Question: Tracing linguistic connections within the victorious and defeated factions of overtly opposing clusters.

In the intricate landscape of network dynamics, the spread of various contagions—ranging from information to purchasing patterns and diseases—traverse the nodes and edges of interconnected systems. In practical scenarios, multiple contagions concurrently permeate through these networks, engaging not only in propagation but also in complex interactions, including competition and collaboration. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that often treats each contagion as an isolated entity, our investigation delves into the nuanced relationships between different contagions as they diffuse across the network. We propose a statistical model that encompasses both competitive and cooperative dynamics among these contagions. When contagions compete, they hinder each other's spread, whereas cooperative contagions facilitate mutual adoption within the network. To validate our model, we conducted an extensive analysis on a dataset comprising 18,000 contagions that simultaneously disseminated through the Twitter network. Our model successfully captures the intricate web of interactions between contagions, employing this insight to enhance the accuracy of diffusion predictions. Furthermore, it elucidates the underlying principles that govern the interaction of content in information diffusion. A striking finding is the profound impact of these interactions on contagion spread, with the average relative change in spreading probability reaching a remarkable 71% due to inter-contagion dynamics. This research underscores the critical role of inter-contagion interactions in shaping the diffusion patterns across networks.

In natural language processing, conflation is the process of merging or lumping together nonidentical words which refer to the same principal concept. This can relate both to words which are entirely different in form (e.g., "group" and "collection"), and to words which share some common root (e.g., "group", "grouping", "subgroups"). In the former case the words can only be mapped by referring to a dictionary or thesaurus, but in the latter case use can be made of the orthographic similarities between the forms. One popular approach is to remove affixes from the input words, thus reducing them to a stem; if this could be done correctly, all the variant forms of a word would be converted to the same standard form. Since the process is aimed at mapping for retrieval purposes, the stem need not be a linguistically correct lemma or root (see also Frakes 1982).

Algorithms for the alignment of words in translated texts are w ell established. However, only recently, new approaches have been proposed to identify word translations f rom non-parallel or even unrelated texts. This task is more difficult, because most statistical clues useful in the processing of parallel texts can not be applied for non-parallel tex ts. For this reason, whereas for parallel texts in some studies up to 99% of the word alignments have been shown to be correct, the accuracy for non-parallel texts has been around 30% up to now. The current study, which is based on the assumption that there is a correlation between the patterns of word cooccurrences in corpora of different languages, makes a significant improvement to about 72% of word translations identified correctly.

This paper describes an empirical study of coreference in spoken vs. written text. We focus on the comparison of two particular text types, interviews and popular science texts, as instances of spoken and written texts since they display quite different discourse structures. We believe in fact, that the correlation of difficulties in coreference resolution and varying discourse structures requires a deeper analysis that accounts for the diversity of coreference strategies or their sub-phenomena as indicators of text type or genre. In this work, we therefore aim at defining specific parameters that classify differences in genres of spoken and written texts such as the preferred segmentation strategy, the maximal allowed distance in or the length and size of coreference chains as well as the correlation of structural and syntactic features of coreferring expressions. We argue that a characterization of such genre dependent parameters might improve the performance of current state-of-art coreference resolution technology.

The second international Chinese word segmentation bakeoff was held in the summer of 2005 to evaluate the current state of the art in word segmentation. Twenty three groups submitted 130 result sets over two tracks and four different corpora. We found that the technology has improved over the intervening two years, though the out-of-vocabulary problem is still or paramount importance.

The study of citation networks for both articles and journals is routine. In general, these analyses proceed by considering the similarity of articles or journals and submitting the set of similarity measures to some clustering or scaling procedure. Two common methods are found in bibliomettic coupling, where two citing articles are similar to the extent they cite the same literature, and co-citation analysis where cited articles are similar to the extent they are cited by the same citing articles. Methods based on structural and regular equivalence also seek to partition the article based on their positional location. Such methods have in common focus on the articles and partitions of them. We propose a quite different approach where the connective threads through a network are preserved and the focus is on the links in the network rather than on the nodes. Variants of the depth first search algorithm are used to detect and represent the mainstream of the literature of a clearly delineated area of scientific research. The specific citation network is one that consists of ties among the key events and papers that lead to the discovery and modeling of DNA together with the final experimental confirmation of its representation.


Question: Tracing linguistic connections in the prevailing and defeated factions of explicit rival groups.

This paper explores the intricate temporal dynamics of online media content, focusing on how its popularity evolves and diminishes over time. Despite the prevalence of real-time user-generated content, which amplifies these dynamics, the temporal patterns governing the growth and decline of online content, as well as the competition for attention among various pieces of content, remain largely uncharted territories.
To unravel the temporal dynamics of online content, we delve into the patterns of how attention is distributed on the web, which can vary significantly based on a multitude of factors. These dynamics operate on diverse time scales and resolutions. To address this complexity, we introduce a time series clustering problem utilizing a similarity metric that is robust against scaling and shifting. We innovate with the K-Spectral Centroid (K-SC) clustering algorithm, designed to efficiently identify cluster centroids using our tailored similarity measure. By integrating an adaptive wavelet-based incremental approach, we ensure the scalability of K-SC to handle vast datasets.
Our methodology is validated through extensive analysis of two substantial datasets: a compilation of 580 million tweets and a collection of 170 million blog posts and news articles. Our findings highlight the superiority of K-SC over traditional K-means clustering in discerning the unique shapes of time series. Through our analysis, we identify six primary temporal patterns that characterize the attention received by online content. Moreover, we present a straightforward model capable of accurately forecasting these attention patterns based on limited initial participation data. Our comprehensive investigations shed light on the prevalent temporal patterns of web content and deepen our understanding of human attention dynamics in the digital age.

**Question**: Investigating the Influence of Social Media on Consumer Decision-Making Processes

**Documents**: The impact of social media on consumer behavior: A review
Social media has become an integral part of our daily lives, influencing various aspects of human behavior, including consumer decision-making processes. This paper reviews the existing literature on the impact of social media on consumer behavior. The review highlights the role of social media in shaping consumer attitudes, influencing purchasing decisions, and facilitating word-of-mouth marketing.
 Social media platforms provide a space for consumers to share their experiences, opinions, and recommendations with others, which can significantly affect the perception and reputation of brands and products. The review also discusses the concept of social proof, which suggests that people look to others for guidance on how to behave in uncertain situations. In the context of social media, this means that consumers are more likely to trust and follow the recommendations of their peers than traditional advertising messages.
 The review further examines the role of influencer

In this study, we set out to examine the role of language in the success of online fundraising—a new form of entrepreneurial project financing. In particular, we evaluate the influence of linguistic content on fundraising outcomes, above and beyond type of product or service offered. Online fundraising settings pose an interesting empirical puzzle: women are systematically more successful than men, an outcome contrary to offline gender inequality. We propose that this outcome is partially explained by linguistic differences between men and women in terms of language they use, and we test this mechanism using data from the online crowdfunding platform Indiegogo. The results support our theory, suggesting a link between micro-level linguistic choices and macro level outcomes: the institution of crowdfunding may reduce gender inequalities in the fundraising arena by benefitting the communication style of women.

CorMet is a corpus-based system for discovering metaphorical mappings between concepts. It does this by finding systematic variations in domain-specific selectional preferences, which are inferred from large, dynamically mined Internet corpora. Metaphors transfer structure from a source domain to a target domain, making some concepts in the target domain metaphorically equivalent to concepts in the source domain. The verbs that select for a concept in the source domain tend to select for its metaphorical equivalent in the target domain. This regularity, detectable with a shallow linguistic analysis, is used to find the metaphorical interconcept mappings, which can then be used to infer the existence of higher-level conventional metaphors. Most other computational metaphor systems use small, hand-coded semantic knowledge bases and work on a few examples. Although Cor Met's only knowledge base is Word Net (Fellbaum 1998) it can find the mappings constituting many conventional metaphors and in some cases recognize sentences instantiating those mappings. CorMet is tested on its ability to find a subset of the Master Metaphor List (Lakoff, Espenson, and Schwartz 1991).

In this paper, we use the framework of neural machine translation to learn joint sentence representations across six very different languages. Our aim is that a representation which is independent of the language, is likely to capture the underlying semantics. We define a new crosslingual similarity measure, compare up to 1.4M sentence representations and study the characteristics of close sentences. We provide experimental evidence that sentences that are close in embedding space are indeed semantically highly related, but often have quite different structure and syntax. These relations also hold when comparing sentences in different languages.

Participants read aloud swear words, euphemisms of the swear words, and neutral stimuli while their autonomic activity was measured by electrodermal activity. The key finding was that autonomic responses to swear words were larger than to euphemisms and neutral stimuli. It is argued that the heightened response to swear words reflects a form of verbal conditioning in which the phonological form of the word is directly associated with an affective response. Euphemisms are effective because they replace the trigger (the offending word form) by another word form that expresses a similar idea. That is, word forms exert some control on affect and cognition in turn. We relate these findings to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, and suggest a simple mechanistic account of how language may influence thinking in this context.

