Question: Where did the Remember the Titans training camp take place?

In the film "Remember the Titans," the team's training camp is held at Gettysburg College. The black and white players, including captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell, initially clash due to racial tensions. However, under the strict guidance of Coach Boone and intense training, which includes a morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery and a powerful speech, the team overcomes their differences and achieves unity. Upon returning from camp, Boone faces a warning from the school board that he will be fired if the team loses a single game. Despite this pressure, the Titans remain undefeated while overcoming racial prejudice and gradually earning the community's support. Notably, Gerry removes his friend Ray from the team due to his racist behavior, which had almost ended the season for starting quarterback Jerry "Rev" Harris.

In 1979, he started attending Stanford University, where he played football and baseball. In his senior season in 1982, Stanford was 5-5 and needed to win its final game, the Big Game against California, to secure an invitation to the Hall of Fame Classic bowl game. With two minutes remaining in the game, Stanford was down 19-17 and had 4th-and-17 on their own 13-yard line. Elway completed a 29-yard pass and drove the ball downfield to the 35-yard line, where Mark Harmon kicked what appeared to be the winning field goal. However, the clock had four seconds remaining, so Stanford had to kick off. What followed is now simply known as "The Play", in which Cal players lateraled the ball, rugby-style, five times – two of them controversial – and scored a touchdown to win the game, 25-20. The Stanford Band came on the field as the clock ran out, not understanding that the existing play kept the game going anyway, and clearly interfered with the play. One band member got knocked over by a Cal player. Elway was bitter about the game afterward, stating that the officials "ruined my last game as a college football player."[15] Stanford athletics director Andy Geiger said the loss cost Elway the Heisman Trophy. Twenty years later, Elway came to terms with The Play, saying that "each year it gets a little funnier."[16]

New York City had proposed to build a new stadium for its franchise in baseball's stillborn Continental League. When that league dissolved and the city was awarded a franchise, dubbed the New York Mets, in the National League, plans for a stadium continued. Wismer had hoped the Titans could play in the new stadium, to be built at Flushing Meadows in Queens, beginning with the 1961 season, but funding difficulties and legal problems delayed construction. Wismer signed a memorandum of understanding in late 1961, although he was unhappy about the terms, which gave the Mets exclusive use of the stadium until they completed their season, and gave the Titans no revenue from parking. According to team doctor James Nicholas, "The lease that Harry signed cost the team quite a lot. It led to [later team owner] Leon Hess going to the Meadowlands."[25] Shea Stadium, as it came to be known, did not open until 1964.[25]

Five weeks into the season, guard Howard Glenn broke his neck during a loss to the Houston Oilers, and died a few hours later, becoming the first player in professional football to die from injuries sustained on the field.[20][21] New York suffered other injuries as the season progressed, and Wismer lacked the money to replace the injured players. Several players had to play both offense and defense. Wismer had arranged for the Titans to play three home games before their cross-river rivals, the Giants, started their season. This meant the Titans had to play their final three games on the road, and Wismer claimed to have lost $150,000 on the trip.[22] The Titans finished their first season 7–7; according to attendance figures released by the team, the Titans drew an average of 16,375 fans per game. This claim was mocked by the New York press, which reported that the fans had disguised themselves as empty seats.[23] The New York Times estimated that the team had lost $450,000 for the season; in his autobiography, Wismer set the figure at $1.2 million.[24]

Beginning at the Division III level, O'Leary, then the university's athletic director, held a meeting of prospective players, who paid $14 per night to stay in the dorms and brought their own uniforms to the tryouts, in March 1979.[12] This would be the first football tryouts for prospective players, and would serve as the first that many students would hear about the new athletic program.[10] O'Leary had previously served as an assistant coach at Alabama under Paul "Bear" Bryant.[13] He would spearhead the effort to raise more than $40,000 to start the program, and would complete a deal for the team to play in the Tangerine Bowl.[10] Without a budget to hire a staff, O'Leary reached out to six UCF graduate students as volunteer assistants.[10] From there, O'Leary was able to lure Don Jonas, a former NFL quarterback and Orlando dignitary, to become UCF's first head football coach on a voluntary basis.[10]

In 1939 the British Government passed the Camps Act 1939[10] which established the National Camps Corporation as a body to design and build residential camps for young people, which could provide opportunities for outdoor learning and also act as evacuation centres in the event of war. The architect T. S. Tait was responsible for the design of the buildings, which included accommodation for over 200 children and staff, recreational halls, wash blocks and a dining hall/kitchen complex. These camps were replicated in over thirty different rural locations around the country. During the war years, they acted as safe refuges for city children. After the war the ownership of the sites was transferred to the local authorities. Over the years most of these sites have been lost, but the best preserved example today is Sayers Croft at Ewhurst, Surrey. The dining hall and kitchen complex is protected as a Grade II listed building because of the importance of Tait's work, and because of the painted murals depicting the life of the many evacuees.

In late 2000, Switzer was initiated as an honorary member of the Oklahoma Kappa chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon. Switzer was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2002.[1] In 2004, he received the Jim Thorpe Lifetime Achievement Award. Switzer still resides in Norman, Oklahoma with his wife Becky.[2] In August 2007, XMSN added Switzer[14] as a part of the channel's expanded college sports coverage. On September 9, 2007 Switzer joined the Fox NFL Pregame show. Switzer got into acting after coaching, playing the part of the head coach of the Prattville Pirates in the 1998 movie Possums. Switzer also guest-starred in an episode of TNT's Saving Grace titled "Do You Love Him?", which first aired August 11, 2008. In 2006, Switzer and Toby Keith helped found First Liberty Bank in Oklahoma City.[15] He owns Switzer's Locker Room, Switzer's Vineyards, and a number of other small businesses in the Norman area.

It was named after former superintendent Thomas Chambliss Williams of Alexandria City Public Schools (ACPS), who served from the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s. The high school is located near the geographic center of the city, at 3330 King Street and is referred to informally as "T.C." (rather than "Williams") by students, faculty and locals. Approximately 3,000 students, primarily from grades 10–12, are enrolled at T.C's main campus. About 800 ninth graders have most or all of their classes at the branch Minnie Howard campus (0.6 miles (1.0 km) distant) and participate in T.C. Williams sports and extracurricular activities as well as some classes.

The Pitt football program saw many changes instituted in 1997. New athletic director Steve Pederson moved to revamp the athletic department after the preceding years had wounded the program's image.[83] A controversial emphasis on the use of the full name "Pittsburgh", at the expense of the university's abbreviated moniker "Pitt", along with new logos designed to invoke the heritage of the steel industry in the region, were instituted in an attempt to tie the school more closely to the image of the city. New shades of blue and gold were introduced and the athletic booster club was overhauled.[84] Walt Harris, who had built a reputation as a quarterback guru with a background in the West Coast Offense, was brought in to replace Majors in 1997 and undertook the task of rebuilding a program that won only fifteen games in the previous five seasons. Results were almost immediate as Harris took Pitt to the 1997 Liberty Bowl in his first season, finishing with a 6–6 record. Over the next two seasons, the Panthers posted a losing record as Harris worked on enhancing the talent in Pitt's program. At the same time, the university administration decided to bring the football program's deteriorating facilities in line with those of Pitt's peers. A state-of-the art practice facility, the UPMC Sports Performance Complex, was constructed on the city's South Side in collaboration with the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. In lieu of much-needed but cost-prohibitive renovations to modernize Pitt Stadium, the administration made a controversial decision to move home games to the newly proposed North Shore stadium, later named Heinz Field, and to demolish Pitt Stadium in order to build a long-awaited convocation center on its footprint.[85] 1999 was the final season for the Panthers in Pitt Stadium, which had served Pitt for 75 seasons. On November 13, 1999, the Panthers upset Notre Dame 37–27 in the last game played at the stadium. Although the Panthers showed improvement during the 1999 season, their loss in the season finale at West Virginia left them with a 5–6 record and without a bowl.

During the 1992 season, it was revealed that several of James' players received improper benefits from boosters, most notably starting quarterback Billy Joe Hobert.[24] Although James and his staff were not personally implicated in any NCAA violation, James resigned on August 22, 1993 in protest of the harsh sanctions the Pac-10 imposed on top of the NCAA's sanctions against his team. A few weeks later, at the Huskies' first home game of the 1993 season vs Stanford and Coach Bill Walsh, the entire team, led by their captains, stood before the game at the center of the field facing the south stands, holding their helmets high in one hand, in a salute to Coach James, who was in attendance. In that fired-up atmosphere, the Cardinal never had a chance. Final score: UW 31 Stanford 14.

Walking Tall is a 2004 American action film. A remake of the 1973 film of the same name, it stars The Rock and Johnny Knoxville. It can be said to be loosely based on the real-life story of Sheriff Buford Pusser and utilized many elements from his life. A number of aspects were changed, including the main character's name (to "Chris Vaughn"), the character returning to his hometown as a war veteran, and the setting was moved from McNairy County, Tennessee to Kitsap County, Washington, United States.


Question: Who provides the voice for Amy on Futurama?

Lauren Tom, born on August 4, 1961, is a talented American actress and voice artist. Among her notable roles are Lena St. Clair in The Joy Luck Club and Julie in the popular NBC sitcom Friends. She is also recognized for her voice acting in animated TV comedy series, such as voicing Amy Wong and her mother Inez in Futurama, Minh and Connie Souphanousinphone in King of the Hill, and Numbuh 3 and her mother Genki in Codename Kids Next Door. Currently, she portrays Celia Mack in the Disney Channel series Andi Mack.

Anna Hutchison (born 8 February 1986[1]) is a New Zealand actress best known for her roles as Delphi Greenlaw on Shortland Street (2002–04); Lily Chilman, the Yellow Cheetah Ranger on Power Rangers Jungle Fury (2008); Allison Dine on Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities (2009); Amy Smart on Go Girls (2009–12); Jules Louden in The Cabin in the Woods (2012), Laeta on Spartacus: War of the Damned (2013) and Sasha on Anger Management (2013–14).

