The Whore of Babylon or Babylon the Great is a symbolic female figure and also place of evil mentioned in the Book of Revelation in the Bible. Her full title is stated in Revelation 17:5 as Mystery, Babylon the Great, the Mother of Prostitutes and Abominations of the Earth (Greek: μυστηριον, Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη, ἡ μήτηρ τῶν πορνῶν καὶ τῶν βδελυγμάτων τῆς γῆς; transliterated Mysteriōn, Babylōn hē megalē, hē mētēr tōn pornōn kai tōn bdelygmatōn tēs gēs).

Passages from Revelation [ edit ]

The "great whore" of the Book of Revelation is featured in chapters 17 and 18:

17:1 And there came one of the seven angels which had the seven vials, and talked with me, saying unto me, Come hither; I will shew unto thee the judgment of the great whore that sitteth upon many waters: 17:2 With whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her fornication. ["Fornication" is interpreted or translated as "idolatry" in the Amplified Bible (AMP), and the New American Bible mentions "harlotry"] 17:3 So he carried me away in the spirit into the desert: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. 17:4 And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: 17:5 And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH. [King James Version; the New International Version uses "prostitutes" instead of "harlots". The King James Version and New King James Version include the word 'mystery' within her title, but in many other English translations the word is descriptive of the name: "a name that has a secret meaning" - Good News Bible].[1] 17:6 And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus: and when I saw her, I wondered with great admiration. 17:9 And here is the mind which hath wisdom. The seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth. [King James Version; the New International Version Bible and the New American Bible use "hills" instead of "mountains"]. 17:10 And there are seven kings: five are fallen, and one is, and the other is not yet come; and when he comes, he must continue a short space. 17:11 And the beast that was, and is not, even he is the eighth, and is of the seven, and goes into perdition. 17:12 And the ten horns which thou saw are ten kings, which have received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with the beast. 17:15 And he said unto me, The waters which thou sawest, where the whore sitteth, are peoples, and multitudes, and nations, and tongues. 17:18 And the woman which thou sawest is that great city, which reigns over the kings of the earth.

Symbolism [ edit ]

The Whore is associated with the Antichrist and the Beast of Revelation by connection with an equally evil kingdom. (The word "Whore" can also be translated metaphorically as "Idolatress").[2] The Whore's apocalyptic downfall is prophesied to take place in the hands of the image of the beast with seven heads and ten horns. There is much speculation within Christian eschatology on what the Whore and beast symbolize as well as the possible implications for contemporary interpretations.[3][4][5][6]

Preterist interpretations [ edit ]

Some scholars interpret 'Babylon' as being based on historical places and events.

Rome and the Roman Empire [ edit ]

Many Biblical scholars[7][8] believe that "Babylon" is a metaphor for the pagan Roman Empire at the time it persecuted Christians, before the Edict of Milan in 313: perhaps specifically referencing some aspect of Rome's rule (brutality, greed, paganism). Some exegetes interpret the passage as a scathing critique of a servant people of Rome who do the Empire's bidding, interpreting that the author of Revelation was speaking of the Herodians—a party of Jews friendly to Rome and open to its influence, like the Hellenizers of centuries past—and later, corrupt Hasmoneans, where the ruler of Jerusalem or Roman Judea exercised his power at the pleasure of the Emperor, and was dependent on Roman influence, like Herod the Great in the Gospel of Luke.

In 4 Ezra,[9][10] 2 Baruch[11] and the Sibylline Oracles,[12] "Babylon" is a cryptic name for Rome.[13] Reinhard Feldmeier speculates that "Babylon" is used to refer to Rome in 1 Peter 5:13.[14] In Revelation 17:9 it is said that she sits on "seven mountains",[15] typically understood as the seven hills of Rome.[16][17][18][19][20] A Roman coin minted under the Emperor Vespasian (ca. 70 AD) depicts Rome as a woman sitting on seven hills.[21]

According to the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, "The characteristics ascribed to this Babylon apply to Rome rather than to any other city of that age: (a) as ruling over the kings of the earth (Revelation 17:18); (b) as sitting on seven mountains (Revelation 17:9); (c) as the center of the world's merchandise (Revelation 18:3, 11–13); (d) as the corrupter of the nations (Revelation 17:2; 18:3; 19:2); (e) as the persecutor of the saints (Revelation 17:6)."[22]

According to Eusebius of Caesarea Babylon would be Rome or the Roman Empire:

"And Peter makes mention of Mark in his first epistle which they say that he wrote in Rome itself, as is indicated by him, when he calls the city, by a figure, Babylon, as he does in the following words: «The church that is at Babylon, elected together with you, salutes you; and so does Marcus my son.»(1 Peter 5:13)" [23]

Jerusalem [ edit ]

The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem, by , by David Roberts (1850)