We presentan unsupervisedapproachto recognizingdiscourserelationsof CONTRAST, EXPLANATION-EVIDENCE, CONDITION andELABORATION that hold betweenarbitraryspansof texts. We show that discourserelation classifierstrained on examples that are automaticallyextractedfrom massi ve amountsof text can be usedto distinguishbetweensomeof theserelationswith accuraciesashigh as 93%, even whenthe relationsarenot explicitly markedby cuephrases.

The Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model of Blei, Ng, & Jordan (2003) is well-established as an effective approach to recovering meaningful topics of conversation from a set of documents. However, a useful analysis of user-generated content is concerned not only with the recovery of topics from a static data set, but with the evolution of topics over time. We employ a compound topic model (CTM) to track topics across two distinct data sets (i.e. past and present) and to visualize trends in topics over time; we evaluate several metrics for detecting a change in the distribution of topics within a time-window; and we illustrate how our approach discovers emerging conversation topics related to current events in real data sets.


Question: Tracing linguistic connections in the victorious and defeated factions of explicit opposing clusters.

This study introduces an unsupervised learning algorithm designed to classify reviews as positive (thumbs up) or negative (thumbs down) recommendations. The classification is determined by calculating the average semantic orientation of the phrases within each review that feature adjectives or adverbs. A phrase is deemed to have a positive semantic orientation when it conveys favorable sentiments (for instance, "subtle nuances"), and a negative orientation when it suggests unfavorable sentiments (such as "very cavalier"). The semantic orientation of a phrase is quantified as the mutual information between the phrase and the term "excellent," subtracted by the mutual information between the phrase and the term "poor." A review is categorized as a positive recommendation if the mean semantic orientation of its constituent phrases is positive. When evaluated on a dataset of 410 reviews from Epinions, spanning four distinct categories (automobiles, banks, movies, and travel destinations), the algorithm demonstrates an average accuracy of 74%. The accuracy varies across categories, reaching 84% for automobile reviews and 66% for movie reviews. This methodology offers a straightforward yet effective approach to automatically categorizing reviews based on their overall sentiment.

We describe the ATILF-LLF system built for the MWE 2017 Shared Task on automatic identification of verbal multiword expressions. We participated in the closed track only, for all the 18 available languages. Our system is a robust greedy transition-based system, in which MWE are identified through a MERGE transition. The system was meant to accommodate the variety of linguistic resources provided for each language, in terms of accompanying morphological and syntactic information. Using per-MWE Fscore, the system was ranked first1 for all but two languages (Hungarian and Romanian).

attitude is lacking in patients with anomia (inability to name), since they cannot categorize, and in patients with agrammatism (difficulties using grammatical morphemes and function words), since they cannot use elements that “have no meaning in isolation.” In his description of abstract attitude, Goldstein mixes psychological factors, such as the ability to separate figure and ground, with physiological factors, like spreading and activation (i.e., the fact that stimuli can activate an abnormally large area in the cortex if thresholds of activation for neurons are changed by brain damage, which makes the patient unable to detect, for example, exactly where somebody is touching his skin). An abstract attitude is required for the fully efficient use of language and therefore the linguistic disorder arises secondarily. Words lose their function to organize the external world. Goldstein assumed different positions with respect to localization, but he was mainly an anti-localist. He claimed that the cortex could be separated into a “peripheral part” with structural localization and a “central part” which is equipotential and constructs “dynamic structures” against a “dynamic background.” Lesions in the central part cause a loss of abstract attitude. It was Karl Lashley (1933, 1950), a physiologist, who presented the theory of cerebral equipotentiality and mass effect. Equipotentiality means that all parts of the cortex have the same “ability” and mass effect means that functions are dependent on how much of the cortex is used. Lashley claimed that studies of humans were too unreliable, due to humans’ complex behavior, and therefore concentrated on experiments with rats in mazes. He accepted specified functions only for motor and sensory projection areas and objected to attempts to localize mental functions. He emphasized that psychological unity does not guarantee neurological unity; for example, many structures participate in intentional movements. Lashley tried to identify different integrative mechanisms, such as intensity, spatial orientation and serial ordering. Inspired by Marie, Bay (1962) suggested that speech is dependent on a large number of “extralinguistic” factors, which are disturbed by brain damage. In aphasia, the transmission of information is disturbed. This disorder always involves a reduced intellect. The aphasic patient’s concepts become pathologically distorted, which can be seen in tasks like drawing or sculpting. The same defect is noticed in speech: concepts become fuzzy, deformed, and poorly differentiated. Jason Brown’s theory of aphasia is inspired by Jackson, von Monakow, and Freud. It contains, among other things, evolutionary aspects and a regression hypothesis combined with a functional view of aphasia. He raises the connections between emotions, degree of consciousness and intentionality, creativity, and language. Brown’s theory is presented in several books, including Mind, brain and consciousness from 1977. (See also Chapter 10.) Chapter 2. The development of theories about brain and language 27 Localism and associationism Localism continued to survive but it did not attract much attention during the first half of the 20th century. Some examples are mentioned below. Swedish neurologist Salomon Henschen (1926) formulated a detailed model on the basis of all the clinical pathological cases of aphasia that had been described to that point. The model contained a large number of separate centers for different aspects of language function. Korbinian Brodmann (1909), another neurologist, divided the cortex into numerous histologically defined areas, each of which had a determined physiological function. His numbering system is still used to give exact references to areas of the brain (see Figure 14.6 in Chapter 14). Karl Kleist (1916) investigated war injuries from the First World War and tried to find a psychological explanation for each cytoand myeloarchitectonic (related to cellular patterns and myelinated nerve cell patterns, respectively) area. Speech and language were localized according to tradition. Johannes Nielsen (1947) devoted himself to the anatomical-physiological classification of cortical functions. He distinguished between receptive and afferent signals, and between primary identification through one sense and secondary identification via associations of different senses at a higher level. According to Nielsen, recognition means receiving impressions and comparing them to engrams (physical alterations of nerve tissue in response to stimuli). Remembering, on the other hand, is starting from the concept and identifying it with an engram, which takes place at a higher level. Two types of aphasia can then occur: (a) a type that changes the connection between language and recognition, and (b) a type that changes the “signification” (what Head called “semantic aphasia”). The latter is not localized in specific areas; rather, any lesion can affect the whole system. The destruction of a projection area causes a total loss of function, while the destruction of an adjacent zone causes agnosia (inability to recognize) and the destruction of association zones that are not localized results in memory disorders. Thus, this theory is strongly inspired by associationism. Associationism is rediscovered by Geschwind Associationism continues to be very influential today. It was Norman Geschwind who rediscovered associationism and made it known as “connectionism,” or the neoclassical school of neurolinguistics, in his 1965 book Disconnection syndromes in animals and man. (For more information, see Chapter 3.) Introduction to Neurolinguistics 28 Dynamic localization of function: Pavlov, Vygotsky, and Luria Dynamic localization of function is a tradition originating in Russia which developed during the 20th century in parallel with the other traditions. Today, it also has considerable influence in Western Europe and the U.S. The well-known physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1949) claimed that complex behavior could not be handled by isolated and fixed brain structures, but must emerge during the ontogenetic development of dynamic systems. These systems were said to consist of connected structures in different places within the nervous system. Psychologist Lev Vygotsky emphasized that it is necessary to first investigate what is to be localized, before asking the question where. Functions must be analyzed with respect to ontogenetic development. Vygotsky (1970) saw a function as a complex activity whereby the whole organism adapts to a task. The activity can be performed in different ways, because of the cooperation of several organs. This dynamic cooperation is controlled by neural structures that monitor different organs and are localized in different places. Vygotsky also formulated a theory about the development of language and thinking that became very influential. The noted psychologist and aphasiologist Alexander Luria studied aphasia within the framework of the theory of dynamic localization of function. Luria’s work has been extremely influential in aphasia research, and especially in clinical work. (It will be further discussed in Chapter 3.) The test psychological tradition Theodore Weisenburg and Katherine McBride investigated cognitive factors in persons with aphasia, persons with right-hemisphere lesions, and control subjects, using a large test battery of verbal and nonverbal tasks. Their methodology became the model for a large number of studies. The results showed that persons with aphasia varied a great deal cognitively. In general, aphasia was associated with a cognitive disorder, but there was no necessary correlation. Certain persons with severe aphasia had excellent results on nonverbal tests. Thus, there was no support for Head’s theories. Weisenburg and McBride claimed that the importance of language for thinking must differ in different individuals and that the intellect before the lesion must be determinant. Many psychologists were inspired by Weisenburg and McBride and by Goldstein and developed experiments for testing “symbolic thinking” in aphasics. Subjects with aphasia performed classification tasks, Raven’s matrices (analogy tests), and similar tests. The results most often showed considerable variability, and the general conclusion was that the cognitive disorder, where such a disorder existed, could not be attributed to the linguistic disorder. Nevertheless, certain types of cognitive disorders were often found in persons with aphasia, such as difficulties in discriminating faces and Chapter 2. The development of theories about brain and language 29 interpreting mimed actions, as well as construction apraxia (i.e., problems performing spatial construction tasks). Linguists and the linguistic influence on aphasiology Aphasia research was traditionally an area for neurologists, but philosophers and psychologists have also had considerable influence on the area. In the middle of the 20th century, linguists joined this group. They saw studies of aphasia as a means of testing general theories about language. By functionally analyzing different disorders using the descriptive methods of linguistics, they aimed to gain better understanding of the role of the brain in normal speech. The term neurolinguistics was eventually adopted for these studies. In 1941, Roman Jakobson published the book Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze (“Child language, aphasia and phonological universals”), in which he pointed out parallels between linguistic universals, children’s language development, and symptoms of aphasia. At this point, he was the only linguist to systematically describe aphasia within the structuralist framework. Jakobson applied Ferdinand de Saussure’s principle of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations in language. If language consisted of two types of operations — choice of units and combination of units — then two types of aphasia should be possible: (a) a