A variety of real celebrities provide voices for the radio DJs in the game, including fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld, musicians Iggy Pop,[87] Femi Kuti,[88] Jimmy Gestapo[89] and Ruslana,[90] and real-life radio talk show host Lazlow Jones.[91] Saturday Night Live actors Bill Hader and Jason Sudeikis appear on the liberal and conservative radio talk shows respectively, with Fred Armisen playing several guests on Lazlow's "Integrity 2.0".[91] Numerous other comedians, including Jim Norton, Patrice O'Neal, Rick Shapiro, and Robert Kelly, as well as radio hosts Opie and Anthony appeared on the radio and/or as characters in-game.[92]

Armitage was first introduced to voice work while working on the TV drama Robin Hood in 2006. The BBC was publishing novels of the first four episodes of series one and asked Armitage to record the audiobook versions. In recent years, Armitage has also performed a great deal of voice work, such as reading poetry for various radio programmes and starring as Robert Lovelace in BBC Radio 4's production of Clarissa: A History of a Young Lady in April 2010. He has recorded eleven audio books: six based on BBC's Robin Hood, Bernard Cornwell's The Lords of the North, three Georgette Heyer novels for Naxos AudioBooks (Sylvester, or the Wicked Uncle, Venetia, and The Convenient Marriage) and Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: A Novel. He has narrated television documentaries such as Homes from Hell, Empire's Children, Too Poor for Posh School?, The Great Sperm Race, Forest Elephants: Rumble in the Jungle, Surgery School, and Elsa: The Lioness That Changed the World. In 2011, he provided the narration for a series about the Royal Navy flagship HMS Ark Royal,[101] 125 Years of Wimbledon: You Cannot Be Serious, and Fraud Squad. He has also provided the voice-over for many TV and radio advertisements.

In Los Angeles, panelists have included Carlos Alazraqui, Alison Arngrim, E.G. Daily, Andy Dick, Paul Goebel, Danny Goldman, Annabelle Gurwitch, Mariette Hartley, Elaine Hendrix, Marty Ingels, Cathy Ladman, David L. Lander, Kate Linder, Ann Magnuson, Jayne Meadows, Lee Meriwether, Patt Morrison, Rick Overton, Jimmy Pardo, Lisa Jane Persky, Nancy Pimental, Greg Proops, Mink Stole, Nicole Sullivan, Marcia Wallace, Matt Walsh, Len Wein, Wil Wheaton, Gary Anthony Williams, Debra Wilson, April Winchell, and Andy Zax.

A recurring character, Inspector Manzo, known also as "The Saw", is a lampoon of Hanzo Itami. Aside from the main trio, Momotaro and Ichiemon the announcer, he is probably the only other character shown in multiple episodes (discounting flashbacks and multiple-part episodes). His persistence and enthusiasm are not without humorous results. As he is a law enforcer, he carries a sort of billy-club with him wherever he goes and is apparently able to use it to perform calisthenics. In all three episodes in which he appears, he plays the narration for the part or all of the story. Oddly enough, his narration transcends time, as he has narrated about future events which he could not feasibly be alive long enough to know about, like Vincent van Gogh, the popularity of baseball throughout America today, the Zen movement in the 1960s, and even commentary on the modern-day Japanese views on sexuality contemporary to the show's airing.

Many familiar voices inspired the animators in their creation of the characters[9] and helped them shape their personalities.[14] This use of familiar voices for key characters was a rarity in Disney's past films.[9] The staff was shocked to hear that a wise cracking comedian, Phil Harris was going to be in a Kipling film. Disney suggested Harris after meeting him at a party.[15] Harris improvised most of his lines, as he considered the scripted lines "didn't feel natural".[8] After Harris was cast, Disneyland Records president Jimmy Johnson suggested Disney to get Louis Prima as King Louie, as he "felt that Louis would be great as foil".[16] Walt also cast other prominent actors such as George Sanders as Shere Khan and Sebastian Cabot as Bagheera. Additionally, he cast regular Disney voices such as Sterling Holloway as Kaa, J. Pat O'Malley as Colonel Hathi and Buzzie the Vulture and Verna Felton as Hathi's wife. This was her last film before she died.[14] David Bailey was originally cast as Mowgli, but his voice changed during production, leading Bailey to not fit the "young innocence of Mowgli's character" at which the producers were aiming. Thus director Wolfgang Reitherman cast his son Bruce, who had just voiced Christopher Robin in Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree. The animators shot footage of Bruce as a guide for the character's performance.[8][17] Child actress Darlene Carr was going around singing in the studio when composers Sherman Brothers asked her to record a demo of "My Own Home". Carr's performance impressed Disney enough for him to cast her as the role of the human girl.[18]

Spencer has appeared in films such as In My Sleep (2010), Cowboys & Aliens (2011), This Means War (2012), Chasing Mavericks (2012), The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia (2013), Oz the Great and Powerful (2013), and This Is Where I Leave You (2014). On television, she has had recurring roles on Timeless, Mad Men, Hawthorne, and Suits. From 2013 to 2016, Spencer starred as Amantha Holden in the SundanceTV drama series Rectify, for which she received a Critics' Choice Television Award nomination. In 2016, Spencer began playing the leading role of history professor Lucy Preston in the NBC series Timeless.

In 2015, she appeared in the series finale of Falling Skies as the Espheni Queen, the leader of the alien race that had invaded Earth and devastated humanity. She also played Louise, a woman attending a doll convention, in the web series Con Man.

Afterwards, Tamberelli played Jackie Rodowsky on the television series The Baby-Sitters Club. It was around this time that he was cast as Little Pete Wrigley on The Adventures of Pete & Pete, which first began as a series of 60-second shorts on Nickelodeon in 1990. After progressing to a batch of specials, Pete & Pete became a regular half-hour sitcom in 1993, and brought Tamberelli much recognition. During this time, he provided the voice for Arnold in The Magic School Bus, as well as appearing in the films Igby Goes Down and The Mighty Ducks. Many may also know him for his work on Nickelodeon's All That, as well as Figure It Out. On Figure It Out, he is known for his famed "head flip," where he would flip his head back after getting slimed to cover the audience in slime, and he was also known on Figure It Out for yelling "I don't know" at the top of his lungs whenever he got confused. He also guest starred, along with Michelle Trachtenberg, on an episode of Space Cases titled "All You Can Eaty." He also appeared in various toy commercials in the 1980s and 1990s for products such as "Rattle Me Bones" from Ideal Games and Pirate Toys from Lego. Another was for Cinnamon Life in 1994. In 1999 he played Spike Cipriano in 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd. In 2006, he appeared in a commercial for Wendy's fast food.[2]

Susi made her first screen appearance in Kolchak: The Night Stalker. Other television and film credits included: McMillan & Wife, Coyote Ugly, Just Go with It, The Big Bang Theory, Becker, Grey's Anatomy, That '70s Show, Out of Practice, Cats & Dogs, Just Shoot Me, Married... with Children, Night Court, The King of Queens, Death Becomes Her, Seinfeld, The Secret of My Success, My Blue Heaven, and Sabrina, The Teenage Witch.[6] She also had extensive experience in live theatre[7][8] and voiced a character on the video game installment of CSI: NY.


Question: When does the upcoming season of Wynonna Earp begin?

On July 22, 2017, during the San Diego Comic-Con, IDW Entertainment's President, David Ozer, confirmed that Wynonna Earp had been renewed for a third season, with the premiere slated for 2018. Space and Syfy jointly ordered 12 episodes for the upcoming season, attributing the show's renewal to the dedicated fan base, affectionately known as "Earpers."

On 28 February 2014, BBC confirmed that Call the Midwife had been commissioned for a 2014 Christmas special[32] and fourth series, to air in 2015.[33] On 3 November 2014, BBC announced that an eight-episode fifth series had been commissioned; it began airing on 17 January 2016; the fifth series takes the story into 1961.[34] The sixth series began airing in the UK on 22 January 2017, taking the drama into 1962.[35] Season seven, again consisting of eight episodes, began airing on Sunday, 21 January, 2018, with episode one viewed by 9.87 million viewers[36]. It was the No.1 rated programme on UK TV for all weeks of its transmission, ending March 11th 2018.[37]

The fifth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes; the second half will premiere in 2018.[2] The premise of the fifth season differs from the previous four after the departure of Travis Fimmel as Ragnar, and it now follows the adventures of his sons. Jonathan Rhys Meyers is introduced as a major character, after his initial appearance in the fourth season's finale.[3]

World of Winx is an Italian animation television series and a spin-off to Winx Club. The series was created by Iginio Straffi.[1] Twenty-six episodes have been produced in two seasons, the first of which was premiered as a Netflix original series on 4 November 2016. Season 3 will be released on September 2018.

