Question: Give a year in the life of botanist Carl Linnaeus.

Critica Botanica

people as well as plants, animals and minerals, was a mark of Linnaeus's ‘scholastic’ view of the world: Finally, Linnaean scholar William T. Stearn has summarised Linnaeus's contribution to biology as follows: Full bibliographic details including exact dates of publication, pagination, editions, facsimiles, brief outline of contents, location of copies, secondary sources, translations, reprints, travelogues, and commentaries are given in Stafleu and Cowan's "Taxonomic Literature". Critica Botanica Critica Botanica ("Critique of botany", Leiden, July, 1737) was written by Swedish botanist, physician, zoologist and naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). The book was published in Germany when Linnaeus was twenty-nine with a discursus

Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus

end of his life in 1778, Carl Linnaeus had become one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe, the first civilian in Sweden to be dubbed a knight of the Order of the Polar Star (1753) and ennobled as Carl von Linné (1761). The Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote during Linnaeus' lifetime: "I know no greater man on earth." The German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe would later write: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly." Swedish author August Strindberg wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality

Carl Linnaeus

a rare book, if he let Linnaeus stay with him, and Burman accepted. On 24 September 1735, Linnaeus moved to Hartekamp to become personal physician to Clifford, and curator of Clifford's herbarium. He was paid 1,000 florins a year, with free board and lodging. Though the agreement was only for a winter of that year, Linnaeus practically stayed there until 1738. It was here that he wrote a book "Hortus Cliffortianus", in the preface of which he described his experience as "the happiest time of my life." (A portion of Hartekamp was declared as public garden in April 1956 by

Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (), was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as (after 1761 Carolus a Linné). Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived

Carl Linnaeus the Younger

head of Practical Medicine at Uppsala. His promotion to professor—without taking exams or defending a thesis—caused resentment among his colleagues. Linnaeus' work was modest in comparison to that of his father. His best-known work is the "Supplementum Plantarum systematis vegetabilium" of 1781, which contains botanical descriptions by the elder Linnaeus and his colleagues, edited and with additions by the son. He took a two-year trip to England, France, The Netherlands and Denmark between 1781-1783. In London he had laid the ground for sickness (jaundice), and shortly after his return, he suffered the fever and stroke from which he died at

Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin; his name is rendered in Latin as ' and, after his 1761 ennoblement, as '.

Linnaeus was born in Råshult, the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published the first edition of his " in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 1760s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, while publishing several volumes. He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death.

Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth." Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly." Linnaeus has been called " (Prince of Botanists) and "The Pliny of the North". He is also considered one of the founders of modern ecology.

In botany and zoology, the abbreviation L. is used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for a species' name. In older publications, the abbreviation "Linn." is found. Linnaeus's remains constitute the type specimen for the species "Homo sapiens" following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, since the sole specimen that he is known to have examined was himself.

Binomial nomenclature

Binomial nomenclature

In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, name or a scientific name; more informally it is also historically called a Latin name.

The first part of the name – the "generic name" – identifies the genus to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the genus "Homo" and within this genus to the species "Homo sapiens". "Tyrannosaurus rex" is likely the most widely known binomial. The "formal" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work "Species Plantarum" in 1753.

The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed by various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which the two most important are the "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" ("ICZN") for animals and the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants" ("ICNafp"). Although the general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these two codes, there are some differences, both in terminology they use and in their particular rules.

In modern usage, the first letter of the generic name is always capitalized in writing, while that of the specific epithet is not, even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place. Similarly, both parts are italicized in normal text (or underlined in handwriting). Thus the binomial name of the annual phlox (named after botanist Thomas Drummond) is now written as "Phlox drummondii". Often, after a species name is introduced in a text, the generic name is abbreviated to the first letter in subsequent mentions (e.g., "P. drummondii").

In scientific works, the authority for a binomial name is usually given, at least when it is first mentioned, and the year of publication may be specified.

Taxonomy (biology)

Taxonomy (biology)

In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a more inclusive group of higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum ("division" is sometimes used in botany in place of "phylum"), class, order, family, genus, and species. The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy, as he developed a ranked system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms.

With advances in the theory, data and analytical technology of biological systematics, the Linnaean system has transformed into a system of modern biological classification intended to reflect the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both living and extinct.

Linnaean taxonomy

Linnaean taxonomy

Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:

Linnaean name also has two meanings: depending on the context, it may either refer to a formal name given by Linnaeus (personally), such as "Giraffa camelopardalis" Linnaeus, 1758, or a formal name in the accepted nomenclature (as opposed to a modernistic clade name).

Apostles of Linnaeus

Apostles of Linnaeus

The Apostles of Linnaeus were a group of students who carried out botanical and zoological expeditions throughout the world that were either devised or approved by botanist Carl Linnaeus. The expeditions took place during the latter half of the 18th century and the students were designated 'apostles' by Linnaeus.

Many apostles began their journey from Sweden. Some would act as chaplains or doctors aboard a Swedish East India Company ship. The expeditions were often dangerous. Seven of the seventeen apostles never came home. The first apostle, Christopher Tärnström, died of a tropical fever on Côn Sơn Island in 1746. Tärnström's widow was angry with Linnaeus for making her children fatherless. After this incident, Linnaeus sent only unmarried men.

Linnaeus remained involved in most expeditions. He often left notes for the apostles and outlined what they should look for during their journeys, and the apostles sent letters and botanical samples to Linnaeus. Upon their return, it was usual to give Linnaeus a selection of anything collected. However, Daniel Rolander elected not to transfer his collection and was criticised by Linnaeus.

Many newly discovered plants, animals and insects were named and catalogued by Linnaeus and apostles. As a result, the apostles' expeditions helped spread the Linnaean taxonomy, a system for classifying organisms. Additionally, one of Linnaeus' admirers, the English botanist Joseph Banks, was inspired to begin the tradition for all British research ships to have a naturalist aboard. Thus the apostles had a direct influence on future expeditions such as Charles Darwin's expedition aboard HMS "Beagle".

Carl Linnaeus

about the sexual reproduction of plants, according to Sébastien Vaillant. In 1727, Linnaeus, age 21, enrolled in Lund University in Skåne. He was registered as ", the Latin form of his full name, which he also used later for his Latin publications. Professor Kilian Stobæus, natural scientist, physician and historian, offered Linnaeus tutoring and lodging, as well as the use of his library, which included many books about botany. He also gave the student free admission to his lectures. In his spare time, Linnaeus explored the flora of Skåne, together with students sharing the same interests. In August 1728, Linnaeus

Carl Linnaeus

was published as " (1735). Linnaeus became acquainted with one of the most respected physicians and botanists in the Netherlands, Herman Boerhaave, who tried to convince Linnaeus to make a career there. Boerhaave offered him a journey to South Africa and America, but Linnaeus declined, stating he would not stand the heat. Instead, Boerhaave convinced Linnaeus that he should visit the botanist Johannes Burman. After his visit, Burman, impressed with his guest's knowledge, decided Linnaeus should stay with him during the winter. During his stay, Linnaeus helped Burman with his '. Burman also helped Linnaeus with the books on which

Critica Botanica

Critica Botanica Critica Botanica ("Critique of botany", Leiden, July, 1737) was written by Swedish botanist, physician, zoologist and naturalist Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). The book was published in Germany when Linnaeus was twenty-nine with a discursus by the botanist Johannes Browallius (1707–1755), bishop of Åbo. The first and only edition was published in July 1737 under the full title "Critica botanica in qua nomina plantarum generica, specifica & variantia examini subjiciuntur, selectoria confirmantur, indigna rejiciuntur; simulque doctrina circa denominationem plantarum traditur. Seu Fundamentorum botanicorum pars IV Accedit Johannis Browallii De necessitate historiae naturalis discursus". Linnaeus’s principles of botanical nomenclature were first

Carl Linnaeus

Rothman, the state doctor of Småland and a teacher at Katedralskolan (a gymnasium) in Växjö. Also a botanist, Rothman broadened Linnaeus' interest in botany and helped him develop an interest in medicine. By the age of 17, Linnaeus had become well acquainted with the existing botanical literature. He remarks in his journal that he "read day and night, knowing like the back of my hand, Arvidh Månsson's Rydaholm Book of Herbs, Tillandz's Flora Åboensis, Palmberg's Serta Florea Suecana, Bromelii Chloros Gothica and Rudbeckii Hortus Upsaliensis..." Linnaeus entered the Växjö Katedralskola in 1724, where he studied mainly Greek, Hebrew, theology and

Carl Linnaeus

order). Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné (), was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as (after 1761 Carolus a Linné). Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland in southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He