Fine-grained sense distinctions are one of the major obstacles to successful Word Sense Disambiguation. In this paper, we present a method for reducing the granularity of the WordNet sense inventory based on the mapping to a manually crafted dictionary encoding sense hierarchies, namely the Oxford Dictionary of English. We assess the quality of the mapping and the induced clustering, and evaluate the performance of coarse WSD systems in the Senseval-3 English all-words task.

Paste the appropriate copyright statement here. ACM now supports three different copyright statements: • ACM copyright: ACM holds the copyright on the work. This is the historical approach. • License: The author(s) retain copyright, but ACM receives an exclusive publication license. • Open Access: The author(s) wish to pay for the work to be open access. The additional fee must be paid to ACM. This text field is large enough to hold the appropriate release statement assuming it is single spaced in a sans-serif 7 point font. Every submission will be assigned their own unique DOI string to be included here. Abstract Twitch.tv, a streaming platform known for video game content, has grown tremendously since its inception in 2011. We examine communication practices in Twitch chats for the popular game Hearthstone, comparing massive chats with at least 10,000 concurrent viewers and small chats with fewer than 2,000 concurrent viewers. Due to the large scale and fast pace of massive chats, communication patterns no longer follow models developed in previous studies of computer-mediated communication. Rather than what other studies have described as communication breakdowns and information overload, participants in massive chats communicate in what we call “crowdspeak.”

In natural language processing, conflation is the process of merging or lumping together nonidentical words which refer to the same principal concept. This can relate both to words which are entirely different in form (e.g., "group" and "collection"), and to words which share some common root (e.g., "group", "grouping", "subgroups"). In the former case the words can only be mapped by referring to a dictionary or thesaurus, but in the latter case use can be made of the orthographic similarities between the forms. One popular approach is to remove affixes from the input words, thus reducing them to a stem; if this could be done correctly, all the variant forms of a word would be converted to the same standard form. Since the process is aimed at mapping for retrieval purposes, the stem need not be a linguistically correct lemma or root (see also Frakes 1982).

Public debate forums provide a common platform for exchanging opinions on a topic of interest. While recent studies in natural language processing (NLP) have provided empirical evidence that the language of the debaters and their patterns of interaction play a key role in changing the mind of a reader, research in psychology has shown that prior beliefs can affect our interpretation of an argument and could therefore constitute a competing alternative explanation for resistance to changing one’s stance. To study the actual effect of language use vs. prior beliefs on persuasion, we provide a new dataset and propose a controlled setting that takes into consideration two reader-level factors: political and religious ideology. We find that prior beliefs affected by these reader-level factors play a more important role than language use effects and argue that it is important to account for them in NLP studies of persuasion.

In multi-sense word embeddings, contextual variations in corpus may cause a univocal word to be embedded into different sense vectors. Shi et al. (2016) show that this kind of pseudo multi-senses can be eliminated by linear transformations. In this paper, we show that pseudo multi-senses may come from a uniform and meaningful phenomenon such as subjective and sentimental usage, though they are seemingly redundant. In this paper, we present an unsupervised algorithm to find a linear transformation which can minimize the transformed distance of a group of sense pairs. The major shrinking direction of this transformation is found to be related with subjective shift. Therefore, we can not only eliminate pseudo multi-senses in multisense embeddings, but also identify these subjective senses and tag the subjective and sentimental usage of words in the corpus automatically.

This work uses parallel monolingual corpora for a detailed study of the task of sub-sentential paraphrase acquisition. We argue that the scarcity of this type of resource is compensated by the fact that it is the most suited type for studies on paraphrasing. We propose a large exploration of this task with experiments on two languages with five different acquisition techniques, selected for their complementarity, their combinations, as well as four monolingual corpus types of varying comparability. We report, under all conditions, a significant improvement over all techniques by validating candidate paraphrases using a maximum entropy classifier. An important result of our study is the identification of difficult-to-acquire paraphrase pairs, which are classified and quantified in a bilingual typology.

This article surveys linguistic annotation in corpora and corpus linguistics.Wefirst define the concept of ‘corpus’ as a radial category and then, in Sect. 2, discuss a variety of kinds of information for which corpora are annotated and that are exploited in contemporary corpus linguistics. Section3 then exemplifies many current formats of annotation with an eye to highlighting both the diversity of formats currently available and the emergence of XML annotation as, for now, the most widespread form of annotation. Section4 summarizes and concludes with desiderata for future developments.

Whispered speech is a natural mode of speech in which voicing is absent – its acoustics differ significantly from normally spoken speech or so-called neutral speech, such that it is challenging to use only neutral speech to build speech processing and automatic recognition systems that can deal effectively with whisper. At the same time, humans can naturally produce and perceive whispered speech without explicit training. Tonal languages such as Mandarin present an interesting dilemma – tone is primarily encoded by pitch tracks which are absent during whispered speech, but humans can still tell tones apart. How humans manage to process whispered speech well without explicit training on it, whereas machine algorithms fail, is presently an unresolved question which could prove fruitful with study. This, however, is hindered by the lack of suitable, systematically collected corpora. We present iWhisper-Mandarin, a 25-hour parallel corpus of neutral and whispered Mandarin, designed to support research in linguistics and speech technology. We demonstrate and verify that earlier techniques applied to whispered speech from non-tonal languages also work with Mandarin, and present some preliminary studies on voice activity detection and whispered Mandarin speech recognition.


Question: City, self, web: transnational migrants and online identity construction

In the digital age, the phenomenon of 'context collapse' on social media platforms, particularly Twitter, has led to a complex interplay between users and their perceived audiences. This study explores how Twitter users manage their online identity and engage with diverse audiences in a single, interconnected space. We interviewed individuals with varying degrees of followers to gain insights into their strategies for addressing multiple audiences, masking certain topics, and preserving their genuine self-expression. Interestingly, some of the audience management tactics employed by these users echo the dynamics of 'micro-celebrity' and personal branding, both of which involve a calculated form of self-presentation. Our conceptual model of the 'networked audience' underscores the many-to-many communication dynamic on Twitter, where users envision a collective audience that is shaped by their tweets. This research illuminates the nuanced ways in which individuals navigate the online environment to construct and maintain their digital identity, highlighting the challenges and opportunities presented by social media's collapsed contexts.

In this paper we introduce WiMo, a location-based social networking tool that enables users to share and store their emotional feelings about places. WiMo creates a mobile social network based on common interests and enables users to share not just information but also opinions, experiences and passions. The application uses a geo-emotional tagging system running on a GPS enabled mobile phone to ascribe emotions to places. In this paper we describe the development of an emotion tagging interface and present a case study scenario to situate the application in a real world setting. We then describe work-in-progress on the development of the WiMo prototype interface, and the interaction process for users. We further outline the features of the system and finally discuss next steps in the development of the application.

As of January 2009, the online social networking application Facebook registered more than 175 million active users. To put that number in perspective, this is only slightly less than the population of Brazil (190 million) and over twice the population of Germany (80 million)! At the same time, every minute, 10 hours of content were uploaded to the video sharing platform YouTube. And, the image hosting site Flickr provided access to over 3 billion photographs, making the world-famous Louvre Museum’s collection of 300,000 objects seem tiny in comparison. According to Forrester Research, 75% of Internet surfers used ‘‘Social Media’’ in the second quarter of 2008 by joining social networks, reading blogs, or contributing reviews to shopping sites; this represents a significant rise from 56% in 2007. The growth is not limited to teenagers, either; members of Generation X, now 35—44 years old, increasingly populate the ranks of joiners, spectators, and critics. It is therefore reasonable to say that Social Media represent a revolutionary new trend that should be of interest to companies operating in online space–—or any space, for that matter. Yet, not overly many firms seem to act comfortably in a world where consumers can speak so freely Business Horizons (2010) 53, 59—68

Social media technologies collapse multiple audiences into single contexts, making it difficult for people to use the same techniques online that they do to handle multiplicity in face-to-face conversation. This article investigates how content producers navigate ‘imagined audiences’ on Twitter. We talked with participants who have different types of followings to understand their techniques, including targeting different audiences, concealing subjects, and maintaining authenticity. Some techniques of audience management resemble the practices of ‘micro-celebrity’ and personal branding, both strategic self-commodification. Our model of the networked audience assumes a manyto-many communication through which individuals conceptualize an imagined audience evoked through their tweets.