On June 19, 2014, AMC announced it had renewed the series for a second season of 13 episodes to premiere in early 2016;[26] however, it was later reduced to 10 episodes.[34] The first teaser trailer debuted on AMC on August 10, 2014, and confirmed its premiere date of February 2015.[35] In November 2014, AMC announced the series would have a two-night premiere; the first episode aired on Sunday, February 8, 2015, at 10:00 pm (ET), and then moved into its regular time slot the following night, airing Mondays at 10:00 pm.[5] In May 2015, Gilligan confirmed that more of the prominent characters from Breaking Bad would be making guest appearances in season 2, but remained vague on which characters were likely to be seen.[36]

In March 2017, the BBC released a statement confirming the filming of a third and final series.[19] The six-episode third series was filmed in the summer of 2017 and aired weekly on BBC Four from 8 November 2017.[20][21]

The first season premiered on September 23, 2005, and ended on May 5, 2006. It received an average of 10.20 million viewers. Season two of Ghost Whisperer premiered on September 22, 2006, and ended on May 11, 2007, again airing Friday nights on CBS during the same timeslot.[citation needed] CBS officially renewed the show for a third season placing it in its regular Friday 8 p.m. ET time slot. The third season premiered September 28, 2007. Twelve episodes were completed before the Writers Guild of America strike, and once the strike ended, CBS had announced that the show would return April 4, 2008, with six episodes.[16] On February 15, 2008, CBS renewed Ghost Whisperer for a fourth season.[17] For the fourth season, Jamie Kennedy joined the cast as Psychology professor Eli James. Jay Mohr left after the first episode as the plot had his character, Professor Rick Payne, going on sabbatical (Mohr took a role in Gary Unmarried).[18] Recurring cast member Christoph Sanders joined as a regular cast member. The fourth season of Ghost Whisperer premiered on Friday, October 3, 2008, and concluded on May 15, 2009, and consisted of 23 episodes.[19][20] In an interview by P.K. Simonds with E! Online, it was announced that Ghost Whisperer would return for a fifth season.[21] CBS renewed Ghost Whisperer for the fifth season on May 20, 2009, which began airing on Friday, September 25, 2009, at 8 p.m. ET and ran for 22 episodes.[22][23]

E! Entertainment Television named Wynonna Earp the "Best New Show" of 2016.[78] It was chosen by Variety as one of the 20 best new series of 2016, stating "what this prairie-set Canadian import lacks in budget, it makes up for in gumption, sass and camaraderie."[79] In its annual "Best of TV" highlight, Collider named Wynonna Earp the "Best New Sci-Fi" show of 2016.[80]

Z Nation is an American horror-comedy-drama/post-apocalyptic television series that airs on Syfy, created by Karl Schaefer and Craig Engler, and produced by The Asylum. The first season of 13 episodes premiered on September 12, 2014.[1]

All six episodes of the first season were released on Netflix on March 9, 2018.[3] The second season features six regular episodes and one bonus episode, and was released on Netflix on June 29, 2018.[4] The season ends with a crossover special, featuring the "Fab Five" of Netflix's Queer Eye series, with the series' food and wine expert Antoni Porowski serving as guest judge.

The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere.[1] The season will consist of 24 episodes,[2][3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper.


Question: When does the next season of Wynonna Earp begin?

The production of Wynonna Earp's Season 3 commenced on January 15, 2018, and was slated to conclude on May 7, 2018. On February 5, 2018, the show revealed that Megan Follows would join the cast as Michelle Earp, the mother of the main character. Further casting updates on March 15 included the introduction of a bounty hunter named Kate, played by Chantel Riley. Bell Media disclosed on April 24 that Jann Arden, a musician, would take on the role of Bunny Loblaw, a character part of Purgatory's local council. However, the start date for the next season of Wynonna Earp was not mentioned in these announcements.

After Fox passed up the opportunity to add the series to its lineup, Game Show Network (GSN), in conjunction with ITV Studios America, picked up the series with an eight-episode order on April 9, 2013,[12][13] and announced Brooke Burns as the show's host and Labbett as the chaser on May 29.[14] Dan Patrick had originally been considered as the host.[15] The first season premiered on August 6, 2013. Even though the show had not yet premiered at the time, the network ordered a second season of eight episodes on July 1, 2013,[16] which premiered on November 5.[17] Citing the series' status as a "ratings phenom", GSN eventually announced plans to renew it for a third season, which premiered in the summer of 2014.[18][19] During the third season, the series also premiered its first celebrity edition with celebrity contestants playing for charity.[20] GSN proceeded to renew the series for a fourth season before the end of season three;[21] this new season began airing January 27, 2015.[22] After the seventh episode of the season, the series went on another hiatus; new episodes from the fourth season resumed airing July 16, 2015.[23] No new episodes have aired since the season four finale, which aired December 11, 2015.[24]

The fifth season of the historical drama television series Vikings premiered on November 29, 2017 on History in Canada.[1] The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew, and later those of his sons. The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age, marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793.

With the reveal of The CW's fall 2011 schedule, it was announced that Hart of Dixie would air on Monday at 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central, following Gossip Girl.[14] It premiered on Monday, September 26, 2011.[15] On October 12, 2011 the series was picked up for a full season, which will consist of twenty-two episodes. Along with pick-up for all other CW dramas, Mark Pedowitz said "We believe in the creative strength of these dramas, and by giving them back nine orders we can give our audience the chance to enjoy complete seasons of all three of them."[16] On May 11, 2012, The CW renewed the show for a second season,[17] which premiered on October 2, 2012. The CW renewed the show for a third season on April 26, 2013.[18]

The first season of Next Class premiered on January 4, 2016 on Family's new teen programming block, F2N in Canada. The series saw its U.S. (and international) debut January 15, 2016, on Netflix. In Australia the show premiered on ABC3 on May 16, 2016. Season one ended on January 17, 2016 for both the Family Channel's two weeks or a fortnight run and Netflix's five hours to three days run.

On May 2, 2018, it was announced that the series had been titled Into the Dark and would premiere on October 5, 2018 with an episode entitled The Body, directed by Paul Davis who co-wrote the script with Paul Fisher. Davis and Fisher were also expected to produce and Alexa Faigen to executive produce.  Additionally, the series' second episode was announced as well with the title Flesh & Blood, Patrick Lussier directing, and a release date of November 2, 2018.[1][8][9]

The series was given a full 22-episode order on October 21, 2009, after strong ratings for the first half of the season. Now there is a spin-off called The Originals, that goes into depth about the original vampire family from The Vampire Diaries.[29] On February 16, 2010, The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a second season,[30] which premiered on September 9, 2010.[31] On April 26, 2011, The CW renewed the show for a third season.[32] The third season premiered on September 15, 2011.[33] The fourth season premiered October 11, 2012. The CW renewed the show for a fifth season on February 11, 2013.[34] On February 13, 2014, The CW renewed the series for a sixth season.[35] On January 11, 2015, the CW renewed the series for a seventh season.

While the third season of Stranger Things has been greenlit, no official release date has been given, though it is expected in either late 2018 or early 2019. Levy said that they are looking at a shorter season of eight or nine episodes, depending on how they develop the story and are not bound by a specific number. They expect the third season to be less about Will; Levy said, "We're not going to put Will through hell for a third season in a row. He'll be dealing with stuff, but he won't be at rock bottom... We're [going to be] dealing with forces of evil that are new."[29]

In an interview with World Screen, Stephen Davis announced that the series was going into its fifth season.[11] On May 7, 2014, the series was renewed for a fifth season consisting of 26 episodes,[12] with a tentative broadcast slated for April 4, 2015.[13]

On 30 June 2015, it was announced that ABC had renewed Janet King for a second eight-part series.[5] At the ASTRA Conference in September 2016, Dusseldorp confirmed four scripts for the third series had been written.[6] The third series began airing from 25 May 2017, replacing Seven Types of Ambiguity.[7] It focuses on organised crime in the sporting world, with Janet heading up a National Crime Commission investigation. Her former colleague Richard Stirling (Hamish Michael) is now a barrister for some of the athletes involved, while Owen Mitchell (Damian Walshe-Howling) has become the head of the DPP.[7]

In January 2018, Washington discussed the series at the annual Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas saying, "What I’m thrilled about is not only the content itself — the story,  the acting, how its a shot." She continued, "There are some really important coming-of-age issues that we deal with. It’s the LGBT community. It’s gun violence. Drug use. Bullying."[8] Alongside the release of the show's first trailer in May 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on June 4, 2018.[9]


Question: When was the song "Push It" released?

"Push It," a song by Salt-n-Pepa, was initially released as the B-side of the "Tramp" single in 1987, and as a standalone single in 1988. It achieved a peak position of number 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1988. In the UK, after an initial peak at number 41, it re-entered the charts following the group's performance at Nelson Mandela's 70th Birthday concert, eventually reaching number two that summer. Known for its sexual undertones, "Push It" was one of the first hip hop songs to incorporate such themes. It has been certified Platinum by the RIAA and ranks number 446 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, as well as number nine on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.

Jump on It! is the fifth album by rap group The Sugarhill Gang. The album was released in 1999 for Rhino Entertainment and was the first album by the group since 1984's Livin' in the Fast Lane. The album was marketed towards children and featured a kid version of the group's 1979 hit, "Rapper's Delight".

The music video for the song, directed by Bill Fishman, was released in September 1988[5] (About ten years after the song was originally released) to promote the compilation album Ramones Mania. The iconic video features the Ramones sitting at a table (left to right: Johnny, Joey, Marky and Dee Dee), nonchalantly reading and eating corn flakes. Meanwhile, the background room erupts into a meeting place for nuns, acrobats, ballerinas, monsters, cheerleaders, clowns, doctors, fetish nurses, and smoking schoolgirls. The film is intentionally sped up to show the excitement of the background, while the band's actions are in regular motion. This was achieved by having the band members move very slowly, while the crowd moved normally, and then speeding up the film. One of the video's characters is a young Courtney Love.[6]

"What Do You Want From Me?" is the most popular single by New Order bassist Peter Hook's band Monaco. Released in 1997 from the band's debut album Music For Pleasure, it peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. The band released two further singles from the album, but this remains the most successful. The song appeared in season 2 of the MTV cartoon series Daria as well as in season 1 of the UK television show Trigger Happy TV and on the show's soundtrack album. A music video was also shot for the song. The song is about Hook's failed relationship with comedian Caroline Aherne. The song was adopted by fans of Shelbourne F.C. in 2011.[1]

At the 1998 VMA's, Brandy and Monica performed "The Boy Is Mine" together live for the first time, putting an end to the media speculation that the two were rivals.[37] During the original broadcast of the show, a commercial faded in the Nine Inch Nails NIN logo on a black screen while playing a combination of music that started as a solo piano piece and morphed into an electronic/industrial beat (which would later found out to be the songs "La Mer" and "Into the Void," which share many melodic components and can be considered variations on a theme) and ended with Trent Reznor screaming "Tried to save myself, but myself kept slipping away" and the word "ninetynine" in the trademark NIN reversed-N font. This was only shown once during the original broadcast, was edited out of all repeats, and generally seen as a sign that the long-awaited follow-up to The Downward Spiral would be released early in 1999. Work was continued on the album through the first half of 1999, and Nine Inch Nails performed the title track "The Fragile" off the double-CD at 1999 MTV Video Music Awards almost one year to the day of the "ninetynine" commercial. It can be found as an Easter Egg or on the "Beneath The Surface" menu on the live NIN DVD And All That Could Have Been.[citation needed]

The group reconvened once again to make The W, though without Ol' Dirty Bastard, who was at the time incarcerated in California for violating the terms of his probation. Though incarcerated, ODB managed to make it onto the track "Conditioner" which featured Snoop Dogg. ODB's vocals were recorded via the telephones used for inmates to talk with visitors, while in prison. The W was mostly well received by critics,[23] particularly for The RZA's production, and also gave the group a hit single with the uptempo "Gravel Pit", part of a trilogy of videos where the group would visit different eras with a time traveling elevator, which also included "Protect Ya Neck (The Jump Off)" and "Careful (Click, Click)", which were then followed by "I Can't Go to Sleep" featuring Isaac Hayes. The album would go on to reach double platinum status.

