\section{Introduction}

Heavy quarks (charm and beauty) have masses much larger than the characteristic energy scale of QCD interactions, $\Lambda_\mathrm{QCD}$. Due to this, they are typically produced in hard scattering processes with large $Q^2$, meaning that their production can be described well using perturbative QCD (pQCD) calculations. Typically the production of heavy-flavour hadrons is factorised into three main components: the parton distribution functions (PDFs) that describe the momentum distributions of quarks in the colliding hadrons; the partonic interaction cross sections to produce the heavy quarks; and the fragmentation functions, which describe the hadronisation of quarks to specific species. The non-perturbative fragmentation functions are determined from experiment in \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-}\xspace and \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^-\mathrm{p}}\xspace collisions, and are assumed to universally define the hadronisation ratios of charm hadron species in other collision systems. Hadron-to-hadron production ratios are particularly sensitive to changes in the hadronisation mechanisms, since the contributions from the PDFs and scattering cross sections cancel out, making charm baryon measurements an important tool in testing the assumptions of the factorisation approach.

Recent measurements by the ALICE Collaboration of the production of D mesons showed that the strange and non-strange meson-to-meson yield ratios $\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}_\mathrm{s}^{+}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{0}}\xspace$ and $\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{+}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{0}}\xspace$ are flat as a function of \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace~\cite{alice:Dmespp5}, meaning that there are no momentum-dependent modifications to charm meson hadronisation. The ratios are also in line with the expected values from previous \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-}\xspace measurements. In contrast, the \ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{0}}\xspace yield ratios in pp and \textrm{p--Pb}\xspace collisions at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02~\TeV}\xspace are significantly higher than the \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-}\xspace measurements for $\ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace<10\,\gevc$ and exhibit a decreasing trend towards high transverse momentum~\cite{alice:LcpppPb5}. In addition, MC calculations tuned to hadronisation ratios from \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-}\xspace collisions, such as PYTHIA with the Monash tune~\cite{monash}, are unable to reproduce the measurements in pp collisions. Instead, additional hadronisation mechanisms must be considered in order to describe the data. This implies that the previously assumed universality of fragmentation as the main hadronisation process in the factorisation approach does not hold true for baryon production. In order to fully characterise these effects in hadronic colliders, it is important to make precise measurements of further charm baryon states with the widest possible momentum coverage, as well as measuring differentially in terms of other observables such as the event multiplicity.


\section{Results}



The baryon-to-meson yield ratio $\ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{0}}\xspace$ is presented down to $\ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace=0$ in \textrm{p--Pb}\xspace collisions at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02~\TeV}\xspace, and for the first time in pp collisions at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s} = 5.02~\TeV}\xspace, in \figref{fig:lclow} (left). In both collision systems, the measurements in the interval $0<\ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace<1\,\gevc$, indicated by the open circles, were performed in the channel $\ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace\to\mathrm{pK}^0_\mathrm{S}$, with candidates reconstructed from their decay tracks using the KFParticle package~\cite{kfparticle} and machine learning selections applied using the XGBoost gradient boosting algorithm~\cite{xgboost}. The measurements for $\pt>1\,\gevc$ are from combined measurements of the decay channels $\ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace\to\mathrm{pK}^0_\mathrm{S}$ and $\ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace\to\mathrm{pK}\pi$ in both collision systems~\cite{alice:LcpppPb5}. A non-flat distribution is evident in both systems as a function of \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace, and there is a hint of a hardening in the \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace spectrum in \textrm{p--Pb}\xspace collisions with respect to pp. In the right panel, the pp measurements are compared with model calculations. Models tuned to hadronisation ratios from \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-}\xspace collisions, such as PYTHIA with the Monash tune~\cite{monash} and HERWIG~\cite{herwig} are unable to describe either the shape or the magnitude of the \ensuremath{\Lc/\Dz}\xspace yield ratio in pp collisions. Models including additional hadronisation effects provide a better description of the results, for instance the Catania model~\cite{catania}, which considers quark coalescence in addition to fragmentation; PYTHIA calculations with enhanced colour reconnection beyond the leading order~\cite{pythCR}; and the SH + RQM model~\cite{rqm}, which is a statistical hadronisation approach including feed-down from yet-unmeasured resonant charm baryon states. 