We report on the results of a study in which 19 new mobile phone users were closely tracked for the first six weeks after service acquisition. Results show that new users tend to rapidly modify their perceptions of social appropriateness around mobile phone use, that actual nature of use frequently differs from what users initially predict, and that comprehension of service-oriented technologies can be problematic. We describe instances and features of mobile telephony practice. When in use, mobile phones occupy multiple social spaces simultaneously, spaces with norms that sometimes conflict: the physical space of the mobile phone user and the virtual space of the conversation.

This study aims to understand the fundamental factors influencing the citizen’s continuance intention to use eGovernment websites by using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a based theoretical model. Computer selfefficacy is adopted as an additional factor that influences the citizen’s continuance intention to use e-Government websites. To empirically test the proposed research model, the web-based survey was employed. The participants consisted of 614 country-wide citizens with at least a bachelor’s degree and an experience with e-Government websites. Regression analysis was conducted to test the model. The results revealed that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of e-Government websites and citizen’s computer self-efficacy directly enhanced citizen’s continuance intention to use e-Government websites. In addition, perceived ease of use of e-Government websites indirectly enhanced citizen’s continuance intention through perceived usefulness.

Social resources like trust and shared identity make it easier for people to work and play together. Such social resources are sometimes referred to as social capital. Thirty years ago, Americans built social capital as a side effect of participation in civic organizations and social activities, including bowling leagues. Today, they do so far less frequently (Putnam 2000). HCI researchers and practitioners need to find new ways for people to interact that will generate even more social capital than bowling together does. A new theoretical construct, SocioTechnical Capital, provides a framework for generating and evaluating technology-mediated social relations.


Question: City, self, web: transnational migrants and online identity construction

This research investigates the link between the utilization of Facebook, a prominent online social network platform, and the creation and sustenance of social capital among users. Beyond measuring bonding and bridging social capital, we introduce a novel concept within the social capital framework: maintained social capital, which pertains to an individual's capability to sustain connections with individuals from a community they once belonged to. Our empirical analysis, based on a survey of 286 undergraduate students, reveals a substantial correlation between Facebook usage and the three facets of social capital, with the most pronounced effect observed on bridging social capital. Furthermore, the study uncovers an interaction between Facebook engagement and psychological well-being indicators, suggesting that the platform may offer more substantial advantages to users who are grappling with low self-esteem and diminished life satisfaction. This finding underscores the potential of online social networks as a tool for fostering social connections and enhancing personal well-being, particularly among those who may feel socially isolated or disenfranchised in their offline lives.

This paper focuses on cross-cultural software production and use, which is increasingly common in today's more globalized world. A theoretical basis for analysis is developed, using concepts drawn from structuration theory. The theory is illustrated using two cross-cultural case studies. It is argued that structurational analysis provides a deeper examination of cross-cultural working and IS than is found in the current literature, which is dominated by Hofstede-type studies, in particular, the theoretical approach can be used to analyze cross-cultural conflict and contradiction, cultural heterogeneity, detailed work patterns, and the dynamic nature of culture. The paper contributes to the growing body of literature that emphasizes the essential role of cross-cultural understanding in contemporary society. 'Michael D. Myers was the accepting senior editor for this paper. introduction There has been much debate over the last decade about the major sociat transformations taking place in the world such as the increasing interconnectedness of different societies, the compression of time and space, and an intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole (Robertson 1992), Such changes are often tabeted with the term globatization, atthough the precise nature of this phenomenon is highly complex on closer examination. For example. Beck (2000) distinguishes between globality, the change in consciousness of the world as a single entity, and globaiism, the ideology of neoliberatism which argues that the world market eliminates or supplants the importance of locat potiticat action. Despite the complexity of the globalization phenomena, all commentators would agree that information and communication technologies (ICTs) are deeply implicated in the changes that are taking ptace through their abitity to enabte new modes of work, communication, and organization MiS Quarterly Vol. 26 No. 4. pp. 359-380/December 2002 359 Walsham/Cross-Cultural Software Production & Use across time and space. For example, the influential work of Castells (1996, 1997, 1998) argues that we are in the "information age" where information generation, processing, and transformation are fundamental to societal functioning and societal change, and where ICTs enable the pervasive expansion of networking throughout the social structure. However, does globalization, and the related spread of ICTs, imply that the world is becoming a homogeneous arena for gtobat business and gtobal attitudes, with differences between organizations and societies disappearing? There are many authors who take exception to this conclusion. For exampie, Robertson (1992) discussed the way in which imported themes are indigenized in particular societies with tocat culture constraining receptivity to some ideas rather than others, and adapting them in specific ways. He cited Japan as a good example of these glocalization processes. White accepting the idea of time-space compression facilitated by ICTs, Robertson argued that one of its main consequences is an exacerbation of collisions between gtobat, societat, and communat attitudes. Simitarty, Appadural {1997), coming from a nonWestern background, argued against the gtobat homogenization thesis on the grounds that difl'erent societies witt appropriate the "materials of modernity" differently depending on their specific geographies, histories, and languages. Watsham {2001) devetoped a related argument, with a specific focus on the rote of ICTs, concluding that globat diversity needs to be a key focus when devetoping and using such technotogies. If these latter arguments are broadty correct, then working with tCTs in and across different cuttures should prove to be problematic, in that there wilt be different views ofthe relevance, appticabitity, and vatue of particular modes of working and use of ICTs which may produce conflict. For exampte, technotogy transfer from one society to another involves the importing of that technology into an "atien" cutturat context where its value may not be similarly perceived to that in its original host cutture. Simitarty, cross-cuttural communication through tCTs, or cross-cultural information systems (IS) devetopment teams, are likely to confront issues of incongruence of values and attitudes. The purpose of this paper is to examine a particular topic within the area of cross-cutturat working and tCTs, namety that of software production and use; in particutar, where the software is not devetoped in and for a specific cutturat group. A primary goat is to devetop a theoreticat basis for anatysis of this area. Key eiements of this basis, which draws on structuration theory, are described in the next section of the paper, tn order to iltustrate the theoreticat basis and its vatue in analyzing real situations, the subsequent sections draw on the field data from two published case studies of cross-cultural software development and application. There is an extensive titerature on cross-cutturat working and IS, and the penultimate section ofthe paper reviews key etements of this titerature, and shows how the anatysis of this paper makes a new contribution. In particular, it witt be argued that the structurationat analysis enabtes a more sophisticated and detailed consideration of issues in cross-culturat software production under four specific headings: cross-cultural contradiction and conflict; cultural heterogeneity; detailed work patterns in different cuttures; and the dynamic, emergent nature of cutture. The final section of the paper wilt summarize some theoretical and practical implications. Structuration Theory, Cuiture and iS The theoretical basis for this paper draws on structuration theory {Giddens 1979, 1984). This theory has been highty inftuentiat in sociology and the social sciences generalty since Giddens first developed the ideas some 20 years ago. In addition, the theory has received considerable attention in the IS field {for a good review, see Jones 1998). The focus here, however, wilt be on how structuration theory can offer a new way of looking 360 MIS Quarterly Vol. 26 No. 4/December 2002 Walsham/Cross-Cuitural Software Production & Use Table 1. Structuration Theory, Culture, and ICTs: Some Key Concepts

The aim of this paper is to study the implementation of online games to encourage public participation in urban planning. Its theoretical foundations are based on previous work in public participatory geographical information systems (PP GISs), play and games, with a special focus on serious games. Serious games aim to support learning processes in a new, more playful way. We developed the concept of playful public participation in urban planning, including playful elements such as storytelling, walking and moving, sketching, drawing, and games. A group of students designed an online serious public participatory game entitled NextCampus. The case study used in NextCampus was taken from the real-world question of a possible move of a university campus to a new location in the city of Hamburg, Germany. The development of the serious public participatory game NextCampus resulted in a physical prototype, user interface design, and a computational model of the game. The NextCampus game was tested with the help of two groups of urban planning students and presented to three external experts who provided valuable recommendations for further development. The critical comments questioned the level of complexity involved in such games. The positive comments included recognition of the potential for joy and the play-fulness a game like NextCampus could evoke. Public participatory online applications aim to attract citizens to discuss current issues related to their environment and to improve the process of public participation in general. An integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with public participatory tools represents one of the latest innovations in this area. ways of integrating the new applications into participatory processes and considers which new functionalities and technical characteristics could offer the most benefit to users. In the past, these technologies and other map-based applications were frequently criticized as being too complex for the majority of potential users (Steinmann, Krek, & Blaschke, 2004). New forms of collaboration and technical solutions emerged during the Web 2.0 era. For example , Google Maps and Google Earth can be used by lay users and non-experts without intense training. Recent research on collabo-rative mapping also known as ''geography without geographers'' prior work in PP GIS to include much wider, distributed participation (Hardy, 2008). Despite these new forms of collaboration and innovative technologies , Moody (2007) demonstrates that the use of GIS technology to involve citizens in participatory urban planning does not seem to empower citizens. An important factor in such findings …