The third single, "How Do U Want It" featuring R&B duo K-Ci & JoJo, was released, June 4, 1996.[17] It was a Double A-side single to "California Love" in America. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100. There were three videos filmed for the song: two in the same set for the single in April 1996. The video was directed by Ron Hightower and produced by Tracy D. Robinson. These two are distinguished by MPAA rating (one is certified adult material). The video portrays a wild sex party with jacuzzi, mechanical bull riding, cage dancing and pole stripping. All actors and actresses are dressed in renaissance-age costumes, though all clothes are removed for the nude clip. The adult-material video also features numerous porn stars, including Nina Hartley, Heather Hunter, and Angel Kelly.[18] The limousine segment seen in the clean version is the same except no nudity.[19] The third one is the concert version, mostly them performing on stage. There are cameo appearances by K-Ci & JoJo, and fellow group member of Digital Underground Shock G both in the concert and studio segments.[20]

In February 2016, David revealed that, after the recording session, the song was nearly lost forever: "We finished the song and dubbed it onto a little TDK D90 cassette to go and play it in the car," he says. "It sounded good but there was a couple of little tweaks we wanted to do â€“ and literally as [producer Mark Hill] turned the computer on, all we saw was this 'error, file number' message. The only way to get rid of it was to press OK. So we pressed OK, and it kept coming up with new error numbers. So we'd press OK, press OK, press OK. But when we looked at the session, all that we saw was the hi-hats. I was like, 'are you actually for real?' So that plastic TDK tape became gold dust. We had the whole song on there, and we had to use the recording as our reference, playing it very carefully so it didn't get chewed up, and trying to remember all the things we did. And that was 'Re-Rewind'."[3]

"American Pie" is a song by American singer and songwriter Don McLean. Recorded and released on the American Pie album in 1971, the single was a number-one US hit for four weeks in 1972 and also topped the charts in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. In the UK, the single reached No. 2 on its original 1972 release while a reissue in 1991 reached No. 12.[1] The song was listed as the No. 5 song on the RIAA project Songs of the Century. A truncated version of the song was covered by Madonna in 2000 and reached No. 1 in several countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia.

On February 13, 2012, "Part of Me" received an official release as the lead single from the album's re-release.[7] Perry had planned all along to release the song on the deluxe edition of the album rather than the original, as it did not fit that album's composition.[8] On February 11, two days before its worldwide premiere, the song was leaked for a second time with a reworked production and slightly changed lyrics.[5] "Part of Me" was released to most iTunes stores worldwide on February 18, 2012, following her performance at the 54th Grammy Awards.[9] In the United States, "Part of Me" was sent to contemporary radio playlists on February 21, 2012.[10] The song was released in England, Scotland, Wales, France, and Ireland on March 18, 2012 under the digital download and CD single formats.[11][12] Perry revealed via Twitter that all profits raised from the sales of the single would be donated to MusiCares.[13] The photograph by Mary Ellen Matthews that was used on the single cover was part of a photographic essay for Perry's appearance in episode 710 of the television program Saturday Night Live.[14]

The release of a single was soon deemed a "stupid idea" by Cornell and dropped in favor of an EP or album.[1] The album was recorded in only 15 days, produced by the band themselves.[1] Gossard described the recording process as a "non-pressure-filled" situation, as there were no expectations or pressure coming from the record company.[2] Eddie Vedder, who had flown up from San Diego to Seattle to audition for Ament, Gossard, and McCready to be the singer of a band initially billing themselves as Mookie Blaylock (so named for a basketball player but eventually settling on Pearl Jam), was at one of the Temple of the Dog rehearsals and ended up providing backing vocals.[6] "Hunger Strike" became a duet between Cornell and Vedder. Cornell was still figuring out the vocals at practice when Vedder stepped in and filled in the blanks singing the low parts because he saw it was hard for Cornell,[7] as Cornell later described it: "He sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively."[2][8] "Hunger Strike" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single; it was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record.[9] On the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty, Vedder stated; “That was the first time I heard myself on a real record. It could be one of my favorite songs that I’ve ever been on — or the most meaningful.”[7]


Question: What's the meaning of the phrase "show me the meaning of being lonely"?

"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is a melancholic pop and R&B ballad by the Backstreet Boys, featured on their third studio album, Millennium (1999). Composed by Max Martin and Herbie Crichlow, and produced by Martin, the song delves into the emotions of longing for a loved one and pondering the essence of loneliness.

Shortis observes that ROFL is a means of "annotating text with stage directions".[10] Hershock, in discussing these terms in the context of performative utterances, points out the difference between telling someone that one is laughing out loud and actually laughing out loud: "The latter response is a straightforward action. The former is a self-reflexive representation of an action: I not only do something but also show you that I am doing it. Or indeed, I may not actually laugh out loud but may use the locution 'LOL' to communicate my appreciation of your attempt at humor."[9]

Despite its title, the word "your" is not heard in the song until its reprise.[80] The track's introduction is proceeded by a spoken monologue.[81] Beginning "Look at this stuff, isn't it neat? Wouldn't you think my collection's complete? Wouldn't you think I'm the girl/The girl who has everything?",[68][82] "Part of Your World" is "a plea for a life of discovery" and "inquisitiveness" as opposed to love,[83] using "nonsensical expressions" such as "gadgets", "gizmos", "whosits" and "whatsits" in lieu of various human artifacts.[5] Lyrically, the ballad employs several "twist[s] and turns",[37] using very specific lyrics to describe both the performer's fascination with the human world and desire to walk among them,[1] including "walking around on those what-do-you-call-them?... feet"[62] and "Up where they walk, up where they run/Up where they stay all day in the sun/Wanderin' free, wish I could be/Part of that world."[32] Comprising "impeccable rhymes" while incorporating the term "thingamabobs"[72] into the line "You want thing-a-ma-bobs? I've got twenty but who cares? No big deal, I want more",[84] "Part of Your World"'s "empowering" lyrics[64] convey several messages, such as facing one's fears, believing in oneself,[48] and wishing for new life experiences.[37] The ballad concludes with a final chorus belted "When's it my turn? Wouldn't I love, love to explore that world up above? Out of the sea/Wish I could be/Part of that world".[51][54]

Ghil'ad Zuckermann cites the Hebrew example mukhrakhím liyót saméakh ("we must be happy", with a grammar mistake) instead of (the high-register) úru 'akhím belév saméakh ("wake up, brothers, with a happy heart"), from the well-known song "Háva Nagíla" ("Let’s be happy").[37] The Israeli site dedicated to Hebrew mondegreens has coined the term "avatiach" (Hebrew for watermelon) for "mondegreen", named for a common mishearing of Shlomo Artzi's award-winning 1970 song "Ahavtia" ("I loved her", using a form uncommon in spoken Hebrew).[38]

Saudade (European Portuguese: [sɐwˈðaðɨ], Brazilian Portuguese: [sawˈdadi] or [sawˈdadʒi], Galician: [sawˈðaðe]; plural saudades)[1] is a deep emotional state of nostalgic or profound melancholic longing for an absent something or someone that one loves. Moreover, it often carries a repressed knowledge that the object of longing might never return.[2] One English translation of the word is missingness, although it might not convey the feeling of deep emotion attached to the word "saudade". Stronger forms of saudade might be felt towards people and things whose whereabouts are unknown, such as a lost lover, or a family member who has gone missing, moved away, separated, or died.

U2 biographer Bill Flanagan credits Bono's habit of keeping his lyrics "in flux until the last minute" with providing a narrative coherence to the album.[86] Flanagan interpreted Achtung Baby as using the moon as a metaphor for a dark woman seducing the singer away from his virtuous love, the sun; he is tempted away from domestic life by an exciting nightlife and tests how far he can go before returning home.[87] For Flanagan, "Tryin' to Throw Your Arms Around the World" on the album's latter third describes the character stumbling home in a drunken state, and the final three songs—"Ultraviolet (Light My Way)", "Acrobat", and "Love Is Blindness"—are about how the couple deal with the suffering they have forced on each other.[86]

While lost in the woods, Denny and Buzz Crocker come across a mysterious man named Flynn, who unbeknownst to them is in fact a cab driver who died years ago as a result of a crash. Flynn helps lead them to someone who he says can help them get home, a very unusual man named Dr. Vink. On the way to Dr. Vink's cottage, Flynn inquires if they're any good at solving riddles; Denny and Buzz wonder why he would ask such a thing. Once Denny and Buzz arrive at Dr. Vink's cottage, they are also asked by him how they are at solving riddles. Dr. Vink tells the boys that if they want to get home they must solve his riddles. His first riddle for the boys is an easy one, "How far can you walk into the woods?" that Buzz is able to solve quickly, with the answer being halfway. Then he presents a very tough riddle that he states nobody has been able to solve before, "What has no weight, can be seen by the naked eye, and if put in a barrel will make the barrel lighter?". Denny and Buzz now have the opportunity to solve it in order to call their parents, but Buzz is stumped. Vink informs them that they can get his help if they give him a specimen showing them somebody's hand in a glass jar.

