Beecher fell in 1839. Fence 6 [22] A fence inclined to the left that takes

2002 Grand National

Raymond Mould. The field was limited to a maximum of 40 runners, with 11 completing the course. Nine horses fell at the first fence. There were two equine fatalities during the second circuit of the race: Manx Magic at the 20th fence and The Last Fling at the second Canal Turn. During the live television broadcast of the race on BBC One, watched by 8.6 million people, rival network station ITV1 suffered its lowest ever viewing figures with 300,000 people (a 3% market share) watching an ice hockey match at the same time. BBC Two broadcast a Six Nations rugby

2011 Grand National

finalised in the 1880s that only 28 fences were jumped. The Grand National has the status of being an event of significant national interest within the United Kingdom and thus is listed on the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events. The race therefore must be covered live on free-to-air terrestrial television in the UK. The BBC aired the race on radio for the 80th consecutive year and on television for the 52nd year. Clare Balding presented the BBC's television coverage, supported by Rishi Persad and retired jockey Richard Pitman, which was broadcast on BBC One and,

Grand National

first time in 2015 on the final lap as vets arrived to treat a horse who fell on the first lap. Height: with a brook The fence was originally known as the Second Brook but was renamed after a horse named Valentine was reputed to have jumped the fence hind legs first in 1840. A grandstand was erected alongside the fence in the early part of the 20th century but fell into decline after the Second World War and was torn down in the 1970s. Height: A plain obstacle that leads the runners alongside the canal towards two ditches. Height:

Grand National Trial

now sponsored by Betfred. The 1994 running took place at Kempton Park. Grand National Trial The Grand National Trial is a Grade 3 National Hunt steeplechase in Great Britain which is open to horses aged five years or older. It is run at Haydock Park over a distance of about 3 miles and 4½ furlongs , and during its running there are twenty-two fences to be jumped. It is a handicap race, and it is scheduled to take place each year in February. The event was established in 1947 and took place every year until 1984. From 1985 to 1990


Question: What is the common name of the flowering plant Kniphofia?

Triocles
redhot poker
triocles
Triclissa
Kniphofia
Red-hot poker
Red-hot-poker
triclissa
red hot poker
Red hot poker
rudolpho roemeria
red hot poker plant
torch lily
tritomium
tritomanthe
Torch lily
Red hot poker plant
Tritomanthe
Redhot poker
Tritomium
Notosceptrum
Rudolpho-roemeria
Red Hot Poker
Red-Hot Poker
notosceptrum
Torch Lily
Red Hot Poker Plant
kniphofia

Kniphofia

Kniphofia Kniphofia , also called tritoma, red hot poker, torch lily, knofflers or poker plant, is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asphodelaceae, first described as a genus in 1794. It is native to Africa. Herbaceous species and hybrids have narrow, grass-like leaves long, while evergreen species have broader, strap-shaped foliage up to long. All plants produce spikes of upright, brightly coloured flowers well above the foliage, in shades of red, orange and yellow, often bicoloured. The flowers produce copious nectar while blooming and are attractive to bees and sunbirds. In the New World they may attract

Kniphofia northiae

Kniphofia northiae Kniphofia northiae, giant red-hot poker, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Growing to tall, it is a robust evergreen perennial with handsome curved leaves resembling an aloe. In spring and summer the stout central stem bears oval flowerheads consisting of many tubular florets packed closely together. Green in bud, the flowers open to a muted red and fade from the base to yellow and brown, thus giving the appearance of a red-hot poker. "K. northiae" is found above in the mountain grassland of the Drakensberg from

Kniphofia

sap-suckers such as hummingbirds and New World orioles. The genus "Kniphofia" is named after Johann Hieronymus Kniphof, an 18th-century German physician and botanist. Several species of "Kniphofia" are cultivated as garden plants, valued for their architectural properties. These include "K. galpini", "K. northiae", "K. rooperi" and "K. thomsonii". In addition to the species, many named cultivars of mixed or uncertain parentage have been selected for garden use. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- Kniphofia Kniphofia , also called tritoma, red hot poker, torch lily, knofflers or poker plant, is a genus of perennial flowering

Kniphofia northiae

the Eastern Cape to KwaZulu-Natal. "K. northiae" is valued in horticulture for its architectural qualities. It is hardy down to . Slightly larger and more tender than its cousin "K. rooperi" it favours milder locations such as the south west coast of England. It requires a situation in full sun, which is reliably moist but well-drained. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Kniphofia northiae Kniphofia northiae, giant red-hot poker, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Growing to tall, it is a robust evergreen

Kniphofia rooperi

Kniphofia

Kniphofia

Kniphofia  is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asphodelaceae, first described as a genus in 1794. Species are native to Africa. Common names include tritoma, red hot poker, torch lily and poker plant.

Kniphofia rooperi

Kniphofia rooperi

Kniphofia rooperi, Rooper’s red-hot poker, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Growing to tall, it is a robust evergreen perennial with strap-shaped leaves produced at an angle from the main stem. In autumn the stout central stems bear flattened oval flowerheads consisting of many tubular florets packed closely together. Green in bud, the flowers open to bright red and fade from the base to yellow and brown, thus giving the appearance of a red-hot poker.

