This article is about the city in Inner Mongolia. For the district of Mongolia, see Khölönbuir, Dornod

Prefecture-level city in Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China

Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir (Mongolian: ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ, Kölün buyir, Cyrillic: Хөлөнбуйр, Khölönbuir; Chinese: 呼伦贝尔, Hūlúnbèi'ěr) is a region that is governed as a prefecture-level city in northeastern Inner Mongolia, China. Its administrative center is located at Hailar District, its largest urban area. Major scenic features are the high steppes of the Hulun Buir grasslands, the Hulun and Buir lakes (the latter partially in Mongolia), and the Khingan range. Hulun Buir borders Russia to the north and west, Mongolia to the south and west, Heilongjiang province to the east and Hinggan League to the direct south. Hulunbuir is a linguistically diverse area: next to Mandarin Chinese, Mongolian dialects such as Khorchin and Buryat, the Mongolic language Daur, and some Tungusic languages are spoken there.

History [ edit ]

During the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), Hulunbuir was part of the Liaodong Commandery.[1] During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912-1949, during the Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and Heilongjiang provinces. A treaty between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 7/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration. In 1929, the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.[2] After the Japanese invasion of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples.[3]

After the 1949 Communist revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway.[4] During the Cultural Revolution, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.[4] Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a League. The area is 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004, while the gross domestic product was RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province-level divisions (and 42 U.S. states), although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.

Names [ edit ]

Sükhbaatar Square

Hulunbuir People's Hospital

The city was once a league (盟) of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During the Qing Dynasty, it was known in Mandarin as Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr (simplified Chinese: 呼伦布雨尔; traditional Chinese: 呼倫布雨爾).

Administrative subdivisions [ edit ]

Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, five county-level cities, four banners and three autonomous banners.

Hulunbuir is the largest city-named administrative division in the world based on land surface area.[citation needed][5] However, the continuous central urban and metropolitan area is limited to only Hailar District, which is almost 200 times smaller than prefecture-city boundary. Hulun Bur is the grassland area between the lakes Ulun, and Bur

Geography and climate [ edit ]

Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) in January to 20.0 °C (68 °F) in July, while the annual mean is −0.96 °C (30.3 °F). With at least 55% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,700 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months.





Climate data for Hailar District (1971−2000) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) −19.2

(−2.6) −14.1

(6.6) −3.9

(25.0) 8.9

(48.0) 18.1

(64.6) 23.7

(74.7) 25.8

(78.4) 23.6

(74.5) 17.2

(63.0) 7.5

(45.5) −5.8

(21.6) −16.1

(3.0) 5.5

(41.9) Average low °C (°F) −30.0

(−22.0) −26.9

(−16.4) −16.9

(1.6) −3.9

(25.0) 3.5

(38.3) 10.5

(50.9) 14.3

(57.7) 12.0

(53.6) 4.4

(39.9) −4.9

(23.2) −16.8

(1.8) −26.2

(−15.2) −6.7

(19.9) Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.4

(0.13) 2.9

(0.11) 4.6

(0.18) 12.4

(0.49) 22.5

(0.89) 63.2

(2.49) 101.8

(4.01) 91.8

(3.61) 38.3

(1.51) 15.8

(0.62) 5.1

(0.20) 5.5

(0.22) 367.3

(14.46) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.6 5.9 5.6 5.9 7.0 12.9 14.5 12.4 9.5 6.2 7.1 9.6 104.2 Average relative humidity (%) 79 79 69 53 46 61 71 73 68 63 74 80 68.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 167.0 195.6 244.1 246.2 298.0 285.9 279.8 268.7 218.6 210.1 165.3 139.4 2,718.7 Percent possible sunshine 63 69 67 60 63 59 58 60 58 63 60 55 61 Source: China Meteorological Administration[6]





Demographics [ edit ]

ethnic group population in 2000 share Han 2,199,645 81.85% Mongols 231,276 8.6% Daur 111,053 4.13% Hui 70,287 2.62% Evenks 30,950 1.15% Oroqen 8,355 0.31% Russians 4,741 0.18%

References [ edit ]

^ Tang, P. S. H. (1959). Russian and Soviet policy in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia 1911-1931. Durham, N.C. p.81 ^ Tang, Peter SH. "Sino-Soviet Territorial Disputes: Past and Present." Russian Review (1969). p. 406. ^ Bulag, Uradyn (2005). "Inner Mongolia". In Rossabi, Morris. Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers. University of Washington Press. pp. 90–91. a b Shabad, Theodore (1972). China's Changing Map: National and Regional Development, 1949-71. Taylor & Francis. pp. 237–239. ^ http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-worlds-largest-city.htm ^ 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971−2000年） (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration .

Further reading [ edit ]

Hulunbeier minzu wenwu kaogu daxi. Elunchun Zizhiqi juan = Hulunbuir Ethnic Cultural Relics and Archaeology Series. Oroqen Autonomous Banner. Beijing : Wenwu chubanshe, 2014. 255 p., ill. (chiefly col.), maps, biblio. ISBN 9787501039517.

Hulunbeier minzu wenwu kaogu yanjiu. Beijing : Kexue chubanshe, 2013-2014. viii, 538, viii, 537 p., ill., maps, biblio. ISBN 9787030393463, -4033.

Bökecilagu. Kölün Boyir-un sonirqal-ud. Qayilar : Ȯbȯr Mongġol-un Soyol-un Keblel-u̇n Qoriy-a, 1988. 2, 8, 217 p. ISBN 9787805060231.