"I'm Coming Out" has been regarded as an anthem for the LGBT community. The phrase "coming out" to describe one's self-disclosure of sexual orientation or gender identity had been present in the gay subculture in the early 20th century[3], analogous to a débutante's coming-out party or celebration of her formal presentation to society. It has also been understood as "coming out of the closet" or coming out from hiding. The song is thus interpreted as a celebration of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender, identity and the encouragement of self-disclosure.

Yunker and Barry in a study of online courses and how they can be improved through podcasting have found that these slang terms, and emoticons as well, are "often misunderstood" by students and are "difficult to decipher" unless their meanings are explained in advance. They single out the example of "ROFL" as not obviously being the abbreviation of "rolling on the floor laughing" (emphasis added).[18] Haig singles out LOL as one of the three most popular initialisms in Internet slang, alongside BFN[dubious  â€“ discuss] ("bye for now") and IMHO ("in my honest/humble opinion"). He describes the various initialisms of Internet slang as convenient, but warns that "as ever more obscure acronyms emerge they can also be rather confusing".[1] Bidgoli likewise states that these initialisms "save keystrokes for the sender but [...] might make comprehension of the message more difficult for the receiver" and that "[s]lang may hold different meanings and lead to misunderstandings especially in international settings"; he advises that they be used "only when you are sure that the other person knows the meaning".[21]

The song was written by Manhattans bass singer Winfred "Blue" Lovett, who also provided the spoken introduction heard in the full-length version of the original recording. The lyrics and melody came to him late one night. As he later recalled, "Everything was there. I got up about three o'clock in the morning and jotted down the things I wanted to say. I just put the words together on my tape recorder and little piano. I've always thought that when you write slow songs, they have to have meaning. In this case, it's the love triangle situation we've all been through. I figured anyone who's been in love could relate to it. And it seemed to touch home for a lot of folks."[1]

The title was inspired by a Salvador Dalí comment: "Picasso is Spanish, me too. Picasso is a genius, me too. Picasso is a communist, me neither".[8][10] Gainsbourg claimed it was an "anti-fuck" song about the desperation and impossibility of physical love.[3] The lyrics are written as a dialogue between two lovers during sex. Phrases include:


Question: What is the meaning of the phrase "show me the meaning of being lonely"?

"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" is a pop and R&B ballad with Latin pop influences. The song's lyrics explore the emotions of heartbreak and the experience of loneliness. In the chorus, the protagonist sings, "Show me the meaning of being lonely/Is this the feeling I need to walk with/Tell me why I can't be there where you are/There's something missing in my heart," expressing the deep longing and absence felt after a relationship ends.

"Hunter" is a song recorded by Icelandic musician Björk for her fourth studio album Homogenic (1997). The lyrics explore the pressure Björk felt to write music after realising the workforce that depended on her, following the success she found as a solo artist with her previous studio albums. The song was first performed at the 1997 Tibetan Freedom Concert and later included with the online promotional release of Homogenic; the track was subsequently released as the third single for the album as three different CD releases in October 1998. A collaborative effort between Björk and Mark Bell, "Hunter" features a dark combination of strings and layered synths, a militaristic electronic beat, and enigmatic lyrics about the heading towards a mission.

Perhaps one of the most prominent themes in How the García Girls Lost Their Accents is that of the fragmented concept of the self.[40] The fragmentation of one's personal identity is a serious issue suffered by all four García girls throughout the course of the novel. Their immigration has left them as multiple beings, torn between their Dominican and American identities.[41] As a college student, Yolanda encounters a boy named Rudy Elmenhurst, who is relentless in his attempts to pressure her into bed with him. When he can bear frustration no longer, Rudy lashes out and ends their relationship, leaving Yolanda devastated and hoping for his return.[42] The inner turmoil evoked in Yolanda by this traumatic episode is evident through her realization of "what a cold lonely life awaited [her] in this country. [Yolanda] would never find someone who would understand [her] peculiar mix of Catholicism and agnosticism, Hispanic and American styles".[10] Julie Barak, of Mesa State College, has described this passage as a poignant and elegant reprisal of the recurrent sense of being divided selves and speaking divided languages found throughout the majority of the text.[43]

U2 biographer Bill Flanagan credits Bono's habit of keeping his lyrics "in flux until the last minute" with providing a narrative coherence to the album.[86] Flanagan interpreted Achtung Baby as using the moon as a metaphor for a dark woman seducing the singer away from his virtuous love, the sun; he is tempted away from domestic life by an exciting nightlife and tests how far he can go before returning home.[87] For Flanagan, "Tryin' to Throw Your Arms Around the World" on the album's latter third describes the character stumbling home in a drunken state, and the final three songs—"Ultraviolet (Light My Way)", "Acrobat", and "Love Is Blindness"—are about how the couple deal with the suffering they have forced on each other.[86]

In the second verse, Beyoncé resigns herself and continues to sing about cruelties that men often inflict on women.[20][25] Still imagining herself impersonating the man who has wronged her,[18] she highlights how some men switch off their phones to avoid ex-lovers after having found another girl.[25] Beyoncé continues, "I'd put myself first / And make the rules as I go / 'Cause I know that she'd be faithful / Waitin' for me to come home".[21][24] She then repeats the chorus;[20] the intensity with which she sings gradually increases until she hits her upper register and seems close to crying.[20][26] During the bridge, Beyoncé stops singing about the male behaviors she would indulge in if she were a man and addresses her callous lover directly.[20] As Beyoncé emphasizes how it feels to be cheated on, she sings her vocal lines an octave higher than she did in the rest of the song.[25] She finally tells him that it is too late to come back and apologize.[20] In the last verse, Beyoncé concludes, "But you're just a boy".[20] Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music notes that she "[pushes] her voice into a thin, pleading whine" at this point.[25] With a squeak in her voice,[25] she repeats the chorus for the final time as she fights to remain strong, not allowing her agony to bring her down.[20]

"The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs" was written and directed by series co-founder Trey Parker, and was rated TV-MA in the United States. It originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on March 24, 2010. The episode serves primarily as a satire of pop culture criticism.[1][2][3] Although the South Park boys wrote The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs simply to shock and offend people, readers delve too deeply into the meaning behind the book, finding hidden allegories and symbolism that the actual authors insist are not present.[4] People with conflicting philosophies, including liberals and conservatives, and pro-choice and pro-life advocates, attempt to claim that the same work conveys and validates their own ideology.[5] The script serves as a criticism of people who take such works of pop culture too seriously.[1][4][5] Although this is demonstrated specifically through literary criticism in the episode, the theme can be extended to film criticism and television criticism as well.[2][5] The episode suggests people are so desperate for inspiration, they are willing to impose their hopes and dreams into works of art, even if they completely lack those qualities.[4] Some commentators thought South Park creators Parker and Matt Stone were implicitly mocking the amount of analysis into deeper meaning South Park itself often receives in its reviews.[2][5] Others have suggested this over-analysis is a reference to the number of adult themes identified in the Harry Potter and Twilight young adult novel series.[3][6]

Critic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1962 essay "Theatre of the Absurd."[2] He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, The Myth of Sisyphus.[3] The Absurd in these plays takes the form of man’s reaction to a world apparently without meaning, and/or man as a puppet controlled or menaced by invisible outside forces. This style of writing was first popularized by the 1952 Samuel Beckett play Waiting for Godot. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to vaudeville, mixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either a parody or dismissal of realism and the concept of the "well-made play". These plays were shaped by the political turmoil, scientific breakthrough, and social upheaval going on in the world around the playwrights during these times.

The song is a cynical look at the music industry as a publicist/manager begs the protagonist to remain hip for the younger crowd ("What's the matter with the car I'm driving?" / "Can't you tell that it's out of style?"), and the protagonist's refusal to change, claiming his music will remain relevant regardless of his appearance. The song was a reaction by Joel at the new music genres that were around in the late 1970s (punk, funk, new wave). It was inspired by Joel reading a review about a particular (unnamed) band, and realizing that he had no idea what their music sounded like.[citation needed] The song also includes the line "Alright Rico!" To kick off the saxophone solo performed by Richie Cannata.

Written in the key of D major,[2] "Be Still" is a folk blues ballad.[3] Clarkson's vocal range in the song spans from D4 to B4.[2] In this song she tells a lover to just be still and enjoy the moment. The song is named after one of her favorite Bible verses: Psalm 46:10 ("Be still, and know that I (God) am here").[3] Clarkson explained, "It's all about stopping things, slowing down to appreciate life. Everything just goes so fast, especially in this business. There's just no time to be alone for a moment of quiet. That's why I don't live in Los Angeles and have always lived in Texas. It's about getting away from the rat race and carving out a space for yourself." She compared the song to tracks recorded by Sarah McLachlan, Norah Jones and Bonnie Raitt, and Christine McVie.[3]

The songs of Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness are intended to hang together conceptually, with the two halves of the album representing day and night.[12] Despite this, Corgan has rejected the term concept album to describe it, and it was at the time described as more "loose" and "vague" than the band's previous records.[4][12][18] However, Billy Corgan has also said that the album is based on "the human condition of mortal sorrow".[19] Corgan aimed the album's message at people aged 14 to 24 years, hoping "to sum up all the things I felt as a youth but was never able to voice articulately."[4] He summed up by stating, "I'm waving goodbye to me in the rear view mirror, tying a knot around my youth and putting it under the bed."[4]

Dale Allison, a Christian theologian, views these lyrics as a song-wide message where Harrison "mourns how few are working for a better world and paying homage to God".[39] Allison refutes the idea of any elitism or superiority in Harrison's compositions, suggesting: "George nowhere claims to have arrived [at his spiritual goal]; he is rather always a pilgrim, always on the road. In the words of 'The Day the World Gets 'Round,' he is one of those who has 'made a start,' nothing more."[40]


Question: Where does the value in the null hypothesis originate from?

Under the null hypothesis framework, if the data from a randomly chosen representative sample is highly improbable compared to the null hypothesis (belonging to a category of data sets rarely seen under this hypothesis), the researcher will reject the null hypothesis, assuming it to be false. This category of data sets is typically identified using a test statistic that gauges the degree of deviation from the null hypothesis. The process involves assessing whether the observed deviation, as measured by the test statistic, is greater than a predetermined threshold, ensuring that the likelihood of encountering a more extreme deviation under the null hypothesis is minimal (often less than 5% or 1% in scenarios where the null hypothesis is true).