Demographics, in particular, gender, age, and race, are a key predictor of human behavior. Despite the significant effect that demographics plays, most scientific studies using online social media do not consider this factor, mainly due to the lack of such information. In this work, we use state-of-theart face analysis software to infer gender, age, and race from profile images of 350K Twitter users from New York. For the period from November 1, 2014 to October 31, 2015, we study which hashtags are used by different demographic groups. Though we find considerable overlap for the most popular hashtags, there are also many group-specific hashtags.

Internet self-efficacy (ISE), or the beliefs in one’s capabilities to organize and execute courses of Internet actions required to produce given attainments, is a potentially important factor to explain the consumers’ decisions in e-commerce use, such as eservice. In this study, we introduce two types of ISE (i.e., general Internet self-efficacy and Web-specific self-efficacy) as new factors that reflect the user’s behavioral control beliefs in e-service acceptance. Using these two constructs as behavioral control factors, we extend and empirically validate the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for the World Wide Web (WWW) context. D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Online social networking sites like MySpace, Orkut, and Flickr are among the most popular sites on the Web and continue to experience dramatic growth in their user population. The popularity of these sites offers a unique opportunity to study the dynamics of social networks at scale. Having a proper understanding of how online social networks grow can provide insights into the network structure, allow predictions of future growth, and enable simulation of systems on networks of arbitrary size. However, to date, most empirical studies have focused on static network snapshots rather than growth dynamics.
 In this paper, we collect and examine detailed growth data from the Flickr online social network, focusing on the ways in which new links are formed. Our study makes two contributions. First, we collect detailed data covering three months of growth, encompassing 950,143 new users and over 9.7 million new links, and we make this data available to the research community. Second, we use a first-principles approach to investigate the link formation process. In short, we find that links tend to be created by users who already have many links, that users tend to respond to incoming links by creating links back to the source, and that users link to other users who are already close in the network.

Platforms like Reddit have attracted large and vibrant communities, but the individuals in those communities are free to migrate to other platforms at any time. History has borne this out with the mass migration from Slashdot to Digg. The underlying motivations of individuals who migrate between platforms, and the conditions that favor migration online are not well-understood. We examine Reddit during a period of community unrest affecting millions of users in the summer of 2015, and analyze large-scale changes in user behavior and migration patterns to Reddit-like alternative platforms. Using self-reported statements from user comments, surveys, and a computational analysis of the activity of users with accounts on multiple platforms, we identify the primary motivations driving user migration. While a notable number of Reddit users left for other platforms, we found that an important pull factor that enabled Reddit to retain users was its long tail of niche content. Other platforms may reach critical mass to support popular or “mainstream” topics, but Reddit’s large userbase provides a key advantage in supporting niche top-

We empirically examine and quantify network effects on a large online dating platform in Brazil. We exploit a natural experiment, wherein a focal platform acquired its Brazilian competitor and subsequently imported the competitor’s base of 150,000+ users over a 3-day period; a large exogenous shock to the composition of the purchasing platform. Our study context and the natural experiment provide two unique sources of identification: i) accounts purchased from the competitor were almost exclusively heterosexual users, even though the purchasing platform also played host to homosexual users, and ii) the treatment varied across cities, in that the “value” of new users to the existing user base differed. because purchased users differed from existing users in terms of their average characteristics (e.g., location within the city). We leverage the former to estimate a difference-in-differences specification, treating homosexual enrollment and exit rates as a plausible control for those of the heterosexual population, whereas the latter provides us with an opportunity to explore the importance of local market structure in the manifestation of network effects. We find that the treatment increased both rates of enrollment and rates of exit, amongst both genders, with a net positive effect that translated to a 17% increase in short-term revenue for the platform. We find clear evidence of local network effects; in cities where the average spatial distance between new users and existing users was larger, the treatment effect was significantly weaker. We discuss the implications for the literature and practice, and we suggest a number of avenues for future work in this space. ∗Assistant Professor, Information Systems Department, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota. gburtch@umn.edu. †Associate Professor, Information Systems Department, Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University. jui.ramaprasad@mcgill.ca.


Question: City, self, web: transnational migrants and online identity construction

Exploring the Personal and Social Dimensions of Online Communication: A Study of Twitter Messages

This study delves into the intricate dynamics of social interaction and communication patterns on Twitter, a leading platform in the realm of "social awareness streams," a category of emerging communication systems. By analyzing system data and the content of messages from over 350 active Twitter users, we apply both qualitative human coding and quantitative methods to gain a comprehensive understanding of individual behavior on the network. A pivotal aspect of our research involves the development of a content-driven taxonomy to categorize the nature of messages shared by Twitter users. Through this lens, we scrutinize user activity, revealing two predominant patterns in the type of content posted. Furthermore, our findings highlight notable variations among users with respect to these communication activities, shedding light on the personal and social nuances of online identity construction and interaction within the Twitter ecosystem.

Policy makers are calling for new socio-economic measures that reflect subjective well-being, to complement traditional measures of material welfare as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Self-reporting has been found to be reasonably accurate in measuring one's well-being and conveniently tallies with sentiment expressed on social media (e.g., those satisfied with life use more positive than negative words in their Facebook status updates). Social media content can thus be used to track well-being of individuals. A question left unexplored is whether such content can be used to track well-being of entire physical communities as well. To this end, we consider Twitter users based in a variety of London census communities, and study the relationship between sentiment expressed in tweets and community socio-economic well-being. We find that the two are highly correlated: the higher the normalized sentiment score of a community's tweets, the higher the community's socio-economic well-being. This suggests that monitoring tweets is an effective way of tracking community well-being too.

The Web is revolutionizing the way researchers access scientific literature, however scientific literature on the Web is largely disorganized. Autonomous citation indexing can help organize the literature by automating the construction of citation indices. Autonomous citation indexing aims to improve the dissemination and retrieval of scientific literature, and provides improvements in cost, availability, comprehensiveness, efficiency, and timeliness.

Are established methods of content analysis (CA) adequate to analyze web content, or should new methods be devised to address new technological developments? This chapter addresses this question by contrasting narrow and broad interpretations of the concept of web content analysis. The utility of a broad interpretation that subsumes the narrow one is then illustrated with reference to research on weblogs (blogs), a popular web format in which features of HTML documents and interactive computer-mediated communication converge. The chapter concludes by proposing an expanded Web Content Analysis (WebCA) paradigm in which insights from paradigms such as discourse analysis and social network analysis are operationalized and implemented within a general content analytic framework.

O communities (OCs) are a virtual organizational form in which knowledge collaboration can occur in unparalleled scale and scope, in ways not heretofore theorized. For example, collaboration can occur among people not known to each other, who share different interests and without dialogue. An exploration of this organizational form can fundamentally change how we theorize about knowledge collaboration among members of organizations. We argue that a fundamental characteristic of OCs that affords collaboration is their fluidity. This fluidity engenders a dynamic flow of resources in and out of the community—resources such as passion, time, identity, social disembodiment of ideas, socially ambiguous identities, and temporary convergence. With each resource comes both a negative and positive consequence, creating a tension that fluctuates with changes in the resource. We argue that the fluctuations in tensions can provide an opportunity for knowledge collaboration when the community responds to these tensions in ways that encourage interactions to be generative rather than constrained. After offering numerous examples of such generative responses, we suggest that this form of theorizing—induced by online communities—has implications for theorizing about the more general case of knowledge collaboration in organizations.