History of botany

notoriety for his botanical expeditions, his emphasis on floral characters in classification, and for reviving the idea of the genus as the basic unit of classification. Above all it was Swedish Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) who eased the task of plant cataloguing. He adopted a sexual system of classification using stamens and pistils as important characters. Among his most important publications were Systema Naturae (1735), Genera Plantarum (1737), and Philosophia Botanica (1751) but it was in his Species Plantarum (1753) that he gave every species a binomial thus setting the path for the future accepted method of designating the names of

Apostles of Linnaeus

system for classifying plants. Linnaeus returned to Sweden in May 1741 and was appointed Professor of Medicine at Uppsala University. Nine years later he became the university's rector, starting a period where natural sciences were held in the greatest esteem. Perhaps the most important contribution Linnaeus made during his time in Uppsala was as a teacher. His lectures were normally full and often held in the Botanical Garden. He taught students to think for themselves and not trust anybody. The Saturday botanical excursions during summer were more popular than his lectures. Linnaeus and students explored the flora and fauna in

Carl Linnaeus the Younger

Carl Linnaeus the Younger Carl Linnaeus the Younger, Carolus Linnaeus the Younger or Carl von Linné d. y. (20 January 1741 – 1 November 1783) was a Swedish naturalist. He is known as Linnaeus filius (Latin for "Linnaeus the son"; abbrevied to L.f. as a botanical authority) to distinguish him from his famous father, the systematist Carl Linnaeus (1707–78). He was enrolled at the University of Uppsala at the age of nine and was taught science by his father's students, including Pehr Löfling, Daniel Solander and Johan Peter Falk. In 1763, aged just 22, he succeeded his father as the

Carl Linnaeus

"Scopolia", the source of scopolamine, after him, but because of the great distance between them, they never met. Linnaeus was relieved of his duties in the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in 1763, but continued his work there as usual for more than ten years after. He stepped down as rector at Uppsala University in December 1772, mostly due to his declining health. Linnaeus' last years were troubled by illness. He had suffered from a disease called the Uppsala fever in 1764, but survived thanks to the care of Rosén. He developed sciatica in 1773, and the next year, he

Carl Linnaeus

a new benefactor, Olof Celsius, who was a professor of theology and an amateur botanist. He received Linnaeus into his home and allowed him use of his library, which was one of the richest botanical libraries in Sweden. In 1729, Linnaeus wrote a thesis, ' on plant sexual reproduction. This attracted the attention of Rudbeck; in May 1730, he selected Linnaeus to give lectures at the University although the young man was only a second-year student. His lectures were popular, and Linnaeus often addressed an audience of 300 people. In June, Linnaeus moved from Celsius' house to Rudbeck's to become

Carl Linnaeus

died the previous year. The expedition was similar to the previous journeys in most aspects, but this time he was also ordered to find the best place to grow walnut and Swedish whitebeam trees; these trees were used by the military to make rifles. The journey was successful, and Linnaeus' observations were published the next year in ". In 1750, Linnaeus became rector of Uppsala University, starting a period where natural sciences were esteemed. Perhaps the most important contribution he made during his time at Uppsala was to teach; many of his students travelled to various places in the world

Carl Peter Thunberg

Dejima. He also met Forster, who introduced him to his collections he had obtained during Cook's second voyage. On arrival in Sweden in March 1779, he was informed of the death of Linnaeus, one year earlier. He was first appointed botanical demonstrator in 1777, and in 1781 professor of medicine and natural philosophy at the University of Uppsala. His publications and specimens resulted in many new taxa. He published his "Flora japonica" in 1784, and in 1788 he began to publish his travels. He completed his "Prodromus plantarum" in 1800, his "Icones plantarum japonicarum" in 1805, and his "Flora capensis"

Critica Botanica

new organisms. This highlighted difficulties in communication about plants, the replication of descriptions, and the importance of an agreed way of presenting, publishing and applying plant names. From about 1730 when Linnaeus was in his early twenties and still in Uppsala, Sweden, he planned a listing all the genera and species of plants known to western science in his day. Before this could be achieved he needed to establish the principles of classification and nomenclature on which these works were to be based. From 1735 to 1738 Linnaeus worked in the Netherlands where he was personal physician to George Clifford

Carl Linnaeus

the tutor of the three youngest of his 24 children. His friendship with Celsius did not wane and they continued their botanical expeditions. Over that winter, Linnaeus began to doubt Tournefort's system of classification and decided to create one of his own. His plan was to divide the plants by the number of stamens and pistils. He began writing several books, which would later result in, for example, ' and '. He also produced a book on the plants grown in the Uppsala Botanical Garden, '. Rudbeck's former assistant, Nils Rosén, returned to the University in March 1731 with a

Carl Linnaeus

he was working: ' and "". In August 1735, during Linnaeus' stay with Burman, he met George Clifford III, a director of the Dutch East India Company and the owner of a rich botanical garden at the estate of Hartekamp in Heemstede. Clifford was very impressed with Linnaeus' ability to classify plants, and invited him to become his physician and superintendent of his garden. Linnaeus had already agreed to stay with Burman over the winter, and could thus not accept immediately. However, Clifford offered to compensate Burman by offering him a copy of Sir Hans Sloane's "Natural History of Jamaica",


Question: What is the more familiar name for the aromatic gum resin olibanum?

Frankincense
Frankinsense
Resina olibanum
Franckincense
Olibanum Oil
Frakensense
Olibanum
frankinsence
frankincence
olibanum
resina olibanum
frankincense
Frankincence
Francincense
frankinsense
olibanum oil
frakensense
Frankinsence
franckincense
francincense

Frankincense

also known as "olibanum", or in Arabic (, roughly translated: "that which results from milking"), a reference to the milky sap tapped from the "Boswellia" tree. The Greek historian Herodotus was familiar with frankincense and knew it was harvested from trees in southern Arabia. He reported that the gum was dangerous to harvest because of venomous snakes that lived in the trees. He goes on to describe the method used by the Arabs to get around this problem, that being the burning of the gum of the styrax tree whose smoke would drive the snakes away. The resin is also

Frankincense

Frankincense Frankincense (also known as olibanum, , Arabic: ) is an aromatic resin used in incense and perfumes, obtained from trees of the genus "Boswellia" in the family Burseraceae, particularly "Boswellia sacra" (syn: "B. bhaw-dajiana"), B. carterii, "B. frereana", "B. serrata" ("B. thurifera", Indian frankincense), and "B. papyrifera". The word is from Old French ("high-quality incense"). There are five main species of "Boswellia" that produce true frankincense. Resin from each of the five is available in various grades, which depend on the time of harvesting. The resin is then hand-sorted for quality. The English word "frankincense" is derived from the

Galbanum

Galbanum Galbanum is an aromatic gum resin and a product of certain umbelliferous Persian plant species in the genus "Ferula", chiefly "Ferula gummosa" (synonym "F. galbaniflua") and "Ferula rubricaulis". Galbanum-yielding plants grow plentifully on the slopes of the mountain ranges of northern Iran. It occurs usually in hard or soft, irregular, more or less translucent and shining lumps, or occasionally in separate tears, of a light-brown, yellowish or greenish-yellow colour, and has a disagreeable, bitter taste, a peculiar, somewhat musky odour, an intense green scent, and a specific gravity of 1.212. It contains about 8% terpenes; about 65% of a

Labdanum

The raw resin is usually extracted by boiling the leaves and twigs. An absolute is also obtained by solvent extraction. An essential oil is produced by steam distillation. The raw gum is a black or sometimes dark brown, fragrant mass containing up to 20% or more of water. It is plastic but not pourable, and becomes brittle with age. The absolute is dark amber-green and very thick at room temperature. The fragrance is more refined than the raw resin. The odour is very rich, complex and tenacious. Labdanum is much valued in perfumery because of its resemblance to ambergris, which

Opopanax

bdellium. The bdellium referred to by Dioscorides as "the bdellium imported from Petra" ("De Materia Medica", 1:80) is probably the resin of "Hyphaene thebaica", a species of palm. Opopanax Opopanax, also known as opobalsam, refers to a number of gum resins (natural substances that are a mixture of water-soluble gums and alcohol-soluble resins) traditionally considered to have medicinal properties. Pliny ("Historia Naturalis") and Dioscorides ("De Materia Medica") described various kinds with uncertain identifications, which have been distinguished as: In recent times, the main source of commercial opopanax is from species of "Commiphora", particularly "C. erythraea" and "C. kataf". (Some sources

Frankincense

Frankincense

Frankincense (also known as olibanum) is an aromatic resin used in incense and perfumes, obtained from trees of the genus "Boswellia" in the family Burseraceae. The word is from Old French ('high-quality incense'). "Boswellia sacra" (syn. "B. bhaw-dajiana", syn. "B. carteri"), "B. frereana", "B. serrata" ("B. thurifera", Indian frankincense), and "B. papyrifera". Resin from each is available in various grades, which depends on the time of harvesting. The resin is hand-sorted for quality.