We first define the expected loss in the frequentist context. It is obtained by taking the expected value with respect to the probability distribution, Pθ, of the observed data, X. This is also referred to as the risk function[4][5][6][7] of the decision rule δ and the parameter θ. Here the decision rule depends on the outcome of X. The risk function is given by:

Probabilistic tests are more rigorous than heuristics in that they provide provable bounds on the probability of being fooled by a composite number. Many popular primality tests are probabilistic tests. These tests use, apart from the tested number n, some other numbers a which are chosen at random from some sample space; the usual randomized primality tests never report a prime number as composite, but it is possible for a composite number to be reported as prime. The probability of error can be reduced by repeating the test with several independently chosen values of a; for two commonly used tests, for any composite n at least half the a's detect n's compositeness, so k repetitions reduce the error probability to at most 2âˆ’k, which can be made arbitrarily small by increasing k.

When experimental interventions are infeasible or illegal, the derivation of cause effect relationship from observational studies must rest on some qualitative theoretical assumptions, for example, that symptoms do not cause diseases, usually expressed in the form of missing arrows in causal graphs such as Bayesian networks or path diagrams. The theory underlying these derivations relies on the distinction between conditional probabilities, as in

P
(
c
a
n
c
e
r

|

s
m
o
k
i
n
g
)

{\displaystyle P(cancer|smoking)}

, and interventional probabilities, as in

P
(
c
a
n
c
e
r

|

d
o
(
s
m
o
k
i
n
g
)
)

{\displaystyle P(cancer|do(smoking))}

. The former reads: "the probability of finding cancer in a person known to smoke, having started, unforced by the experimenter, to do so at an unspecified time in the past", while the latter reads: "the probability of finding cancer in a person forced by the experimenter to smoke at a specified time in the past". The former is a statistical notion that can be estimated by observation with negligible intervention by the experimenter, while the latter is a causal notion which is estimated in an experiment with an important controlled randomized intervention. It is specifically characteristic of quantal phenomena that observations defined by incompatible variables always involve important intervention by the experimenter, as described quantitatively by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.[vague] In classical thermodynamics, processes are initiated by interventions called thermodynamic operations. In other branches of science, for example astronomy, the experimenter can often observe with negligible intervention.

Sokal and Bricmont write, "When a theory successfully withstands an attempt at falsification, a scientist will, quite naturally, consider the theory to be partially confirmed and will accord it a greater likelihood or a higher subjective probability. ... But Popper will have none of this: throughout his life he was a stubborn opponent of any idea of 'confirmation' of a theory, or even of its 'probability'. ... [but] the history of science teaches us that scientific theories come to be accepted above all because of their successes." (Sokal and Bricmont 1997, 62f)

Given the test scores of two random samples of men and women, does one group differ from the other? A possible null hypothesis is that the mean male score is the same as the mean female score:

Lakatos attempted to explain Kuhn's work by arguing that science progresses by the falsification of research programs rather than the more specific universal statements of naÃ¯ve falsification. In Lakatos' approach, a scientist works within a research program that corresponds roughly with Kuhn's 'paradigm'. Whereas Popper rejected the use of ad hoc hypotheses as unscientific, Lakatos accepted their place in the development of new theories.[17]

One of the consequences of Bayesian inference is that in addition to experimental data, the loss function does not in itself wholly determine a decision. What is important is the relationship between the loss function and the posterior probability. So it is possible to have two different loss functions which lead to the same decision when the prior probability distributions associated with each compensate for the details of each loss function.[citation needed]

Many of these explanations were found by David Tall, who has studied characteristics of teaching and cognition that lead to some of the misunderstandings he has encountered in his college students. Interviewing his students to determine why the vast majority initially rejected the equality, he found that "students continued to conceive of 0.999... as a sequence of numbers getting closer and closer to 1 and not a fixed value, because 'you haven't specified how many places there are' or 'it is the nearest possible decimal below 1'".[38]

follows a chi-squared distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom. Here, the degrees of freedom arises from the residual sum-of-squares in the numerator, and in turn the n − 1 degrees of freedom of the underlying residual vector

{

X

i

−

X
¯

}

{\displaystyle \{X_{i}-{\bar {X}}\}}

.

For statistical inference, sums-of-squares can still be formed: the model sum-of-squares is

‖
H
y

‖

2

{\displaystyle \|Hy\|^{2}}

; the residual sum-of-squares is

‖
y
−
H
y

‖

2

{\displaystyle \|y-Hy\|^{2}}

. However, because H does not correspond to an ordinary least-squares fit (i.e. is not an orthogonal projection), these sums-of-squares no longer have (scaled, non-central) chi-squared distributions, and dimensionally defined degrees-of-freedom are not useful.


Question: Who is the actor that plays the coach in the Old Spice advertisement?

Isaiah Mustafa, an American actor and former NFL practice squad wide receiver, is widely recognized as the main character in the Old Spice commercials, famously known as "The Man Your Man Could Smell Like." He is also known for his role as Luke Garroway on the fantasy series Shadowhunters on Freeform. Mustafa is the coach featured in the Old Spice commercials.

Lewis has appeared in several films: My Bollywood Bride, a Hollywood/Bollywood romantic comedy where Lewis plays the leading man opposite Bollywood actress Kashmira Shah, and Mr. Brooks, a thriller, where he plays opposite Demi Moore and Kevin Costner. He is also known in Europe for playing the hunk on the Aero Advert for Aero Bubbles.[citation needed]

Another popular ad was made by the NFL. It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl, headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort, depressed he did not make it in. Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger, and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off-key yet rousing edition of "Tomorrow" from the musical Annie. The commercial ended with the tagline: "Tomorrow, we're all undefeated again." Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season.

Pain & Gain is a 2013 American dark comedy crime film directed by Michael Bay and starring Mark Wahlberg, Dwayne Johnson, and Anthony Mackie. The film is loosely based on a story Pete Collins published in a 1999 series of Miami New Times articles and compiled in the book Pain & Gain: This Is a True Story (2013), which details the kidnapping, extortion, torture, and murder of several victims by an organized group of criminals comprising bodybuilders affiliated with the Sun Gym.[4][5] The film's title is a play on the common adage, frequently used in fitness: "No pain, no gain".

The crime drama Normal Life marked her film debut; she played the sister of a bank robber played by Luke Perry. She portrayed a kleptomaniac in the film Peppermills. Walsh appeared in the cult movie, Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer, Part II. She had her first significant role in a major Hollywood production as Will Ferrell's character's wife in the family comedy, Kicking & Screaming, alongside Robert Duvall and Mike Ditka. Walsh has appeared in several other films with Ferrell, including Bewitched (with Nicole Kidman) and an "alternate film" to Anchorman titled, Wake Up, Ron Burgundy: The Lost Movie.

Wise is best known for his role as Laura Palmer's father Leland in Twin Peaks. In the late 1960s and 1970s, Wise played attorney Jamie Rollins in the soap opera Love of Life for seven years and nearly 950 episodes.[4] In 1987, Wise played Tom Gunther, Catherine Chandler's boyfriend, in the pilot episode of the TV series Beauty and the Beast. In addition to Twin Peaks, Wise has played several roles in science fiction. He played the harried dad in the horror film Dead End. He made an appearance as Liko in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Who Watches the Watchers", and later played Arturis in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Hope and Fear".

He was discovered at 16 working at a restaurant in Edmonton, Alberta by model scout Kelly Streit of mode models.  At 18 years old, Thompson left home to build a career in runway, print and commercial modeling. One of his most well-known ad campaigns are the three TV commercials for Gap he did with director Pedro Romhanyi in 1999: "Everybody in Cords", "Everybody in Leather" and "Everybody in Vests". Though modeling paid the bills and allowed Jason the opportunity to travel extensively, he admits that becoming an actor was never far from his thoughts.

Barry Layne Switzer (born October 5, 1937) is a former American football player and coach. He served for 16 years as head football coach at the University of Oklahoma and four years as head coach for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He helped the Cowboys win Super Bowl XXX against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He has one of the highest winning percentages of any college football coach in history,[1]  and is one of only three head coaches to win both a college football national championship and a Super Bowl, the others being Jimmy Johnson and Pete Carroll.[2]

A Royal Stag ad in 2011 featuring Harbhajan Singh, showed him opting to not work in his father's ball bearing factory and focus on cricket instead. The commercial ends with him asking the viewer, if with his achievements, "Have I made it large?" Royal Stag's rival, United Spirits Ltd's McDowell's No. 1 Platinum whisky mocked the ad in its commercial featuring Mahendra Singh Dhoni. The ad showed Harbhajan look-alike making ball bearings the size of gym balls at his father's factory, asking if he had "made it large", only to get slapped by his father for being incompetent.[36] Dhoni then tells the viewer, "Zindagi main kuch karna hai to large chodo, kuch alag karo yaar" (If you want to do something in life, then forget large, do something different yaar). The ad is considered to be a rare example of a spoof in surrogate advertising. The Economic Times quoted an industry official as saying, "It is in bad taste, this type of advertising has never been used in the Indian liquor industry."[37] Harbhajan served a legal notice to United Spirits Ltd on 18 July 2011 claiming that the commercial mocked him, his family and the Sikh community. The notice was sent to Vijay Mallya, UB Executive vice-chairman SR Gupte, President & CFO Ravi Nedungadi, Deputy President Harish Bhat and Executive VP (Corporate Affairs) Nandini Verma. It was sent by Avtar Kaur, Harbhajan's mother, through his lawyers, Dewani Advocates & Consultants. Kaur stated these kinds of advertisements brought "disunity and friction" in the Indian cricket team and could be termed "anti-national". The notice also demanded that the company publicly apologise to the family "through widely-read newspapers as well as television channels prominently",[38] remove the advertisement within three days of receiving the notice and compensation of â‚¹100,000 (US$1,600).[39][40][41] The United Breweries Group withdrew the ad on 22 July 2011 stating that had done so "in the interest of the game of cricket" and fearing that the commercial could be "misused by vested interests to further their own agenda". The company also stated that the view of the management was that there was no maintainable case.[42]

