Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, natural philosopher, theologian, alchemist and one of the most influential scientists in human history. His Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is considered to be one of the most influential book in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics by describing universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus.

Because of the resounding impact of his work, Newton became a scientific icon, much like Albert Einstein after his theory of relativity.[1][2][3] Many books, plays, and films focus on Newton or use Newton as a literary device. Newton's stature among scientists remains at the very top rank, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of scientists in Britain's Royal Society (formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or Albert Einstein. Newton was deemed the more influential.[4] In 1999, leading physicists voted Einstein "greatest physicist ever"; Newton was the runner-up.[5]

Visual arts [ edit ]

William Blake created a colour copper engraving entitled Newton, in 1795.[6] The engraving would serve as the basis for bronze statue Newton, made in 1995 by the sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi.[7]

Poetry [ edit ]

English poet Alexander Pope was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous epitaph:[8]

Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;

God said "Let Newton be" and all was light.

English poet J. C. Squire satirised this:[9]

It could not last; the Devil shouting "Ho!

Let Einstein be!" restored the status quo.

The following passage is from William Wordsworth's The Prelude, in which he describes a marble statue of Newton at Trinity College, Cambridge:[10]

And from my pillow, looking forth by light

Of moon or favouring stars, I could behold

The antechapel where the statue stood

Of Newton with his prism and silent face,

The marble index of a mind for ever

Voyaging through strange seas of Thought, alone.

Literature [ edit ]

Books about Newton [ edit ]

Books featuring Newton as a character [ edit ]

Books featuring Newton as a plot element [ edit ]

Plays [ edit ]

TV and radio [ edit ]

Films and video [ edit ]

Newtonmas [ edit ]

Some atheists, skeptics, and others have referred to 25 December as Newtonmas, a tongue-in-cheek reference to Christmas. Celebrants send cards with "Reason's Greetings!" printed inside, and exchange boxes of apples and science-related items as gifts. The celebration may have had its origin in a meeting of the Newton Association at Christmas 1890 to talk, distribute gifts, and share laughter and good cheer. The name Newtonmas can be attributed to The Skeptics Society, which needed an alternative name for its Christmas party.[18] Another name for this holiday is Gravmas (also spelt Gravmass or Grav-mass) which is an abbreviation of "gravitational mass" due to Newton's Theory of Gravitation. [19]

“ 25 December is the birthday of one of the truly great men ever to walk the earth. His achievements might justly be celebrated wherever his truths hold sway. And that means from one end of the universe to the other. Happy Newton Day! ” — Richard Dawkins, evolutionary biologist and prominent atheist.[20]

On 25 December 2014, American astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson posted on Twitter, "On this day long ago, a child was born who, by age 30, would transform the world. Happy Birthday Isaac Newton b. Dec. 25, 1642." In a subsequent interview, Tyson denied that he was "anti-Christian", noting that Jesus' true date of birth was unknown.[21]

Newton's birthday was 25 December under the Old Style Julian Calendar used in Protestant England at the time, but was 4 January under the New Style Gregorian Calendar used simultaneously in Catholic Europe. The period between has been proposed for a holiday season called "10 Days of Newton" to commemorate this.[22]

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Further reading [ edit ]