Myrrh

Myrrh

Myrrh (; from Semitic, but see "§ Etymology") is a gum-resin extracted from a number of small, thorny tree species of the genus "Commiphora". Myrrh resin has been used throughout history as a perfume, incense and medicine. Myrrh mixed with posca or wine was common across ancient cultures, for general pleasure, and as an analgesic.<ref>Pliny the Elder [-79 CE], trans. John Bostock and Henry Thomas Riley, "Wines Drunk by the Ancient Romans", "The Natural History" [c. 77 CE], book 14, ch. 15. London: H.G. Bohn, 1855. 253.
Available online at books.google.com/books?id=A0EMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253</ref>

Benzoin (resin)

Benzoin (resin)

Benzoin or benjamin (corrupted pronunciation) is a balsamic resin obtained from the bark of several species of trees in the genus "Styrax". It is used in perfumes and some kinds of incense and as a flavoring and medicine (see tincture of benzoin). It is distinct from the chemical compound benzoin, which is ultimately derived chemically from benzoin resin; the resin, however, does not contain this compound.

Benzoin is sometimes called gum benzoin or gum benjamin, and in India "Sambrani or" loban, though loban is, via Arabic "lubān", a generic term for frankincense-type incense, e.g., fragrant tree resin. Benzoin is also called storax, not to be confused with the balsam of the same name obtained from the Hamamelidaceae family.

Benzoin is a common ingredient in incense-making and perfumery because of its sweet vanilla-like aroma and fixative properties. Gum benzoin is a major component of the type of church incense used in Russia and some other Orthodox Christian societies, as well as Western Catholic Churches. Most benzoin is used in the Arabian Peninsula and Hindu temples of India, where it is burned on charcoal as an incense. It is also used in the production of Bakhoor (Arabic بخور - scented wood chips) as well as various mixed resin incense in the Arab countries and the Horn of Africa. Benzoin is also used in blended types of Japanese incense, Indian incense, Chinese incense (known as Anxi xiang; 安息香), and Papier d'Arménie as well as incense sticks.

There are two common kinds of benzoin, benzoin Siam and benzoin Sumatra. Benzoin Siam is obtained from "Styrax tonkinensis", found across Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Benzoin Sumatra is obtained from "Styrax benzoin", which grows predominantly on the island of Sumatra. Unlike Siamese benzoin, Sumatran benzoin contains cinnamic acid in addition to benzoic acid. In the United States, Sumatra benzoin ("Styrax benzoin" and "Styrax paralleoneurus") is more customarily used in pharmaceutical preparations, Siam benzoin ("Styrax tonkinensis" etc.) in the flavor and fragrance industries.

In perfumery, benzoin is used as a fixative, slowing the dispersion of essential oils and other fragrance materials into the air.

Galbanum

Galbanum

Galbanum is an aromatic gum resin and a product of certain umbelliferous Persian plant species in the genus "Ferula", chiefly "Ferula gummosa" (synonym "F. galbaniflua") and "Ferula rubricaulis". Galbanum-yielding plants grow plentifully on the slopes of the mountain ranges of northern Iran. It occurs usually in hard or soft, irregular, more or less translucent and shining lumps, or occasionally in separate tears, of a light-brown, yellowish or greenish-yellow colour. Galbanum has a disagreeable, bitter taste, a peculiar, a somewhat musky odour, and an intense green scent. With a specific gravity of 1.212, it contains about 8% terpenes; about 65% of a resin which contains sulfur; about 20% gum; and a very small quantity of the colorless crystalline substance umbelliferone. It also contains α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, cadinene, 3-carene, and ocimene.

Mastic (plant resin)

Mastic (plant resin)

Mastic () is a resin obtained from the mastic tree ("Pistacia lentiscus"). It is also known as tears of Chios, being traditionally produced on the island Chios, and, like other natural resins, is produced in "tears" or droplets.

Mastic is excreted by the resin glands of certain trees and dries into pieces of brittle, translucent resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a bright white and opaque gum. The flavor is bitter at first, but after some chewing, it releases a refreshing flavor similar to pine and cedar.

Galbanum

a pine like topnote which is less pronounced in the odor of the resinoid. The latter, in turn, has a more woody balsamic, conifer resinous character. Galbanum is frequently adulterated with pine oil. Galbanum oil is steam-distilled to yield a green, fruity-floral odor reminiscent of fine malt. Galbanum Galbanum is an aromatic gum resin and a product of certain umbelliferous Persian plant species in the genus "Ferula", chiefly "Ferula gummosa" (synonym "F. galbaniflua") and "Ferula rubricaulis". Galbanum-yielding plants grow plentifully on the slopes of the mountain ranges of northern Iran. It occurs usually in hard or soft, irregular, more or

Galbanum

was referred to as the sacred “mother resin.” Galbanum was highly treasured as a sacred substance by the ancient Egyptians. The “green” incense of Egyptian antiquity is believed to have been galbanum. Galbanum resin has a very intense green scent accompanied by a turpentine odor. The initial notes are a very bitter, acrid, and peculiar scent followed by a complex green, spicy, woody, balsamlike fragrance. When diluted the scent of galbanum has variously been described as reminiscent of pine (due to the pinene and limonene content), evergreen, green bamboo, parsley, green apples, musk, or simply intense green. The oil has

Bdellium

Bdellium Bdellium , also bdellion, is a semi-transparent oleo-gum resin extracted from "Commiphora wightii" and from "Commiphora africana" trees growing in Ethiopia, Eritrea and sub-saharan Africa. Bdellium consists of a water-soluble gum, a resin and an essential oil. The essential oil of "Commiphora africana" contains predominantly α-thujene, α- and β-pinene, and p-cymene. Bdellium is used in perfumery, as incense and in traditional medicine. It is an adulterant of the more costly myrrh. Middle English, from Latin, from Greek βδέλλιον. "Commiphora africana" resin is also known as "African bdellium". Theophrastus is perhaps the first classical author to mention bdellium, if the

Resin

trees of the genus "Guaiacum", kauri gum from trees of "Agathis australis", hashish (Cannabis resin) from "Cannabis indica", labdanum from mediterranean species of "Cistus", mastic (plant resin) from the mastic tree "Pistacia lentiscus", myrrh from shrubs of "Commiphora", sandarac resin from "Tetraclinis articulata", the national tree of Malta, styrax (a Benzoin resin from various "Styrax" species), spinifex resin from Australian grasses, and turpentine, distilled from pine resin. Amber is fossil resin (also called resinite) from coniferous and other tree species. Copal, kauri gum, dammar and other resins may also be found as subfossil deposits. Subfossil copal can be distinguished from

Frankincense

the essential oil is mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, such as alpha-pinene, Limonene, alpha-Thujene, and beta-Pinene with small amounts of diterpenoid components being the upper limit in terms of molecular weight. Olibanum is characterised by a balsamic-spicy, slightly lemon, fragrance of incense, with a conifer-like undertone. It is used in the perfume, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Frankincense Frankincense (also known as olibanum, , Arabic: ) is an aromatic resin used in incense and perfumes, obtained from trees of the genus "Boswellia" in the family Burseraceae, particularly "Boswellia sacra" (syn: "B. bhaw-dajiana"), B. carterii, "B. frereana", "B. serrata" ("B. thurifera", Indian frankincense),

Copal

have lived thousands of years earlier. This subfossil copal produces a harder varnish. Subfossil copal is also well-known from New Zealand (kauri gum from "Agathis australis" (Araucariaceae)), Japan, the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Madagascar. It often has inclusions and is sometimes sold as "young amber". Copal can be easily distinguished from genuine amber by its lighter citrine colour and its surface getting tacky with a drop of acetone or chloroform. Copal that is partly mineralized is known as copaline. Copal Copal is a name given to tree resin, particularly the aromatic resins from the copal tree "Protium copal" (Burseraceae) used

Incense offering in rabbinic literature

those species of mollusks known under the taxonomic classification "Pleurotoma Babylonia" and "Pleurotoma trapezii". As far as smell, galbanum is said to be the least pleasant of all the incenses. Nevertheless, it was used in the Holy Incense, combining its savors with the others to produce one of the most tantalizing blends of aromatic scents the world has ever known. Maimonides calls it by its Arabic name, "maiʻah", which is believed by most scholars to have been the reddish brown resin of "Ferula galbaniflua", based on the surmised identification of this plant in Greek sources. The problem arising from this