We present WebSelF, a framework for web scraping which models the process of web scraping and decomposes it into four conceptually independent, reusable, and composable constituents. We have validated our framework through a full parameterized implementation that is flexible enough to capture previous work on web scraping. We conducted an experiment that evaluated several qualitatively different web scraping constituents (including previous work and combinations hereof) on about 11,000 HTML pages on daily versions of 17 web sites over a period of more than one year. Our framework solves three concrete problems with current web scraping and our experimental results indicate that composition of previous and our new techniques achieve a higher degree of accuracy, precision and specificity than existing tech-

Extremists, such as hate groups espousing racial supremacy or separation, have established an online presence. A content analysis of 157 extremist web sites selected through purposive sampling was conducted using two raters per site. The sample represented a variety of extremist groups and included both organized groups and sites maintained by apparently unaffiliated individuals. Among the findings were that the majority of sites contained external links to other extremist sites (including international sites), that roughly half the sites included multimedia content, and that half contained racist symbols. A third of the sites disavowed racism or hatred, yet one third contained material from supremacist literature. A small percentage of sites specifically urged violence. These and other findings suggest that the Internet may be an especially powerful tool for extremists as a means of reaching an international audience, recruiting members, linking diverse extremist groups, and allowing maximum image control.

The theory of cities, which has grown out of the use of space syntax techniques in urban studies, proposes a curious mathematical duality: that urban space is locally metric but globally topo-geometric. Evidence for local metricity comes from such generic phenomena as grid intensification to reduce mean trip lengths in live centres, the fall of movement from attractors with metric distance, and the commonly observed decay of shopping with metric distance from an intersection. Evidence for global topo-geometry come from the fact that we need to utilise both the geometry and connectedness of the larger scale space network to arrive at configurational measures which optimally approximate movement patterns in the urban network. It might be conjectured that there is some threshold above which human being use some geometrical and topological representation of the urban grid rather than the sense of bodily distance to making movement decisions, but this is unknown. The discarding of metric properties in the large scale urban grid has, however, been controversial. Here we cast a new light on this duality. We show first some phenomena in which metric and topo-geometric measures of urban space converge and diverge, and in doing so clarify the relation between the metric and topo-geometric properties of urban spatial networks. We then show how metric measures can be used to create a new urban phenomenon: the partitioning of the background network of urban space into a network of semi-discrete patches by applying metric universal distance measures at different metric radii, suggesting a natural spatial area-isation of the city at all scales. On this basis we suggest a key clarification of the generic structure of cities: that metric universal distance captures exactly the formally and functionally local patchwork properties of the network, most notably the spatial differentiation of areas, while the top-geometric measures identifying the structure which overcomes locality and links the urban patchwork into a whole at different scales. Introduction: the dual urban network The theory of cities, which has grown out of the use of space syntax techniques in urban studies, proposes that urban street networks have a dual form: a foreground network of linked centres at all scales, and a background network of primarily residential space in which the foreground network is embedded. (Hillier 2001/2) The theory also notes a mathematical duality. On the one hand, measures which express the geometric and topological properties of the network at an extended scale, such as integration and choice measures in axial maps or segment angular maps, are needed to capture structure-function relations such as natural movement patterns (Hillier & Iida 2005). We can call these measures topo-geometric. On the other, at a more localised level, an understanding of structure-function relations often requires an account of metric properties – for example the generic, but usually local, phenomenon of grid intensification to reduce mean trip lengths in live centres (Siksna 1997, Hillier 1999), the fall of movement rates with metric distance from attractors, and the commonly observed decay of shopping with metric distance from an intersection. In terms of understanding structure-function relations. urban space seems to be globally topo-geometric but locally metric. Here we propose to link these two dualities in a more thorough-going way. We show first that the large scale foreground network of space in cities, in spite of the claims of critics (Ratti 2004), really is not metric. On the contrary, the substitution of metric for topo-geometric measures in the analysis, has catastrophic effects on the ability of syntax to account for structure-function relations at this scale. At the same time, topo-geometric measures turn out to capture some interesting metric properties of the larger scale urban network. But we then show that the background network of space really is metric in a much more general sense than has been thought, in that metric measures at different radii can be used to partition the background network of urban space into a patchwork of semi-discrete areas, suggesting a natural metric area-isation of cities at all scales as a function of the placing, shaping and scaling of urban blocks. On this basis we suggest a clarification of the dual structure of cities: that metric ‘universal distance’ (distance from all points to all others – Hillier 1996) measures can capture the spatial differentiation of the background urban network into a patchwork of local areas, while the topo-geometric measures identify the structures which overcomes locality and links the urban patchwork into a whole at different scales. The patchwork theory is in effect a theory of block size and shape, picking up the local distortions in urban space induced by the placing and shaping of physical structures. More generally, we can say that the local-to-global topo-geometric structure reflects the visual, and so non-local effects of placing blocks in space, while the patchwork structure reflects metric and so local effects. The patchwork theory extends and generalises the concept of grid intensification, meaning the reduction of block size to reduce mean distance from all points to all others in a space network. As shown in (Hillier 2000), holding total land coverage and travellable distance in free space constant, a grid in which smaller blocks are placed at the centre and larger blocks at the edge has lower mean distance from all points to all others in the space network than a regular grid, while if larger blocks are placed at the centre and smaller blocks at the edge, then the mean distance from all points to others in the space network is higher than in a regular grid. This follows from the partitioning theory set out in Chapter 8 of Space is the Machine. (Hillier 1996) In general in urban grids, live centres and sub-centres (‘live’ in the sense of having movement dependent uses such as retail and catering) tend to the grid intensified form to maximise the inter-accessibility of the facilities within in the centre, residential areas tend to larger block sizes, reflecting the need to restrain and structure movement in the image of a spatial culture, while the linkages between centres tend to an even larger block size again, an effect of the directional structuring of routes, so that the network of linked centres which dominate the spatial structure of cities tend to oscillate between a relatively large and relative small block size, with the residential background occupying the middle range. This block size pattern is explained more fully in (Hillier 2001/2). In this paper we: – First review the duality of urban space in three ways: geometrically to establish its empirical existence as a key dimension of urban form, functionally to show its implications in terms of movement and land use patterns, and syntactically to show the relations between the two. – We then explore some of the suggestions that have been made about reducing the distance between syntax and more traditional metric approaches, in particular by examining the suggestion of Ratti that we should add metric weightings to the main syntax measures. We show the consequences of these suggestions for any theory which seeks to identify functionally meaningful structures in urban space – We then suggest a general method for showing the metric effect on space of block placing and shaping, both visually and in terms of patterns in scattergrams, by showing theoretical cases – We then apply this method to some cities and show its ability to identify if not natural spatial areas then at least a natural periodicity in city networks through which they tend to a natural spatial area-isation at all scales, reflecting the ways in which we talks about urban areas and regions at different scales. Metric and geometric properties of the grid First, we consider the urban duality geometrically by looking sections of metropolitan Tokyo and London, shown in Figure 1. As shown in (Hillier 2001/2) and later formalised in (Carvalho & Penn 2004), we must first remind ourselves of the fractal nature of urban least line networks: all are made up at all scales, from the local area to the city regions, of a small number of long lines and a large number of short lines. But there is more to be said. Longer and shorter lines form different kinds of geometric patterns. If we look for patterns in the section of Tokyo, the first thing the eye notes are line continuities. What we are seeing in effect is sequence of lines linked at their ends by nearly straight intersections with other lines, forming a visually dominant pattern in the network. But in general, the lines forming these nearly straight continuities as Figueredo calls them (Figueredo 2003) are longer than other nearby lines. This has the effect that if we find a locally longer line it is likely that at either end it will lead to another to which it will be connected by a nearly straight connection, and these lines will in turn be similarly connected. Probabilistically, we can say the longer the line, the more likely it is to end in a nearly straight connection, and taken together these alignments form a network of multi-directional sequences. Intuitively, the value of these in navigating urban grids is obvious, but here, following (Hillier 1999) we are making a structural point. Figure 1: sections of the Tokyo and London street networks What then of the shorter lines ? Again, in spite of a highly variable geometry, we find certain consistencies. First, shorter lines tend to form clusters, so that in the vicinity of each longer line there will be several shorter lines. These localised groups tend to form more grid-like local patterns, with lines either passing through each other, or ending on other lines, at near right angles. We can say then that the shorter the line, the more likely it is to

The “privacy paradox” refers to the discrepancy between the concern individuals express for their privacy and the apparently low value they actually assign to it when they readily trade personal information for low-value goods online. In this paper, I argue that the privacy paradox masks a more important paradox: the self-management model of privacy embedded in notice-and-consent pages on websites and other, analogous practices can be readily shown to underprotect privacy, even in the economic terms favored by its advocates. The real question, then, is why privacy self-management occupies such a prominent position in privacy law and regulation. Borrowing from Foucault’s late writings, I argue that this failure to protect privacy is also a success in ethical subject formation, as it actively pushes privacy norms and practices in a neoliberal direction. In other words, privacy self-management isn’t about protecting people’s privacy; it’s about inculcating the idea that privacy is an individual, commodified good that can be traded for other market goods. Along the way, the self-management regime forces privacy into the market, obstructs the functioning of other, more social, understandings of privacy, and occludes the various ways that individuals attempt to resist adopting the market-based view of themselves and their privacy. Throughout, I use the analytics practices of Facebook and social networking sites as a sustained case study of the point.