"K. rooperi" is valued in horticulture for its architectural qualities and late season flowering, and is equally at home in the mixed flower border and in more naturalistic plantings. It is hardy down to . It requires a situation in full sun, which is reliably moist but well-drained. Excessive dryness may prevent flowerheads from forming, while bad drainage can cause the crown to rot. The evergreen foliage may become untidy during the winter months. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.

Kniphofia uvaria

Kniphofia × praecox

Kniphofia × praecox

Kniphofia" × "praecox, also known as Kniphofia praecox or the greater red-hot poker is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae.

This species is believed to be the result of hybridization between "Kniphofia uvaria" and "Kniphofia bruceae", leading to it being referred to as "Kniphofia" × "praecox".<ref name=":3" />

Asphodelaceae

Asphodelaceae

Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales.<ref name=APG2016/> Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 40 genera and 900 known species.<ref name=Christenhusz-Byng2016/> The type genus is "Asphodelus".

The family has a wide but scattered distribution throughout the tropics and temperate zones. Many of the species are cultivated as ornamentals. A few are grown commercially for cut flowers. Two species of "Aloe" are grown for their leaf sap, which has medicinal and cosmetic uses. "Xanthorrhoea" is endemic to Australia.

Kniphofia rooperi

late season flowering, and is equally at home in the mixed flower border and in more naturalistic plantings. It is hardy down to . It requires a situation in full sun, which is reliably moist but well-drained. Excessive dryness may prevent flowerheads from forming, while bad drainage can cause the crown to rot. The evergreen foliage may become untidy during the winter months. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Kniphofia rooperi Kniphofia rooperi, Rooper’s red-hot poker, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Growing

Kniphofia uvaria

Kniphofia uvaria Kniphofia uvaria is a species of flowering plant in the family Asphodelaceae, also known as tritomea, torch lily, or red hot poker, due to the shape and color of its inflorescence. The leaves are reminiscent of a lily, and the flowerhead can reach up to in height. There are many varieties of torch lily, and they bloom at different times during the growing season. The flowers are red, orange, and yellow. "Kniphofia uvaria" originates from the Cape Province of South Africa, and has been introduced into many parts of the world, such as North America, Australia, New Zealand,

Kniphofia uvaria

Patagonia and Europe as a garden plant. It is hardy in zones 5-10. In parts of south-eastern Australia, such as the Central and Southern Tablelands of New South Wales and southern Victoria, it has escaped cultivation and become naturalised. It is now regarded as an environmental weed in these locations, spreading from former habitations into natural areas, where it can grow in thick clumps and threaten sensitive ecosystems. Elsewhere in southern Australia it is regarded as a potential environmental weed, and it may have also naturalised in parts of South Australia and California. Kniphofia uvaria Kniphofia uvaria is a species

Centaurea nigra

Centaurea nigra Centaurea nigra is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family known by the common names lesser knapweed, common knapweed and black knapweed. A local vernacular name is hardheads. It is native to Europe but it is known on other continents as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. Although the plant is often unwanted by landowners because it is considered a weed by many, it provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. It was rated in the top 5 for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a UK plants survey

Centaurea uniflora

mountainous areas of the south-east Europe at altitudes above 1500 m, on warm, dry and nutrient-rich soils found in meadows and hillsides. Centaurea uniflora Centaurea uniflora, common names: Singleflower Knapweed, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus "Centaurea" of the Asteraceae family. "Centaurea uniflora" reaches a height of 40–50 cm. It is densely covered with short rough hair. The stem is erect, leafy and has only one showy purplish-pink flower. The green-gray leaves are dotted, narrowly lanceolate and smaller than one centimeter. The flowering period extends from July to September. The achenes are grayish brown. "Centaurea uniflora" is

Machaeranthera

North America. The genus "Machaeranthera" is distinguished from the genus "Dieteria" by having once- or twice-pinnate leaves, whereas "Dieteria" has entire to toothed leaves. "Machaeranthera" means "swordlike anthers". Machaeranthera Machaeranthera is a genus of North American flowering plants in the daisy family which are known by the common name tansyaster. Tansyasters are variable in appearance. Some are small, singular wildflowers, while others are sprawling shrubs. Several species easily hybridize with each other, as well, making identification difficult. In general, members of the genus may be identified by the sharp-pointed, dagger-shaped anthers in the disc florets at the center of the

Centaurea uniflora

Centaurea uniflora Centaurea uniflora, common names: Singleflower Knapweed, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus "Centaurea" of the Asteraceae family. "Centaurea uniflora" reaches a height of 40–50 cm. It is densely covered with short rough hair. The stem is erect, leafy and has only one showy purplish-pink flower. The green-gray leaves are dotted, narrowly lanceolate and smaller than one centimeter. The flowering period extends from July to September. The achenes are grayish brown. "Centaurea uniflora" is distributed in Austria, Albania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, France, Greece, Italy, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania, Slovenia, Serbia and Switzerland. This alpine plant occurs in the