Liquidambar

Liquidambar Liquidambar, commonly called sweetgum (sweet gum in the UK), gum, redgum, satin-walnut, or American storax, is the only genus in the flowering plant family Altingiaceae and has 15 species. They were formerly often treated in Hamamelidaceae. They are decorative deciduous trees that are used in the wood industry and for ornamental purposes. Both the scientific and common names refer to the sweet resinous sap ("liquid amber") exuded by the trunk when cut. They are all large, deciduous trees, tall, with palmately 3- to 7-lobed leaves arranged spirally on the stems and length of , having a pleasant aroma when

Ischnoderma resinosum

been juggled between several genera. Petter Karsten transferred it to "Ischnoderma" in 1879 to give it the name by which it is currently known. Ischnoderma resinosum Ischnoderma resinosum is a species of fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Commonly known as the late fall polypore, resinous polypore, or benzoin bracket, this shelf mushroom is across, velvety, dark red/brown, aging black. Its spongy but tough, sweet smelling flesh exudes a red liquid when young. This fungus fruits on hardwood logs and stumps in late autumn. A widely distributed species, it has been recorded from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The species

Liquidambar styraciflua

a Nahuatl name, "Ocotzocuahuitl", which translates to "tree that gives pine resin" from "ocotl" (pine), "tzotl" (resin), "cuahuitl" (tree), which refers to the use of the tree's resin. The common name "sweet gum" refers to the species' "sweetish gum", contrasting with the black gum "(Nyssa sylvatica)", only distantly related, with which the sweet gum overlaps broadly in range. The species is also known as the "red gum", for its reddish bark. The earliest known published record of "Liquidambar styraciflua" is in a work by Spanish naturalist Francisco Hernández published posthumously in 1615, in which he describes the species as a

Liquidambar styraciflua

as inexpensive picture frames. The wood is also used to make chopsticks for the East Asian market, as it has a naturally light color with appeal to certain segments of the Asian market. The tree's gum resin, for which the tree is named, exudes from the bark of the tree when wounded. It has many names, including liquid amber or copalm balsam. It is a kind of native balsam, or resin, resembling turpentine. It may be clear, reddish, or yellow, with a pleasant smell like ambergris. As the resin ages, it solidifies, the form in which it was historically exported

Ischnoderma resinosum

Ischnoderma resinosum Ischnoderma resinosum is a species of fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Commonly known as the late fall polypore, resinous polypore, or benzoin bracket, this shelf mushroom is across, velvety, dark red/brown, aging black. Its spongy but tough, sweet smelling flesh exudes a red liquid when young. This fungus fruits on hardwood logs and stumps in late autumn. A widely distributed species, it has been recorded from Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. The species was originally described as "Boletus resinosus" in 1794 by German botanist Heinrich Schrader It has acquired an extensive synonymy in its taxonomic history, having

Eucalyptus ovata

Eucalyptus ovata Eucalyptus ovata, commonly known as Swamp Gum or Black Gum, is a widespread occurring Australian eucalypt. The species was first described in 1806 by Jacques Labillardière in Novae Hollandiae plantarum specimen. The locality given in that work is "in terrâ Van-Leuwin", indicating Southwest Australia, but the species does not occur in that region. The swamp gum is a small to medium-sized tree, rarely a mallee, with bark that sheds over most of the trunk revealing a smooth, grey, whitish or pinkish-grey surface. The rough bark is retained at the base on larger trees. Leaves are stalked, broad lanceolate,

Eucalyptus globulus

a necessary characteristic for internal pharmaceutical use. In 1870, Cloez identified and ascribed the name "eucalyptol" — now more often called cineole — to the dominant portion of "E. globulus" oil. Tasmanian blue gum leaves are used as an herbal tea. Blue gum flowers are considered a good source of nectar and pollen for bees. "E. globulus" bark contains quinic, dihydroxyphenylacetic and caffeic acids, bis(hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP))-glucose, galloyl-bis(HHDP)-glucose, galloyl-HHDP-glucose, isorhamentin-hexoside, quercetin-hexoside, methylellagic acid (EA)-pentose conjugate, myricetin-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-rhamnoside, mearnsetin, phloridzin, mearnsetin-hexoside, luteolin and a proanthocyanidin B-type dimer, digalloylglucose and catechin. The hydrolyzable tannins tellimagrandin I, eucalbanin C, 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 6-O-digalloyl-1,2,3-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, as well as

Liquidambar styraciflua

considered a member of the Hamamelidaceae. This plant's genus name "Liquidambar" was first given by Linnaeus in 1753 from [the Latin] "liquidus, fluid," and the Arabic "ambar, amber", in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice or gum which exudes from the tree. Its specific epithet "styraciflua" is an old generic name meaning "flowing with storax" (a plant resin). The name "storax" has long been confusingly applied to the aromatic gum or resin of this species, that of "L. orientalis" of Turkey, and to the resin better known as benzoin from various tropical trees in the genus "Styrax". The sweetgum has


Question: Give a year in the life of St Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits.

Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola Saint Ignatius of Loyola (; ; ; – 31 July 1556) was a Spanish Basque Catholic priest and theologian, who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and became its first Superior General at Paris in 1541. The Jesuit order served the Pope as missionaries, and they were bound by a vow of special obedience to the sovereign pontiff in regard to the missions. They therefore emerged as an important force during the time of the Counter-Reformation. Ignatius is remembered as a talented spiritual director. He recorded his method in a celebrated treatise called

St. Mary's Higher Secondary School, Dindigul

) (1491– 31 July 1556) was a Spanish knight from a Basque noble family, priest since 1537, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and was its first Superior General. Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church's authority and hierarchy. After being seriously wounded at the Battle of Pamplona in 1521, he underwent a spiritual conversion while in recovery. The "De Vita Christi" written by Ludolph of Saxony inspired Loyola to abandon his previous worldly life and devote himself to labour for God,

Ignatius of Loyola

entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261. Villoslada established the following detailed genealogy of Saint Ignatius: Ignatius of Loyola Saint Ignatius of Loyola (; ; ; – 31 July 1556) was a Spanish Basque Catholic priest and theologian, who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and became its first Superior General at Paris in 1541. The Jesuit order served the Pope as missionaries,

Ignatius Press

annual congregational missal that is fully consistent with the directives of Sacrosanctum Concilium. Ignatius Press Ignatius Press, named for Saint Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuit Order, is a Catholic publishing house based in San Francisco, California, USA. It was founded in 1978 by Father Joseph Fessio SJ, a Jesuit priest and former pupil of Pope Benedict XVI. In an interview in 1998, Father Fessio said, "our objective is to support the teachings of the Church". It is one of the Catholic institutions which have arisen in the United States in the last 35 years in response to a perceived

arrived in the latter city during a period of anti-Protestant turmoil which forced John Calvin to flee France. Ignatius and a few followers bound themselves by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. In 1539, they formed the Society of Jesus, approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III, as well as his "Spiritual Exercises" approved in 1548. Loyola also composed the "Constitutions" of the Society. He died in July 1556, was beatified by Pope Paul V in 1609, canonized by Pope Gregory XV in 1622, and declared patron of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius' feast day

Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola, S.J. (born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; ; ; ;  – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish Catholic priest and theologian, who, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (The Jesuits), and became its first Superior General, in Paris in 1541. He envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and teaching. In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious orders in the church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff. Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation.

As a former soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention to the spiritual formation of his recruits and recorded his method in the "Spiritual Exercises" (1548). In time, the method has become known as Ignatian spirituality.

Ignatius of Loyola was beatified in 1609 and canonized saint, on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as of the Society of Jesus. He was declared patron saint of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922.

Jesuits

Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; ), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded in 1540 by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions, with the approval of Pope Paul III. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social and humanitarian ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue.

The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome. The historic curia of Ignatius is now part of the attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit mother church.

Members of the Society of Jesus are expected to accept orders to go anywhere in the world, where they might be required to live in extreme conditions. This was so because Ignatius, its leading founder, was a nobleman who had a military background. Accordingly, the opening lines of the founding document declared that the society was founded for "whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God, to strive especially for the defense and propagation of the faith, and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine". Jesuits are thus sometimes referred to colloquially as "God's soldiers", "God's marines", or "the Company". The society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council.

