COLUMBUS, Ohio — A federal judge blocked certain requirements for how thousands of ballots are counted in Ohio, saying in a decision on Tuesday that the policies are unconstitutional and violate the Voting Rights Act.

At issue are two laws the Republican-led legislature passed in 2014 and how they are carried out.

Among other changes, the laws require voters to provide certain identifying information when casting absentee or provisional ballots. Voters must include their name, signature, valid forms of identification, address and birth date. Ballots from legitimate voters could be rejected because of errors or omissions.

Provisional ballots are those cast when a voter’s identity or registration is in question. The voter’s eligibility is verified later.

The judge, Algenon L. Marbley of United States District Court, said the laws could harm black voters in particular.