Alan James Beagley, David Chilton, J. Massyngberde Ford, Peter Gaskell, Kenneth Gentry, Edmondo Lupieri, Bruce Malina, Iain Provan, J. Stuart Russell, Milton S. Terry[24] point out that although Rome was the prevailing pagan power in the 1st century when the Book of Revelation was written, the symbolism of the whore of Babylon refers not to an invading infidel of foreign power, but to an apostate false queen, a former "bride" who has been unfaithful and who, even though she has been divorced and cast out because of unfaithfulness, continues to falsely claim to be the "queen" of the spiritual realm.[25][26][27] This symbolism did not fit the case of Rome at the time. Proponents of this view suggest that the "seven mountains" in Rev 17:9 are the seven hills on which Jerusalem stands and the "fall of Babylon" in Rev 18 is the fall and destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD.[28]

Several Old Testament prophets referred to Jerusalem as being a spiritual harlot and a mother of such harlotry (Isaiah 1:21; Jeremiah 2:20; Jeremiah 3:1–11; Ezekiel 16:1–43; Ezekiel 23, Galatians 4:25). Some of these Old Testament prophecies as well as the warnings in the New Testament concerning Jerusalem are in fact very close to the text concerning Babylon in Revelation, suggesting that John may well have actually been citing those prophecies in his description of Babylon.[29]

For example, in Matthew 23:34–37 and Luke 11:47–51, Jesus himself assigned all of the bloodguilt for the killing of the prophets and of the saints (of all time) to the Pharisees of Jerusalem, and, in Revelation 17:6 and 18:20,24, almost identical phrasing is used in charging that very same bloodguilt to Babylon. This is also bolstered by Jesus' statement that "it's not possible for a prophet to be killed outside of Jerusalem." (Luke 13:33).[30]

Historicist and idealistic interpretations [ edit ]

Pre-Reformation (Catholic) view [ edit ]

[31] (a Christian allegory of evil) was incarnated by the For medieval Spanish Catholics, the Whore of Babylon (Revelation, 17.4-5)(a Christian allegory of evil) was incarnated by the Emirate of Córdoba

In the most common medieval (Catholic) view from St. Augustine's City of God, Babylon and Jerusalem referred to two spiritual cities (or civilizations) spiritually at war with one another, throughout all of history:

Babylon [from Babel] is interpreted confusion, Jerusalem vision of peace. . . . They are mingled, and from the very beginning of mankind mingled they run on unto the end of the world. . . . Two loves make up these two cities: love of God makes Jerusalem, love of the world makes Babylon.[32]

They also represented two principles at war with one another, inside each individual person, even inside seemingly worldly Christian monarchs; thus Augustine could boast approvingly, "...believing [Christian] monarchs of this world, came to the city of Rome, as to the head of Babylon: they went not to the temple of the Emperor, but to the tomb of the Fisherman."[33] On the other hand, even seemingly religious popes could become so entangled in worldly pursuits as to constitute "Babylon," in Dante's eyes:

Dante equated the corruption and simony of the pontificate of Pope Boniface VIII with the Whore of Babylon in Canto 19 of his Inferno:

Di voi pastor s'accorse il Vangelista, quando colei che siede sopra l'acque puttaneggiar coi regi a lui fu vista... (Shepherds like you the Evangelist had in mind when he saw the one that sits upon the waters committing fornication with the kings.)

Reformation view [ edit ]

Historicist interpreters commonly used the phrase "Whore of Babylon" to refer to the Roman Catholic Church. Reformation writers from Martin Luther (1483–1546) (who wrote On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church), John Calvin (1509–1564), and John Knox (1510–1572) (who wrote The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women) taught this association.[34][35]

Most early Protestant Reformers believed, and the modern Seventh-day Adventist Church teaches, that in Bible prophecy a woman represents a church.[36][37] "I have likened the daughter of Zion To a lovely and delicate woman." (Jeremiah 6:2 nkjv) A harlot, it is argued, is representative of a church that has been unfaithful:

"Go, take yourself a wife of harlotry And children of harlotry, For the land has committed great harlotry By departing from the L ORD ." (Hosea 1:2 nkjv )[38]

They also believed that the primary location of this unfaithful church is stated in the same chapter.

"And the woman whom you saw is that great city which reigns over the kings of the earth." (Revelation 17:18)

The connection noted above on the seven hills of Rome is argued to locate the church.[39][40][41]

Identification of the Pope as the Antichrist was written into Protestant creeds such as the Westminster Confession of 1646. The identification of the Roman Catholic Church with the Whore of Babylon is kept in the Scofield Reference Bible (whose 1917 edition identified "ecclesiastical Babylon" with "apostate Christendom headed by the Papacy").