Spiritual Exercises

Spiritual Exercises

The Spiritual Exercises (), composed 1522–1524, are a set of Christian meditations, contemplations, and prayers written by Ignatius of Loyola, a 16th-century Spanish priest, theologian, and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Divided into four thematic "weeks" of variable length, they are designed to be carried out over a period of 28 to 30 days. They were composed with the intention of helping participants in religious retreats to discern the will of God in their lives, leading to a personal commitment to follow Jesus whatever the cost. and also for addressing problems facing society in the 21st century.

Ignatian spirituality

Ignatian spirituality

Ignatian spirituality, also known as Jesuit spirituality, is a Catholic spirituality founded on the experiences of the 16th-century Spanish saint Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Jesuit order. The main idea of this form of spirituality comes from Ignatius's "Spiritual Exercises", the aim of which is to help one "conquer oneself and to regulate one's life in such a way that no decision is made under the influence of any inordinate attachment." The "Exercises" are intended to give the person undertaking them a greater degree of freedom from his or her own likes and dislikes, so that their choices are based solely on what they discern God's will is for them. Even in the composition of the exercises by Ignatius early in his career, one might find the apostolic thrust of his spirituality in his contemplation on "The Call of the Earthly King" and in his final contemplation with its focus on finding God in all things.<ref name="spirex" />

Francis Xavier

Francis Xavier

Francis Xavier (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta; Latin: "Franciscus Xaverius"; Basque: "Frantzisko Xabierkoa"; French: "François Xavier"; Spanish: "Francisco Javier"; Portuguese: "Francisco Xavier"; 7 April 15063 December 1552), venerated as Saint Francis Xavier, was a Spanish Catholic missionary and saint who was a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.

Born in Javier (Xavier in Old Spanish and in Navarro-Aragonese, or Xabier, a Basque word meaning "new house"), in the Kingdom of Navarre (in present-day Spain), he was a companion of Ignatius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, Paris in 1534. He led an extensive mission into Asia, mainly the Portuguese Empire in the East, and was influential in evangelisation work, most notably in early modern India. He was extensively involved in the missionary activity in Portuguese India. In 1546, Francis Xavier proposed the establishment of the Goan Inquisition in a letter addressed to the Portuguese King, John III.
 While some sources claim that he actually asked for a special minister whose sole office would be to further Christianity in Goa, others disagree with this assertion. He was also the first Christian missionary to venture into Borneo, the Maluku Islands, and other areas. In those areas, struggling to learn the local languages and in the face of opposition, he had less success than what he had enjoyed in India. Xavier was about to extend his mission to Ming China, when he died on Shangchuan Island.

He was beatified by Pope Paul V on 25 October 1619 and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. In 1624, he was made co-patron of Navarre. Known as the "Apostle of the Indies", "Apostle of the Far East", "Apostle of China" and "Apostle of Japan", he is considered to be one of the greatest missionaries since Paul the Apostle. In 1927, Pope Pius XI published the decree "Apostolicorum in Missionibus" naming Francis Xavier, along with Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of all foreign missions. He is now co-patron saint of Navarre, with Fermin. The Day of Navarre in Navarre, Spain, marks the anniversary of Francis Xavier's death, on 3 December 1552.

Ignatius of Loyola

the "Spiritual Exercises", a simple set of meditations, prayers, and other mental exercises, first published in 1548. Ignatius was beatified in 1609, and then canonized, receiving the title of Saint on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as the Society of Jesus, and was declared patron saint of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius is also a foremost patron saint of soldiers. Íñigo López de Loyola (sometimes erroneously called Íñigo López de Recalde) was born in

Ignatius of Loyola

member of the House of Borgia, who was the main aide of Emperor Charles V, and other nobles. Ignatius obtained a master's degree from the University of Paris at the age of forty-three. In later life he was often called "Master Ignatius" because of this. In 1539, with Saint Peter Faber and Saint Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III. Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General of the order and invested with the title of Father General by the Jesuits. Ignatius sent his companions as missionaries around Europe

is celebrated on 31 July. Ignatius is a foremost patron saint of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the Basque Country, and the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay. The youngest of 13 children, Íñigo was only seven years old when his mother died. In 1506, Íñigo adopted the last name "de Loyola" in reference of the Basque city of Loyola where he was born and later became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer ("contador mayor") of the kingdom of Castile. The Society of Jesus (, "S.J.", "SJ", or "SI") is a Catholic male religious

and cultural pursuits, and for their missionary efforts. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue. Ignatius founded the Society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the "Spiritual Exercises" to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ In 1534, Ignatius and six other young men, including St. Francis Xavier and Bl. Pierre Favre, gathered and professed vows of poverty, chastity, and later obedience, including a special vow of obedience to the Pope. Rule 13 of Ignatius' "Rules for Thinking with the Church" said: "That we

Society of Jesus

spiritually, academically, and practically for the ministries they will be called to offer the church and world. Saint Ignatius was strongly influenced by the Renaissance, and he wanted Jesuits to be able to offer whatever ministries were most needed at any given moment and, especially, to be ready to respond to missions (assignments) from the pope. Formation for priesthood normally takes between eight and fourteen years, depending on the man's background and previous education, and final vows are taken several years after that, making Jesuit formation among the longest of any of the religious orders. The society is headed by

Ignatius of Loyola

the years 1553–1555, Ignatius dictated his autobiography to his secretary, Father Gonçalves da Câmara. This autobiography ("Autobiografía de San Ignacio de Loyola" in Wikisource in Spanish) is a valuable key for understanding his "Spiritual Exercises". It was kept in the archives of the Jesuit order for about 150 years, until the Bollandists published the text in "Acta Sanctorum". Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, as a result of the Roman Fever, a severe case of malaria that recurred in Rome, Italy, at different points in history. An autopsy revealed that he also had several kidney and bladder stones,

Roman College

the takeover of its buildings by the Italian government in 1870. Ignatius of Loyola had died on 31 July 1556 and was succeeded by Fr. James P. Laynez, an original companion of Ignatius and a papal theologian during the three periods of the Council of Trent. The Jesuits used the existing block of buildings, awaiting a benefactor to build a college building for their burgeoning student population on their more than ample land. That benefactor came in the person of Pope Gregory XIII who took a liking to the nascent institution and in 1574 assigned larger annuities. Then in 1581

Rachol

to St. Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit Order, who had been canonised in 1622. The retable of the main altar of the Seminary Church testifies to this fact. The Seminary community still celebrates the feast of St. Ignatius of Loyola, the titular of the Seminary Church, with a solemn high mass with Gregorian chant. This festivity is preceded by a novena of preparation for the locals around and a week-long retreat (spiritual exercises) for the seminarians. The College continued to be in the hands of the Jesuits for a century and a half. Having begun as a

Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola The Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola (Latin original: "Exercitia spiritualia"), composed 1522–1524, are a set of Christian meditations, contemplations, and prayers written by Saint Ignatius of Loyola, a 16th-century Spanish priest, theologian, and founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Divided into four thematic "weeks" of variable length, they are designed to be carried out over a period of 28 to 30 days. They were composed with the intention of helping participants in religious retreats to discern the will of God in their lives, leading to a personal commitment to follow Jesus whatever

John Carroll University

building and celebrated the Hamlin Quad enhancement project. The Jesuits who founded St. Ignatius College were exiles from Germany, forced out by Bismarck's Kulturkampf. They brought with them the traditional structure of the Jesuit college as an extension of the apostolate of the religious community to prepare the student morally as well as intellectually. The principal instrument of this education was the classical course of seven years, in which the first three years were devoted to learning languages as necessary tools. The student was then considered prepared for university work. The next four years were devoted to the study of

Jérôme Nadal

fruit from it." He became unsettled. He inquired and discovered ""Ignatius is superior general! Xavier is in India! A religious order, the 'Society of Jesus', is approved! What amazing developments! I will immediately go to Rome to meet Ignatius and find out what happened."" He went to Rome and at thirty-eight entered the Society of Jesus. Ignatius quickly noticed his gifts and made him a trusted associate, a "contemplative in action" as Nadal would describe the Ignatian ideal. He was entrusted the important task of founding the Jesuit College, Messina, the first college opened by the Jesuits, in 1548. He

Ignatius of Loyola

exercises were designed to be carried out over a period of 28–30 days. Ignatius, along with the help of his personal secretary Juan Alfonso de Polanco wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, adopted in 1553. It created a centralized organization for the order, and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Pope and to superiors in the Church hierarchy, using the motto "perinde ac cadaver" – "as if a dead body", i.e. that the good Jesuit should be as well-disciplined as a corpse. But his main principle became the Jesuit motto: "Ad maiorem Dei gloriam" ("for the greater glory of God"). During

order that follows the teachings of the Catholic Church. The members are called Jesuits, and are also known colloquially as "God's Marines" and as "The Company", these being references to founder Ignatius of Loyola's military background and the members' willingness to go anywhere in the world and live in extreme conditions. The Society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents. The Society's founding principles are contained in the document "Formula of the Institute", written by Ignatius of Loyola. Jesuits are known for their work in education (founding schools, colleges, universities and seminaries), intellectual research,