After retiring from the NFL, Sanders worked as a pre-game commentator for CBS' The NFL Today until 2004, when contract negotiations failed. Sanders turned down a 30% salary increase demanding to be paid $2.5 million, the highest of any NFL TV analyst. He was replaced by Shannon Sharpe. During Sanders' run, he participated in several sketches. The first was "Primetime and 21st", a mock street corner where Sanders (not yet a regular panelist) would give his opinions. Another was his "Sanders Claus" persona, one of numerous sketches that involved young kids in football jerseys, representing NFL players, receiving a sarcastic gift from Sanders. Deion actually debuted as "Sanders Claus" in a set of Nike commercials. Sanders still takes presents at Christmas time to local children's hospitals in his area dressed as "Sanders Claus".[citation needed]

One of his early roles includes playing the main character, a child, in the 2001 horror film Wendigo. Sullivan also played the only child in the 2002 film Unfaithful, and he played the orphaned child Fuzzy Stone, who suffered from weak lungs, in The Cider House Rules. He was also in the 2004 comedy film Christmas with the Kranks, playing the character of Spike. He played young Joe Dirt in the film of the same name. In the 2003 animated film Finding Nemo, he voiced Sheldon the Seahorse. He starred as the title role in the independent film Mo. In 2010, he played the role of Timmy in the film Twelve.[7]


Question: Where does the film "Road to Perdition" take place?

In the film "Road to Perdition," the setting is Rock Island, Illinois during the year 1931, amidst the Great Depression. Michael Sullivan, Sr., an enforcer for Irish mob boss John Rooney, finds himself embroiled in a dangerous situation when his son Michael Jr. witnesses a murder committed by Rooney's son, Connor. After Connor retaliates by killing Sullivan's wife and younger son, Sullivan embarks on a journey with Michael Jr. to Chicago, seeking work from Al Capone and information on Connor's whereabouts, who has gone into hiding.

The most persistent theme throughout his films is tension in parent-child relationships. Parents (often fathers) are reluctant, absent or ignorant. Peter Banning in Hook starts off in the beginning of the film as a reluctant married-to-his-work parent who through the course of the film regains the respect of his children. The notable absence of Elliott's father in E.T., is the most famous example of this theme. In Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, it is revealed that Indy has always had a very strained relationship with his father, who is a professor of medieval literature, as his father always seemed more interested in his work, specifically in his studies of the Holy Grail, than in his own son, although his father does not seem to realize or understand the negative effect that his aloof nature had on Indy (he even believes he was a good father in the sense that he taught his son "self reliance," which is not how Indy saw it). Even Oskar Schindler, from Schindler's List, is reluctant to have a child with his wife. In The Color Purple, the main character, Celie, has been impregnated by her father multiple times. Munich depicts Avner as a man away from his wife and newborn daughter. There are of course exceptions; Brody in Jaws is a committed family man, while John Anderton in Minority Report is a shattered man after the disappearance of his son. This theme is arguably the most autobiographical aspect of Spielberg's films, since Spielberg himself was affected by his parents' divorce as a child and by the absence of his father. Furthermore, to this theme, protagonists in his films often come from families with divorced parents, most notably E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (protagonist Elliot's mother is divorced) and Catch Me If You Can (Frank Abagnale's mother and father split early on in the film). Little known also is Tim in Jurassic Park (early in the film, another secondary character mentions Tim and Lex's parents' divorce). The family often shown divided is often resolved in the ending as well. Following this theme of reluctant fathers and father figures, Tim looks to Dr. Alan Grant as a father figure. Initially, Dr. Grant is reluctant to return those paternal feelings to Tim. However, by the end of the film, he has changed, and the kids even fall asleep with their heads on his shoulders.

Mexican War veteran Jeremiah Johnson takes up the life of a mountain man, supporting himself in the Rocky Mountains as a trapper. His first winter in mountain country is difficult, and he has a run-in with Paints-His-Shirt-Red, a chief of the Crow tribe. Some time later, he finds the frozen body of mountain man Hatchet Jack clutching a .50 caliber Hawken rifle. Jack's will gives his rifle to the man who finds his corpse. With his new rifle, Johnson inadvertently disrupts the grizzly bear hunt of the elderly and eccentric Chris Lapp, nicknamed 'Bear Claw', who mentors him on living in the high country. After a brush with Crow Indians, including Lapp's friend Paints-His-Shirt-Red, and learning the skills required to survive, Johnson sets off on his own.

NYPD officer Charlie Lang (Nicolas Cage) is a kind and generous man who loves his job in Queens, New York, where he lives. His wife, Muriel (Rosie Perez), works at a hair salon and, unlike him, is greedy, materialistic, and selfish, constantly complaining about their situation in life. Waitress Yvonne Biasi (Bridget Fonda) is bankrupt because her husband, Eddie (Stanley Tucci), whom she could not yet afford to divorce, emptied their joint checking account without her permission, while also leaving her with over $12,000 in credit card debt. Charlie meets her when she waits on him at the diner where she works. Since he doesn't have enough money to pay the tip, he promises to give her either double the tip or half of his prospective lottery winnings the next day using a ticket which has numbers he regularly plays. He wins $4 million ($6.6 million today) in the lottery the next day and keeps his promise, despite Muriel's protests.

Finian moves to the southern United States (the fictional state of Missitucky is a combination of Mississippi and Kentucky) from Ireland with his daughter Sharon, to bury a stolen pot of gold near Fort Knox, in the mistaken belief that it will grow. A leprechaun follows them, desperate to recover his treasure before the loss of it turns him permanently human. Complications arise when a bigoted and corrupt U.S. Senator gets involved, and when wishes are made inadvertently over the hidden crock. The Irish-tinged music score includes gospel and R&B influences.

Walking Tall is a 2004 American action film. A remake of the 1973 film of the same name, it stars The Rock and Johnny Knoxville. It can be said to be loosely based on the real-life story of Sheriff Buford Pusser and utilized many elements from his life. A number of aspects were changed, including the main character's name (to "Chris Vaughn"), the character returning to his hometown as a war veteran, and the setting was moved from McNairy County, Tennessee to Kitsap County, Washington, United States.

The film was also nominated for BAFTA Awards for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role (Newman), Best Cinematography, and Best Production Design, winning awards for the latter two.[35] Hall also won an award from the American Society of Cinematographers for Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases.[36] In April 2006, Empire recognized Road to Perdition as number six in its list of the top 20 comic book films.[37]

When word reaches Jackie O'Shea (Ian Bannen) and Michael O'Sullivan (David Kelly), two elderly best friends, that someone in Tulaigh MhÃ³r (Tullymore), their tiny Irish village of 52 people, has won the Irish National Lottery, they, along with Jackie's wife Annie (Fionnula Flanagan), plot to discover the identity of the winner. They obtain a list of lottery customers from Mrs. Kennedy (Maura O'Malley) at the post office and invite the potential winners to a chicken dinner, where they attempt to get the winner to reveal him- or herself. After everyone has left and they are no closer to an answer, Annie realizes that one person did not come to the dinner, so Jackie pays a late-night visit to the only absentee: the reclusive Ned Devine (Jimmy Keogh). He finds Ned in his home in front of the TV, still holding the ticket in his hand, a smile on his face and dead from shock. That same night, Jackie has a dream that the deceased Ned wants to share the winnings with his friends, as he has no family to claim the ticket. Jackie wakes up after the dream, and before dawn, he and Michael return to Ned's house to gather Ned's personal information so they can claim the winnings for themselves.

American Honey is a 2016 British drama road film written and directed by Andrea Arnold. The film stars Sasha Lane, Shia LaBeouf and Riley Keough. The film follows Star (Lane), a teenage girl from a troubled home, who runs away with a traveling sales crew who drive across the American Midwest selling magazine subscriptions door to door. Principal photography began in May 2015 with filming taking place in several states across America; it's Arnold's first film to be set and filmed outside the United Kingdom.

The Mist (also known as Stephen King's The Mist) is a 2007 American science-fiction horror film based on the 1980 book The Mist by Stephen King. The film was written and directed by Frank Darabont. Darabont had been interested in adapting The Mist for the big screen since the 1980s. The film features an ensemble cast including Thomas Jane, Marcia Gay Harden, Samuel Witwer, Toby Jones, and future The Walking Dead actors Jeffrey DeMunn, Juan Gabriel Pareja, Laurie Holden, and Melissa McBride.

At Close Range is a 1986 American crime drama film directed by James Foley, based on the real life rural Pennsylvania crime family led by Bruce Johnston Sr. which operated during the 1960s and 1970s. It stars Sean Penn and Christopher Walken, with Mary Stuart Masterson, Sean's brother Chris Penn, David Strathairn, Crispin Glover, Kiefer Sutherland, and Eileen Ryan (the Penns' real-life mother) in supporting roles. The film was critically acclaimed.[2]


Question: When was the Nobel Prize for literature initially given out?

The Nobel Prize in Literature, established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, was first awarded in 1901. It is given annually to an author who has produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction." The Swedish Academy selects the laureate, typically in early October, and the prize is one of five Nobel Prizes, alongside those in Chemistry, Physics, Peace, and Physiology or Medicine.

Formed in 1949, the Cheltenham Literature Festival is the longest-running festival of its kind in the world. The Hay Festival in Wales attracts wide interest, and the Edinburgh International Book Festival is the largest festival of its kind in the world.