\begin{figure}[h!tb] \centering
\begin{minipage}{0.42\linewidth}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{LcDppVspPb_5TeV-lowpT_0}}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.42\linewidth}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{LcDpp5vsModels-lowpT_0}}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{ALICE measurements of the \ensuremath{\Lc/\Dz}\xspace baryon-to-meson yield ratio at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02~\TeV}\xspace. Left: Comparison of pp and \textrm{p--Pb}\xspace collisions~\cite{alice:LcpppPb5}, including preliminary measurement of the interval $0<\ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace<1\,\gevc$. Right: Comparison between \ensuremath{\Lc/\Dz}\xspace in pp collisions with models~\cite{monash,herwig,alice:LcpppPb5,pythCR,catania,rqm}.}
\label{fig:lclow}
\end{figure}


The \ensuremath{\Sigma_\mathrm{c}^{0,++}}\xspace baryon states are potential contributors to the prompt cross section of \ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace baryons, as they decay strongly and are indistinguishable from prompt production. These states are expected to be suppressed with respect to \ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace due to the relative rarity of spin-1 diquark states produced in collisions. Measurements of \ensuremath{\Sigma_\mathrm{c}^{0,++}}\xspace production are shown in~\figref{fig:sigc}, in particular the middle panel which shows the $\ensuremath{\Sigma_\mathrm{c}^{0,++}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{0}}\xspace$ production cross section, and the right panel which shows the feed-down contribution from \ensuremath{\Sigma_\mathrm{c}^{0,++}}\xspace to \ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace~\cite{alice:Sigc}. A significant increase, by a factor of approximately 10, is seen in the $\ensuremath{\Sigma_\mathrm{c}^{0,++}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{0}}\xspace$ ratio with respect to the Monash tune of PYTHIA, while models with coalescence effects and statistical hadronisation with additional baryon states describe the data well. The fraction $\ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace(\leftarrow\ensuremath{\Sigma_\mathrm{c}^{0,++}}\xspace)\times3/2$ is also significant, with a \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace-integrated value of $0.38\pm0.06\mathrm{(stat.)}\pm0.06\mathrm{(syst)}$. This implies that a sizable proportion of the measured prompt \ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace originates from the decays of heavier resonant states, and notably the PYTHIA predictions with enhanced colour reconnection appear to overestimate this contribution.


\begin{figure}[h!tb] \centering
\includegraphics[width=0.82\linewidth]{plot_3pads_new_allModes_LineWidth2models_logXLcD0_newCatania_21_noBRsepareted}
\caption[]{Measurements of (left) \ensuremath{\Lc/\Dz}\xspace, (middle) $\ensuremath{\Sigma_\mathrm{c}^{0,++}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{0}}\xspace$, and (right) contribution of \ensuremath{\Sigma_\mathrm{c}^{0,++}}\xspace feed-down to the prompt \ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace cross section in pp collisions at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s} = 13~\TeV}\xspace~\cite{alice:Sigc}.}
\label{fig:sigc}
\end{figure}


The potential role of strangeness in the hadronisation processes may be considered by measuring \ensuremath{\Xi_\mathrm{c}^{0,+}}\xspace and \ensuremath{\Omega_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace baryons. Both have been measured in pp collisions at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s} = 13~\TeV}\xspace, and as an example the $\ensuremath{\Omega_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\Xi_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace$ ratio is shown in the left panel of~\figref{fig:Oc}. As the branching ratio of the decay channel $\ensuremath{\Omega_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace\to\Omega^-\pi^+$ is not yet experimentally known, the \ensuremath{\Omega_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace cross section is not corrected for the branching ratio. This baryon-to-meson yield ratio is underpredicted by two orders of magnitude by PYTHIA calculations using the Monash tune, and by one order of magnitude for PYTHIA including beyond-leading-order colour reconnection. The Catania model in this case comes closest to describing the data, but while the non-strange baryons were described well by the coalesence + fragmentation case, for $\ensuremath{\Omega_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace/\ensuremath{\Xi_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace$ adding an extra contribution of feed-down from resonant baryon states better describes the data. 