I Gesuiti, Venice

of supreme mercy). A portrait of him entitled "Marco Gussoni blessing the plague victims at the Lazzaretto of Ferrara" is exhibited in Ca' Rezzonico. Saint Ignatius of Loyola visited the city of Venice for the first time in 1523 to embark on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He returned to I Gesuiti in 1535 with a group of friends, who already called themselves the Society of Jesus (members of which are referred to as Jesuits - Gesuiti in Italian), and here they were ordained as priests. It took just two years for the group to fully establish themselves in the lagoon

Ignatius of Loyola

to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega, the ambassador of Charles V at Rome, met Ignatius there. Esteeming Ignatius and the Jesuits, when Vega was appointed Viceroy of Sicily, he brought Jesuits with him. A Jesuit college was opened at Messina, which proved a success, and its rules and methods were afterwards copied in other colleges. In 1548 Ignatius was briefly brought before the Roman Inquisition for examination of his book of "Spiritual Exercises". But he was released and the book was finally given papal permission to be printed. It was published in a format such that the


Question: In which of Thomas Hardy's novels is Bathsheba Everdene the heroine?

far from madding crowd
Bathsheba Everdene
Far From the Madding Crowd
Far From The Madding Crowd
Far from the Madding Crowd (novel)
far from madding crowd novel
Far from the madding crowd
Far from the Madding Crowd
gabriel oak
Gabriel Oak
bathsheba everdene

Thomas Hardy

in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path." Indeed, Hardy's main characters often seem to be held in fate's overwhelming grip. For online poems, see "Poetry collections" below. In 1898 Hardy published his first volume of poetry, "Wessex Poems", a collection of poems written over 30 years. While some suggest that Hardy gave up writing novels following the harsh criticism of "Jude the Obscure" in 1896, the poet C. H. Sisson calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd". In

Far from the Madding Crowd

a frugal life, and a loan, he has leased and stocked a sheep farm. He falls in love with a newcomer eight years his junior, Bathsheba Everdene, a proud beauty who arrives to live with her aunt, Mrs. Hurst. Over time, Bathsheba and Gabriel grow to like each other well enough, and Bathsheba even saves his life once. However, when he makes her an unadorned offer of marriage, she refuses; she values her independence too much, and him too little. Feeling betrayed and embarrassed, Gabriel offers blunt protestations that only foster her haughtiness. After a few days, she moves to

Thomas Hardy

the Lady" would be too politically controversial and might damage Hardy's ability to publish in the future. So Hardy followed his advice and he did not try further to publish it. He subsequently destroyed the manuscript, but used some of the ideas in his later work. After he abandoned his first novel, Hardy wrote two new ones that he hoped would have more commercial appeal, "Desperate Remedies" (1871) and "Under the Greenwood Tree" (1872), both of which were published anonymously; it was while working on the latter that he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife. In 1873 "A

The Return of the Native

sixth book, "Aftercourses". In Hardy's original conception, Venn retains his weird reddleman's character, while Thomasin lives out her days as a widow. Hardy's choice of themes—sexual politics, thwarted desire, and the conflicting demands of nature and society—makes this a truly modern novel. Underlying these modern themes, however, is a classical sense of tragedy: Hardy scrupulously observes the three unities of time, place, and action and suggests that the struggles of those trying to escape their destinies will only hasten their destruction. To emphasise this main part he uses as setting an ancient heath steeped in pre-Christian history and supplies a

Thomas Hardy

is set in Dorchester, Hardy's Casterbridge, and was intended by Powys to be a "rival" to Hardy's "The Mayor of Casterbridge". "Maiden Castle" is the last of Powys's so-called Wessex novels, "Wolf Solent" (1929), "A Glastonbury Romance" (1932), and "Weymouth Sands" (1934), which are set in Somerset and Dorset. Hardy was clearly the starting point for the character of the novelist Edward Driffield in W. Somerset Maugham's novel "Cakes and Ale" (1930). Thomas Hardy's works also feature prominently in the American playwright Christopher Durang's "The Marriage of Bette and Boo" (1985), in which a graduate thesis analysing "Tess of the

Far from the Madding Crowd

Far from the Madding Crowd

Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) is Thomas Hardy's fourth novel and his first major literary success. It originally appeared anonymously as a monthly serial in "Cornhill Magazine", where it gained a wide readership.

The novel is set in Thomas Hardy's Wessex in rural southwest England, as had been his earlier "Under the Greenwood Tree". It deals in themes of love, honour and betrayal, against a backdrop of the seemingly idyllic, but often harsh, realities of a farming community in Victorian England. It describes the life and relationships of Bathsheba Everdene with her lonely neighbour William Boldwood, the faithful shepherd Gabriel Oak, and the thriftless soldier Sergeant Troy.

On publication, critical notices were plentiful and mostly positive. Hardy revised the text extensively for the 1895 edition and made further changes for the 1901 edition.

The novel has an enduring legacy. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 48 on the BBC's survey The Big Read, while in 2007, it was ranked 10th on "The Guardian"s list of greatest love stories of all time. The novel has also been dramatised several times, notably in the Oscar-nominated 1967 film directed by John Schlesinger.

Far from the Madding Crowd (1967 film)

Far from the Madding Crowd (1967 film)

Far from the Madding Crowd is a 1967 British epic period drama film adapted from Thomas Hardy's 1874 book of the same name. The film, starring Julie Christie, Alan Bates, Terence Stamp and Peter Finch, and directed by John Schlesinger, was Schlesinger's fourth film (and his third collaboration with Christie). It marked a stylistic shift away from his earlier works exploring contemporary urban mores. The cinematography was by Nicolas Roeg and the soundtrack was by Richard Rodney Bennett. He also used traditional folk songs in various scenes throughout the film.

It was nominated for one Oscar for Best Original Music Score and two BAFTAs, Best British Cinematography (Colour) and Best British Costume (Colour) (Alan Barrett).

Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film)

Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film)

Far from the Madding Crowd is a 2015 British

Katniss Everdeen

Katniss Everdeen

Katniss Everdeen is a fictional character and the protagonist of "The Hunger Games" trilogy written by American author Suzanne Collins. Her name comes from a plant with edible tubers called "Sagittaria" (katniss), from Sagittarius the Archer, whose name means "He that throws arrows" in Latin. She is portrayed by Jennifer Lawrence in the film adaptations "The Hunger Games", "", "", and "".

Katniss and her family come from District 12, a coal-mining district that is the poorest, least populated, and smallest district in the dystopian fictional autocratic nation of Panem, ruled by the Capitol. In the course of the first book, "The Hunger Games", Katniss competes in the Hunger Games after she is allowed to volunteer in place of her little sister, Primrose "Prim" Everdeen. While in the arena, Katniss forms an alliance with Rue, the young female tribute from District 11, as she reminds Katniss of her sister. After Rue is killed by a Career Tribute named Marvel, Katniss sings her a lullaby and covers her body in flowers. Later, District 11 shows solidarity with Katniss over Rue’s death and gifts her bread shaped like a moon and covered in seeds. Katniss then forms an alliance with her fellow District 12 tribute, Peeta, and grows close to him. The two eventually make it to the finale of the games, where they become the victors after defying the Capitol's attempt to force one to kill the other.

Throughout the next two novels, "Catching Fire" and "Mockingjay", Katniss becomes a galvanizing symbol of rebellion against the oppressive Capitol. After said rebellion is victorious, Katniss chooses not to execute President Snow; she instead shoots Alma Coin, the corrupt leader of the thought-destroyed District 13, leaving President Snow’s cause of death ambiguous. She later begins a family with Peeta in the now peaceful Panem. To cope with her trauma, she often plays a game in which she thinks about every kind act she has ever witnessed people do, and reflects that “there are much worse games to play.”

Julie Christie

Julie Christie

Julie Frances Christie (born 14 April 1940) is a British actress. An icon of the Swinging Sixties, Christie is the recipient of numerous accolades including an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has appeared in six films ranked in the British Film Institute's BFI Top 100 British films of the 20th century, and in 1997, she received the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement.