Seventh-day Adventist view [ edit ]

Seventh-day Adventists believe that the whore of Babylon represents the fallen state of traditional Christianity, especially in the Catholic Church. Other churches (predominantly Protestant) are generally considered either part of the harlot or her daughters. Adventists further hold that the persecution of the "saints" in Revelation 17:6 represents the persecution of believers who rejected doctrines introduced by the Roman Catholic Church based on pagan Roman beliefs. Persecution during the Middle Ages of anyone who opposed the Catholic Church, especially the Inquisition, and others such as the Waldensians and Huguenots are cited as examples.[42]

Seventh-day Adventists interpret Revelation 17:18 as a prophecy of the false church which has power over the kings of the earth. They consider the pope to be in apostasy for allowing pagan rituals, beliefs and ceremonies to come into the church. They consider the Papacy, as a continuation of the Roman Empire, as a fulfillment of 2 Thessalonians 2:7: "For the secret power of lawlessness is already at work; but the one who now holds it back will continue to do so till he is taken out of the way."[citation needed]

Ellen G. White's The Great Controversy states that "Spiritual Babylon" would have worldwide influence, affecting "all nations", that Imperial Roman Empire could not meet the criteria, as she wrote that it only had influence in the Old World. Like many reformation-era Protestant leaders, her writings also describe the Catholic Church as a fallen church, and it plays a nefarious eschatological role as the antagonist against God's true church and that the pope is the Antichrist.[43][44]

Jehovah's Witnesses view [ edit ]

Jehovah's Witnesses, whose early teachings were strongly influenced by Adventism but have since diverged,[45] believe that the Whore of Babylon represents "the world empire of false religion",[46] referring to all other religious groups including, but not limited to, Christendom.[47] Jehovah's Witnesses literature frequently refers to the "Great Harlot" of Babylon and the subsequent attack on her by the political powers, signaling the beginning of the "great tribulation".[48] They believe that the empire of false religion has persecuted God's people, and that "false religion" has committed "fornication" with the world's political and commercial elements, based on their interpretation of Revelation 17:1, 2.[49]

Latter-day Saint view [ edit ]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) views the Whore of Babylon and its Book of Mormon equivalent, the "great and abominable church", as having dominion over the entire earth and representing a singular group as well as groups of carnal individuals seeking wealth, sexual immorality, and the persecution or death of saints.[50] The Whore of Babylon, or the Devil's Church consists of all organisations not associated or against all faithful people in Christ. Ultimately, the Whore of Babylon's fate is to be destroyed in the last days.[50][51]

In popular culture [ edit ]

In the Lars von Trier film Nymphomaniac , the central character Joe reminisces about a field trip as a young girl that suggests she had a vision of Valeria Messalina and the Whore of Babylon looking over her as she levitates and spontaneously has her first orgasm.

, the central character Joe reminisces about a field trip as a young girl that suggests she had a vision of Valeria Messalina and the Whore of Babylon looking over her as she levitates and spontaneously has her first orgasm. In the sixth season of Dexter , season antagonist Travis Marshall– who is committing biblical-themed murders while 'guided' by a hallucination of his dead professor that acts as a second personality–kills his sister Lisa to serve as the Whore of Babylon for his apocalyptic tableau in the episode "Sin of Omission".

, season antagonist Travis Marshall– who is committing biblical-themed murders while 'guided' by a hallucination of his dead professor that acts as a second personality–kills his sister Lisa to serve as the Whore of Babylon for his apocalyptic tableau in the episode "Sin of Omission". In the fifth season of Supernatural , when the protagonists must thwart the apocalypse after Lucifer is released from Hell, the episode "99 Problems" sees protagonists Dean and Sam Winchester and their angel ally Castiel arrive in a small town where a woman named Leah Gideon is presenting herself as a prophet of the Lord, protecting the town from demons by performing exorcisms and encouraging the residents to turn against the 'sinners' among them. Castiel reveals that Leah Gideon is not a prophet as angels are aware of the names of all the prophets, identifying Leah as the Whore of Babylon (Sam speculates that the real Leah was killed months ago and the Whore is now impersonating her), who will come bearing false prophecy and condemn those who follow her to Hell. She can only be slain with a stake made from a cypress tree that grew in Babylon when wielded by a true servant of Heaven. [52]

, when the protagonists must thwart the apocalypse after Lucifer is released from Hell, the episode "99 Problems" sees protagonists Dean and Sam Winchester and their angel ally Castiel arrive in a small town where a woman named Leah Gideon is presenting herself as a prophet of the Lord, protecting the town from demons by performing exorcisms and encouraging the residents to turn against the 'sinners' among them. Castiel reveals that Leah Gideon is not a prophet as angels are aware of the names of all the prophets, identifying Leah as the Whore of Babylon (Sam speculates that the real Leah was killed months ago and the Whore is now impersonating her), who will come bearing false prophecy and condemn those who follow her to Hell. She can only be slain with a stake made from a cypress tree that grew in Babylon when wielded by a true servant of Heaven. The Whore of Babylon, referred to as "The Harlot" and "Mother Harlot", appears as a high level fiend race demon in the Megami Tensei series. She first appears in the updated version Shin Megami Tensei: Nocturne as an optional boss that guards the Candelabrum of Beauty.

The Whore of Babylon is also referenced in the 1978 movie, Damien: Omen II. Carl Bugenhagen, played by Leo McKern takes a fellow archaeologist to a site to show him a painting which proves that Damien Thorn is the Antichrist. On their way, a statue of the Whore is pointed out. Shortly afterwards, the site collapses burying both men alive.

See also [ edit ]