The nuclear debate initially was about nuclear weapons policy, and began within the scientific community. Scientific concern about the adverse health effects arising from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing first emerged in 1954.[26]  Professional associations such as the Federation of Atomic Scientists and the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs were involved.[27]  The National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy was formed in November 1957, and surveys showed rising public uneasiness about the nuclear arms raceâ€”especially atmospheric nuclear weapons tests that sent radioactive fallout around the globe.[28] In 1962, Linus Pauling won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to stop the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, and the "Ban the Bomb" movement spread throughout the United States.[27]

The presentation of the medals and awards changed significantly until the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles brought in what has now become standard.  Before 1932 all the medals were awarded at the closing ceremony, with the athletes wearing evening dress for the first few Games.  Originally the presenting dignitary was stationary while the athletes filed past to receive their medals.  The victory podium was introduced upon the personal instruction in 1931 of Henri de Baillet-Latour, who had seen one used at the 1930 British Empire Games.[29] The winner is in the middle at a higher elevation, with the silver medallist to the right and the bronze to the left.[29]  At the 1932 Winter Olympics, medals were awarded in the closing ceremony, with athletes for each event in turn mounting the first-ever podium.  At the Summer Olympics, competitors in the Coliseum received their medals immediately after each event for the first time; competitors at other venues came to the Coliseum next day to receive their medals.[8][29] Later Games have had a victory podium at each competition venue.

According to Professor Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy, Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, had he not suddenly died that year.[39]

The Nobel Peace Center (Norwegian: Nobels Fredssenter) in Oslo, Norway is a showcase for the Nobel Peace Prize and the ideals it represents. The Center is also an arena where culture and politics merge to promote involvement, debate and reflection around topics such as war, peace and conflict resolution.[1]

Novel or enhanced synthetic techniques can often provide improved environmental performance or enable better adherence to the principles of green chemistry. For example, the 2005 Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded, to Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis, with explicit reference to its contribution to green chemistry and "smarter production."[16] A 2005 review identified three key developments in green chemistry in the field of organic synthesis: use of supercritical carbon dioxide as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide for clean oxidations and the use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis.[17] Some further examples of applied green chemistry are supercritical water oxidation, on water reactions, and dry media reactions.[citation needed]

While modernism was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were also many fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were not modernists. Novelists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936), who was also a successful poet; H. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Galsworthy (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), whose novels include The Forsyte Saga (1906–21); Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of The Old Wives' Tale (1908); G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936); E.M. Forster (1879–1970). The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907).[122]

Toni Morrison, the most recent American recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature, writing in a distinctive lyrical prose style, published her controversial debut novel, The Bluest Eye, to widespread critical acclaim in 1970. Coming on the heels of the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1965, the novel, widely studied in American schools, includes an elaborate description of incestuous rape and explores the conventions of beauty established by a historically racist society, painting a portrait of a self-immolating black family in search of beauty in whiteness. Since then, Morrison has experimented with lyric fantasy, as in her two best-known later works, Song of Solomon (1977) and Beloved (1987), for which she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction; along these lines, critic Harold Bloom has drawn favorable comparisons to Virginia Woolf,[23] and the Nobel committee to "Faulkner and to the Latin American tradition [of magical realism]."[24] Beloved was chosen in a 2006 survey conducted by The New York Times as the most important work of fiction of the last 25 years.[25]

Many writers have originated in and set their work in Sydney. The city was the headquarters for Australia's first published newspaper, the Sydney Gazette.[275] Watkin Tench's A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay (1789) and A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales (1793) have remained the best-known accounts of life in early Sydney.[276] Since the infancy of the establishment, much of the literature set in Sydney were concerned with life in the city's slums and working-class communities, notably William Lane's The Working Man's Paradise (1892), Christina Stead's Seven Poor Men of Sydney (1934) and Ruth Park's The Harp in the South (1948).[277] The first Australian-born female novelist, Louisa Atkinson, set various of her novels in Sydney.[278] Contemporary writers, such as Elizabeth Harrower, were born in the city and thus set most of the work thereâ€“Harrower's debut novel Down in the City (1957) was mostly set in a King's Cross apartment.[279][280][281] Well known contemporary novels set in the city include Melina Marchetta's Looking for Alibrandi (1992), Peter Carey's 30 Days in Sydney: A Wildly Distorted Account (1999), J.M. Coetzee's Diary of a Bad Year (2007) and Kate Grenville's The Secret River (2010). The Sydney Writers' Festival is held every year between April and May.[282]

The success of insulin enabled the company to attract well-respected scientists and, with them, make more medical advances. By its fiftieth anniversary in 1926 sales reached $9 million and the company produced more than 2,800 different items.[26] In 1928 Lilly introduced Liver Extract 343 for the treatment of pernicious anemia, a blood disorder, in a joint venture with two Harvard University scientists, George R. Minot and William P. Murphy. In 1930 Lilly introduced Liver Extract No. 55 in collaboration with George Whipple, a University of Rochester scientist.[42] Minot, Murphy, and Whipple won the 1934 Nobel Prize in medicine for their research.[43]


Question: When did the New York subway system first open?

The New York City Subway, a rapid transit system leased to the New York City Transit Authority and owned by the City of New York, commenced operations in 1904. As one of the world's oldest, most utilized, and extensive metro systems, it boasts an unparalleled number of stations and provides continuous service throughout the year, 24 hours a day.

Organized in 1934 by transit workers of the BRT, IRT, and IND,[58] the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 remains the largest and most influential local of the labor unions.[59] Since the union's founding, there have been three union strikes over contract disputes with the MTA:[60] 12 days in 1966,[61][62] 11 days in 1980,[63] and three days in 2005.[64][65]

Since 1992, Kay's agency has been responsible for the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority's advertising. To give the MTA a human voice, Kay and his team created the "SubTalk" brand[14][15] by which MTA posts messages to riders in stations and on subway trains.[2] He coined the phrase, "If You See Something, Say Something"[16] for MTA's campaign to encourage riders to be part of MTA's security efforts.[17] Since 2002 the campaign has evolved from simple print ads to television spots, increasing the reporting of suspicious packages from 814 in 2002 to over 37,000 in 2003.[18][19] Today, more than 30 transit systems use a version of Kay's innovative "See Something, Say Something" campaign.[17]

Despite these improvements, the transit system continues to experience flooding problems. On August 8, 2007, after more than 3 inches (76 mm) of rain fell within an hour, the subway system flooded, causing almost every subway service to either be disabled or seriously disrupted, effectively halting the morning rush.[311][312] This was the third incident in 2007 in which rain disrupted service. The system was disrupted on this occasion because the pumps and drainage system can handle only a rainfall rate of 1.75 inches (44 mm) per hour; the incident's severity was aggravated by the scant warning as to the severity of the storm.[309][313]:10

Beginning in the 1850s, Boston sprouted a large network of horsecar lines, the first public transit in the city. The West End Street Railway was created by the state legislature in 1887 to build a single line, but soon consolidated many of the existing lines into a single privately owned system with consistent fares and route designations. The Allston – Park Square line (which served the general area of the "A" Branch) was the first section to be converted to electric traction in 1889. It used modified existing horsecars outfitted with Frank J. Sprague's revolutionary electrical equipment, which had first been demonstrated the previous year in Richmond, Virginia.[34]:9–10 In 1897, the West End Street Railway property was handed over to the Boston Elevated Railway (BERy) in the form of a 24-year lease, and the companies were ultimately combined.

A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New York governor, presided over the event.[100] On the morning of the dedication, a parade was held in New York City; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million. President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America. General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade. The route began at Madison Square, once the venue for the arm, and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway, with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row. As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange, traders threw ticker tape from the windows, beginning the New York tradition of the ticker-tape parade.[101]

On April 14, 1894, a public Kinetoscope parlor was opened by the Holland Bros. in New York City at 1155 Broadway, on the corner of 27th Streetâ€”the first commercial motion picture house. The venue had ten machines, set up in parallel rows of five, each showing a different movie. For 25 cents a viewer could see all the films in either row; half a dollar gave access to the entire bill.[49] The machines were purchased from the new Kinetoscope Company, which had contracted with Edison for their production; the firm, headed by Norman C. Raff and Frank R. Gammon, included among its investors Andrew M. Holland, one of the entrepreneurial siblings, and Edison's former business chief, Alfred O. Tate. The ten films that comprise the first commercial movie program, all shot at the Black Maria, were descriptively titled: Barber Shop, Bertoldi (mouth support) (Ena Bertoldi, a British vaudeville contortionist), Bertoldi (table contortion), Blacksmiths, Roosters (some manner of cock fight), Highland Dance, Horse Shoeing, Sandow (Eugen Sandow, a German strongman managed by Florenz Ziegfeld), Trapeze, and Wrestling.[50] As historian Charles Musser describes, a "profound transformation of American life and performance culture" had begun.[48]

The elevated Park Avenue Viaduct was built in 1936 around the station to allow automobile traffic to pass unimpeded. In October 1937, a part of the Murray Hill Tunnel was reopened for road traffic. Efforts to promote a Grand Park Avenue Expressway to Grand Concourse in the Bronx were unavailing.[10]

The most prominent piece of development has been the creation of the Jamaica Station, which was fully completed in 2003. It includes Sutphin Boulevard – Archer Avenue – JFK Airport subway station (E, J, and Z trains), the LIRR, and the Airtrain JFK to John F. Kennedy International Airport; the latter remains the central figure for ongoing economic progress. With the growing number of riders each day passing through this station, the city is providing some major changes to the surrounding blocks of this massive hub of transport.

Advancements in manufacturing and production technology enabled the widespread adoption of preexisting technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supply, and sewage systems, which had earlier been concentrated to a few select cities. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line, and ended at the start of World War I.

A number of towns and cities have rapid transit systems. Heavy rail underground technology is used in the London and Glasgow Underground systems while the Merseyrail system in Liverpool shares some characteristics. Light rail with some underground sections exist in Newcastle upon Tyne on the Tyne and Wear Metro and in the London Docklands. The light rail systems in Nottingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Croydon, Birmingham/Black Country and Edinburgh use a combination of street running tramways and, where available, reserved right of way or former conventional rail lines in some suburbs. Blackpool has the one remaining traditional tram system. Monorails, heritage tramways, miniature railways and funiculars also exist in several places. In addition, there are a number of heritage (mainly steam) standard and narrow gauge railways, and a few industrial railways and tramways. Some lines which appear to be heritage operations sometimes claim to be part of the public transport network; the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway in Kent regularly transports schoolchildren.