Christie's breakthrough film role was in "Billy Liar" (1963). She came to international attention for her performances in "Darling" (1965), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress, and "Doctor Zhivago" (also 1965), the eighth highest-grossing film of all time after adjustment for inflation. She continued to receive Academy Award nominations, for "McCabe & Mrs. Miller" (1971), "Afterglow" (1997) and "Away from Her" (2007).

In the following years, she starred in "Fahrenheit 451" (1966), "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1967), "Petulia" (1968), "The Go-Between" (1971), "Don't Look Now" (1973), "Shampoo" (1975), and "Heaven Can Wait" (1978). She's also known for her performances in the critically acclaimed "Hamlet" (1996), and "Finding Neverland" (2004), and the blockbusters "Troy" and "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" (both 2004).

Northanger Abbey

Irvine also notes that the first chapters in the novel satirize the novels of Maria Edgeworth and Frances Burney, whom the novel ostensibly praises, as it does the Gothic novels. An early sign that Henry Tilney is the hero while John Thorpe is not can be seen in the former's liking to read books while the latter does not. The story begins with the narrator remarking that the heroine is not really a heroine, with the narrator saying Catherine was not especially clever, nor a great beauty, and good without being virtuous. The narrator goes to say the reader was

Tess of the d'Urbervilles

Trantridge, she becomes a poultry-keeper; she and Angel fall in love amid cows in the fertile Froom valley; and on the road to Flintcombe-Ashe, she kills some wounded pheasants to end their suffering. However, Tess emerges as a powerful character not because of this symbolism but because "Hardy's feelings for her were strong, perhaps stronger than for any of his other invented personages". Hardy, 16 years old at the time, saw the hanging of Elizabeth Martha Brown, who murdered her violent husband. This experience, which fascinated and repelled Hardy, contributed to the writing of "Tess". The novel was adapted for

Tess of the d'Urbervilles

(Angel) and Christian moralism in her family's village (see Chapter LI). Another important theme of the novel is the sexual double standard to which Tess falls victim; despite being, in Hardy's view, a truly good woman, she is despised by society after losing her virginity before marriage. Hardy plays the role of Tess's only true friend and advocate, pointedly subtitling the book "a pure woman faithfully presented" and prefacing it with Shakespeare's words from "The Two Gentlemen of Verona": "Poor wounded name! My bosom as a bed/Shall lodge thee." However, although Hardy clearly means to criticise Victorian notions of female

Far from the Madding Crowd

Far from the Madding Crowd Far from the Madding Crowd (1874) is Thomas Hardy's fourth novel and his first major literary success. It originally appeared anonymously as a monthly serial in "Cornhill Magazine", where it gained a wide readership. The novel is the first to be set in Hardy's fictional region of Wessex in rural south west England. It deals in themes of love, honour and betrayal, against a backdrop of the seemingly idyllic, but often harsh, realities of a farming community in Victorian England. It describes the farmer Bathsheba Everdene, her life and relationships – especially with her lonely

Thomas Hardy

writing novels because of the criticism of both "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" and "Jude the Obscure". "The Well-Beloved", first serialised in 1892, was published in 1897. Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines the social constraints on the lives of those living in Victorian England, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to marriage, education and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such unhappiness, and the suffering it brings, is seen by poet Philip Larkin as central in Hardy's works: In "Two on a Tower", for example, Hardy takes a stand against these rules of society with a story

Emma Gifford

Peter's Church, Paddington, London. The ceremony was conducted by Emma's uncle, Edwin Hamilton Gifford, Canon of Worcester Cathedral and later Archdeacon of London. The Hardys honeymooned in Rouen and Paris. The Hardys were never able to have children, which may have affected their relationship. After twenty years of marriage, Thomas Hardy published "Jude the Obscure", controversial for its portrayal of Victorian religion, sexual mores and marriage. Emma disapproved of Hardy's last novel because of the book's criticisms of religion and also because she worried that the reading public would believe the relationship between Jude and Sue paralleled her strained relationship

Thomas Hardy

of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and much of Berkshire, in southwest and south central England. Two of his novels, "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" and "Far from the Madding Crowd", were listed in the top 50 on the BBC's survey The Big Read. Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a hamlet in the parish of Stinsford to the east of Dorchester in Dorset, England, where his father Thomas (1811–1892) worked as a stonemason and local builder, and married his mother Jemima (née Hand; 1813–1904) in Beaminster, towards the end of 1839. Jemima

Thomas Hardy

and his social inferiority. During this time he became interested in social reform and the works of John Stuart Mill. He was also introduced by his Dorset friend Horace Moule to the works of Charles Fourier and Auguste Comte. After five years, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in Weymouth, and decided to dedicate himself to writing. In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the parish church of St Juliot in Cornwall, Hardy met and fell in love with Emma Gifford, whom he married in Kensington in the autumn of 1874. renting St David's Villa,

Tess of the d'Urbervilles

Tess of the d'Urbervilles Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy. It initially appeared in a censored and serialised version, published by the British illustrated newspaper "The Graphic" in 1891, then in book form in three volumes in 1891, and as a single volume in 1892. Though now considered a major nineteenth-century English novel and possibly Hardy's fictional masterpiece, "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged the sexual morals of late Victorian England. The novel is set in impoverished rural England, Thomas Hardy's

British literature

his novels "The Ordeal of Richard Fevered" (1859) and "The Egotist" (1879). "His reputation stood very high well into" the 20th century but then seriously declined. An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in the novels of Thomas Hardy (1840–1928). A Victorian realist, in the tradition of George Eliot, he was also influenced both in his novels and poetry by Romanticism, especially by William Wordsworth. He gained fame as the author of such novels as, "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1874), "The Mayor of Casterbridge" (1886), "Tess of the d'Urbervilles"

Colleen McCullough

Under his birth name Cedric Newton Ion-Robinson, he was a member of the Norfolk Legislative Assembly. He changed his name formally to Ric Newton Ion Robinson in 2002. McCullough's 2008 novel, "The Independence of Miss Mary Bennet" engendered controversy with her reworking of characters from Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice". Susannah Fullerton, the president of the Jane Austen Society of Australia, said she "shuddered" while reading the novel, as she felt that Elizabeth Bennet was rewritten as weak, and Mr. Darcy as savage. Fullerton said: "[Elizabeth] is one of the strongest, liveliest heroines in literature … [and] Darcy's generosity of

Ruth (novel)

heroine. It may be compared to Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel "The Scarlet Letter" (1850), published just a few years earlier, and in many respects it anticipates Thomas Hardy's novel "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" (1891). Ruth, like Tess, is a working-class girl who is distinguished from her peers by both unusual sensitivity and sexual ignorance. But Gaskell's treatment of her heroine differs somewhat from Hardy's in that she emphasises Ruth's guilt, regret, and struggle to expiate her sin, while Hardy is less inclined to view Tess as a sinner. Ruth (novel) Ruth is a novel by Elizabeth Gaskell, first published in three

Fallen woman

to convince his benefactor that it was possible for fallen women to return to mainstream life. Thomas Hardy's novel "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" (1891) explores the consequences for a heroine who became a fallen woman as a result of being raped. This is a key point because the author is trying to show that the consequences are independent of the heroine's actions or intentions. In cinema, the fallen woman is one of the earliest representatives of the female prostitute, and the theme had great appeal during the silent era. By the mid 20th century, when women had access to a

John Cowper Powys

Thomas Hardy, and these novels are set in Somerset and Dorset, part of Hardy's mythical Wessex. American scholar Richard Maxwell describes these four novels "as remarkably successful with the reading public of his time". "Maiden Castle", the last of the Wessex novels, is set in Dorchester, Thomas Hardy's Casterbridge, and which he intended to be a "rival" to Hardy's "Mayor of Casterbridge". All the same, despite his indebtedness to the Victorian novel and his enthusiasm for Hardy and Walter Scott, as well as for lesser figures such as Ainsworth, Powys was clearly a modernist, and has affinities also with Fyodor

Mary Anne Hardy

Mary Anne Hardy Mary Anne Hardy (c.1825–1891), name before marriage Mary Anne MacDowell, known also as Lady Duffus Hardy, with novels published under the pseudonym Addlestone Hill, was an English novelist and travel writer. She was the only child of Charles MacDowell and Eliza, his second wife, born in Fitzroy Square, London, about 1825; her father had died five months before. She was entirely educated at home. She became the second wife of Sir Thomas Duffus Hardy, whom she married in 1850. Sir Thomas died in 1878, and Lady Hardy as a widow received on 19 June 1879 a civil


Question: In feet, how wide is a singles tennis court?

twenty seven distance
27 distance
27
27 feet
twenty-seven  distance
distance:foot