Rhaponticum repens

Rhaponticum repens Rhaponticum repens, synonym Acroptilon repens, with the common name Russian knapweed, is a bushy rhizomatous perennial, up to 8 dm tall. Stems and leaves are finely arachnoid-tomentose becoming glabrous and green with age. The rosette leaves are oblanceolate, pinnately lobed to entire, 2–3 cm wide by 3–8 cm long. The lower cauline leaves are smaller, pinnately lobed; the upper leaves become much reduced, sessile, serrate to entire. The heads are numerous terminating the branches. Flowers are pink to purplish, the marginal ones not enlarged. The outer and middle involucral bracts are broad, striate, smooth with broadly rounded tips;

Centaurea

in morphology and are sterile. Each pseudanthium sits atop a cup- or basket-like cluster of scaly bracts, hence the name "basketflowers". Many species, in particular those inhabiting more arid regions, have a long and strong taproot. Certain knapweeds have a tendency to dominate large stretches of landscape together with a few other plants, typically one or two grasses and as many other large herbs. The common knapweed ("C. nigra") for example is plentiful in the mesotrophic grasslands of England and nearby regions. It is most prominently found in pastures or meadows dominated by cock's-foot ("Dactylis glomerata") as well as either

Sanicula peckiana

petals. The fruits are borne singly or in heads of up to five, each fruit covered in bumpy tubercles and sometimes with prickles near the tip. Sanicula peckiana Sanicula peckiana is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the parsley family known by the common names Peck's blacksnakeroot and Peck's sanicle. It is native to the Klamath Mountains of southern Oregon and far northern California, where it grows in chaparral and woodland habitat, often on serpentine soils. It is a perennial herb growing to a maximum height near 40 centimeters. The leaves are simple or divided into a number of

Hetaeria

word meaning "comrade" or "companion". Species recognized as of August 2018: Hetaeria Hetaeria, commonly known as hairy jewel orchids, is a genus of about thirty species of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Plants in this genus are terrestrial herbs with a succulent rhizome and a loose rosette of leaves. Small, pale, hairy non-resupinate flowers are borne on a thin, hairy flowering stem. They are found in tropical Africa and Asia to New Guinea, Australia and some Pacific Islands. Orchids in the genus "Hetaeria" are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs with a creeping, succulent, above-ground rhizome anchored to the

Eileen Adelaide Bruce

the genus "Kniphofia". Her work was published in "Bothalia" and "Flowering Plants of Africa". In 1952 she returned to Kew working on the families of Pedaliaceae and Loganiaceae, contributing to the "Flora of Tropical East Africa" and the "Kew Bulletin". Eileen Adelaide Bruce Eileen Adelaide Bruce (15 February 1905 Petersham, London – 1954/1955) was an English taxonomist and botanist. She was educated at the University College of London and joined the staff of Kew in 1930. In 1941 after the start of World War II she enlisted in the Auxiliary Territorial Service, was commissioned and served in the Anti-Aircraft Command.

Ceropegia stapeliiformis

Ceropegia stapeliiformis Ceropegia stapeliiformis is a flowering plant in the genus "Ceropegia" (Apocynaceae), native to South Africa and Swaziland. Common names include serpent ceropegia, snake creeper, and slangkambro. "Ceropegia stapeliiformis" is a prostrate, creeping, trailing or climbing succulent creeper with fibrous roots (which develop where the stems touch the ground) and has clear sap. The leaves are minute and rudimentary, soon falling off the stems. The flowers are 5–7 cm long and have a distinctive funnel-shape with a greenish white colour that is spotted or streaked with maroon. The petals surrounding the mouth are free-spreading, reflexed and fringed with hairs.

Centaurea triumfettii

and sunny places, in deciduous bushes, on meadows and subalpine grass slopes. The soil should be chalky. The species thrives at altitudes up to 2000 m above sea level. It is widespread in the mountains of southern and central Europe. Occasionally they are found as ornamental plants in gardens and parks. Centaurea triumfettii Centaurea triumfettii, common names: Squarrose Knapweed, is a plant belonging to the genus "Centaurea" of the "Asteraceae" family. The Squarrose Knapweed is an herbaceous perennial plant. This plant grows to a height of about . The leaves are undivided and narrow-lanceolate. The period of flowering is from

Ceropegia stapeliiformis

where it occurs in scrub bush. The flowering time from December to March. The names have the derivations "stapeliiformis" = resembling Stapelia (Latin), and "sepentina" = serpentine (Latin). Ceropegia stapeliiformis Ceropegia stapeliiformis is a flowering plant in the genus "Ceropegia" (Apocynaceae), native to South Africa and Swaziland. Common names include serpent ceropegia, snake creeper, and slangkambro. "Ceropegia stapeliiformis" is a prostrate, creeping, trailing or climbing succulent creeper with fibrous roots (which develop where the stems touch the ground) and has clear sap. The leaves are minute and rudimentary, soon falling off the stems. The flowers are 5–7 cm long and