Differential measurements of baryon and meson production in terms of the charged-particle multiplicity are shown in~\figref{fig:LcDmult} (right). While a significant modification of the \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace distribution of the \ensuremath{\Lc/\Dz}\xspace yield ratio has been observed between low- and high-multiplicity pp collisions at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s} = 13~\TeV}\xspace~\cite{alice:LcvsMult}, the \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace-integrated \ensuremath{\Lc/\Dz}\xspace yield ratio spanning three orders of magnitude in multiplicity show no significant dependence on the event multiplicity. This further implies that the collision system dependence of the overall \ensuremath{\Lc/\Dz}\xspace yield ratio between leptonic and hadronic collisions is not simply related to the number of charged particles produced, but rather additional hadronisation processes on top of vacuum fragmentation must be considered for hadronic collisions.

\begin{figure}[h!tb]\centering
\begin{minipage}{0.44\linewidth}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{brxomegac0toxic0_pp13tev_wmodel_0}}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.44\linewidth}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{LcOverD0_ptint_acrosssystems_wSTAR_fullPythia_0}}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{Left: $\mathrm{BR}(\ensuremath{\Omega_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace\to\Omega^-\pi^+)\times\sigma(\ensuremath{\Omega_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace)/\sigma(\ensuremath{\Xi_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace)$ baryon-to-meson yield ratio in pp collisions at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s} = 13~\TeV}\xspace. Right: \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace-integrated \ensuremath{\Lc/\Dz}\xspace yield ratio as a function of charged-particle multiplicity, comparing results from pp, \textrm{p--Pb}\xspace and \textrm{Pb--Pb}\xspace collisions in ALICE with Au--Au collisions at STAR.}
\label{fig:Oc}
\label{fig:LcDmult}
\end{figure}

The measurement of all ground-state charm hadron species in a broad \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace range allows the total charm production cross section to be derived at mid-rapidity with minimal dependence on models, as shown in \figref{fig:crosssec} (left) as a function of collision energy. The total $\mathrm{c\bar{c}}$ cross section was computed for the first time in \textrm{p--Pb}\xspace collisions at \ensuremath{\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02~\TeV}\xspace and shown as the open blue circle, along with previous ALICE measurements~\cite{alice:ppfrag} in pp collisions at $\ensuremath{\sqrt{s}}\xspace=2.76, 5.02,$ and $7\,\ensuremath{\mathrm{TeV}}\xspace$ shown as solid points. The results are compared with pQCD calculations under the FONLL and NNLO schemes, and the ALICE measurements are consistently seen to lie at the upper edge of the theory uncertainty bands. The cross section can also be split into the individual contributions from hadron species to give the relative hadronisation fractions, $f(\mathrm{c}\to\mathrm{H}_\mathrm{c})$, including the first measurement of the $f(\ensuremath{\Xi_\mathrm{c}^{0}}\xspace)$. The measurements in pp collisions~\cite{alice:ppfrag} and preliminary measurements in \textrm{p--Pb}\xspace collisions are shown in the right panel of~\figref{fig:crosssec}, in comparison with measurements in \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-}\xspace and \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^-\mathrm{p}}\xspace collisions. The two hadronic collision systems are consistent with one another, but a significant enhancement of \ensuremath{\Lambda_\mathrm{c}^{+}}\xspace and depletion of \ensuremath{\mathrm{D}^{0}}\xspace production are seen with respect to leptonic collisions.

\begin{figure}[h!tb]\centering
\begin{minipage}{0.43\linewidth}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{cc_Vs_energy_withpPb_0}}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}{0.43\linewidth}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{FF5tev_withpPb}}
\end{minipage}
\caption[]{Left: Total charm production cross section at mid-rapidity in pp and p--Pb collisions as a function of collision energy. Right: Relative hadronisation fractions of ground-state charm hadron species measured by ALICE in pp and p--Pb collisions, compared with \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^-}\xspace and \ensuremath{\mathrm{e}^-\mathrm{p}}\xspace collisions.}
\label{fig:crosssec}
\end{figure}

Looking to the upcoming Run 3 of the LHC and beyond to ALICE 3, the higher rates of data taking and upgrades to detector systems will allow the precision and \ensuremath{p_\mathrm{T}}\xspace coverage of charm baryon measurements to be greatly improved as well as experimental access to new species, e.g. multi-charm baryons such as $\Xi_\mathrm{cc}^{++}$. 

\section*{References}