Badminton

(20 ft), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres (17 ft). The full length of the court is 13.4 metres (44 ft). The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a distance of 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 inch) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.76 metres (2 ft 6 inch) from the back boundary. The net is 1.55 metres (5 ft 1 inch)

Tennis

tennis shoes have wide, flat soles for stability and a built-up front structure to avoid excess wear. Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface. The court is 78 feet (23.77 m) long, and wide for singles matches and for doubles matches. Additional clear space around the court is required in order for players to reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. It is held up by either a metal cable or cord that can be no more than . The net is

Tennis court

Its width is for singles matches and for doubles matches. The service line is from the net. Additional clear space around the court is needed in order for players to reach overrun balls for a total of wide and long. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. The net is high at the posts, and high in the center. The net posts are outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net, outside the singles court on each side. The ITF's Play and

Pitton (sport)

6.1 meters (20 ft). The full length of the court is 13.4 meters (44 ft). The service courts are marked by a center line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a distance of 1.98 meters (6 ft 6 inch) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.76 meters (2 ft 6 inch) from the back boundary. The net is 1.55 meters (5 ft 1 inch) high at the edges and 1.524 meters (5 ft) high

2013 ITF Men's Circuit (April–June)

ranking system, and were organized by a national association or approved by the ITF Men's Circuit Committee. The tournaments were played on a rectangular flat surface, commonly called a tennis court. The dimensions of a tennis court are defined and regulated by the ITF and the court is long, wide. Its width is for singles matches and for doubles matches. Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect playing style. The four main types of courts, depending on the materials used for the surface, are clay, hard, grass and carpet courts,

Tennis court

Tennis court

A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played. It is a firm rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the centre. The same surface can be used to play both doubles and singles matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, each with its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game.

Tennis

POP tennis

Pickleball

Pickleball

Pickleball is an indoor or outdoor racket/paddle sport where two players (singles), or four players (doubles), hit a perforated hollow polymer ball over a net using solid-faced paddles. Opponents on either side of the net hit the ball back and forth until one side commits a rule infraction. Pickleball was invented in 1965 as a children's backyard game on Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA. In 2022, pickleball was adopted as the official state sport of Washington.

The appearance of a pickleball court, and the manner of play, resemble tennis, but the court is the size of a doubles badminton court, less than a third the size of a tennis court. Court lines and rules are specific to pickleball and include two on either side of the net known as the "non-volley zones", where the ball cannot be hit with the paddle unless the ball bounces first. The official rules specify side-out scoring, where only the serving team can score a point. All serves are made with an underhand stroke. The hard polymer ball used in pickleball produces significantly less bounce than softer flexible balls, such as a tennis ball. The minimal bounce combined with the non-volley zone and underhand serve give the game dynamic pace and strategy ranging from soft "dink" shots that stay within the two non-volley zones to powerful "drive shots" and "overhead smash" shots. To minimize any advantage the serving or receiving side might have at the beginning of the game, the ball must bounce once on each side of the net before either team may "volley" the ball, which is to hit the ball in the air before it bounces.

Between 1965 and 2020, it became a popular sport in the US Pacific Northwest, and in the meantime began to grow elsewhere. In 2021 and 2022, the sport was named the fastest-growing sport in the United States by the Sports and Fitness Industry Association, with over 4.8 million players. A growing interest in the sport is attributed to several factors, including a short learning curve, appeal to a wide range of ages and fitness levels, and low startup costs. There are now thousands of pickleball tournaments throughout the United States, including the US National Championships and the U.S. Open Tournament, along with two professional tours and one professional league. Pickleball is also experiencing growth outside the United States with several other national and international competitions.

Glossary of tennis terms

Glossary of tennis terms

This page is a glossary of tennis terminology.

Holyport Real Tennis Club

of picturesque cottages on Holyport Street. The main house of the estate is now a nursing home. The overall dimensions of the court are 111 feet by 38 feet 8 inches (33.83 × 11.79 m), with a floor of 96 feet by 31 feet 8 inches (29.26 × 9.65 m). The tambour is 18½ inches wide by 25½ inches deep (470 × 648 mm). The court is well lit by both a skylight and clerestory windows. About a hundred and fifty members of the Royal County of Berkshire Real Tennis Club use the court. In September 1993, The Prince Edward

Racquetball

line running the court's width parallel to the front and back walls at a distance of 20 feet) and the "service line" (which runs parallel to the short line and is 15 feet from the front wall). Within the service box there are two sets of lines perpendicular to the short and service lines. One set of lines is 18 inches from, and parallel to, the side walls. Along with the short line, service line, and side wall these lines define the doubles box, where the non-serving doubles partner stands during the serve; 36 inches from the side wall is

1877 Wimbledon Championship

and resulted in a modification of the rules for the 1878 Championship. To decrease the target area for the server, the length of the service court was reduced from 26 to 22 ft (7.92 to 6.71 m) and to make passing shots easier against volleyers the height of the net was reduced to 4 ft 9 in (1.45 m) at the posts and 3 feet (0.91 m) at the centre. These rules were published jointly by the AEC & LTC and the MCC, giving the AEC & LTC an official rule-making authority and in effect retroactively sanctioning its 1877 rules.

Footvolley

organizer's discretion. Generally speaking matches are one set to 18 points; or best of three sets to 15 points (with third set to 11 points). The court is 29.5 feet x 59 ft (old beach volleyball). The height of the net varies based on the competition. The Official International Rule for the net height set is 2.2 meters or 7 feet 2 inches for the men's competition. For the women's competition, the height of the net should be set at 2 meters or 6 feet 6 inches. Since the sport's inception in Brazil, footvolley has spread and gained popularity internationally,

2015 ITF Men's Circuit

ATP ranking system, and are to be organized by a national association or approved by the ITF Men's Circuit Committee. The tournaments are played on a rectangular flat surface, commonly referred to as a tennis court. The dimension of a tennis court are defined and regulated by the ITF and the court is long, wide. Its width is for singles matches and for doubles matches. Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game. There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used

The Championships, Wimbledon

inches (about 19 cm) in diameter. The trophy has been awarded since 1887 and bears the inscription: "All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Championship of the World". The actual trophy remains the property of the All England Club in their museum, so the champion receives a three-quarter size replica of the Cup bearing the names of all past Champions (height 13.5 inches, 34cm). The Ladies' Singles champion is presented with a sterling silver salver commonly known as the "Venus Rosewater Dish", or simply the "Rosewater Dish". The salver, which is 18.75 inches (about 48 cm) in diameter, is decorated

Beach tennis

feet long. There is a center line that splits the court lengthwise. At the center of the court is a 5-foot-10-inch-high (1.78 m) net. A standard tennis racquet or a paddle and a slightly depressurized tennis ball (6 oz instead of 12 oz) are used. Sanctioned Beach Tennis USA events are different depending upon the number of entrants, number of courts available and time. Typically, the preliminary rounds are round-robin, or pool-play. This means that there is a pool of four, and one would play all the other teams in the pool (three matches). The top one or two teams

Badminton

in the United States. The following information is a simplified summary of badminton rules based on the BWF Statutes publication, "Laws of Badminton". The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play, although badminton rules permit a court to be marked for singles only. The doubles court is wider than the singles court, but both are of the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension. The full width of the court is 6.1 metres

2014 ITF Men's Circuit

ATP ranking system, and are to be organized by a national association or approved by the ITF Men's Circuit Committee. The tournaments are played on a rectangular flat surface, commonly referred to as a tennis court. The dimenstion of a tennis court are defined and regulated by the ITF and the court is long, wide. Its width is for singles matches and for doubles matches. Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game. There are four main types of courts depending on the materials used

2013 ITF Men's Circuit

Tennis scoring system

The traditional court was 90 ft ("pied du roi") in total with 45 ft on each side. When the server scored, he or she moved forward 15 ft. If the server scored again, he or she would move another 15 ft. If the server scored a third time, he or she could only move 10 ft closer. The origin of the use of "love" for zero is also disputed. The most likely explanation is that it derives from the French expression for "the egg" ("l'œuf") because an egg looks like the number zero. This is similar to the origin of

2013 ITF Men's Circuit (July–September)

the ATP ranking system, and are to be organized by a national association or approved by the ITF Men's Circuit Committee. The tournaments are played on a rectangular flat surface, commonly referred to as a tennis court. The dimenstion of a tennis court are defined and regulated by the ITF and the court is long, wide. Its width is for singles matches and for doubles matches. Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the playing style of the game. There are four main types of courts depending on the materials

2012 ITF Men's Circuit

2013 ITF Men's Circuit (October–December)

2012 ITF Men's Circuit (July–September)