Question: City, self, web: transnational migrants and online identity construction

This paper explores the potential of Social Network Sites (SNSs) to revolutionize human social organization by facilitating the creation of extensive social networks, or "social supernets." It argues that SNSs may represent a significant step in human social evolution, akin to the role language played in expanding social bonds beyond physical grooming. By examining signaling theory, the paper assesses how SNSs can enhance trust, identity, and cooperation in these expanded social networks. The analysis focuses on the costs associated with adding friends and evaluating profiles, and how these costs impact the reliability of users' self-presentations. It also discusses strategies such as information fashion and risk-taking, and how they influence the establishment of trust and identity in the publicly displayed social network. The paper highlights the importance of SNSs in providing a context for individuals within their social relationships and in allowing for the public display of interpersonal commentary. However, it also acknowledges the primitive nature of current SNSs and the need for further development to fully realize their potential as effective social tools. The goal is to provide a theoretical framework for evaluating the transformative potential of SNSs and to offer design guidelines for enhancing their trustworthiness and reliability in conveying identity and affiliations. The paper concludes by considering the transformative possibilities of social supernets and how SNSs might contribute to changes in society, emphasizing the establishment of reliable information about identity and affiliations while recognizing the desirability of ephemeral, hidden, or multiple identities in certain contexts. For designers of future systems, the knowledge gained from this analysis serves as a tool for navigating the spectrum between anonymous and verified identities.

Personalization agents are incorporated in many websites to tailor content and interfaces for individual users. But in contrast to the proliferation of personalized web services worldwide, empirical research studying the effects of web personalization is scant. How does exposure to personalized offers affect subsequent product consideration and choice outcome? Drawing on the literature in HCI and consumer behavior, this research examines the effects of web personalization on users’ information processing and expectations through different decision-making stages. A study using a personalized ring-tone download website was conducted. Our findings provide empirical evidence of the effects of web personalization. In particular, when consumers are forming their consideration sets, the agents have the capacity to help them discover new products and generate demand for unfamiliar products. Once the users have arrived at their choice, however, the persuasive effects from the personalization agent diminish. These results establish that adaptive role of personalization agents at different stages of decision-making.

We presentCiteSeer : an autonomous citation indexing system which indexes academic literature in electronic format (e.g. Postscript files on the Web). CiteSeer understands how to parse citations, identify citations to the same paper in d ifferent formats, and identify the context of citations in the body of articles. CiteSeer provides most of the advantages o f traditional (manually constructed) citation indexes (e.g . the ISI citation indexes), including: literature retrieval by following citation links (e.g. by providing a list of papers tha cite a given paper), the evaluation and ranking of papers, au thors, journals, etc. based on the number of citations, and t he identification of research trends. CiteSeer has many advantages over traditional citation indexes, including the abi lity to create more up-to-date databases which are not limited to a preselected set of journals or restricted by journal public ation delays, completely autonomous operation with a correspond ing reduction in cost, and powerful interactive browsing of the literature using the context of citations. Given a parti cular paper of interest, CiteSeer can display the context of ho w the paper is cited in subsequent publications. This context may contain a brief summary of the paper, another author’s response to the paper, or subsequent work which builds upon the original article. CiteSeer allows the location of paper s by keyword search or by citation links. Papers related to a give n paper can be located using common citation information or word vector similarity. CiteSeer will soon be available for public use.

We studied the experience of loneliness as communicated by thousands of people on Twitter. Using a data set of public Twitter posts containing explicit expressions of loneliness, we qualitatively developed a categorization scheme for these expressions, showing how the context of loneliness expressed on Twitter relates to existing theories about loneliness. A quantitative analysis of the data exposed categories and patterns in communication practices around loneliness. For example, users expressing more severe, enduring loneliness are more likely to be female, and less likely to include requests for social interaction in their tweets. Further, we studied the responses to expressions of loneliness in Twitter’s social settings. Deriving from the same dataset, we examined factors that correlate with the existence and type of response, showing, for example, that men were more likely to receive responses to lonely tweets, and expressions of enduring loneliness are critically less likely to receive responses.

As the number of Internet users and the number of accessible Web pages grows, it is becoming increasingly difficult for users to find documents that are relevant to their particular needs. Users must either browse through a large hierarchy of concepts to find the information for which they are looking or submit a query to a publicly available search engine and wade through hundreds of results, most of them irrelevant. The core of the problem is that whether the user is browsing or searching, whether they are an eighth grade student or a Nobel prize winner, the identical information is selected and it is presented the same way. In this paper, we report on research that adapts information navigation based on a user profile structured as a weighted concept hierarchy. A user may create his or her own concept hierarchy and use them for browsing Web sites. Or, the user profile may be created from a reference ontology by ‘watching over the user’s shoulder’ while they browse. We show that these automatically created profiles reflect the user’s interests quite well and they are able to produce moderate improvements when applied to search results.

Corpora are essential resources for language studies, as well as for training statistical natural language processing systems. Although very large English corpora have been built, only relatively small corpora are available for many varieties of English. National top-level domains (e.g., .au, .ca) could be exploited to automatically build web corpora, but it is unclear whether such corpora would reflect the corresponding national varieties of English; i.e., would a web corpus built from the .ca domain correspond to Canadian English? In this article we build web corpora from national top-level domains corresponding to countries in which English is widely spoken. We then carry out statistical analyses of these corpora in terms of keywords, measures of corpus comparison based on the Chi-square test and spelling variants, and the frequencies of words known to be marked in particular varieties of English. We find evidence that the web corpora indeed reflect the corresponding national varieties of English. We then demonstrate, through a case study on the analysis of Canadianisms, that these corpora could be valuable lexicographical resources.


Question: City, self, web: transnational migrants and online identity construction

Moving Past Bowling Together: The Rise of SocioTechnical Capital
Social assets, encompassing trust and a communal sense of identity, significantly enhance the ease with which individuals collaborate and socialize. This collective reservoir of social assets is often termed social capital. Three decades ago, Americans organically accumulated social capital through active engagement in community groups and social gatherings, such as bowling leagues. However, the frequency of such interactions has notably declined in recent times (Putnam 2000). In response, the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) community is tasked with innovating novel means of fostering interpersonal connections that can yield even higher dividends of social capital than traditional social activities. The concept of SocioTechnical Capital, a fresh theoretical framework, offers a systematic approach for nurturing and assessing technology-facilitated social bonds.

This new framework posits that by leveraging technology to create platforms that encourage meaningful interactions, we can cultivate a new form of capital that surpasses the social capital gained through traditional activities like bowling. SocioTechnical Capital emphasizes the interplay between technological systems and social dynamics, aiming to optimize the ways in which technology can support and enhance social relationships. It challenges HCI experts to design interactive systems that not only facilitate but also enrich social connections, ultimately leading to a more interconnected and trusting society.

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This research draws on longitudinal network data from an online community to examine patterns of users’ behavior and social interaction, and infer the processes underpinning dynamics of system use. The online community represents a prototypical example of a complex evolving social network in which connections between users are established over time by online messages. We study the evolution of a variety of properties since the inception of the system, including how users create, reciprocate, and deepen relationships with one another, variations in users’ gregariousness and popularity, reachability and typical distances among users, and the degree of local redundancy in the system. Results indicate that the system is a “small world”characterized by the emergence, in its early stages,of a hub-dominated structure with heterogeneity in users’ behavior. We investigate whether hubs are responsible for holding the system together and facilitating information flow, examine first-mover advantages underpinning users’ability to rise to system prominence, and uncover gender differences in users’ gregariousness, popularity, and local redundancy. We discuss the implications of the results for research on system use and evolving social networks, and for a host of applications, including information diffusion, communities of practice, and the security and robustness of information systems.

The rapid growth of contemporary social network sites (SNSs) has coincided with an increasing concern over personal privacy. College students and adolescents routinely provide personal information on profiles that can be viewed by large numbers of unknown people and potentially used in harmful ways. SNSs like Facebook and MySpace allow users to control the privacy level of their profile, thus limiting access to this information. In this paper, we take the preference for privacy itself as our unit of analysis, and analyze the factors that are predictive of a student having a private versus public profile. Drawing upon a new social network dataset based on Facebook, we argue that privacy behavior is an upshot of both social influences and personal incentives. Students are more likely to have a private profile if their friends and roommates have them; women are more likely to have private profiles than are men; and having a private profile is associated with a higher level of online activity. Finally, students who have private versus public profiles are characterized by a unique set of cultural preferences—of which the ‘‘taste for privacy’’ may be only a small but integral part.

News sources generate constant streams of text with many references to real world entities; understanding the content from such sources often requires effectively detecting the geographic foci of the entities. We study the problem of associating geography to named entities in online documents. More specifically, given a named entity and a page (or a set of pages) where the entity is mentioned, the problem being studied is how the geographic focus of the name can be resolved at a location granularity (e.g. city or country), assuming that the name has a geographic focus. We further study dispersion, and show that the dispersion of a name can be estimated with a good accuracy, allowing a geo-centre to be detected at an exact dispersion level. Two key features of our approach are: (i) minimal assumption is made on the structure of the mentions hence the approach can be applied to a diverse and heterogeneous set of web pages, and (ii) the approach is unsupervised, leveraging shallow English linguistic features and the large volume of location data in public domain.
 We evaluate our methods under different task settings and with different categories of named entities. Our evaluation reveals that the geo-centre of a name can be estimated with a good accuracy based on some simple statistics of the mentions, and that the accuracy of the estimation varies with the categories of the names.

A growing body of research focuses on the relationship between e-government, the relatively new mode of citizen-to-government contact founded in information and communications technologies, and citizen trust in government. For many, including both academics and policy makers, e-government is seen as a potentially transformational medium, a mode of contact that could dramatically improve citizen perceptions of government service delivery and possibly reverse the long-running decline in citizen trust in government. To date, however, the literature has left significant gaps in our understanding of the e-government-citizen trust relationship. This study intends to fill some of these gaps. Using a cross-sectional sample of 787 end users of US federal government services, data from the American Customer Satisfaction Index study, and structural equation modeling statistical techniques, this study explores the structure of the e-government-citizen trust relationship. Included in the model are factors influencing the decision to adopt e-government, as well as prior expectations, overall satisfaction, and outcomes including both confidence in the particular agency experienced and trust in the federal government overall. The findings suggest that although e-government The authors would like to thank Professor Claes Fornell of the University ofMichigan for granting access to the ACSI data that made this study possible. Thanks also to Jason Joyner of CFI Group for his extensive and helpful comments on an early version of the article. Forrest V. Morgeson III is a Research Scientist at the ACSI in Ann Arbor, MI. He has a PhD in Political Science from the University of Pittsburgh. His recent research focuses on the financial impact of consumer satisfaction and citizen satisfaction with federal government services—both online and offline—and has recently been published or is forthcoming in journals such as Public Administration Review, Electronic Government: an International Journal, Journal of Marketing, Marketing Science, and the International Journal of Research in Marking. David VanAmburg is Director of the American Customer Satisfaction Index. Mr VanAmburg has acted as Director for the ACSI’s Federal government-wide satisfaction measurement since its inception in 1999 and of the ACSI as a whole since 2001. He has lectured extensively both in the United States and abroad on topics related to customer satisfaction, quality, customer loyalty, and shareholder value, and co-authored The American Customer Satisfaction Index at Ten Years, ACSI 1994–2004: A Summary of Findings: Implications for the Economy, Stock Returns andManagement. Sunil Mithas is an Assistant Professor at Robert H. Smith School of Business at University of Maryland. He has a PhD in Business from the Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan and an Engineering degree from Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. Prior to pursuing the PhD, he worked for about 10 years with the Tata group. His research focuses on strategic management and the impact of information technology resources and has appeared in journals that includeManagement Science, Information Systems Research, MIS Quarterly,Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing, and Production and Operations Management. His articles have won best article awards and best article nominations and have been featured in practice-oriented publications such as Harvard Business Review, Sloan Management Review, Bloomberg, Computerworld, and InformationWeek. Address correspondence to the author at morgeson@theacsi.org. doi:10.1093/jopart/muq006 a The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Inc. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory Advance Access published April 26, 2010 by on A ril 7, 2010 http://jpaordjournals.org D ow nladed fom may help improve citizens’ confidence in the future performance of the agency experienced, it does not yet lead to greater satisfaction with an agency interaction nor does it correlate with greater generalized trust in the federal government overall. Explanations for these findings, including an assessment of the potential of e-government to help rebuild trust in government in the future, are offered.

The past decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of youths using the Internet, especially for communicating with peers. Online activity can widen and strengthen the social networks of adolescents and emerging adults (Subrahmanyam & Smahel, 2011), but it also increases the risk of Internet addiction. Using a framework derived from Griffiths (2000a), this study examined associations between online friendship and Internet addiction in a representative sample (n = 394) of Czech youths ages 12-26 years (M = 18.58). Three different approaches to friendship were identified: exclusively offline, face-to-face oriented, Internet oriented, on the basis of the relative percentages of online and offline associates in participants' friendship networks. The rate of Internet addiction did not differ by age or gender but was associated with communication styles, hours spent online, and friendship approaches. The study revealed that effects between Internet addiction and approaches to friendship may be reciprocal: Being oriented toward having more online friends, preferring online communication, and spending more time online were related to increased risk of Internet addiction; on the other hand, there is an alternative causal explanation that Internet addiction and preference for online communication conditions young people's tendency to seek friendship from people met online.

The aim of this paper is to study the implementation of online games to encourage public participation in urban planning. Its theoretical foundations are based on previous work in public participatory geographical information systems (PP GISs), play and games, with a special focus on serious games. Serious games aim to support learning processes in a new, more playful way. We developed the concept of playful public participation in urban planning, including playful elements such as storytelling, walking and moving, sketching, drawing, and games. A group of students designed an online serious public participatory game entitled NextCampus. The case study used in NextCampus was taken from the real-world question of a possible move of a university campus to a new location in the city of Hamburg, Germany. The development of the serious public participatory game NextCampus resulted in a physical prototype, user interface design, and a computational model of the game. The NextCampus game was tested with the help of two groups of urban planning students and presented to three external experts who provided valuable recommendations for further development. The critical comments questioned the level of complexity involved in such games. The positive comments included recognition of the potential for joy and the play-fulness a game like NextCampus could evoke. Public participatory online applications aim to attract citizens to discuss current issues related to their environment and to improve the process of public participation in general. An integration of geographic information systems (GISs) with public participatory tools represents one of the latest innovations in this area. ways of integrating the new applications into participatory processes and considers which new functionalities and technical characteristics could offer the most benefit to users. In the past, these technologies and other map-based applications were frequently criticized as being too complex for the majority of potential users (Steinmann, Krek, & Blaschke, 2004). New forms of collaboration and technical solutions emerged during the Web 2.0 era. For example , Google Maps and Google Earth can be used by lay users and non-experts without intense training. Recent research on collabo-rative mapping also known as ''geography without geographers'' prior work in PP GIS to include much wider, distributed participation (Hardy, 2008). Despite these new forms of collaboration and innovative technologies , Moody (2007) demonstrates that the use of GIS technology to involve citizens in participatory urban planning does not seem to empower citizens. An important factor in such findings …

BACKGROUND
Traditional survey methods are limited in the study of hidden populations due to the hard to access properties, including lack of a sampling frame, sensitivity issue, reporting error, small sample size, etc. The rapid increase of online communities, of which members interact with others via the Internet, have generated large amounts of data, offering new opportunities for understanding hidden populations with unprecedented sample sizes and richness of information. In this study, we try to understand the multidimensional characteristics of a hidden population by analyzing the massive data generated in the online community.

METHODS
By elaborately designing crawlers, we retrieved a complete dataset from the "HIV bar," the largest bar related to HIV on the Baidu Tieba platform, for all records from January 2005 to August 2016. Through natural language processing and social network analysis, we explored the psychology, behavior and demand of online HIV population and examined the network community structure.

RESULTS
In HIV communities, the average topic similarity among members is positively correlated to network efficiency (r = 0.70, p < 0.001), indicating that the closer the social distance between members of the community, the more similar their topics. The proportion of negative users in each community is around 60%, weakly correlated with community size (r = 0.25, p = 0.002). It is found that users suspecting initial HIV infection or first in contact with high-risk behaviors tend to seek help and advice on the social networking platform, rather than immediately going to a hospital for blood tests.

CONCLUSIONS
Online communities have generated copious amounts of data offering new opportunities for understanding hidden populations with unprecedented sample sizes and richness of information. It is recommended that support through online services for HIV/AIDS consultation and diagnosis be improved to avoid privacy concerns and social discrimination in China.

Newly emerged event-based online social services, such as Meetup and Plancast, have experienced increased popularity and rapid growth. From these services, we observed a new type of social network - event-based social network (EBSN). An EBSN does not only contain online social interactions as in other conventional online social networks, but also includes valuable offline social interactions captured in offline activities. By analyzing real data collected from Meetup, we investigated EBSN properties and discovered many unique and interesting characteristics, such as heavy-tailed degree distributions and strong locality of social interactions.
 We subsequently studied the heterogeneous nature (co-existence of both online and offline social interactions) of EBSNs on two challenging problems: community detection and information flow. We found that communities detected in EBSNs are more cohesive than those in other types of social networks (e.g. location-based social networks). In the context of information flow, we studied the event recommendation problem. By experimenting various information diffusion patterns, we found that a community-based diffusion model that takes into account of both online and offline interactions provides the best prediction power.
 This paper is the first research to study EBSNs at scale and paves the way for future studies on this new type of social network. A sample dataset of this study can be downloaded from http://www.largenetwork.org/ebsn.